Er Ya (爾雅)

初、哉、首、基、肇、祖、元、胎、俶、落、權輿，始也。

初、哉、首、基、肇、祖、元、胎、俶、落、权舆: all mean 'beginning'.

林、烝、天、帝、皇、王、後、闢、公、侯，君也。

林、烝、天、帝、皇、王、后、辟、公、侯: all mean 'ruler'.

弘、廓、宏、溥、介、純、夏、幠、厖、墳、嘏、丕、奕、洪、誕、戎、

弘、廓、宏、溥、介、纯、夏、幠、厖、坟、嘏、丕、奕、洪、诞、戎 (continued in the next line; all mean 'great').

駿、假、京、碩、濯、訏、宇、穹、壬、路、淫、甫、景、廢、壯、冢、簡、

骏、假、京、硕、濯、𬣙、宇、穹、壬、路、淫、甫、景、废、壮、冢、简 (continued in the next line; all mean 'great').

、昄、晊、將、業、席，大也。

昄、晊、将、业、席: all mean 'great'.

幠、厖，有也。

幠、厖: both mean 'to have'.

迄、臻、極、到、赴、來、吊、艐、格、戾、懷、摧、詹，至也。

迄、臻、极、到、赴、来、吊、艐、格、戾、怀、摧、詹: all mean 'to arrive'.

如、適、之、嫁、徂、逝，往也。

如、适、之、嫁、徂、逝: all mean 'to go'.

賚、貢、錫、畀、予、貺，賜也。

赉、贡、锡、畀、予、贶: all mean 'to bestow'.

儀、若、祥、淑、鮮、省、臧、嘉、令、類、糹林、彀、攻、穀、介、徽，

仪、若、祥、淑、鲜、省、臧、嘉、令、类、𬘭 (the received text splits this character into two parts)、彀、攻、谷、介、徽 (continued in the next line; all mean 'good, fine').

善也。

All mean 'good, fine'.

舒、業、順，敘也。

舒、业、顺: all mean 'order, sequence'.

舒、業、順、敘，緒也。

舒、业、顺、叙: all mean 'thread, clue, sequence'.

怡、懌、悅、欣、衎、喜、愉、豫、愷、康、妉、般，樂也。

怡、怿、悦、欣、衎、喜、愉、豫、恺、康、妉、般: all mean 'joyful, happy'.

悅、懌、愉、釋、賓、協，服也。

悦、怿、愉、释、宾、协: all mean 'to submit, comply'.

遹、遵、率、循、由、從，自也。

遹、遵、率、循、由、从: all mean 'to follow, to proceed from'.

遹、遵、率，循也。

遹、遵、率: all mean 'to follow, to abide by'.

靖、惟、漠、圖、詢、度、諮、諏、究、如、慮、謨、猷、肇、基、訪，謀

靖、惟、漠、图、询、度、咨、诹、究、如、虑、谟、猷、肇、基、访: all mean 'to plan, to deliberate'.

也。

All mean 'to plan, to deliberate'.

典、彝、法、則、刑、範、矩、庸、恆、律、戛、職、秩，常也。

典、彝、法、则、刑、范、矩、庸、恒、律、戛、职、秩: all mean 'constant law, regular rule'.

柯、憲、刑、範、闢、律、矩、則，法也。

柯、宪、刑、范、辟、律、矩、则: all mean 'statute, standard'.

辜、闢、戾，辠也。

辜、辟、戾: all mean 'crime, guilt'.

黃髮、齯齒、鮐背、耇、老，壽也。

黄发、𫠜齿、鲐背、耇、老: all mean 'long-lived, aged'.

允、孚、亶、展、諶、誠、亮、詢，信也。

允、孚、亶、展、谌、诚、亮、询: all mean 'sincere, trustworthy'.

展、諶、允、慎、亶，誠也。

展、谌、允、慎、亶: all mean 'honest, true'.

謔浪笑敖，戲謔也。

Xue lang xiao ao (谑浪笑敖) means to jest and to joke.

粵、於、爰，曰也。

粤、于、爰: all mean 'to say'; they are also often used as particles.

爰、粵，於也。

爰、粤: both mean 'at, in' (the particle 于).

爰、粵、於、那、都、繇，於也。

爰、粤、于、那、都、繇: all mean 'at, in' (the particle 于).

合攵、郃、盍、翕、仇、偶、妃、匹、會，合也。

敤 (the received text splits this character into two parts)、郃、盍、翕、仇、偶、妃、匹、会: all mean 'to join, to meet'.

仇、讎、敵、妃、知、儀，匹也。

仇、雠、敌、妃、知、仪: all mean 'to match, to be a counterpart'.

妃、合、會，對也。

妃、合、会: all mean 'to face each other, to form a pair'.

妃，媲也。

妃 means 'to match, to be a mate'.

紹、胤、嗣、續、纂、緌、績、武、系，繼也。

绍、胤、嗣、续、纂、緌、绩、武、系: all mean 'to inherit, to continue'.

、諡、溢、蟄、慎、貉、謐、顗、頠、密、寧，靜也。

谥、溢、蛰、慎、貉、谧、𫖮、𬱟、密、宁: all mean 'quiet, still'.

隕、磒、湮、下、降、墜、摽、蘦，落也。

陨、磒、湮、下、降、坠、摽、蘦: all mean 'to fall'.

命、令、禧、畛、祈、請、謁、訊、誥，告也。

命、令、禧、畛、祈、请、谒、讯、诰: all mean 'to tell, to petition'.

永、悠、迥、違、遐、逷、闊，遠也。

永、悠、迥、违、遐、逷、阔: all mean 'far'.

永、悠、迥、遠，遐也。

永、悠、迥、远: all mean 'far'.

虧、壞、圮、垝，毀也。

亏、坏、圮、垝: all mean 'to ruin, to collapse'.

矢、雉、引、延、順、薦、劉、繹、屍、旅，陳也。

矢、雉、引、延、顺、荐、刘、绎、尸、旅: all mean 'to set out, to array'.

屍、職，主也。

尸、职: both mean 'to take charge of'.

屍，寀也。

尸 means something like 'an official's fief'.

寀、寮，官也。

采、寮: both mean 'official post'.

績、緒、採、業、服、宜、貫、公，事也。

绩、绪、采、业、服、宜、贯、公: all mean 'affair, duty'.

永、羕、引、延、融、駿，長也。

永、羕、引、延、融、骏: all mean 'long, far-reaching'.

喬、嵩、崇，高也。

乔、嵩、崇: all mean 'high'.

崇，充也。

崇 means 'full, to fill'.

犯、奢、果、毅、剋、捷、功、肩、戡，勝也。

犯、奢、果、毅、克、捷、功、肩、戡: all mean 'to overcome'.

勝、肩、戡、劉、殺，克也。

胜、肩、戡、刘、杀: all mean 'to conquer'.

劉、獮、斬、刺，殺也。

刘、狝、斩、刺: all mean 'to kill'.

亹亹，蠠沒、孟、敦、勖、釗、茂、劭、勔，勉也。

亹亹、蠠没、孟、敦、勖、钊、茂、劭、勔: all mean 'diligent, to exert oneself'.

騖、務、昏、，強也。

骛、务、昏、(one character is missing here in the received text): all mean 'to strive, to make an effort'.

卬、吾、臺、予、朕、身、甫、餘、言，我也。

卬、吾、台、予、朕、身、甫、余、言: all mean 'I, me'.

朕、餘、躬，身也。

朕、余、躬: all mean 'oneself'.

臺、朕、賚、畀、卜、陽，予也。

台、朕、赉、畀、卜、阳: all mean 'yu' (予), whether in the sense of 'to give' or 'I'.

肅、延、誘、薦、餤、晉、寅、藎，進也。

肃、延、诱、荐、餤、晋、寅、荩: all mean 'to advance, to recommend'.

羞、餞、迪、烝，進也。

羞、饯、迪、烝: all mean 'to present, to advance'.

詔、亮、左、右、相，導也。

诏、亮、左、右、相: all mean 'to guide'.

詔、相、導、左、右、助，勴也。

诏、相、导、左、右、助: all mean 'to help'.

亮、介、尚，右也。

亮、介、尚: all mean 'to assist, to protect'.

左、右，亮也。

左、右: both mean 'to assist'.

緝、熙、烈、顯、昭、皓、熲，光也。

缉、熙、烈、显、昭、皓、颎: all mean 'bright'.

劼、鞏、堅、篤、掔、虔、膠，固也。

劼、巩、坚、笃、掔、虔、胶: all mean 'firm'.

疇、孰，誰也。

畴、孰: both mean 'who'.

暀々、皇皇、藐藐、穆穆、休、嘉、珍、褘、懿、鑠，美也。

暀暀、皇皇、藐藐、穆穆、休、嘉、珍、袆、懿、铄: all mean 'beautiful'.

諧、輯、協，和也。

谐、辑、协: all mean 'harmonious'.

關關、噰々，音聲和也。

关关、噰噰: both denote harmonious sounds.

勰、燮，和也。

勰、燮: both mean 'harmonious'.

從、申、神、加、弼、崇，重也。

从、申、神、加、弼、崇: all mean 'to repeat, to add to'.

觳、悉、卒、泯、忽、滅、罄、空、畢、罊、殲、拔、殄，盡也。

觳、悉、卒、泯、忽、灭、罄、空、毕、罊、歼、拔、殄: all mean 'to exhaust'.

苞、蕪、茂，豐也。

苞、芜、茂: all mean 'luxuriant'.

揫、斂、屈、收、戢、蒐、裒、鳩、樓，聚也。

揫、敛、屈、收、戢、搜、裒、鸠、楼: all mean 'to gather'.

肅、齊、遄、速、亟、屢、數、迅，疾也。

肃、齐、遄、速、亟、屡、数、迅: all mean 'swift'.

寁、駿、肅、亟、遄，速也。

寁、骏、肃、亟、遄: all mean 'rapid'.

壑、阬々、滕、徵、隍、漮，虛也。

壑、阬阬、滕、征、隍、漮: all mean 'empty'.

黎、庶、烝、多、醜、師、旅，眾也。

黎、庶、烝、多、丑、师、旅: all mean 'numerous'.

洋、觀、裒、眾、那，多也。

洋、观、裒、众、那: all mean 'many'.

流、差、柬，擇也。

流、差、柬: all mean 'to select'.

戰、慄、震、驚、戁、竦、恐、慴，懼也。

战、栗、震、惊、戁、竦、恐、慴: all mean 'to fear'.

痡、瘏、虺頹、玄黃、劬勞、咎、顇、瘽、瘉、鰥、戮、癙、

痡、瘏、虺颓、玄黄、劬劳、咎、悴、瘽、愈、鳏、戮、癙 (continued in the next line; all mean 'illness').

癵、、癢、疷、疵、閔、逐、疚、痗、瘥、痱、、瘵、

癵、(one character is missing here in the received text)、痒、疷、疵、闵、逐、疚、痗、瘥、痱、(one character is missing here in the received text)、瘵 (continued in the next line; all mean 'illness').

瘼、癠，病也。

瘼、癠: both mean 'illness'.

恙、寫、悝、盱、繇、慘、恤、罹，憂也。

恙、写、悝、盱、繇、惨、恤、罹: all mean 'worry, grief'.

倫、勩、邛、敕、勤、愉、庸、癉，勞也。

伦、勚、邛、敕、勤、愉、庸、瘅: all mean 'toil, hardship'.

勞、來、強、事、謂、翦、篲，勤也。

劳、来、强、事、谓、翦、篲: all mean 'to labor diligently'.

悠、傷、憂，思也。

悠、伤、忧: all mean 'to long for, to think of'.

懷、惟、慮、願、念、惄，思也。

怀、惟、虑、愿、念、惄: all mean 'to think of'.

祿、祉、履、戩、祓、禧、禠、祜，福也。

禄、祉、履、戬、祓、禧、禠、祜: all mean 'blessing'.

禋、祀、祠、蒸、嘗、禴，祭也。

禋、祀、祠、蒸、尝、禴: all mean 'sacrifice'.

儼、恪、祗、翼、諲、恭、欽、寅、，敬也。

俨、恪、祗、翼、𬤇、恭、钦、寅、(one character is missing here in the received text): all mean 'reverent'.

朝、旦、夙、晨、晙，早也。

朝、旦、夙、晨、晙: all mean 'early'.

、俟、替、戾、厎、止、徯，待也。

俟、替、戾、底、止、徯: all mean 'to wait'.

噊、幾、烖、殆，危也。

噊、几、烖、殆: all mean 'danger'.

凱，汽也。

凯 is the same as 汽, meaning to approach, to be nearly.

治、肆、古，故也。

治、肆、古: all mean 'reason, originally'.

肆、故，今也。

肆、故: both mean 'therefore, then'. The 今 here does not mean 'today'.

惇、亶、祜、篤、掔、仍、、埤、竺、腹，厚也。

惇、亶、祜、笃、掔、仍、(one character is missing here in the received text)、埤、竺、腹: all mean 'thick, generous'.

載、謨、食、詐，偽也。

载、谟、食、诈: all mean 'false, to act'.

話、猷、載、行、訛，言也。

话、猷、载、行、讹: all mean 'speech'.

遘、逢，遇也。

遘、逢: both mean 'to meet'.

遘、逢、遇，遻也。

遘、逢、遇: all mean 'to encounter'.

遘、逢、遇、遻，見也。

遘、逢、遇、遻: all mean 'to come upon'.

顯、昭、覲、釗、覿，見也。

显、昭、觐、钊、觌: all mean 'to see'.

監、瞻、臨、涖、頫、相，視也。

监、瞻、临、莅、俯、相: all mean 'to look'.

鞠、訁兇、溢，盈也。

鞠、讻 (the received text splits this character into two parts)、溢: all mean 'full'.

孔、魄、哉、延、虛、無、之、言，間也。

孔、魄、哉、延、虚、无、之、言: all mean 'gap, opening'.

瘞、幽、隱、匿、蔽、竄，微也。

瘗、幽、隐、匿、蔽、窜: all mean 'hidden, obscure'.

訖、徽、妥、懷、安、按、替、戾、底、廢、尼、定、曷、遏，止也。

讫、徽、妥、怀、安、按、替、戾、底、废、尼、定、曷、遏: all mean 'to stop'.

豫、射，厭也。

豫、射: both mean 'to be satisfied, to be weary of'.

烈、績，業也。

烈、绩: both mean 'achievement'.

績、勳，功也。

绩、勋: both mean 'meritorious service'.

功、績、質、登、平、明、考、就，成也。

功、绩、质、登、平、明、考、就: all mean 'to accomplish'.

梏、梗、較、頲、庭、道，直也。

梏、梗、较、颋、庭、道: all mean 'upright'.

密、康，靜也。

密、康: both mean 'quiet, still'.

豫、寧、綏、康、柔，安也。

豫、宁、绥、康、柔: all mean 'settled, at peace'.

平、均、夷、弟，易也。

平、均、夷、弟: all mean 'level, easy'.

矢，弛也。

矢 means 'to slacken, to let go'.

弛，易也。

弛 means 'to change, to exchange'.

希、寡、鮮，罕也。

希、寡、鲜: all mean 'scarce'.

鮮，寡也。

鲜 means 'few'.

酬、酢、侑，報也。

酬、酢、侑: all mean 'to repay'.

毗劉，樂也。

毗刘 means 'le' (乐); this 'le' refers to trees thinning and shedding their leaves, not to joy.

覭髳，茀離也。

覭髳 is the same as 茀离, meaning plants and trees spreading out in disarray.

蠱、謟、貳，疑也。

蛊、謟、贰: all mean 'doubt'.

楨、翰、儀，幹也。

桢、翰、仪: all mean 'mainstay, trunk'.

弼、棐、輔、比，俌也。

弼、棐、辅、比: all mean 'to assist'.

疆、界、邊、衛、圉，垂也。

疆、界、边、卫、圉: all mean 'frontier'.

昌、敵、彊、應、丁，當也。

昌、敌、强、应、丁: all mean 'to match, to undertake'.

浡、肩、搖、動、蠢、迪、俶、厲，作也。

浡、肩、摇、动、蠢、迪、俶、厉: all mean 'to rise, to act'.

茲、斯、諮、呰、已，此也。

兹、斯、咨、呰、已: all mean 'this'.

嗟、諮，镸差也。

嗟、咨: both mean 'cuo' (䃏), that is, to sigh. (The received text splits the character 䃏 into two parts.)

閒、狎、串、貫，習也。

闲、狎、串、贯: all mean 'familiar, practiced'.

曩、塵、佇、淹、留，久也。

曩、尘、伫、淹、留: all mean 'long, lasting'.

逮、及、暨，與也。

逮、及、暨: all mean 'and, to reach'.

騭、假、格、陟、躋、登，升也。

骘、假、格、陟、跻、登: all mean 'to ascend'.

揮、盝、歇、涸，竭也。

挥、盝、歇、涸: all mean 'to dry up'.

挋、拭、刷，清也。

挋、拭、刷: all mean 'to clean'.

鴻、昬、於、顯、間，代也。

鸿、昏、于、显、间: all mean 'to alternate, to replace'.

饁、饟，饋也。

馌、饷: both mean 'to send food'.

遷、運，徙也。

迁、运: both mean 'to move, to transfer'.

秉、拱，執也。

秉、拱: both mean 'to hold'.

廞、熙，興也。

𫷷、熙: both mean 'to rise, to flourish'.

衛、蹶、假，嘉也。

卫、蹶、假: all mean 'fine, good'.

廢、稅、赦，舍也。

废、税、赦: all mean 'to discard'.

棲遲、憩、休、苦、、齂、呬，息也。

栖迟、憩、休、苦、(one character is missing here in the received text)、齂、呬: all mean 'to rest'.

供、峙、共，具也。

供、峙、共: all mean 'to provide, to prepare'.

忄某、憐、惠，愛也。

(the received text splits this character into two parts, and what it refers to is unknown)、怜、惠: all mean 'to love'.

娠、蠢、震、戁、妯、騷、感、訛、蹶，動也。

娠、蠢、震、戁、妯、骚、感、讹、蹶: all mean 'to move'.

覆、察、副，審也。

覆、察、副: all mean 'to examine carefully'.

契、滅、殄，絕也。

契、灭、殄: all mean 'to cut off'.

郡、臻、仍、乃、侯，乃也。

郡、臻、仍、乃、侯: all mean 'then, thereupon'.

迪、繇、訓，道也。

迪、繇、训: all mean 'to guide, a path'.

僉、鹹、胥，皆也。

佥、咸、胥: all mean 'all'.

育、孟、耆、艾、正、伯，長也。

育、孟、耆、艾、正、伯: all mean 'elder, chief'.

艾，歷也。

艾 means 'to experience'.

歷、秭、算，數也。

历、秭、算: all mean 'to count'.

歷，傅也。

历 means 'to attach to'.

艾、歷、覛、胥，相也。

艾、历、覛、胥: all mean 'mutually, to inspect'.

乂、亂、靖、神、弗、淈，治也。

乂、乱、靖、神、弗、淈: all mean 'to govern'.

頤、艾、育，養也。

颐、艾、育: all mean 'to nurture'.

汱、渾、隕，墜也。

汱、浑、陨: all mean 'to fall'.

際、接、翜，捷也。

际、接、翜: all mean 'to join, to meet'.

毖、神、溢，慎也。

毖、神、溢: all mean 'careful'.

鬱陶、繇，喜也。

郁陶、繇: both mean 'joyful'.

馘、穧，獲也。

馘、穧: both mean 'to harvest'.

阻、艱，難也。

阻、艰: both mean 'difficult'.

剡、，利也。

剡、(one character is missing here in the received text): both mean 'sharp'.

允、任、壬，佞也。

允、任、壬: all mean 'glib, flattering'.

俾、拼、抨，使也。

俾、拼、抨: all mean 'to employ, to send'.

俾、拼、抨、使，從也。

俾、拼、抨、使: all mean 'to comply with'.

儴、仍，因也。

儴、仍: both mean 'to follow, to rely on'.

董、督，正也。

董、督: both mean 'to correct, to supervise'.

享，孝也。

享 means 'to offer with filial respect, to sacrifice'.

珍、享，獻也。

珍、享: both mean 'to present'.

縱、縮，亂也。

纵、缩: both mean 'disordered'.

探、篡、俘，取也。

探、篡、俘: all mean 'to take'.

徂、在，存也。

徂、在: both mean 'to exist'.

在、存、省、士，察也。

在、存、省、士: all mean 'to inspect'.

烈、枿，餘也。

烈、枿: both mean 'remnant'.

迓，迎也。

迓 means 'to welcome'.

元、良，首也。

元、良: both mean 'chief, head'.

薦、摯，臻也。

荐、挚: both mean 'to arrive'.

賡、揚，續也。

赓、扬: both mean 'to continue'.

祔、祪，祖也。

祔、祪: both mean 'to sacrifice to ancestors'.

即，尼也。

即 means 'to draw near'.

尼，定也。

尼 means 'settled'.

邇、幾、暱，近也。

迩、几、昵: all mean 'near'.

妥，安坐也。

妥 means to sit securely.

貉、綰，綸也。

貉、绾: both mean 'to bind together'.

貉、嗼、安，定也。

貉、嗼、安: all mean 'settled'.

伊，維也。

伊 is a particle, with a sense like 维.

伊、維，侯也。

伊、维: both are particles, equivalent to 维 and 侯.

時、寔，是也。

时、实: both mean 'this, it is'.

卒、猷、假、輟，已也。

卒、猷、假、辍: all mean 'to stop'.

求、酋、在、卒、就，終也。

求、酋、在、卒、就: all mean 'to end'.

崩、薨、無祿、卒、徂落、殪，死也。

崩、薨、无禄、卒、徂落、殪: all mean 'to die'.

殷、齊，中也。

殷、齐: both mean 'the exact middle'.

斯、誃，離也。

斯、誃: both mean 'to leave, to separate'.

謖、興，起也。

谡、兴: both mean 'to rise'.

還、復，返也。

还、复: both mean 'to return'.

宣、徇，遍也。

宣、徇: both mean 'all-pervading'.

馹、遽，傳也。

驲、遽: both mean 'post station, relay carriage'.

蒙、荒，奄也。

蒙、荒: both mean 'to cover'.

告、謁，請也。

告、谒: both mean 'to request'.

肅、噰，聲也。

肃、噰: both mean 'sound'.

格、懷，來也。

格、怀: both mean 'to come'.

畛、厎，致也。

畛、底: both mean 'to deliver, to bring about'.

恀、怙，恃也。

恀、怙: both mean 'to rely on'.

律、遹，述也。

律、遹: both mean 'to follow, to relate'.

俞、畣，然也。

俞、畣: both mean 'to assent, so'.

豫、臚，敘也。

豫、胪: both mean 'to relate, to arrange in order'.

庶幾，尚也。

庶几 means 'to hope'.

觀、指，示也。

观、指: both mean 'to show'.

若、惠，順也。

若、惠: both mean 'to comply'.

敖、幠，傲也。

敖、幠: both mean 'arrogant'.

幼、鞠，稚也。

幼、鞠: both mean 'young, small'.

逸、愆，過也。

逸、愆: both mean 'fault'.

疑、休，戾也。

疑、休: both mean 'to go against, to cease'.

疾、齊，壯也。

疾、齐: both mean 'strong, swift'.

悈、褊，急也。

悈、褊: both mean 'pressing, narrow'.

貿、賈，市也。

贸、贾: both mean 'to buy and sell'.

厞、陋，隱也。

厞、陋: both mean 'hidden'.

遏、遾，逮也。

遏、遾: both mean 'to catch up, to arrive'.

徵、邁，行也。

征、迈: both mean 'to travel'.

圮、敗，覆也。

圮、败: both mean 'to overturn'.

薦、原，再也。

荐、原: both mean 'again'.

撫、敉，撫也。

抚、敉: both mean 'to soothe'.

臞、脙，瘠也。

臞、脙: both mean 'thin'.

桄、熲，充也。

桄、颎: both mean 'to fill'.

屢、暱，亟也。

屡、昵: both mean 'repeatedly, swiftly'.

靡、罔，無也。

靡、罔: both mean 'there is not'.

爽，差也。

爽 means 'error'.

爽，忒也。

爽 means 'error'.

佴，貳也。

佴 means 'deputy, second'.

劑、翦，齊也。

剂、翦: both mean 'even, trimmed even'.

饙、餾，稔也。

饙、馏: both mean 'cooked'.

媵、將，送也。

媵、将: both mean 'to send off'.

作、造，為也。

作、造: both mean 'to do, to make'.

餥、餱，食也。

餥、糇: both mean 'dried provisions, food'.

鞫、究，窮也。

鞫、究: both mean 'to exhaust'.

滷、矜、鹹，苦也。

卤、矜、咸: all mean 'bitter'.

幹、流，求也。

干、流: both mean 'to seek'.

流，覃也。

流 means 'to extend to'.

覃，延也。

覃 means 'to extend, to lengthen'.

佻，偷也。

佻 means 'frivolous, perfunctory'.

潛，深也。

潜 means 'deep'.

潛、深，測也。

潜、深: both mean 'to measure depth'.

穀、鞠，生也。

谷、鞠: both mean 'to grow, to nurture'.

啜，茹也。

啜 means 'to eat'.

茹、虞，度也。

茹、虞: both mean 'to estimate'.

試、式，用也。

试、式: both mean 'to use'.

誥、誓，謹也。

诰、誓: both mean 'careful'.

競、逐，彊也。

竞、逐: both mean 'strong, to contend for strength'.

御、圉，禁也。

Yu (御) and yu (圉) both mean "to prohibit."

窒、薶，塞也。

Zhi (窒) and mai (薶) both mean "to block up."

黼、黻，彰也。

Fu (黼) and fu (黻) both mean "brightly patterned."

膺、身，親也。

Ying (膺) and shen (身) both mean "in person."

愷悌，發也。

Kaiti (恺悌) means "enlightened, setting in motion."

髦士，官也。

Maoshi (髦士) means "officials."

畯，農夫也。

Jun (畯) means a farmer.

蓋、割，裂也。

Gai (盖) and ge (割) both mean "to cut apart."

邕、支，載也。

Yong (邕) and zhi (支) both mean "to bear, to support."

諈、諉，累也。

Zhui (諈) and wei (诿) both mean "to burden, to entrust."

漠、察，清也。

Mo (漠) and cha (察) both mean "quiet and clear-sighted."

庇、庥，蔭也。

Bi (庇) and xiu (庥) both mean "to shelter."

穀、履，祿也。

Gu (谷) and lü (履) both mean "blessings and emoluments."

履，禮也。

Lü (履) means "ritual propriety."

隱，占也。

Yin (隐) means "to estimate, to conjecture."

逆，迎也。

Ni (逆) means "to meet, to welcome."

憯，曾也。

Can (憯) means "actually, then."

增，益也。

Zeng (增) means "to increase."

窶，貧也。

Ju (窭) means "poor."

薆，隱也。

Ai (薆) means "to hide, to conceal."

僾，唈也。

Ai (僾) means "breath reversed, sobbing."

基，經也。

Ji (基) means "to manage, an enterprise."

基，設也。

Ji (基) means "to lay out, to arrange."

祺，祥也。

Qi (祺) means "auspicious."

祺，吉也。

Qi (祺) means "fortunate."

兆，域也。

Zhao (兆) means "boundary, burial ground."

肇，敏也。

Zhao (肇) means "nimble, quick."

挾，藏也。

Xie (挟) means "to store away."

浹，徹也。

Jia (浃) means "to penetrate thoroughly."

替，廢也。

Ti (替) means "to abolish."

替，滅也。

Ti (替) means "to destroy."

速，徵也。

Su (速) means "to summon, to go forward."

徵，召也。

Zheng (征) means "to summon."

琛，寶也。

Chen (琛) means "treasure."

探，試也。

Tan (探) means "to probe."

髦，選也。

Mao (髦) means "to select."

髦，俊也。

Mao (髦) means "an outstanding person."

俾，職也。

Bi (俾) means "to cause to hold office."

紕，飾也。

Pi (纰) means "to trim, to edge."

凌，慄也。

Ling (凌) means "to tremble."

慄，慼也。

Li (栗) means "grieved, anxious."

蠲，明也。

Juan (蠲) means "bright and clean."

茅，明也。

Mao (茅) means "bright."

明，朗也。

Ming (明) means "clear, cheerful."

猷，圖也。

You (猷) means "to plan."

猷，若也。

You (猷) means "to accord with, like."

偁，舉也。

Cheng (偁) means "to lift up."

稱，好也。

Cheng (称) means "fine, good."

坎、律，銓也。

Kan (坎) and lü (律) both mean "to measure."

矢，誓也。

Shi (矢) means "an oath."

舫，舟也。

Fang (舫) means "a boat."

泳，遊也。

Yong (泳) means "to swim."

迨，及也。

Dai (迨) means "to catch up with."

冥，幼也。

Ming (冥) means "dark, dim and obscure."

降，下也。

Jiang (降) means "to descend."

傭，均也。

Yong (佣) means "even, uniform."

強，暴也。

Qiang (强) means "violent."

宨，肆也。

Si (宨) means "unrestrained, to exert oneself fully."

肆，力也。

Si (肆) means "to exert oneself fully."

俅，戴也。

Qiu (俅) means "to wear on the head."

瘞，幽也。

Yi (瘗) means "to bury, hidden away."

氂，罽也。

Mao (牦) means "a felt blanket."

烘，燎也。

Hong (烘) means "to burn."

煁，烓也。

Chen (煁) means a movable stove.

陪，朝也。

Pei (陪) means something like "a subordinate vassal, an attendant."

康，苛也。

Kang (康) means "harsh." This sense is found mainly in this book.

樊，藩也。

Fan (樊) means "a fence."

賦，量也。

Fu (赋) means "to levy, to measure."

粻，糧也。

Zhang (粻) means "grain, provisions."

庶，侈也。

Shu (庶) means "many."

庶，幸也。

Shu (庶) means "to hope."

築，拾也。

Zhu (筑) means "to pick up."

奘，駔也。

Zang (奘) means "big and strong."

集，會也。

Ji (集) means "to assemble."

舫，泭也。

Fang (舫) means "a raft."

洵，均也。

Xun (洵) means "even, uniform."

洵，龕也。

Xun (洵) means "to receive, to take."

逮，遝也。

Dai (逮) means "to reach."

是，則也。

Shi (是) means "a rule, then."

畫，形也。

Hua (画) means "to draw an outline."

賑，富也。

Zhen (赈) means "wealthy."

局，分也。

Ju (局) means "a part, a division."

懠，怒也。

Qi (懠) means "anger."

僁，聲也。

Xie (僁) means "a thin voice."

葵，揆也。

Kui (葵) means "to measure."

揆，度也。

Kui (揆) means "to measure."

逮，及也。

Dai (逮) means "to catch up with."

惄，飢也。

Ni (惄) means "hungry."

眕，重也。

Zhen (眕) means "steady, composed."

獵，虐也。

Lie (猎) means "cruel."

土，田也。

Tu (土) means "farmland."

戍，遏也。

Shu (戍) means "to guard, to check."

師，人也。

Shi (师) means "the multitude."

硈，鞏也。

Qia (硈) means "firm, solid."

棄，忘也。

Qi (弃) means "to forget."

囂，閒也。

Xiao (嚣) means "leisure."

謀，心也。

Mou (谋) means "to ponder."

獻，聖也。

Xian (献) means "sage and clear-sighted."

裡，邑也。

Li (里) means "a village."

襄，除也。

Xiang (襄) means "to remove."

振，古也。

Zhen (振) means "old acquaintances."

懟，怨也。

Dui (怼) means "resentment."

縭，介也。

Li (缡) means "to assist."

號，謼也。

Hao (号) means "to cry out."

兇，咎也。

Xiong (凶) means "calamity."

苞，稹也。

Bao (苞) means "growing thick and dense."

逜，寤也。

E (逜) means "to oppose, to awaken."

顁，題也。

Zhen (顁) means "the forehead."

猷、肯，可也。

You (猷) and ken (肯) both mean "may, can."

務，侮也。

Wu (务) means "to slight, to insult."

貽，遺也。

Yi (贻) means "to give as a gift."

貿，買也。

Mao (贸) means "to buy."

賄，財也。

Hui (贿) means "goods, property."

甲，狎也。

Jia (甲) means "intimate, familiar."

菼，騅也。

Tan (菼) is a kind of reed, of the color of a horse with pale mixed hair.

菼，薍也。

Tan (菼) is wan (薍), that is, a reed-like plant of the di kind.

粲，餐也。

Can (粲) means "to eat a meal."

渝，變也。

Yu (渝) means "to change."

宜，餚也。

Yi (宜) means "a dish of food."

夷，悅也。

Yi (夷) means "joyful."

顛，頂也。

Dian (颠) means "the crown of the head."

耋，老也。

Die (耋) means "aged."

輶，輕也。

Ying (𬨎) means "light."

俴，淺也。

Jian (俴) means "shallow."

綯，絞也。

Tao (绹) means "to twist rope."

訛，化也。

E (讹) means "to change."

跋，躐也。

Ba (跋) means "to tread over, to cross."

疐，跲也。

Zhi (疐) means "to stumble."

烝，塵也。

Zheng (烝) means "long, dust."

戎，相也。

Rong (戎) means "to help one another."

飫，私也。

Yu (饫) means "a private banquet."

孺，屬也。

Ru (孺) means "relatives."

幕，暮也。

Mu (幕) means "dusk."

煽，熾也。

Shan (煽) means "blazing."

熾，盛也。

Chi (炽) means "flourishing."

柢，本也。

Di (柢) means "the root, the foundation."

窕，閒也。

Tiao (窕) means "spacious and leisurely."

淪，率也。

Lun (沦) means "to follow one another, to follow along."

罹，毒也。

Li (罹) means "misfortune, harm."

檢，同也。

Jian (检) means "to equate."

郵，過也。

You (邮) means "fault, error."

遜，遯也。

Xun (逊) means "to flee."

斃，踣也。

Bi (毙) means "to fall forward."

僨，僵也。

Fen (偾) means "to fall on one's back."

畛，殄也。

Zhen (畛) means "to wipe out."

曷，盍也。

He (曷) means "why not."

虹，潰也。

Hong (虹) means "to collapse in disorder."

隌，闇也。

Ai (隌) means "dark."

，膠也。

(The headword of this entry is missing in the source text) means "glue," referring to the sticking together of grease.

孔，甚也。

Kong (孔) means "very, extremely."

厥，其也。

Jue (厥) means "his, its."

戛，禮也。

Jia (戛) means "rites and rules."

闍，臺也。

She (阇) means "a terrace."

囚，拘也。

Qiu (囚) means "to imprison."

攸，所也。

You (攸) means "that which."

展，適也。

Zhan (展) means "suitable."

鬱，氣也。

Yu (郁) means "vapor, qi."

宅，居也。

Zhai (宅) means "to dwell."

休，慶也。

Xiu (休) means "blessing, good fortune."

祈，叫也。

Qi (祈) means "to call out in prayer."

濬、幽，深也。

Jun (濬) and you (幽) both mean "deep."

哲，智也。

Zhe (哲) means "wise."

弄，玩也。

Nong (弄) means "to play with."

尹，正也。

Yin (尹) means "to correct, to govern."

皇、匡，正也。

Huang (皇) and kuang (匡) both mean "to correct."

服，整也。

Fu (服) means "to put in order."

聘，問也。

Pin (聘) means "to pay a visit."

愧，慚也。

Kui (愧) means "ashamed."

殛，誅也。

Ji (殛) means "to execute, to punish."

克，能也。

Ke (克) means "to be able to."

翌，明也。

Yi (翌) means "bright, the next day."

訁兇，訟也。

Xiong (讻; the source text splits this character into two parts) means "to dispute in litigation."

晦，冥也。

Hui (晦) means "dark, dim."

奔，走也。

Ben (奔) means "to run."

逡，退也。

Qun (逡) means "to retreat."

疐，僕也。

Zhi (疐) means "to fall forward."

亞，次也。

Ya (亚) means "second-rank, next in order."

諗，念也。

Shen (谂) means "to think of, to yearn for."

屆，極也。

Jie (届) means "the utmost, to arrive at."

弇，同也。

Yan (弇) means "the same."

弇，蓋也。

Yan (弇) means "to cover."

恫，痛也。

Dong (恫) means "pain."

握，具也。

Wo (握) means "to possess completely."

振，訊也。

Zhen (振) means "swift."

鬩，恨也。

Xi (阋) means "hatred."

越，揚也。

Yue (越) means "to promote, to spread."

對，遂也。

Dui (对) means "to match and fulfill, to reply."

燬，火也。

Hui (毁) means "fire."

懈，怠也。

Xie (懈) means "slack, remiss."

宣，緩也。

Xuan (宣) means "to relax, to ease."

遇，偶也。

Yu (遇) means "to coincide by chance."

曩，向也。

Nang (曩) means "formerly."

偟，暇也。

Huang (偟) means "leisure."

宵，夜也。

Xiao (宵) means "night."

懊，忨也。

Ao (懊) means "to cherish, to be accustomed to."

愒，貪也。

Qi (愒) means "greedy."

榰，柱也。

Zhi (榰) means "a pillar."

裁，節也。

Cai (裁) means "to restrain, to regulate."

竝，並也。

Bing (并) means "to combine."

卒，既也。

Zu (卒) means "already."

慒，慮也。

Cao (慒) means "to ponder."

將，資也。

Jiang (将) means "to draw upon, to assist."

黹，紩也。

Zhi (黹) means "to sew and stitch together."

遞，迭也。

Di (递) means "to alternate."

矧，況也。

Shen (矧) means "let alone, how much more."

廩，廯也。

Lin (廪) means "grain, a granary."

逭，逃也。

Huan (逭) means "to escape."

訊，言也。

Xun (讯) means "speech, to inquire."

間，俔也。

Jian (间) means "to spy on, to peep at."

澐，沆也。

Yun (沄) means "surging water."

幹，扞也。

Gan (干) means "to defend."

趾，足也。

Zhi (趾) means "the foot."

非，刖也。

Fei (剕; the source text writes this character with a foot radical beside the component fei) means the punishment of cutting off the feet.

襄，駕也。

Xiang (襄) means "to drive a carriage, to drive away."

忝，辱也。

Tian (忝) means "disgrace."

燠，暖也。

Yu (燠) means "warm."

塊，堛也。

Kuai (块) means "a clod of earth."

將，齊也。

Jiang (将) means "uniform, to make even."

糊，饘也。

Hu (糊) means "thick gruel."

啟，跪也。

Qi (启) means "to kneel."

矏，密也。

Min (矏) means "dense."

開，闢也。

Kai (开) means "to open up, to clear."

袍，襺也。

Pao (袍) means a long garment with a lining.

障，畛也。

Zhang (障) means "a boundary."

靦，姡也。

Tian (腼) means something like "showing one's face, being ashamed."

鬻，糜也。

Yu (鬻) means "thin porridge."

舒，緩也。

Shu (舒) means "slow."

翢，纛也。

Dao (翢) means dao (纛), the feather ornament on a banner.

纛，翳也。

Dao (纛) means "a canopy, to shade."

隍，壑也。

Huang (隍) means "a moat."

芼，搴也。

Mao (芼) means "to pluck, to pick."

典，經也。

Dian (典) means "constant, a canonical text."

威，則也。

Wei (威) means "a rule, a model."

苛，妎也。

Ke (苛) means "to resent, petty and harsh."

芾，小也。

Fu (芾) means "small."

迷，惑也。

Mi (迷) means "to be confused."

狃，復也。

Niu (狃) means "repeatedly, to be accustomed to."

逼，迫也。

Bi (逼) means "to press, to force."

般，還也。

Ban (般) means "to return, to turn back."

班，賦也。

Ban (班) means "to distribute as a grant."

濟，渡也。

Ji (济) means "to cross over."

濟，成也。

Ji (济) means "to accomplish."

濟，益也。

Ji (济) means "to add to, to benefit."

緡，綸也。

Min (缗) means "a fishing line."

闢，歷也。

Bi (辟) means "to govern, to carry out."

漦，盝也。

Li (漦) means "to filter, to strain off."

寬，綽也。

Kuan (宽) means "lenient, relaxed."

袞，黻也。

Gun (衮) means a ceremonial robe painted with the fu pattern.

華，皇也。

Hua (华) means huang (皇), that is, "flower."

昆，後也。

Kun (昆) means "after, afterward."

彌，終也。

Mi (弥) means "to the very end."

明明、斤斤，察也。

Mingming (明明) and jinjin (斤斤) both mean "clear-sighted."

條條、秩秩，智也。

Tiaotiao (条条) and zhizhi (秩秩) both mean "wise."

穆穆、肅肅，敬也。

Mumu (穆穆) and susu (肃肃) both mean "reverent."

諸諸、便便，辯也。

Zhuzhu (诸诸) and pianpian (便便) both mean "skilled in argument."

肅肅、翼翼，恭也。

Susu (肃肃) and yiyi (翼翼) both mean "respectful and careful."

廱廱、優優，和也。

Yongyong (雍雍) and youyou (优优) both mean "harmonious."

兢兢、憴々，戒也。

Jingjing (兢兢) and yingying (憴憴) both mean "cautious."

戰戰、蹌蹌，動也。

Zhanzhan (战战) and qiangqiang (跄跄) both mean "moving."

晏晏、溫溫，柔也。

Yanyan (晏晏) and wenwen (温温) both mean "gentle."

業業、翹翹，危也。

Yeye (业业) and qiaoqiao (翘翘) both mean "perilous."

惴惴、憢々，懼也。

Zhuizhui (惴惴) and xixi (憢憢) both mean "fearful."

番番、矯矯，勇也。

Panpan (番番) and jiaojiao (矫矫) both mean "valiant."

桓桓、烈烈，威也。

Huanhuan (桓桓) and lielie (烈烈) both mean "majestic."

洸洸、赳赳，武也。

Guangguang (洸洸) and jiujiu (赳赳) both mean "martial."

藹藹、濟濟，止也。

Aiai (蔼蔼) and jiji (济济) both mean "stopping at what ritual allows, restrained."

悠悠、洋洋，思也。

Youyou (悠悠) and yangyang (洋洋) both mean "yearning, longing."

蹶蹶、，敏也。

Juejue (蹶蹶) and (a character is missing here in the source text) both mean "nimble."

薨薨、增增，眾也。

Honghong (薨薨) and zengzeng (增增) both mean "numerous."

烝烝、遂遂，作也。

Zhengzheng (烝烝) and suisui (遂遂) both mean "rising up, taking action."

委委、佗佗，美也。

Weiwei (委委) and tuotuo (佗佗) both mean "beautiful."

忯々、惕惕，愛也。

Yiyi (忯忯) and titi (惕惕) both mean "loving."

偁偁、格格，舉也。

Chengcheng (偁偁) and gege (格格) both mean "lifting up."

蓁蓁、孽孽，戴也。

Zhenzhen (蓁蓁) and nienie (孽孽) both mean "adorned splendidly."

懕々、媞々，安也。

Yanyan (懕懕) and titi (媞媞) both mean "settled, composed."

祁祁、遲遲，徐也。

Qiqi (祁祁) and chichi (迟迟) both mean "slow and unhurried."

丕丕、簡簡，大也。

Pipi (丕丕) and jianjian (简简) both mean "great."

存存、萌萌，在也。

Cuncun (存存) and mengmeng (萌萌) both mean "existing."

懋懋、慔々，勉也。

Maomao (懋懋) and mumu (慔慔) both mean "diligent."

庸庸、慅々，勞也。

Yongyong (庸庸) and saosao (慅慅) both mean "toilsome."

赫赫、躍躍，迅也。

Hehe (赫赫) and yueyue (跃跃) both mean "swift."

綽綽、爰爰，緩也。

Chuochuo (绰绰) and yuanyuan (爰爰) both mean "leisurely and slow."

坎坎、墫々，喜也。

Kankan (坎坎) and cuncun (墫墫) both mean "joyful."

瞿瞿、休休，儉也。

Juju (瞿瞿) and xiuxiu (休休) both mean "frugal."

旭旭、蹻々，憍也。

Xuxu (旭旭) and qiaoqiao (蹻蹻) both mean "arrogant."

夢夢、訰々，亂也。

Mengmeng (梦梦) and xunxun (訰訰) both mean "confused."

懪々、邈邈，悶也。

Aiai (懪懪) and miaomiao (邈邈) both mean "vexed, oppressed."

儚々、洄洄，惛也。

Mengmeng (儚儚) and huihui (洄洄) both mean "dim-witted."

版版、蕩蕩，僻也。

Banban (版版) and dangdang (荡荡) both mean "perverse, deviant."

爞々、炎炎，薰也。

Chongchong (爞爞) and yanyan (炎炎) both mean "scorching."

居居、究究，惡也。

Juju (居居) and jiujiu (究究) both mean "hateful, detestable."

仇讎、敖敖，傲也。

Qiuqiu (仇仇) and aoao (敖敖) both mean "haughty."

佌々、瑣瑣，小也。

Cici (佌佌) and suosuo (琐琐) both mean "petty, small."

悄悄、慘慘，慍也。

Qiaoqiao (悄悄) and cancan (惨惨) both mean "resentful and angry."

痯々、瘐瘐，病也。

Guanguan (痯痯) and yuyu (瘐瘐) both mean "ill."

殷殷、惸惸、忉忉、慱々、欽欽、京京、忡忡、惙々、怲々、弈弈，

Yinyin (殷殷), qiongqiong (惸惸), daodao (忉忉), tuantuan (慱慱), qinqin (钦钦), jingjing (京京), chongchong (忡忡), chuochuo (惙惙), bingbing (怲怲), yiyi (弈弈), (to be read together with the next line, all mean "sorrowful.")

憂也。

All of them mean "sorrowful."

畇々，田也。

Yunyun (畇畇) describes the look of fields being put in order.

畟畟，耜也。

Jiji (畟畟) describes the look of a plow cutting deep.

郝郝，耕也。

Haohao (郝郝) describes the look of plowing the land.

繹繹，生也。

Yiyi (绎绎) describes the look of growing.

穟穟，苗也。

Suisui (穟穟) describes the look of fine, healthy seedlings.

綿綿，穮也。

Mianmian (绵绵) describes the look of fine, careful weeding.

挃々，獲也。

Zhizhi (挃挃) describes the sound and look of harvesting.

慄慄，眾也。

Lili (栗栗) describes the look of great numbers.

溞々，淅也。

Sousou (溞溞) describes the look of rinsing rice.

烰々，烝也。

Fufu (烰烰) describes the look of steaming and cooking.

俅俅，服也。

Qiuqiu (俅俅) describes the look of splendid caps and robes.

峨峨，祭也。

Ee (峨峨) describes the look of solemn sacrifice.

鍠鍠，樂也。

Huanghuang (锽锽) describes the sound of music.

穰穰，福也。

Rangrang (穰穰) describes the look of abundant blessings.

子子、孫孫，引無極也。

"Sons and grandsons" (zizisunsun) speaks of continuing without end.

顒顒、卬卬，君之德也。

Yongyong (颙颙) and angang (卬卬) speak of the virtue of a ruler.

丁丁、嚶嚶，相切直也。

Dingding (丁丁) and yingying (嘤嘤) speak of mutual refinement, correcting one another with rectitude.

藹藹、萋萋，臣盡力也。

Aiai (蔼蔼) and qiqi (萋萋) speak of ministers exerting themselves.

噰々、喈喈，民協服也。

Yongyong (噰噰) and jiejie (喈喈) speak of the people being in concord and obedient.

佻佻、契契，愈遐急也。

Tiaotiao (佻佻) and qiqi (契契) speak of growing more urgent the farther one goes.

宴宴、粲粲，尼居息也。

Yanyan (宴宴) and cancan (粲粲) speak of living at ease and resting.

哀哀、恓恓，懷報德也。

Aiai (哀哀) and xixi (恓恓) speak of being moved to repay a kindness.

儵儵、嘒嘒，罹禍毒也。

Shushu (儵儵) and huihui (嘒嘒) speak of suffering harm.

晏晏、旦旦，悔爽忒也。

Yanyan (晏晏) and dandan (旦旦) speak of regretting one's mistakes.

皋皋、琄々，刺素食也。

Gaogao (皋皋) and xuanxuan (琄琄) mock those who eat for nothing.

懽々、愮々，憂無告也。

Huanhuan (懽懽) and yaoyao (愮愮) speak of sorrow with nowhere to tell it.

憲憲、洩洩，製法則也。

Xianxian (宪宪) and xiexie (泄泄) speak of establishing rules and standards.

謔謔、謞々，崇讒慝也。

Xuexue (谑谑) and hehe (謞謞) speak of encouraging slander and wickedness.

翕翕、訿々，莫供職也。

Xixi (翕翕) and zizi (訿訿) speak of there being no one to hold office and do his duty.

速速、蹙蹙，惟逑鞫也。

Susu (速速) and cucu (蹙蹙) speak of being pressed by poverty and in straits.

抑抑，密也。

Yiyi (抑抑) means "careful and thorough."

秩秩，清也。

Zhizhi (秩秩) means "clear and limpid."

甹夆，掣曳也。

Pingfeng (甹夆) means to pull and drag along.

朔，北方也。

Shuo (朔) means the north.

不俟，不來也。

Busi (不俟) means "not coming."

不遹，不跡也。

Buyu (不遹) means "not following the track."

不徹，不道也。

Buche (不彻) means "not following the right way."

勿念，勿忘也。

Wunian (勿念) means "do not forget."

萲、諼，忘也。

Xuan (萲) and xuan (谖) both mean "to forget."

每有，雖也。

Meiyou (每有) means "although."

饎，酒食也。

Chi (饎) means wine and food.

舞號，雩也。

Wuhao (舞号) means the yu sacrifice, a rain-seeking rite.

暨，不及也。

Ji (暨) means "not in time, not reaching."

蠢，不遜也。

Chun (蠢) means "disobedient."

如切如磋，道學也。

"As if cut, as if filed" (ruqieruchuo) speaks of the path of scholarship.

如琢如磨，自修也。

"As if carved, as if polished" (ruzhuoruomo) speaks of self-cultivation.

瑟兮僴兮，恂慄也。

"Dignified, imposing" (sexixianxi) speaks of being wary and trembling.

赫兮烜兮，威儀也。

"Brilliant, illustrious" (hexixuanxi) speaks of dignity flourishing and manifest.

有斐君子，終不可諼兮，道盛德至善，民之不能忘也。

"A man of refinement, he can never be forgotten": this speaks of abundant virtue reaching the highest good, so that the people cannot forget him.

既微且尰，骭瘍為微，腫足為尰。

"Both swollen and lumpy": sores on the shins are called wei, and swelling of the feet is called zhong.

是刈是濩，濩，煮之也。

"They cut it and they boil it": huo (濩) means to boil.

履帝武敏，武，跡也；敏，拇也。

"She trod on the Lord's big toe-print": wu is a footprint, and min is the big toe.

張仲孝友，善父母為孝，善兄弟為友。

"Zhang Zhong, filial and friendly": being good at serving one's parents is called filial piety (xiao), and being good at treating one's brothers is called friendship (you).

有客宿宿，言再宿也。

"The guest stays a night" (sucu) speaks of staying two nights.

有客信信，言四宿也。

"The guest stays a night more" (xinxin) speaks of staying four nights.

美女為媛，美士為彥。

A beautiful woman is called yuan (媛), and a handsome man is called yan (彦).

其虛其徐，威儀容止也。

"Soft and slow" (qixuqixu) speaks of bearing and demeanor.

猗嗟名兮，目上為名。

"Ah, the fine brow": the region above the eyes is called ming (名).

式微式微者，微乎微者也。

"Dwindling, dwindling" (shiweishiwei) speaks of dwindling again and again.

之子者，是子也。

Zhizi (之子) means "this person."

徒御不驚，輦者也。

"The footmen and charioteers are not alarmed": this speaks of those who pull the carriage.

襢裼，肉袒也。

Tanxi (襢裼) means to bare the upper body.

暴虎，徒搏也。

Baohu (暴虎) means to strike a tiger with bare hands.

馮河，徒涉也。

Pinghe (冯河) means to cross a river on foot.

籧篨，口柔也。

Qucu (籧篨) refers to people who flatter with words.

戚施，面柔也。

Qishi (戚施) refers to people who flatter with their facial expressions.

夸毗，體柔也。

Kuapi (夸毗) refers to people who flatter with their bodily posture.

婆娑，舞也。

Posuo (婆娑) means to dance.

擗，拊心也。

Pi (擗) means to beat one's breast.

矜憐，撫掩之也。

Jinlian (矜怜) means to comfort and take pity on.

緎，羔裘之縫也。

Yu (緎) means the seam of a lambskin coat.

殿屎，呻也。

Dianxi (殿屎) means to groan.

幬謂之帳。

A chou (帱) is called a curtain.

侜張，誑也。

Zhouzhang (侜张) means to deceive.

誰昔，昔也。

Shuixi (谁昔) means "in former days."

不辰，不時也。

Buchen (不辰) means "not at the right time."

凡曲者為罶。

Whatever is woven in a curved shape is called a liu (罶).

鬼之為言歸也。

The word gui (鬼, ghost) is said to mean gui (归, "to return").

父為考，母為妣。

A father is called kao (考), and a mother is called bi (妣).

父之考為王父，父之妣為王母。

A father's father is called wangfu (王父), and a father's mother is called wangmu (王母).

王父之考為曾祖王父，王父之妣為曾祖王母。

The father of a wangfu is called zengzu wangfu (曾祖王父), and the mother of a wangfu is called zengzu wangmu (曾祖王母).

曾祖王父之考為高祖王父，曾祖王父之妣為高祖王母。

The father of a zengzu wangfu is called gaozu wangfu (高祖王父), and the mother of a zengzu wangfu is called gaozu wangmu (高祖王母).

父之世父、叔父為從祖祖父，父之世母、叔母為從祖祖母。

The paternal uncles of one's father (elder or younger) are called congzu zufu (从祖祖父), and their wives are called congzu zumu (从祖祖母).

父之晜弟，先生為世父，後生為叔父。

Of a father's brothers, the one born earlier is called shifu (世父), and the one born later is called shufu (叔父).

男子先生為兄，後生為弟。

Among males, the one born earlier is called xiong (兄), and the one born later is called di (弟).

謂女子，先生為姊，後生為妹。

Among females, the one born earlier is called zi (姊), and the one born later is called mei (妹).

父之姊妹為姑。

A father's sisters are called gu (姑).

父之從父晜弟為從祖父，父之從祖晜弟為族父。

A father's male cousins on the paternal side are called congzufu (从祖父), and a father's more distant clan cousins are called zufu (族父).

族父之子相謂為族晜弟。

The sons of a zufu call one another zu xiongdi (族兄弟), clan brothers.

族晜弟之子相謂為親同姓。

The sons of clan brothers call one another qin tongxing (亲同姓), close kin of the same surname.

兄之子、弟之子，相謂為從父晜弟。

The sons of an elder brother and the sons of a younger brother call one another congfu xiongdi (从父兄弟), cousins through the father.

子之子為孫，孫之子為曾孫，曾孫之子為玄孫，玄孫之子為來孫，來孫之子

A son's son is called sun (孙), a sun's son is called zengsun (曾孙), a zengsun's son is called xuansun (玄孙), a xuansun's son is called laisun (来孙), and a laisun's son

為晜孫，晜孫之子為仍孫，仍孫之子為雲孫。

is called kunsun (晜孙), a kunsun's son is called rengsun (仍孙), and a rengsun's son is called yunsun (云孙).

王父之姊妹，為王姑。

The sisters of a wangfu are called wanggu (王姑).

曾祖王父之姊妹，為曾祖王姑。

The sisters of a zengzu wangfu are called zengzu wanggu (曾祖王姑).

高祖王父之姊妹，為高祖王姑。

The sisters of a gaozu wangfu are called gaozu wanggu (高祖王姑).

父之從父姊妹，為從祖姑。

A father's female cousins on the paternal side are called congzu gu (从祖姑).

父之從祖姊妹，為族祖姑。

A father's more distant female clan cousins are called zuzu gu (族祖姑).

父之從父晜弟之母，為從祖王母。

The mother of a father's male cousin is called congzu wangmu (从祖王母).

父之從祖晜弟之母，為族祖王母。

The mother of a father's more distant male clan cousin is called zuzu wangmu (族祖王母).

父之兄妻，為世母；父之弟妻，為叔母。

The wife of a father's elder brother is called shimu (世母), and the wife of a father's younger brother is called shenmu (叔母).

父之從父晜弟之妻，為從祖母；父之從祖晜弟之妻，為族祖母。

The wife of a father's male cousin is called congzumu (从祖母), and the wife of a father's more distant male clan cousin is called zuzumu (族祖母).

父之從祖祖父，為族曾王父；父之從祖祖母，為族曾王母。

A father's congzu grandfather is called zu zeng wangfu (族曾王父), and a father's congzu grandmother is called zu zeng wangmu (族曾王母).

父之妾，為庶母。

A father's concubine is called shumu (庶母).

祖，王父也。

Zu (祖) means wangfu (王父), grandfather.

晜，兄也。──宗族。

Kun (晜) means xiong (兄), elder brother. The above concerns the paternal clan.

母之考，為外王父；母之妣，為外王母。

A mother's father is called waiwangfu (外王父), and a mother's mother is called waiwangmu (外王母).

母之王考，為外曾王父；母之王妣，為外曾王母。

A mother's grandfather is called waizeng wangfu (外曾王父), and a mother's grandmother is called waizeng wangmu (外曾王母).

母之晜弟，為舅；母之從父晜弟，為從舅。

A mother's brothers are called jiu (舅), and a mother's male cousins are called congjiu (从舅).

母之姊妹，為從母。

A mother's sisters are called congmu (从母).

從母之男子，為從母晜弟；其女子子，為從母姊妹。──母黨。

The sons of a congmu are called congmu xiongdi (从母兄弟), and the daughters of a congmu are called congmu zimei (从母姊妹). The above concerns the mother's side.

妻之父，為外舅；妻之母，為外姑。

A wife's father is called waijiu (外舅), and a wife's mother is called waigu (外姑).

姑之子為甥，舅之子為甥，妻之晜弟為甥，姊妹之夫為甥。

The son of a father's sister is called sheng (甥), the son of a mother's brother is called sheng (甥), a wife's brother is called sheng (甥), and a sister's husband is called sheng (甥).

妻之姊妹同出為姨。

A wife's sister who has married is called yi (姨).

女子謂姊妹之夫為私。

A woman calls her sister's husband si (私).

男子謂姊妹之子為出。

A man calls his sister's son chu (出).

女子謂晜弟之子為侄，謂出之子為離孫，謂侄之子為歸孫。

A woman calls her brother's son zhi (侄), calls the son of a chu lisun (离孙), and calls the son of a zhi guisun (归孙).

女子子之子為外孫。

A daughter's son is called waisun (外孙).

女子同出，謂先生為姒，後生為娣。

Of women married together into the same household, the one born earlier is called si (姒), and the one born later is called di (娣).

女子謂兄之妻為嫂，弟之妻為婦。

A woman calls her elder brother's wife sao (嫂), and calls her younger brother's wife fu (妇).

長婦謂稚婦為娣婦，娣婦謂長婦為姒婦。──妻黨。

The elder wife calls the younger wife difu (娣妇), and the younger wife calls the elder wife sifu (姒妇). The above concerns the wife's side.

婦稱夫之父曰舅，稱夫之母曰姑。

A married woman calls her husband's father jiu (舅), and calls her husband's mother gu (姑).

姑舅在，則曰君舅、君姑；沒，則曰先舅、先姑。

While her parents-in-law are alive, they are called junjiu (君舅) and jungu (君姑); once they have died, they are called xianjiu (先舅) and xiangu (先姑).

謂夫之庶母為少姑，夫之兄為兄公，夫之弟為叔，夫之姊為女公，夫之女弟為女妹。

She calls her husband's concubine-mother shaogu (少姑), her husband's elder brother xiongong (兄公), her husband's younger brother shu (叔), her husband's elder sister nügong (女公), and her husband's younger sister nümei (女妹).

子之妻為婦，長婦為嫡婦，眾婦為庶婦。

A son's wife is called fu (妇); the wife of the eldest son is called difu (嫡妇), and the wives of the other sons are called shufu (庶妇).

女子子之夫為婿，婿之父為姻，婦之父為婚。

A daughter's husband is called xu (婿), the father of the xu is called yin (姻), and the father of the fu is called hun (婚).

父之黨為宗族，母與妻之黨為兄弟。

Kin on the father's side are called zongzu (宗族), the clan, and kin on the mother's and wife's side are called xiongdi (兄弟).

婦之父母、婿之父母，相謂為婚姻。

The parents of the bride and the parents of the groom call one another hunyin (婚姻), in-laws.

兩婿相謂為亞。

Two sons-in-law call one another ya (亚).

婦之黨為婚兄弟，婿之黨為姻兄弟。

The kin on the bride's side are called hun xiongdi (婚兄弟), and the kin on the groom's side are called yin xiongdi (姻兄弟).

嬪，婦也。

Pin (嫔) means a married woman.

謂我舅者，吾謂之甥也。──婚姻。

One who calls me jiu (舅), I call sheng (甥). The above concerns marriage relations.

宮謂之室，室謂之宮。

A gong (宫) is called a shi (室), and a shi is called a gong.

牖戶之間謂之扆，其內謂之家。

The space between the window and the door is called yi (扆), and what lies within it is called jia (家).

東西牆謂之序。

The walls on the east and west sides are called xu (序).

西南隅謂之奧，西北隅謂之屋漏，東北隅謂之宧，東南隅謂之{宀交}。

The southwest corner is called ao (奥), the northwest corner is called wulou (屋漏), the northeast corner is called yi (宧), and the southeast corner is called yao (窔; the source text writes this character as jiao beneath the roof radical).

柣謂之閾，棖謂之楔，楣謂之梁。

The threshold is called yu (阈), the long wooden posts at the sides of a door are called xie (楔), and the lintel across the top is called liang (梁).

樞謂之椳。

The door pivot is called wei (椳).

樞達北方，謂之落時，落時謂之戺。

The pivot that leads toward the north is called luoshi (落时), and luoshi is also called shi (戺).

垝謂之坫，牆謂之墉。

A low wall is called dian (坫), and a wall is called yong (墉).

鏝謂之杇，椹謂之。

The trowel for plastering walls is called wu (杇), and the board that supports it is called (the explanatory character is missing in the source text).

地謂之黝，牆謂之堊。

Floors painted black are called you (黝), and walls painted white are called e (垩).

枳謂之杙，在牆者謂之楎，在地者謂之臬，大者謂之栱，長者謂之閣。

A short stake is called yi (杙); one on a wall is called hui (楎), one in the ground is called nie (臬), a large one is called gong (栱), and a long one is called ge (阁).

闍謂之臺，有木者謂之榭。

An earthen raised platform is called tai (台), and one with a timber structure on top is called xie (榭).

雞棲於弋為榤，鑿垣而棲為塒。

A chicken roosting on a wooden stake is called jie (榤), and one roosting in a hole dug in a wall is called shi (埘).

植謂之傳，傳謂之突。

A door bar is called chuan (传), and chuan is also called tu (突).

杗廇謂之梁，其上楹謂之梲。

The great beam is called liang (梁), and the short post on a beam is called zhuo (棁).

閞謂之槉。

The bracket block on a column is called ji (槉).

栭謂之楶。

The short wood on a beam is called jie (楶).

棟謂之桴，桷謂之榱。

The main ridge beam is called fu (桴), and the rafters are called cui (榱).

桷直而遂，謂之閱；直不受簷，謂之交；簷謂之樀。

Rafters that run straight through to the edge of the eaves are called yue (阅), rafters that go straight up but do not reach the eaves are called jiao (交), and the eaves are called di (樀).

容謂之防，連謂之簃。

A screen is called fang (防), and a small connecting side room is called yi (簃).

屋上薄謂之筄。

The mat laid on a roof is called yao (筄).

兩階間謂之鄉，中庭之左右謂之位，門屏之間謂之寧，屏謂之樹，閍謂之

The space between the two stairs is called xiang (乡), the left and right sides of the courtyard are called wei (位), the space between the gate and the screen is called ning (宁), a screen is called shu (树), and a bi (閍) is called

門，正門謂之應門，觀謂之闕，宮中之門謂之闈，其小者謂之閨，小閨謂之閤。

a gate; the main gate is called yingmen (应门), the high platform for viewing is called que (阙), a gate inside the palace is called wei (闱), a small one is called gui (闺), and a still smaller gui is called ge (阁).

門謂之閎，門側之堂謂之塾。

The gate of a lane is called hong (闳), and the hall beside a gate is called shu (塾).

橛謂之闑。

The upright wood in the middle of a gate is called nie (𫔶).

闔謂之扉，所以止扉謂之閎。

A door leaf is called fei (扉), and what is used to hold the door leaf in place is called hong (闳).

瓴甋謂之甓。

A brick is called pi (甓).

宮中，謂之壺；廟中路，謂之唐。

A path inside the palace is called kun (壶), and a path in the ancestral temple is called tang (唐).

堂途謂之陳。

The path below the hall is called chen (陈).

路、旅，途也。

Lu (路) and lü (旅) both mean "road."

路、場、猷、行，道也。

Lu (路), chang (场), you (猷) and xing (行) all mean "way, path."

一達謂之道路，二達謂之歧旁，三達謂之劇旁，四達謂之衢，五達謂之康，

A road with one passage is called daolu (道路), with two passages qipang (歧旁), with three passages jupang (剧旁), with four passages qu (衢), with five passages kang (康),

六達謂之莊，七達謂之劇驂，八達謂之崇期，九達謂之逵。

with six passages zhuang (庄), with seven passages juzan (剧骖), with eight passages chongqi (崇期), and with nine passages kui (逵).

室中謂之時，堂上謂之行，堂下謂之步，門外謂之趨，中庭謂之走，大路謂

Moving within a room is called shi (时), on the hall it is called xing (行), below the hall it is called bu (步), going out of the gate it is called qu (趋), in the courtyard it is called zou (走), and on the main road it is called

之奔。

ben (奔).

隄謂之梁，石槓謂之徛。

A bridge over an embankment is called liang (梁), and stepping stones are called ji (徛).

室有東西廂曰廟，無東西廂有室曰寢，無室曰榭。四方而高曰臺，陝而修曲

A building with east and west side rooms and a main room is called a miao (庙); one without east and west side rooms but with a main room is called a qin (寝); one without a main room is called a xie (榭). One that is square and high is called a tai (台), and one that is narrow, long and winding

曰樓。

is called a lou (楼).

木豆謂之豆，竹豆謂之籩，瓦豆謂之登。

A wooden dou is called dou (豆), a bamboo dou is called bian (笾), and a ceramic dou is called deng (登).

盎謂之缶，甌瓿謂之瓵，康瓠謂之甈。

An ang (盎) is called fou (缶), vessels of the ou and bu kinds are called yi (瓵), and a hollow, broken gourd is called qi (甈).

斪劚謂之定，斫謂之，謂之疀。

A hoe-like tool is called ding (定), a chopping hoe is called zhu (斸; the source text uses a variant form of this character), and (a character is missing in the source text) is called zhi (疀).

緵罟謂之九罭，九罭，魚網也。

A zong net (緵罟) is called jiuyu (九罭). Jiuyu means a fishing net.

嫠婦之笱謂之罶。

A fish trap used by a widow is called liu (罶).

罺謂之汕。

Cao (罺) is called shan (汕), a kind of dip net.

篧謂之罩，槮謂之涔。

Yue (篧) is called zhao (罩), and shen (椮) is called cen (涔); all are fishing implements or methods.

鳥罟謂之羅，兔罟謂之罝，麋罟謂之罞，彘罟謂之羉，魚罟謂之罛。

A net for catching birds is called luo (罗), a net for catching rabbits is called ju (罝), a net for catching elk is called mi (罞), a net for catching boars is called ji (羉), and a net for catching fish is called gu (罛).

繴謂之罿。罿，罬也。

Bi (繴) is called chong (罿). Chong means zhuo (罬).

罬謂之罦。罦，覆車也。

Zhuo (罬) is called fu (罦). Fu means fuche (覆车), a net that flips over like an overturned cart to catch birds.

絇謂之救。

Qu (絇) is called jiu (救), an ornament on the toe of a shoe.

律謂之分。

Lü (律) is called fen (分). This sense is found mainly in this book.

大版謂之業。

A large board is called ye (业).

繩之，謂之縮之。

To bind with rope is called suo (缩).

彝、卣、罍，器也。

Yi (彝), you (卣) and lei (罍) are all vessels.

小罍謂之坎。

A small lei is called kan (坎).

衣裗謂之衤皃，黼領謂之襮，緣謂之純，袕謂之。

The hanging part of a garment's front is called chou (裯; the source text writes this character with the clothing radical beside mao), an embroidered collar with an axe pattern is called bo (襮), a garment's border is called chun (纯), and xue (袕) is called (the explanatory character is missing in the source text).

衣{此目}謂之襟，衱謂之裾，衿謂之袸。

The crossed collar of a garment is called jin (襟; the source text writes this character as a combination of two components), the back of a garment is called ju (裾), and the tie is called chan (袸).

佩衿謂之褑。

The sash for hanging jade pendants is called yuan (褑).

執衽謂之袺，扱衽謂之襭，衣蔽前謂之襜。

Lifting up the skirt of a garment is called jie (袺), tucking the skirt into the belt is called xie (襭), and the garment that covers the front is called chan (襜).

婦人之褘謂之縭。縭，緌也。

The hui (袆) of a married woman is called li (缡). Li means the hanging ribbon.

裳削幅謂之。

A skirt cut with its widths trimmed is called (the explanatory character is missing in the source text).

輿革，前謂之鞎，後謂之笰；竹，前謂之御，後謂之蔽。

On a cart covered with leather: the front is called yin (鞎) and the back is called fu (笰); with bamboo: the front is called yu (御) and the back is called bi (蔽).

環謂之捐，鑣謂之钀，載轡謂之轙，轡首謂之革。

A ring is called juan (捐), a horse's bit is called yi (钀), the ring that holds the reins is called yi (轙), and the leather of a bridle is called ge (革).

餀謂之餯，食饐謂之餲。

Food that has changed taste is called ai (餯), and cooked rice that has gone sour is called ai (餲).

摶者謂之，米者謂之糪，肉謂之敗，魚謂之餒。

What has clumped together is called (the explanatory character is missing in the source text), spoiled rice is called bei (糪), spoiled meat is called bai (败), and spoiled fish is called nei (馁).

肉，曰脫之；魚，曰斮之。

Meat is said to be tuo (脱), and fish is said to be zhuo (斮). This means removing the bones and skin, or cutting into pieces.

冰，脂也。

Bing (冰) means grease that has congealed.

肉謂之羹，魚謂之鮨，肉謂之醢，有骨者謂之臡。

A meat soup is called geng (羹), a fish paste is called qi (鮨), a meat paste is called hai (醢), and a meat paste with bones is called ni (臡).

康謂之蠱，澱謂之垽。

Chaff is called gu (蛊), and sediment is called yin (垽).

鼎絕大，謂之鼐；圜弇上，謂之鼒；附耳外，謂之釴；款足者，謂之鬲；

A tripod that is extremely large is called nai (鼐), one that is round with a small mouth is called zi (鼒), one with its ears attached on the outside is called tuo (𬬩), one with hollow legs is called li (鬲),

謂之鬵。鬵，鉹也。

and one called xin (鬵). Xin means yi (鉹).

璲，瑞也。

Sui (璲) means jade of good omen.

玉十，謂之區。

Ten pieces of jade are called qu (区).

羽本，謂之翮。一羽謂之箴，十羽謂之縳，百羽謂之緷。

The base of a feather is called he (翮). One feather is called zhen (箴), ten are called zong (䌸), and a hundred are called gun (緷).

木謂之虡。

The wooden frame for hanging bells and chime stones is called ju (虡).

旄謂之{艹罷}。

The yak-tail ornament is called pi (罴; the source text writes this character with the grass radical above ba).

菜謂之簌。

A vegetable is called su (簌), meaning a seasoning vegetable.

白蓋謂之苫。

A cover of white thatch is called shan (苫).

黃金謂之璗，其美者謂之鏐。

Yellow gold is called huang (𬍡), and the finest of it is called liu (镠).

白金謂之銀，其美者謂之鐐。

White metal is called yin (银, silver), and the finest of it is called liao (镣).

鉼金謂之鈑，錫謂之鈏。

Gold in the form of cakes is called ban (钣), and tin is called yin (鈏).

象謂之鵠，角謂之觷，犀謂之剒，木謂之剫，玉謂之雕，金謂之鏤，

Working ivory is called hu (鹄), working horn is called zhi (觷), working rhinoceros horn is called cuo (剒), working wood is called kui (剫), working jade is called diao (雕), working metal is called lou (镂),

木謂之刻，骨謂之切，象謂之磋，玉謂之琢，石謂之磨。

and for wood it is also called ke (刻), for bone it is called qie (切), for ivory it is called cuo (磋), for jade it is called zhuo (琢), and for stone it is called mo (磨).

璆琳，玉也。

Qiulin (璆琳) means jade.

簡，謂之畢；不律，謂之筆；滅，謂之點。

A bamboo slip is called bi (毕); bulü (不律) is called bi (笔, the writing brush); wiping out written marks is called dian (点).

絕澤謂之銑。

A metal with a very bright luster is called xian (铣).

金鏃翦羽，謂之鍭；骨鏃不翦羽，謂之志。

A metal arrowhead with trimmed feathers is called zhi (𬭤), and a bone arrowhead with untrimmed feathers is called zhi (志).

弓有緣者謂之弓，無緣者謂之弭。

A bow with a decorated edge is called gong (弓), and one without decoration is called mi (弭).

以金者謂之銑，以蜃者謂之珧，以玉者謂之珪。

One decorated with metal is called xian (铣), one decorated with clam shell is called yao (珧), and one decorated with jade is called gui (珪).

珪大尺二寸，謂之玠；璋大八寸，謂之琡；璧大六寸，謂之宣。

A gui one foot two inches long is called jie (玠), a zhang tablet eight inches long is called shu (琡), and a bi disk six inches in diameter is called xuan (宣).

肉倍好，謂之璧；好倍肉，謂之瑗；肉好若一，謂之環。

A disk whose rim is twice the width of its hole is called bi (璧), one whose hole is twice the width of its rim is called yuan (瑗), and one whose rim and hole are equal is called huan (环).

繸，綬也。

Bian (䍁) means shou (绶), a ribbon.

一染謂之縓，再染謂之赬，三染謂之纁。

Dyed once, it is called quan (縓), dyed twice it is called cheng (赪), and dyed three times it is called xun (𫄸).

青謂之蔥，黑謂之黝。

Blue-green is called cong (葱), and black is called you (黝).

斧謂之黼，邸謂之柢，雕謂之琢，蓐謂之茲，竿謂之箷。

The axe pattern is called fu (黼), di (邸) is called di (柢), diao (雕) is called zhuo (琢), a grass mat is called zi (兹), and a pole is called yi (箷).

簀謂之笫。

The bamboo mat on a bed is called zi (笫).

革中絕，謂之辨；革中辨，謂之韏。

Leather split down the middle is called bian (辨), and when divided further on the bian it is called juan (韏).

鏤，鎪也。

Lou (镂) means to carve and engrave.

卣，中尊也。

You (卣) is a wine vessel of middle size.

宮謂之重，商謂之敏，角謂之經，徵謂之迭，羽謂之柳。

The gong note is called zhong (重), the shang note is called min (敏), the jue note is called jing (经), the zhi note is called die (迭), and the yu note is called liu (柳).

大瑟謂之灑，大琴謂之離。

A large se zither is called sa (洒), and a large qin zither is called li (离).

大鼓謂之鼖，小者謂之應。

A large drum is called fen (鼖), and a small one is called ying (应).

大磬謂之毊。

A large chime stone is called xiao (毊).

大笙謂之巢，小者謂之和。

A large sheng mouth organ is called chao (巢), and a small one is called he (和).

大篪謂之沂，大壎謂之嘂。

A large chi flute is called yi (沂), and a large xun ocarina is called jiao (嘂).

大鐘謂之鏞，其中謂之剽，小者謂之棧。

A large bell is called yong (镛), a middle-sized one is called piao (剽), and a small one is called zhan (栈).

大簫謂之言，小者謂之筊。

A large xiao pipe is called yan (言), and a small one is called jiao (筊).

大管謂之簥，其中謂之篞，小者謂之篎。

A large guan pipe is called jiao (簥), a middle-sized one is called nian (篞), and a small one is called miao (篎).

大籥謂之產，其中謂之仲，小者謂之箹。

A large yue flute is called chan (产), a middle-sized one is called zhong (仲), and a small one is called yue (箹).

徒鼓瑟謂之步，徒吹謂之和，徒歌謂之謠，徒擊鼓謂之咢，徒鼓鍾謂之修，

Plucking only the se is called bu (步), only blowing is called he (和), singing without accompaniment is called yao (谣), only beating a drum is called e (咢), only striking a bell is called xiu (修),

徒鼓磬謂之寋。

and only striking a chime stone is called jian (寋).

所以鼓柷謂之止，所以鼓敔謂之籈。

What is used to strike the zhu (柷) is called zhi (止), and what is used to scrape the yu (敔) is called zhen (籈).

大鼗謂之麻，小者謂之料。

A large hand drum is called ma (麻), and a small one is called liao (料).

和樂謂之節。

What regulates the tempo of a piece is called jie (节).

穹、蒼蒼，天也。

Qiong (穹) and cangcang (苍苍) both mean "heaven."

春為蒼天，夏為昊天，秋為旻天，冬為上天。──四時。

Heaven in spring is called cangtian (苍天), in summer haotian (昊天), in autumn mintian (旻天), and in winter shangtian (上天). The above concerns the four seasons.

春為青陽，夏為朱明，秋為白藏，冬為玄英。

Spring is called qingyang (青阳), summer is called zhuming (朱明), autumn is called baicang (白藏), and winter is called xuanying (玄英).

四氣和，謂之玉燭。

When the qi of the four seasons is in harmony, it is called yuzhu (玉烛), the jade candle.

春為發生，夏為長嬴，秋為收成，冬為安寧。

Spring is called fasheng (发生), summer is called changying (长嬴), autumn is called shoucheng (收成), and winter is called anning (安宁).

四時和為通正，謂之景風。

When the four seasons are harmonious, free-flowing and correct, it is called jingfeng (景风), the auspicious wind.

甘雨時降，萬物以嘉，謂之醴泉。──祥。

When sweet rain falls in due season and all things are thereby made good, it is called liquan (醴泉), the sweet spring. The above concerns auspicious signs.

谷不熟為飢，蔬不熟為饉，果不熟為荒，仍飢為薦。──災。

A failed grain harvest is called ji (饥), a failed vegetable harvest is called jin (馑), a failed fruit harvest is called huang (荒), and famine in successive years is called jian (荐). The above concerns disasters.

大歲在甲曰閼逢，在乙曰旃蒙，在丙曰柔兆，在丁曰強圉，在戊曰著雍，在

When Taisui (the Great Year; the source text writes it as Dasui) is in jia it is called yanfeng (阏逢), in yi zhanmeng (旃蒙), in bing rouzhao (柔兆), in ding qiangyu (强圉), in wu zhuoyong (著雍), in

己曰屠維，在庚曰上章，在辛曰重光，在壬曰玄黓，在癸曰昭陽。──歲陽。

ji tuwei (屠维), in geng shangzhang (上章), in xin chongguang (重光), in ren xuanyi (玄黓), and in gui zhaoyang (昭阳). The above are the names of the year-stems.

大歲在寅曰攝提格，在卯曰單閼，在辰曰執徐，在巳曰大荒落，在午曰敦牂，

When Taisui is in yin it is called shetige (摄提格), in mao shane (单阏), in chen zhixu (执徐), in si dahuangluo (大荒落), in wu dunzang (敦牂),

在未曰協洽，在申曰涒灘，在酉曰作噩，在戌曰閹茂，在亥曰大淵獻，在子曰困

in wei xieqia (协洽), in shen tuntan (涒滩), in you zuoe (作噩), in xu yanmao (阉茂), in hai dayuanxian (大渊献), in zi kun

敦，在醜曰赤奮若。

dun (困敦), and in chou chifenruo (赤奋若).

載，歲也。夏曰歲，商曰祀，周曰年，唐虞曰載。──歲名。

Zai (载) means a year. In the Xia dynasty it was called sui (岁), in the Shang dynasty si (祀), in the Zhou dynasty nian (年), and in the age of Tang and Yu zai (载). The above are the names of the year.

月在甲曰畢，在乙曰橘，在丙曰修，在丁曰圉，在戊曰厲，在己曰則，在庚

When the moon is in jia it is called bi (毕), in yi ju (橘), in bing xiu (修), in ding yu (圉), in wu li (厉), in ji ze (则), in geng

曰窒，在辛曰塞，在壬曰終，在癸曰極。──月陽。

zhi (窒), in xin sai (塞), in ren zhong (终), and in gui ji (极). The above are the month-stems.

正月為陬，二月為如，三月為，四月為餘，五月為皋，六月為且，七

The first month is called zou (陬), the second month ru (如), the third month (the month name is missing in the source text), the fourth month yu (余), the fifth month gao (皋), the sixth month ju (且), the seventh

月為相，八月為壯，九月為玄，十月為陽，十一月為辜，十二月為塗。──月名。

month xiang (相), the eighth month zhuang (壮), the ninth month xuan (玄), the tenth month yang (阳), the eleventh month gu (辜), and the twelfth month tu (涂). The above are the names of the months.

南風謂之凱風，東風謂之穀風，北風謂之涼風，西風謂之泰風。

The south wind is called kaifeng (凯风), the east wind is called gufeng (谷风), the north wind is called liangfeng (凉风), and the west wind is called taifeng (泰风).

焚輪謂之穨，扶搖謂之猋，風與火為庉，迴風為飄，日出而風為暴，風

A violent wind blowing from above downward is called tui (穨), a whirlwind is called biao (猋), wind together with fire is called tun (庉), a swirling wind is called piao (飘), wind rising at sunrise is called bao (暴), and wind

而雨土為霾，陰而風為曀。

raising dust is called mai (霾), and wind rising on an overcast day is called yi (曀).

天氣下地不應曰{雨矛}，地氣發天不應曰霧。霧謂之晦。

When heaven's qi descends but earth's qi does not respond, it is called meng (霿; the source text writes this character with the rain radical above mao), and when earth's qi rises but heaven's qi does not respond, it is called wu (雾, fog). Wu is also called hui (晦).

螮蝀謂之雩，螮蝀，虹也。蜺為挈貳。

Didong (䗖𬟽) is called yu (雩). Didong means hong (虹), the rainbow. A secondary rainbow is called qiner (挈贰).

弇日為蔽雲。疾雷為霆霓。雨{雨見}為霄雪。

What blocks out the sun is called bi yun (蔽云). A sharp, fierce thunder is called tingni (霆霓). Sleet is called xiaoxue (霄雪; the source text writes xian with the rain radical above jian).

暴雨謂之涷，小雨謂之霢霂，久雨謂之淫，淫謂之霖，濟謂之霽。

A heavy downpour is called dong (涷), a drizzle is called maimu (霡霂), a long rain is called yin (淫), yin is also called lin (霖), and the stopping of rain is called ji (霁).

──風雨。

The above concerns wind and rain.

壽星，角亢也。

Shouxing (寿星) is the lunar mansions Jiao and Kang.

天根，氐也。

Tiangen (天根) is the mansion Di.

天駟，房也。

Tiansi (天驷) is the mansion Fang.

大辰，房心尾也。

Dachen (大辰) is the mansions Fang, Xin and Wei.

大火謂之大辰。析木謂之津，箕斗之間，漢津也。

Dahuo (大火) is called Dachen. Ximu (析木) is called jin (津), the ford, and the region between the mansions Ji and Dou is the Hanjin (汉津), the Ford of the Han.

星紀，鬥牽牛也。

Xingji (星纪) is the mansions Dou and Qianniu.

玄枵，虛也。顓頊之虛，虛也。

Xuanxiao (玄枵) is the mansion Xu. The Zhuanxu zhi Xu (颛顼之虚) is also the mansion Xu.

北陸，虛也。營室謂之定。

Beilu (北陆) is the mansion Xu. Yingshi (营室) is called ding (定).

娵觜之口，營室東壁也。

Juzui zhi kou (娵觜之口) is Yingshi and Dongbi.

降婁，奎婁也。

Jianglou (降娄) is the mansions Kui and Lou.

大梁，昴也。

Daliang (大梁) is the mansion Mao.

西陸，昴也。

Xilu (西陆) is the mansion Mao.

濁謂之畢。

Zhuo (浊) is called the mansion Bi.

咮謂之柳。柳，鶉火也。

Zhou (咮) is called the mansion Liu. Liu is Chunhuo (鹑火).

北極謂之北辰，何鼓謂之牽牛，明星謂之啟明，彗星為欃槍，奔星為彴約。

The North Pole is called Beichen (北辰), Hegu (何鼓) is called Qianniu (牵牛), the bright star is called Qiming (启明), a comet is called Chanqiang (欃枪), and a shooting star is called Zhuoyue (彴约).

──星名。

The above are the names of stars.

春祭曰祠，夏祭曰礿，秋祭曰嘗，冬祭曰蒸。

The spring sacrifice is called ci (祠), the summer sacrifice is called yue (礿), the autumn sacrifice is called chang (尝), and the winter sacrifice is called zheng (蒸).

祭天曰燔柴，祭地曰瘞薶。

Sacrifice to heaven is called fanchai (燔柴), burning wood, and sacrifice to earth is called yimai (瘗埋), burying offerings.

祭山曰庪縣，祭川曰浮沈，祭星曰布，祭風曰磔。

Sacrifice to mountains is called guixian (庪县), hanging up the offerings; sacrifice to rivers is called fuchen (浮沈), floating or sinking the offerings in water; sacrifice to stars is called bu (布); and sacrifice to the wind is called zhe (磔).

是禷是礻馬，師祭也。既伯既禱，馬祭也。禘，大祭也。繹，又祭也。

Shi lei (是禷) and shi ma (是祃; the source text writes ma with the altar radical beside the horse radical) are sacrifices for sending out the army. Ji bo ji dao (既伯既祷) is a sacrifice to the ancestor of horses. Di (禘) is a great sacrifice. Yi (绎) is a sacrifice offered again after the main sacrifice.

周曰繹，商曰肜，夏曰復胙。──祭名。

In the Zhou dynasty it is called yi (绎), in the Shang dynasty rong (肜), and in the Xia dynasty fuzuo (复胙). The above are the names of sacrifices.

春獵為蒐，夏獵為苗，秋獵為獮，冬獵為狩。

Hunting in spring is called sou (搜), hunting in summer is called miao (苗), hunting in autumn is called xian (狝), and hunting in winter is called shou (狩).

宵田為獠，火田為狩。

Hunting at night is called liao (獠), and hunting by burning the fields with fire is called shou (狩).

乃立冢土，戎醜攸行。起大事，動大眾，必先有事乎社而後出，謂之宜。

Thereupon the great she altar is set up, and the troops set out from it. To undertake a great affair and mobilize the multitude, one must first sacrifice at the she altar and then set out; this is called yi (宜).

振旅闐闐，出為治兵，尚威武也。入為振旅，反尊卑也。──講武。

The ranks are drawn up and the drums resound: going out to war is called zhibing (治兵), which stresses martial might; coming back is called zhenlü (振旅), which restores the order of high and low. The above concerns military training.

素錦綢槓，纁帛縿，素升龍於縿，練旒九，飾以組，維以縷。

The flagpole is wrapped in white brocade, the banner is made of pale red silk, white rising dragons are painted on the banner, nine streamers are made of cooked silk, adorned with silk cords and held together with silk threads.

緇廣充幅，長尋曰旐，繼旐曰旆，注旄首曰旌，有鈴曰旂，錯革鳥曰旟，因

A black silk banner one full width wide and eight chi long is called zhao (旐), the part attached to the end of the zhao is called pei (旆), a banner with a yak tail fixed to the top of the pole is called jing (旌), one with bells is called qi (旗), one painted with a bird on a crossed animal skin is called yu (旟), and one following

章曰旃。──旌旂。

existing insignia is called zhan (旃). The above concerns banners and flags.

兩河間曰冀州，河南曰豫州，河西曰雝州，漢南曰荊州，江南曰楊州，濟河

The land between two rivers is called Jizhou (冀州), south of the Yellow River is Yuzhou (豫州), west of the Yellow River is Yongzhou (雍州), south of the Han River is Jingzhou (荆州), south of the Yangtze is Yangzhou (扬州), between the Ji River and the Yellow River

間曰兗州，濟東曰徐州，燕曰幽州，齊曰營州。──九州。

is Yanzhou (兖州), east of the Ji River is Xuzhou (徐州), the land of Yan is Youzhou (幽州), and the land of Qi is Yingzhou (营州). The above are the Nine Provinces.

魯有大野。晉有大陸。秦有楊陓。宋有孟諸。楚有云夢。吳越之間有具

Lu has Daye (大野). Jin has Dalu (大陆). Qin has Yangyu (杨陓). Song has Mengzhu (孟诸). Chu has Yunmeng (云梦). Between Wu and Yue there is Juqu

區。齊有海隅。燕有昭餘祁。鄭有圃田。周有焦護。──十藪。

(具区). Qi has Haiyu (海隅). Yan has Zhaoyuqi (昭余祁). Zheng has Putian (圃田). Zhou has Jiaohu (焦护). The above are the Ten Marshes.

東陵阠，南陵息慎，西陵威夷，中陵朱滕，北陵西隃雁門是也。陵莫

The eastern mound is called Qian (阠), the southern mound is called Xishen (息慎), the western mound is called Weiyi (威夷), the central mound is called Zhuteng (朱滕), and the northern mound is called Xishu (西隃), which is Yanmen (雁门). Among mounds there is none

大於加陵，梁莫大於湨梁，墳莫大於河墳。──八陵。

larger than Jialing (加陵), among bridges none larger than Jueliang (湨梁), and among embankments none larger than Hefen (河坟). The above are the Eight Mounds.

東方之美者，有醫無閭之珣玗琪焉；東南之美者，有會稽之竹箭焉；南方

The fine product of the east is the xunyuqi (珣玗琪) jade of Yiwulü (医无闾); the fine product of the southeast is the bamboo arrows of Kuaiji (会稽); of the south

之美者，有梁山之犀象焉；西南之美者，有華山之金石焉；西方之美者，有霍山

the fine products are the rhinoceros horn and ivory of Mount Liang (梁山); of the southwest, the metals and jade of Mount Hua (华山); of the west, the many pearls and jades of

之多珠玉焉；西北之美者，有崑崙虛之璆琳琅玕焉；北方之美者，有幽都之筋角

Mount Huo (霍山); of the northwest, the qiulin and langgan jades of the Kunlun ruins (昆仑虚); of the north, the sinews and horns of Youdu (幽都)

焉；東北之美者，有斥山之文皮焉；中有岱嶽，與其五穀魚鹽生焉。──九府。

; of the northeast, the patterned animal hides of Mount Chi (斥山); and at the center is Mount Dai (岱岳), where grain, fish and salt are produced. The above are the Nine Storehouses.

東方有比目魚焉，不比不行，其名謂之鰈；南方有比翼鳥焉，不比不飛，其

In the east there is a flatfish that cannot move unless it goes side by side with another, and its name is die (鲽); in the south there is a bird with joined wings that cannot fly unless it flies side by side with another, and its

名謂之鶼鶼；西方有比肩獸焉，與邛邛岠虛比，為邛邛岠虛，齧甘草，即有

name is jianjian (鹣鹣); in the west there is a beast with joined shoulders that lives together with the qiongqiong juxu (邛邛岠虚), biting sweet grass for the qiongqiong juxu, and whenever

難，邛邛岠虛負而走，其名謂之蹷；北方有比肩民焉，迭食而迭望；中有

danger comes, the qiongqiong juxu carries it on its back and runs, and its name is jue (蹷); in the north there is a people with joined shoulders, who take turns eating and take turns keeping watch; in the center there is

枳首蛇焉。此四方中國之異氣也。──五方。

the two-headed zhishou snake (枳首蛇). These are the strange qi of the four directions and the Central Land. The above are the Five Directions.

邑外謂之郊，郊外謂之牧，牧外謂之野，野外謂之林，林外謂之坰。

Outside a town is called jiao (郊), outside the jiao is called mu (牧), outside the mu is called ye (野), outside the ye is called lin (林), and outside the lin is called jiong (坰).

下溼曰隰，大野曰平，廣平曰原，高平曰陸，大陸曰阜，大阜曰陵，大陵曰

Low, damp land is called xi (隰), a great open field is called ping (平), wide and level land is called yuan (原), high and level land is called lu (陆), a great lu is called fu (阜), a great fu is called ling (陵), and a great ling is called

阿。可食者曰原，陂者曰阪，下者曰隰。田一歲曰菑，二歲曰新田，三歲曰畬。

e (阿). Land that can be cultivated is called yuan (原), a slope is called ban (阪), and low ground is called xi (隰). Fields plowed for one year are called zi (菑), for two years xintian (新田), and for three years yu (畬).

──野。

The above concerns open country.

東至於泰遠，西至於邠國，南至於濮鉛，北至於祝栗，謂之四極。

Taiyuan (泰远) to the east, Bin (邠国) to the west, Puqian (濮铅) to the south, and Zhuli (祝栗) to the north are called the Four Extremities (siji).

觚竹、北戶、西王母、日下，謂之四荒。

Guzhu (觚竹), Beihu (北户), Xiwangmu (西王母) and Rixia (日下) are called the Four Wildernesses (sihuang).

九夷、八狄、七戎、六蠻，謂之四海。

The Nine Yi (九夷), Eight Di (八狄), Seven Rong (七戎) and Six Man (六蛮) are called the Four Seas (sihai).

岠齊州以南，戴日為丹穴，北戴斗極為空桐，東至日所出為大平，西至日

Counting from Qizhou (齐州), the place to the south directly beneath the sun is called Danxue (丹穴), the place to the north directly facing the Dipper and the North Pole is called Kongtong (空桐), the place in the east where the sun rises is called Taiping (太平), and the place in the west where the sun

所入為大蒙。太平之人仁，丹穴之人智，大蒙之人信，空桐之人武。──四極。

sets is called Dameng (大蒙). The people of Taiping are kind and generous, the people of Danxue are wise, the people of Dameng are trustworthy, and the people of Kongtong are brave. The above are the Four Extremities.

丘，一成為敦丘，再成為陶丘，再成銳上為融丘，三成為崑崙丘。

As for mounds, one with a single tier is called dunqiu (敦丘), one with two tiers is called taoqiu (陶丘), one with two tiers and a sharp top is called rongqiu (融丘), and one with three tiers is called kunlunqiu (昆仑丘).

如乘者乘丘，如陼者陼丘。

One shaped like a carriage is called chengqiu (乘丘), and one shaped like a small islet is called zhuqiu (陼丘).

水潦所止泥丘。方丘胡丘。

A place where water collects and stays is called niqiu (泥丘). A square mound is called huqiu (胡丘).

絕高為之京，非人為之丘。

One that is extremely high and made by human labor is called jing (京), and one not made by human labor is called qiu (丘).

水潦所還埒丘。上正章丘。

One encircled by standing water is called lieqiu (埒丘). One with a flat and level top is called zhangqiu (章丘).

澤中有丘，都丘。當途梧丘。

A hill in the middle of a marsh is called Du Qiu. One standing right in the middle of a road is called Wu Qiu.

途出其右而還之畫丘。

A hill from whose right side the road goes out and then curves back is called Hua Qiu.

途出其前戴丘，途出其後昌丘。

A hill from whose front the road goes out is called Dai Qiu; one from whose back the road goes out is called Chang Qiu.

水出其前渻丘，水出其後沮丘。

A hill from whose front water flows out is called Sheng Qiu (渻丘); one from whose back water flows out is called Ju Qiu.

水出其右正丘，水出其左營丘。

A hill from whose right side water flows out is called Zheng Qiu; one from whose left side water flows out is called Ying Qiu.

如覆敦者敦丘，邐迤沙丘。

A hill shaped like an overturned food vessel is called Dun Qiu; one stretching off at a slant is called Sha Qiu.

左高鹹丘，右高臨丘，前高旄丘，後高陵丘，偏高阿丘。

A hill high on the left is called Xian Qiu, high on the right Lin Qiu, high in front Mao Qiu, high behind Ling Qiu, and high on one side E Qiu.

宛中宛丘，丘背有丘為負丘，左澤定丘，右陵泰丘。

A hill hollow in the middle is called Wan Qiu; one with another hill behind it is called Fu Qiu; one facing a marsh on the left is called Ding Qiu; one leaning on a great mound on the right is called Tai Qiu.

如畝畝丘，如陵陵丘。丘上有丘，為宛丘。

A hill shaped like a field ridge is called Mu Qiu; one shaped like a great mound is called Ling Qiu. A hill with another hill on top of it is also called Wan Qiu.

陳有宛丘，晉有潛丘，淮南有州黎丘。

The state of Chen has Wan Qiu, the state of Jin has Qian Qiu, and Huainan has Zhouli Qiu.

天下有名丘五，三在河南，其二在河北。──丘。

There are five famous hills in the world, three south of the Yellow River and two north of it. That concludes the hills.

望厓灑而高岸。夷上灑下不漘。

A place that looks high and steep at the water's edge from afar is called an "an" (bank). One that is flat on top and steep below, yet not at the water's edge, is not called a "chun."

隩隈，厓內為隩，外為隈。

Ao and wei: a bank that is concave inward is called ao; one that bulges outward is called wei.

畢，堂牆。重厓，岸。岸上，滸。墳，大防。

Bi (毕) is like the wall at the side of a hall. Banks piled in layers are called an. The upper part of a bank is called hu. Fen is a great embankment.

涘為厓。窮瀆，汜。谷者，溦。──厓岸。

The water's edge is called ya. A ditch that leads nowhere is called si. A small stream in a mountain valley is called wei (溦). That concludes cliffs and banks.

河南，華。河西，嶽。河東，岱。河北，恆。江南，衡。

South of the Yellow River is Mount Hua, west of the Yellow River is Mount Wu Yue, east of the Yellow River is Mount Tai, north of the Yellow River is Mount Heng, and south of the Yangtze is Mount Heng (衡山).

山三襲，陟。再成，英。一成，坯。

A mountain in three overlapping tiers is called zhi (陟). Two tiers is called ying. One tier is called pi.

山大而高，崧。山小而高，岑。銳而高，嶠。卑而大，扈。小而眾，巋。

A mountain both large and high is called song. A mountain small and high is called cen. One sharp and high is called qiao. One low and broad is called hu. One small and numerous is called kui.

小山，岌。大山，峘。

A small mountain is called ji (岌). A large mountain is called huan (峘).

屬者嶧。獨者蜀。上正，章。宛中，隆。山脊，岡。未及上，翠微。山頂，

Mountains joined together are called yi (峄). A mountain standing alone is called shu. One with a flat top is called zhang. One hollow in the middle is called long. A mountain ridge is called gang. The part not yet reaching the summit is called cuiwei. The summit is called

冢。

zhong (冢).

崒者，厜。

A mountain high and perilous is called zui (厜).

山如堂者，密。如防者，盛。

A mountain like a hall is called mi. One like an embankment is called sheng.

巒山，墮。重甗，隒。

A mountain narrow and long is called duo. Mountains layered like a steamer (yan) are called xian (隒).

左右有岸，厒。

A mountain with cliff banks on both sides is called xi (厒).

大山，宮。小山，霍。小山別，大山鮮。山絕，陘。

A large mountain is called gong. A small mountain is called huo. A small mountain separated from a large one is called xian (鲜). A break in a mountain is called xing.

多小石，磝。多大石，礐。多草木，岵。無草木，峐。

A mountain with many small stones is called ao (磝). One with many large stones is called a mountain of great rocks (𬒈). One with many plants and trees is called hu. One without plants and trees is called ke (峐).

山上有水，埒。夏有水，冬無水，澩。

Water on a mountain is called lie. Water in summer but none in winter is called xue (泶).

山豄無所通，谿。

A mountain gully with no way out is called xi.

石戴土謂之崔嵬，土戴石為砠。

Earth covering stone is called cuiwei (崔嵬); stone covering earth is called ju (砠).

山夾水，澗。陵夾水，澞。山有穴為岫。

Water between two mountains is called jian (涧); water between two mounds is called ju (澞). A mountain with a cave is called xiu.

山西曰夕陽，山東曰朝陽。

The west side of a mountain is called xiyang; the east side of a mountain is called chaoyang.

泰山為東嶽，華山為西嶽，霍山為南嶽，恆山為北嶽，嵩高為中嶽。

Mount Tai is the Eastern Peak, Mount Hua is the Western Peak, Mount Huo is the Southern Peak, Mount Heng is the Northern Peak, and Mount Song is the Central Peak.

梁山，晉望也。

Mount Liang is the mountain at which the state of Jin made distant sacrifices.

泉一見一否，為瀸。

A spring that appears and hides by turns is called jian (瀸).

井一有水，一無水，為瀱汋。

A well that sometimes has water and sometimes none is called yi zhuo (瀱汋).

濫泉正出。正出，湧出也。

A "lan" spring is one that comes out straight (zhengchu). Coming out straight means welling up.

沃泉縣出。縣出，下出也。

A "wo" spring is one that comes out hanging (xianchu). Coming out hanging means flowing down from above.

氿泉穴出，穴出，仄出也。

A "gui" spring is one that comes out of a hole (xuechu). Coming out of a hole means flowing from the side.

湀闢流川，過辨回川。

A xiubi (湀辟) is a river flowing straight; a guoban (过辨) is a river that swirls around.

灉，反入。潬，沙出。

Yong (灉) is a river whose water goes out and then flows back. Tan (潬) is a sandbank that has emerged.

汧，出不流。歸異，出同流，肥。

Qian (汧) is water that flows out and does not flow away again. Streams of different sources that merge are called fei.

瀵，大出尾下。水醮曰厬。水自河出為灉。

Fen (瀵) is water gushing in great volume from the bottom of a hole. Water that has dried up is called gui (厬). Water branching off from the Yellow River is called yong.

濟為濋，汶為灛，洛為波，漢為潛，淮為滸，江為沱，濄為洵，潁為

A branch of the Ji River is called zhuo (濋), a branch of the Wen River is called lan (灛), a branch of the Luo River is called bo, a branch of the Han River is called qian, a branch of the Huai River is called hu, a branch of the Yangtze is called tuo, a branch of the Jue River (㳡水) is called xun, and a branch of the Ying River is called

沙，汝為濆。

sha, and a branch of the Ru River is called fen (𣸣).

水決之澤為汧，決復入為汜。

When Yellow River water breaks into a marsh it is called qian; when it breaks out and flows back into its own water it is called si.

“河水清且瀾漪”，大波為瀾，小波為淪，直波為徑。

"The Yellow River is clear and rippling": a large wave is called lan, a small wave is called lun, and a wave running straight is called jing.

江有沱，河有灉，汝有濆。

The Yangtze has the tuo, the Yellow River has the yong, and the Ru has the fen.

滸，水厓。水草交為湄。

Hu is the water's edge. The place where water and grass meet is called mei.

“濟有深涉，深則厲，淺則揭”。揭者，揭衣也；以衣涉水為厲，繇膝以下

"The Ji has a deep ford; if deep, wade across with clothes on; if shallow, lift your clothes." Jie means lifting up the clothes; crossing water with clothes on is called li; from the knee down

為揭，繇膝以上為涉，繇帶以上為厲，潛行為泳。

is called jie, from the knee up is called she, up to the belt is called li, and moving through water submerged is called yong.

“汎汎楊舟，紼縭維之”。紼，也。縭，緌也。

"Drifting is the willow boat, tied with a rope and sash." Fu is (a word missing from the base text). Li is a hanging sash.

天子造舟，諸侯維舟，大夫方舟，士特舟，庶人乘泭。

The Son of Heaven links boats to make a pontoon bridge, the feudal lords tie four boats together, a grandee joins two boats, a scholar rides a single boat, and a commoner rides a raft.

水注川曰谿，注谿曰谷，注谷曰溝，注溝曰澮，注澮曰瀆。

Water flowing into a great river is called xi, into a xi is called gu, into a gu is called gou, into a gou is called kuai, and into a kuai is called du.

逆流而上曰溯洄，順流而下曰溯游。正絕流曰亂。

Going upstream against the current is called suhui; going downstream with the current is called suyou. Crossing a swift current directly is called luan.

江河淮濟為四瀆。

The Yangtze, the Yellow River, the Huai and the Ji are the Four Waterways.

四瀆者，發源注海者也。──水泉。

The so-called Four Waterways all rise at their sources and then flow into the sea. That concludes water and springs.

水中可居者曰洲，小洲曰陼，小陼曰沚，小沚曰坻。人所為為潏。

A habitable place in the water is called a zhou (island); a small island is called a zhi; a smaller zhi is called a zhi (沚); a smaller zhi is called a chi (坻). One piled up by human hands is called yu (潏).

──水中。

That concludes what is in the water.

河出崑崙虛，色白。

The Yellow River comes out of the ruins of Kunlun, and its water is white.

所渠並千七百一川，色黃。百里一小曲，千里一曲一直。──河曲。

The tributary channels that gather into it number one thousand seven hundred and one streams, and its water is yellow. A small bend every hundred li, and a bend and a straight stretch every thousand li. That concludes the bends of the Yellow River.

徒駭、太史、馬頰、覆鬴、胡蘇、簡、絜、鉤盤、鬲津。──九河。

Tuhai, Taishi, Majia, Fufu, Husu, Jian, Jie, Goupan and Gejin. These are the Nine Rivers.

蒮，山韭。

Huo (蒮) is the mountain leek.

茖，山蔥。

Ge (茖) is the mountain scallion.

葝，山。

Qing (葝) is the mountain (one character missing in the base text).

蒚，山蒜。

Hu (蒚) is the mountain garlic.

薜，山蘄。

Bi (薜) is the mountain celery.

椴，木槿。

Duan (椴) is the rose of Sharon.

櫬，木槿。

Chen (榇) is the rose of Sharon.

朮，山薊。

Zhu (术) is the mountain thistle.

楊，枹薊。

Yang (杨) is the fu thistle (枹蓟).

葥，王蔧。

Jian (葥) is the wang hui (王蔧) grass.

菉，王芻。

Lu (菉) is the wang chu (王刍) grass.

拜，蔏藋。

Bai (拜) is the shang diao (蔏藋) plant.

蘩，皤蒿。

Fan (蘩) is the po hao (皤蒿), white mugwort.

蒿，菣。

Hao (蒿) is the qin (菣) mugwort.

蔚，牡菣。

Wei (蔚) is the mu qin (牡菣), male mugwort.

齧，彫蓬；薦，黍蓬。

Nie (啮) is the diao peng (雕蓬); jian (荐) is the shu peng (黍蓬).

{艹庳}，鼠莞。

Bi (萆, written in the base text with the grass radical over "bi") is the shu guan (鼠莞).

葝，鼠尾。

Qing (葝) is the shu wei (鼠尾), mouse-tail grass.

菥蓂，大薺。

Xi ming (菥蓂) is the great shepherd's purse.

蒤，虎杖。

Tu (蒤) is the hu zhang (虎杖), tiger cane.

孟，狼尾。

Meng (孟) is the lang wei (狼尾), wolf-tail grass.

瓠，棲瓣。

Hu (瓠) is the qi ban (栖瓣).

茹藘，茅蒐。

Ru lu (茹藘) is the mao sou (茅搜), madder.

果臝之實，栝樓。

Guo luo (果臝) fruit is the gua lou (栝楼), snake gourd.

荼，苦菜。

Tu (荼) is the bitter herb.

萑，蓷。

Huan (萑) is the tui (蓷), motherwort.

虉，綬。

Zhi (𬟁) is the shou (绶) plant.

粢，稷。

Zi (粢) is millet (ji, 稷).

眾，秫。

Zhong (众) is the glutinous millet (shu, 秫).

戎叔謂之荏菽。

The rong bean (戎菽) is called the ren bean (荏菽).

卉，草。

Hui (卉) means grass.

萒，雀弁。

Zhi (萒) is the que bian (雀弁).

{艹龠}，雀麥。

Yue (蘥, written in the base text with the grass radical over "yue") is the que mai (雀麦), wild oat.

蘾，烏蕵。

Wei (蘾) is the wu wei (乌蕵).

萰，菟荄。

Ling (萰) is the tu gai (菟荄).

蘩，菟蒵。

Fan (蘩) is the tu xi (菟蒵).

蔩，菟瓜。

Jing (蔩) is the tu gua (菟瓜).

茢薽，豕首。

Lie xi (茢薽) is the shi shou (豕首), pig's head.

荓，馬帚。

Ping (荓) is the ma zhou (马帚), horse broom.

，懷羊。

(The headword is missing in the base text) is the huai yang (怀羊).

茭，牛蘄。

Jiao (茭) is the niu qi (牛蕲), ox celery.

{艹突}，蘆萉。

Tu (葖, written in the base text with the grass radical over "tu") is the lu fei (芦萉).

淔，灌。苬，芝。

Zhi (淔) is the guan (灌). Wu (苬) is the zhi (芝), fungus.

筍，竹萌，{湯}，竹。

Sun (笋) is the tender shoot of bamboo; dang (簜, written in the base text with the bamboo radical over "tang") is bamboo.

莪，蘿。

E (莪) is the luo (萝).

苨，菧苨。

Ni (苨) is the di ni (菧苨), ladybell.

絰，履。

Die (绖) is the lü (履).

莕，接。餘其葉，苻。

Xing (莕) is the jie yu (接余, which the base text splits in the middle); its leaf is called fu (苻).

白華，野菅。

Bai hua (白华) is the wild jian (菅) grass.

薜，白蘄。

Bi (薜) is the bai qi (白蕲), white celery.

菲，芴。

Fei (菲) is the wu (芴).

葍，{艹富}。

Fu (葍) is the qiong (䓖, written in the base text with the grass radical over "fu").

熒，委萎。

Ying (荧) is the wei wei (委萎).

葋，艼熒。竹萹蓄。

Ji (葋) is the tian ying (艼荧). Zhu (竹) is the bian xu (萹蓄), knotgrass.

葴，寒漿。

Zhen (葴) is the han jiang (寒浆), winter cherry.

薢茩，芵茪。

Xie gou (薢茩) is the fu mao (芵茪).

莁荑，{艹殺}蘠。

Wu yi (芜荑) is the sha qiang (杀蘠, in the base text "sha" has a grass radical).

瓞瓝。其紹，瓞。

A large one is called bo (瓝). A small melon that grows later is called die (瓞).

芍，鳧茈。

Shao (芍) is the fu zi (凫茈), water chestnut.

蘱，薡蕫。

Ying (蘱) is the ding dong (薡蕫).

{艹秭}，苵。

Zi cao (秭草, in the base text the character has a grass radical over "zi") is the die (苵).

鉤，芺。

Gou (钩) is the ao (芺).

，鴻薈。

(The headword is missing in the base text) is the hong hui (鸿荟).

蘇，桂荏。

Su (苏) is the gui ren (桂荏), perilla.

薔，虞蓼。

Qiang (蔷) is the yu liao (虞蓼).

，蓚。

(The headword is missing in the base text) is the xiu (蓚).

虋，赤苗。

Men (虋) is the red sprout (chi miao, 赤苗).

芑，白苗。

Qi (芑) is the white sprout (bai miao, 白苗).

秬，黑黍。

Ju (秬) is black millet.

秠，一稃二米。

Pi (秠) is a husk with two grains.

稌，稻。

Tu (稌) is rice.

葍，藑茅。

Fu (葍) is the qiong mao (藑茅).

臺，夫須。

Tai (台) is the fu xu (夫须).

藆，藅。

Jin (藆) is the ni (藅).

莔，貝母。

Meng (莔) is the bei mu (贝母), fritillary.

荍，蚍衃。

Qiao (荍) is the pi fu (蚍衃).

艾，冰臺。

Ai (艾) is the bing tai (冰台), mugwort.

蕇，亭歷。

Dian (蕇) is the ting li (亭历).

苻，鬼目。

Fu (苻) is the gui mu (鬼目), ghost's eye.

薜，庾草。

Bi (薜) is the yu cao (庾草).

蔜，{艹縷}。

Lou (蔜) is the lou (蒌, in the base text written with the grass radical over "lü").

離南，活。

Li nan (离南) is the huo (活) (a passage seems to be missing in the base text here).

{艹龍}，天{艹龠}。

Long (茏, in the base text written with the grass radical over "long") is the tian yue (天龠, the latter character written in the base text with the grass radical over "yue").

須，葑蓯。

Xu (须) is the feng cong (葑苁).

蒡，隱荵。

Pang (蒡) is the yin ren (隐荵).

莤，蔓於。

You (莤) is the man yu (蔓于).

蓾，蔖。

Lu (蓾) is the zhe (蔖).

柱夫，搖車。

Zhu fu (柱夫) is the yao che (摇车).

出隧，蘧蔬。

Chu sui (出隧) is the qu shu (蘧蔬).

蘄茝，蘪蕪。

Qi zhi (蕲茝) is the mi wu (蘪芜).

茨，蒺藜。

Ci (茨) is the ji li (蒺藜), caltrop.

蘮蒘，竊衣。

Ji qi (蘮蒘) is the qie yi (窃衣).

髦，顛蕀。

Mao (髦) is the dian ji (颠蕀).

雚芄，蘭。

Guan wan (雚芄) is the lan (兰).

蕁，莐藩。

Xun (荨) is the zhi fan (莐藩).

蕍，蕮。

Ying (蕍) is the xi (蕮).

蔨，鹿{艹靃}，其實莥。

Juan (蔨) is the lu huo (鹿藿, in the base text "huo" is written with the grass radical over "huo"); its fruit is called xi (莥).

，侯莎，其實媞。

(The headword is missing in the base text) is the hou suo (侯莎); its fruit is called ti (媞).

莞，苻蘺。其上蒚。

Guan (莞) is the fu li (苻蓠). Its upper part is called hu (蒚).

荷，芙渠。其莖茄，其葉蕸，其本蔤，其華菡萏，其實蓮，其根藕，

He (荷) is the lotus (furu, 芙渠). Its stalk is called jia, its leaf is called xia, its base is called mi, its flower is called handan, its fruit is called lian, its root is called ou,

其中的，的中薏。

the seed inside the lotus is called di, and the core inside the di is called yi.

紅，蘢古。其大者蘬。

Hong (红) is the long gu (茏古). A large one among them is called yan (蘬).

蒫，薺實。

Cuo (蒫) is the seed of the shepherd's purse (ji shi, 荠实).

黂，枲實。枲，麻。

Fen (黂) is the fruit of the xi (枲) hemp. Xi is hemp (ma).

須，蕵蕪。

Xu (须) is the sui wu (蕵芜).

菲，蒠菜。

Fei (菲) is the xi cai (蒠菜).

蕢，赤莧。

Kui (蒉) is the red amaranth (chi xian, 赤苋).

蘠蘼，虋冬。

Qiang mi (蘠蘼) is the men dong (虋冬).

萹，苻止。

Bian (萹) is the fu zhi (苻止).

濼，貫眾。

Luo (泺) is the guan zhong (贯众), a fern.

莙，牛藻。

Jun (莙) is the niu zao (牛藻), ox algae.

蓫、{艹殤}，馬尾。

Zhu (蓫) and shang cao (殇草, the latter character written in the base text with the grass radical over "shang") are both ma wei (马尾), horse-tail.

萍，蓱。

Ping (萍) is the ping (蓱), duckweed.

其大者蘋。

A large one among them is called pin (苹).

莃，菟葵。

Xi (莃) is the tu kui (菟葵).

芹，楚葵。

Qin (芹) is the chu kui (楚葵), water celery.

藬，牛蘈。

Tui (藬) is the niu tui (牛蘈).

藚，牛唇。

Xu (藚) is the niu chun (牛唇), ox lip.

蘋，藾蕭。

Ping (苹) is the lai xiao (藾萧).

連，異翹。

Lian (连) is the yi qiao (异翘).

澤，烏蕵。

Ze (泽) is the wu wei (乌蕵).

傅，橫目。

Fu (傅) is the heng mu (横目).

釐，蔓華。

Li (厘) is the man hua (蔓华).

蓤，蕨攗。

Ling (蓤) is the jue xi (蕨攗).

大菊，蘧麥。

Da ju (大菊) is the qu mai (蘧麦), pink.

薜，牡{艹贊}。

Bi (薜) is the mu zan (牡赞, the latter character written in the base text with the grass radical over "zan").

葥，山莓。

Jian (葥) is the mountain raspberry (shan mei, 山莓).

齧，苦堇。

Nie (啮) is the bitter violet (ku jin, 苦堇).

藫，石衣。

Tan (藫) is the shi yi (石衣), stone moss.

蘜，治蘠。

Ju (蘜) is the zhi qiang (治蘠).

唐蒙，女蘿。女蘿，菟絲。

Tang meng (唐蒙) is the nü luo (女萝). Nü luo is the tu si (菟丝), dodder.

苗，蓚。

Miao (苗) is the xiu (蓚).

茥，蒛葐。

Shi (茥) is the zhi rong (蒛葐).

芨，堇草。

Ji (芨) is the jin cao (堇草).

虃，百足。

Hui (虃) is the bai zu (百足).

菺，戎葵。

Jian (菺) is the rong kui (戎葵).

蘻，狗毒。

Zhu (蘻) is the gou du (狗毒).

垂，比葉。

Chui (垂) is the bi ye (比叶).

蕧，盜庚。

Fu (蕧) is the dao geng (盗庚).

茡，麻母。

Zi (茡) is the ma mu (麻母).

瓝，九葉。

Bo (瓝) is the jiu ye (九叶), nine-leaf.

藐，茈草。

Miao (藐) is the zi cao (茈草), gromwell.

倚商，活脫。

Yi shang (倚商) is the huo tuo (活脱).

蘵，黃蒢。

Zhi (蘵) is the huang chu (黄蒢).

藒車，{艹乞}輿。

Jie che (藒车) is the qi yu (乞舆, the latter character written in the base text with the grass radical over "qi").

權，黃華。

Quan (权) is the huang hua (黄华), yellow flower.

葞，春草。

Yuan (葞) is the chun cao (春草).

蔠葵，蘩露。

Zhu kui (蔠葵) is the fan lu (蘩露).

菋，荎蕏。

Wei (菋) is the chi zhu (荎蕏).

蒤，委葉。

Tu (蒤) is the wei ye (委叶).

皇，守田。

Huang (皇) is the shou tian (守田).

鉤，{艹暌}姑。

Gou (钩) is the kui gu (暌姑, the latter character written in the base text with the grass radical over "kui").

望，乘車。

Wang (望) is the cheng che (乘车).

困，衱袶。

Kun (困) is the ji bei (衱袶).

攫，烏階。

Jue (攫) is the wu jie (乌阶).

杜，土滷。

Du (杜) is the tu lu (土卤).

盱，虺床。

Xu (盱) is the hui chuang (虺床).

蔜；赤，枹薊。

Zhu (蔜); chi (赤) is the fu ji (枹蓟).

菟奚，顆涷。

Tu xi (菟奚) is the ke dong (颗涷).

中馗，菌，小者菌。

Zhong kui (中馗) is the jun (菌), the small one being jun.

菆，小葉。

Zou (菆) is the xiao ye (小叶).

召，陵苕。黃華蔈，白華茇。

Zhao (召) is the ling tiao (陵苕). The yellow-flowered one is called biao (蔈), the white-flowered one is called ba (茇).

蘪從水生。

Mi (蘪) grows following the water.

薇垂水。

Wei (薇) hangs down toward the water surface.

薜，山麻。

Bi (薜) is the shan ma (山麻), mountain hemp.

莽，數節。

Mang (莽) is the shu jie (数节).

桃枝，四寸有節。

Tao zhi (桃枝) is the one with joints four inches apart.

粼，堅中。

Lin (粼) is the jian zhong (坚中), solid-hearted.

簢，筡中。

Min (簢) is the mei zhong (筡中).

仲，無笐。

Zhong (仲) is the wu yi (无笐).

{笞心}，箭萌。

(This character is written in the base text as a fused form of "chi xin") is the tender shoot of the arrow bamboo.

篠，箭。

Xiao (筿) is the arrow bamboo (jian, 箭).

枹，霍首素華。軌鬷。

Fu (枹), huo shou (霍首), with white blossoms. Gui zong (轨鬷) (the text of this entry seems garbled or defective, and is copied here unchanged).

芏，夫王。

Du (芏) is the fu wang (夫王).

藄，月爾。

Yi (藄) is the yue er (月尔).

葴，馬藍。

Zhen (葴) is the ma lan (马蓝).

姚莖，塗薺。

Yao jing (姚茎) is the tu ji (涂荠).

芐，地黃。

Hu (芐) is the di huang (地黄), rehmannia.

蒙，王女。

Meng (蒙) is the wang nü (王女).

拔，蘢葛。

Ba (拔) is the long ge (茏葛).

{艹遬}，牡茅。

Su cao (遬草, the character written in the base text with the grass radical over "su") is the mu mao (牡茅).

菤耳，苓耳。

Juan er (菤耳) is the ling er (苓耳), cocklebur.

蕨，{艹鱉}。

Jue (蕨) is the bie (鳖, in the base text written with the grass radical over "bie").

蕎，邛鉅。

Qiao (荞) is the qiong ju (邛钜).

繁，由胡。

Fan (繁) is the you hu (由胡).

莣，杜榮。

Wang (莣) is the du rong (杜荣).

稂，童粱。

Lang (稂) is the tong liang (童粱).

藨，麃。

Biao (藨) is the pao (麃).

的，薂。

Di (的) is the xi (薂).

購，蔏蔞。

Gou (购) is the shang lou (蔏蒌).

茢，勃茢。

Lie (茢) is the bo lie (勃茢).

葽繞，蕀{艹冤}。

Yao rao (葽绕) is the ji yuan (蕀冤, the latter character written in the base text with the grass radical over "yuan").

茦，刺。

Ci (茦) is the ci (刺), thorn.

蕭，萩。

Xiao (萧) is the qiu (萩).

蕁，海藻。

Xun (荨) is the hai zao (海藻), seaweed.

長楚，銚芅。

Chang chu (长楚) is the yao yi (铫芅).

蘦，大苦。

Ling (蘦) is the da ku (大苦).

芣苡，馬舄。馬舄，車前。

Fu yi (芣苡) is the ma xi (马舄). Ma xi is the che qian (车前), plantain.

綸似綸，組似組，東海有之。

"Lun resembling lun" is the zu resembling zu; it is found in the Eastern Sea.

帛似帛，布似布，華山有之。

"Silk resembling silk" is the cloth resembling cloth; it is found on Mount Hua.

苀，東蠡。

Chu (苀) is the dong li (东蠡).

綿馬，羊齒。

Mian ma (绵马) is the yang chi (羊齿), sheep's tooth fern.

萿，麋舌。

Wu (萿) is the mi she (麋舌), elk's tongue.

搴，櫃朐。

Qian (搴) is the ju qu (柜朐).

蘩之醜，秋為蒿。

"The worst of the fan" is the qiu wei hao (秋为蒿), autumn mugwort.

芺薊，其實荂。

Ao ji (芺蓟), its fruit is called hu (荂).

蔈、荂，荼。

Biao (蔈) and hu (荂) are tu (荼), the flowering reed.

猋、藨、芀。

Biao (猋), biao (藨) and diao (芀) belong to the same kind.

葦醜，芀。葭，華。

The reed kind is called diao (芀). Jia (葭) is hua (华), the flower of the reed.

蒹、薕；葭，蘆；菼，薍，其萌虇。

Jian (蒹) is lian (薕); jia (葭) is lu (芦), reed; tan (菼) is luan (薍); their sprouts are called hui (虇).

萮、芛、葟，華榮。

Xiu (萮), wen (芛) and huang (葟) mean the blossom (hua rong, 华荣).

卷施草，拔心不死。

Juan shi cao (卷施草) is the one that does not die even when its heart is pulled out.

荺，茭。

Yun (荺) is jiao (茭).

荄，根。

Gai (荄) means root.

攫，橐含。

Jue (攫) is the tuo han (橐含).

華，荂也。華荂，榮也。

Hua (华) is hu (荂). Hua and hu both mean "bloom" (rong, 荣).

木謂之華，草謂之榮。

What blooms on a tree is called hua; what blooms on a plant is called rong.

不榮而實者謂之秀，榮而不實者謂之英。

What bears fruit without blossoming is called xiu; what blossoms without bearing fruit is called ying.

槄，山榎。

Tiao (槄) is the shan jia (山榎), mountain catalpa.

栲，山樗。

Kao (栲) is the shan chu (山樗), mountain tree of heaven.

柏，椈。

Bai (柏) is ju (椈), the cypress.

髡，梱。

Kun (髡) is kun (梱).

椵，柂。

Jia (椵) is yi (柂).

梅，柟。

Mei (梅) is nan (柟).

柀，煔。

Bi (柀) is shan (煔).

櫠，椵。

Zhi (櫠) is jia (椵).

杻檍。

Niu (杻) is yi (檍).

楙，木瓜。

Mao (楙) is the mu gua (木瓜), flowering quince.

椋，即來。

Liang (椋) is ji lai (即来).

栵，栭。

Lie (栵) is er (栭).

檴，落。

Huo (檴) is luo (落).

柚，條。

You (柚) is tiao (条).

時，英梅。

Shi (时) is the ying mei (英梅).

楥，櫃枊。

Yuan (楥) is the ju zhi (柜枊).

栩，杼。

Xu (栩) is zhu (杼), the oak.

味，荎著。

Wei (味) is the chi zhu (荎著).

藲荎。

Zhi (藲) is chi (荎).

杜，甘棠。

Du (杜) is the gan tang (甘棠), sweet pear.

狄，臧槔。

Di (狄) is the zang gao (臧槔).

貢，綦。

Gong (贡) is qi (綦).

朹，檕梅。

Qiu (朹) is the ji mei (檕梅).

朻者聊。

One that bends downward is called liao (聊).

魄，榽。

Po (魄) is the zhu (榽).

梫，木桂。

Qin (梫) is the mu gui (木桂), wood cassia.

棆，無疵。

Lun (棆) is the wu ci (无疵).

椐，樻。

Ju (椐) is kui (樻).

檉，河柳。

Cheng (柽) is the he liu (河柳), river willow.

旄，澤柳。

Mao (旄) is the ze liu (泽柳), marsh willow.

楊，蒲柳。

Yang (杨) is the pu liu (蒲柳), water willow.

權，黃英。

Quan (权) is the huang ying (黄英).

輔，小木。

Fu (辅) is the xiao mu (小木), small tree.

杜，赤棠，白者棠。

Du (杜) is the red tang (chi tang, 赤棠); the white one is called tang.

諸慮，山櫐。

Zhu lü (诸虑) is the shan lei (山櫐).

欇，虎櫐。

She (欇) is the hu lei (虎櫐).

杞，枸檵。

Qi (杞) is the gou ji (枸檵), wolfberry.

杬，魚毒。

Yuan (杬) is the yu du (鱼毒), fish poison.

檓，大椒。

Wei (檓) is the da jiao (大椒).

楰，鼠梓。

Yu (楰) is the shu zi (鼠梓).

楓，欇々。

Feng (枫) is she she (欇欇).

寓木，宛童。

Yu mu (寓木) is wan tong (宛童), mistletoe.

無姑，其實夷。

Wu gu (无姑), its fruit is called yi (夷).

櫟，其實梂。

Li (栎), its fruit is called qiu (梂).

檖，蘿。

Sui (檖) is luo (萝).

楔，荊桃。

Xie (楔) is the jing tao (荆桃), cherry.

旄，冬桃。

Mao (旄) is the dong tao (冬桃), winter peach.

榹桃，山桃。

Xi tao (榹桃) is the shan tao (山桃), mountain peach.

休，無實李。

Xiu (休) is the plum without fruit (wu shi li, 无实李).

痤，椄慮李。

Cuo (痤) is the jie lü plum (椄虑李).

駁，赤李。

Bo (驳) is the red plum (chi li, 赤李).

棗，壺棗、邊要棗。

Zao (枣) is the hu zao (壶枣) and the bian yao zao (边要枣), jujubes.

櫅，白棗。

Ji (櫅) is the white jujube (bai zao, 白枣).

樲，酸棗。

Er (樲) is the sour jujube (suan zao, 酸枣).

楊徹，齊棗。

Yang che (杨彻) is the Qi jujube (qi zao, 齐枣).

遵，羊棗。

Zun (遵) is the sheep jujube (yang zao, 羊枣).

洗，大棗。

Xi (洗) is the large jujube (da zao, 大枣).

煮，填棗。

Zhu (煮) is the tian jujube (tian zao, 填枣).

蹶洩，苦棗。

Jue xie (蹶泄) is the bitter jujube (ku zao, 苦枣).

皙，無實棗。

Xi (皙) is the jujube without fruit (wu shi zao, 无实枣).

還味，棯棗。

Huan wei (还味) is the ren jujube (ren zao, 棯枣).

櫬，梧。

Chen (榇) is wu (梧), the parasol tree.

樸，枹者。謂櫬，採薪，採薪即薪。

Pu (朴) is a clump-growing tree of the fu (枹) kind. The so-called chen is cai xin (采薪); cai xin is also firewood (xin chai).

棪，其。

Yan (棪) is qi (其) (a passage seems to be missing in the base text here).

劉，劉杙。

Liu (刘) is the liu yi (刘杙).

櫰，槐大葉而黑。

Huai (櫰) is the huai (槐) with large, dark leaves.

守宮槐，葉晝聶宵炕。

Shou gong huai (守宫槐) is the one whose leaves fold by day and spread open at night.

槐小葉曰榎。

A sagacious tree whose leaves are small is called jia (榎).

大而皵，楸；小而皵，榎。

One that is both large and rough-barked is called qiu (楸); one that is small and rough-barked is called jia (榎).

椅，梓。

Yi (椅) is zi (梓), the catalpa.

桋，赤栜，白者栜。

Yi (桋), the red one is called ze (栜), and the white one is also called ze.

終，牛棘。

Zhong (终) is the niu ji (牛棘), ox thorn.

灌木，叢木。

Guan mu (灌木) means a clump of trees.

瘣木，苻婁。

Hui mu (瘣木) is the fu lou (苻娄).

蕡，藹。

Fen (蕡) is ai (蔼).

枹遒木，魁瘣。

Fu qiu mu (枹遒木) is the kui hui (魁瘣).

棫，白桵。

Yu (棫) is the bai rui (白桵).

梨，山樆。

Li (梨) is the shan li (山樆).

桑辨有葚，梔。

The sang bian you shen (桑辨有葚) is zhi (栀).

女桑，桋桑。

Nü sang (女桑) is the yi sang (桋桑).

榆，白枌。

Yu (榆) is the bai fen (白枌), the elm.

唐棣，栘。

Tang di (唐棣) is yi (栘).

常棣，棣。

Chang di (常棣) is di (棣).

檟，苦荼。

Jia (槚) is the ku tu (苦荼), bitter tea.

樕樸，心。

Su pu (樕朴) is xin (心).

榮，桐木。

Rong (荣) is the tong mu (桐木), paulownia.

棧木，幹木。

Zhan mu (栈木) is the gan mu (干木).

檿桑，山桑。

Yan sang (檿桑) is the shan sang (山桑), mountain mulberry.

木自弊，柛。立死，椔。弊者，翳。

A tree that falls of itself is called shen (柛). One that dies standing is called zi (椔). One that has fallen is called yi (翳).

木相磨，。

When trees rub against one another it is called (a word missing in the base text).

棤，皵。

Chuo (棤) is que (皵).

梢，梢棹。

Shao (梢) is the shao zhao (梢棹).

樅，松葉柏身。

Cong (枞) is the pine-leaved, cypress-bodied tree.

檜，柏葉松身。

Gui (桧) is the cypress-leaved, pine-bodied tree.

句如羽，喬，下句曰朻，上句曰喬。如木楸曰喬，如竹箭曰苞，如松柏

One curved like a feather is called qiao; one bending downward is called jiu, one bending upward is called qiao. One like the qiu tree is called qiao, one like bamboo arrows is called bao, one like pine and cypress is called mao, and one like the huai tree is called

曰茂，如槐曰茂。

mao.

祝州木。

Zhu zhou mu (祝州木). This entry is too short, and its meaning is unclear.

髦柔英。

Mao rou ying (髦柔英). This entry is too short, and its meaning is unclear.

槐、棘，醜喬；桑、柳，醜條；椒、樧，醜莍；桃、李，醜

Trees of the huai and ji kind have crowns that rise upward; trees of the mulberry and willow kind have branches that droop downward; trees of the pepper (jiao) and shaoyu (榝) kind bear cone-like clusters; trees of the peach and plum kind

核。

bear stone fruits.

瓜曰華之，桃曰膽之，棗李曰疐之，樝梨曰鑽之。

For melons one says "hua zhi" (华之), for peaches "dan zhi" (胆之), for jujubes and plums "zhi zhi" (疐之), for hawthorns and pears "zuan zhi" (钻之). All refer to removing the stem and the core.

小枝上繚為喬。無枝為檄。

A small branch twisting upward is called qiao. One without side branches is called xi (檄).

木族生為灌。

Trees growing in clumps are called guan.

螜，天螻。

Gu (螜) is the tian lou (天蝼), mole cricket.

蜚，蠦蜰。

Fei (蜚) is the lu fei (蠦蜰).

螾，入耳。

Yin (螾) is the ru er (入耳), earwig.

蜩，螂蜩，螗蜩。

Tiao (蜩) includes the lang tiao (螂蜩) and the tang tiao (螗蜩), cicadas.

蚻，蜻蜻。

Zha (蚻) is the qing qing (蜻蜻).

，茅蜩。

(The headword is missing in the base text) is the mao tiao (茅蜩).

蝒，馬蜩。

Mian (蝒) is the ma tiao (马蜩), horse cicada.

蜺，寒蜩。

Ni (蜺) is the han tiao (寒蜩), cold cicada.

蜓蚞，螇螰。

Ting yu (蜓蚞) is the xi xi (螇螰).

蛣蜣，蜣螂。

Jie qiang (蛣蜣) is the qiang lang (蜣螂), dung beetle.

蠍，蛣。

Xie (蝎) is jie (蛣).

蠰，齧桑。

Rang (蠰) is the nie sang (啮桑).

諸慮，奚相。

Zhu lü (诸虑) is the xi xiang (奚相).

蜉蝣，渠略。

Fu you (蜉蝣) is the qu lue (渠略), mayfly.

蛂，蟥蛢。

Ban (蛂) is the huang bing (蟥蛢).

蠸輿父，守瓜。

Quan yu fu (蠸舆父) is the shou gua (守瓜).

蝚，蛖螻。

Rou (蝚) is the fen lou (蛖蝼).

不蜩，王蚥。

Bu tiao (不蜩) is the wang gu (王蚥).

蛄{施蟲}，強。

Gu shi (蛄施, the latter character written in the base text with the insect radical over "shi") is qiang (强).

不過，蟷蠰，其子蜱蛸。

Bu guo (不过) is the mantis (tang lang, 螳螂); its egg case is called pi shao (蜱蛸).

蒺藜，蝍蛆。

Ji li (蒺藜) is the ji ju (蝍蛆).

蝝，蝮蜪。

Yuan (蝝) is the fu tao (蝮蜪).

蟋蟀，蛩。

Xi shuai (蟋蟀) is qiong (蛩), the cricket.

蟼，蟆。

Qing (蟼) is ma (蟆), the toad.

螁，馬。

Tui (螁) is ma (马), of the horsefly kind.

蛗螽，蠜。

Fu zhong (蛗螽) is fan (蠜).

草螽，負蠜。

Cao zhong (草螽) is fu fan (负蠜), grasshopper.

蜤螽，蜙蝑。

Xi zhong (蜤螽) is song xu (蜙蝑).

蟿螽，螇蚸。

Qi zhong (蟿螽) is xi li (螇蚸).

土螽，蠰谿。

Tu zhong (土螽) is rang xi (蠰溪).

螼蚓，蜸蠶。

Qian yin (螼蚓) is jian can (蜸蚕), earthworm.

莫貈，螳螂，蛑。

Mo he (莫貈) is the mantis (tang lang, 螳螂), also called mou (蛑).

虰蛵，負勞。

Ting ling (虰蛵) is fu lao (负劳).

蜭，毛蠹。

Min (蜭) is mao du (毛蠹).

蟔，蛅蟴。

Qiu (蟔) is zhan si (蛅蟴).

蟠，鼠負。

Pan (蟠) is shu fu (鼠负), pill bug.

蟫，白魚。

Yin (蟫) is bai yu (白鱼), silverfish.

蛾，羅。

E (蛾) is luo (罗).

螒，天雞。

Han (螒) is tian ji (天鸡).

傅，負版。

Fu (傅) is fu ban (负版).

強，蚚。

Qiang (强) is qi (蚚).

，螪何。

(The headword is missing in the base text) is si he (螪何).

螝，蛹。

Gui (螝) is yong (蛹), pupa.

蜆，縊女。

Xian (蚬) is yi nü (缢女).

蚍蜉，大蟻，小者蟻。

Pi fu (蚍蜉) is the large ant; a small one is called yi (蚁).

蠪，朾蟻。

Long (蠪) is ding yi (朾蚁).

，飛蟻，其子蚳。

(The headword is missing in the base text) is the flying ant; its eggs are called chi (蚳).

次，蜘蛛。

Ci (次) is zhi zhu (蜘蛛), spider.

蜘蛛，蛛蝥。

Zhi zhu (蜘蛛) is zhu mou (蛛蝥).

土蜘蛛，草蜘蛛。

Tu zhi zhu (土蜘蛛) is the grass spider (cao zhi zhu, 草蜘蛛).

土蜂，木蜂。

Tu feng (土蜂) is mu feng (木蜂), wood bee.

蟦蠐，螬。

Fei qi (蟦蛴) is cao (螬).

蝤蠐，蠍。

You qi (蝤蛴) is xie (蝎).

蛜威，委黍。

Yi wei (蛜威) is wei shu (委黍).

蟰蛸，長踦。

Xiao shao (蟰蛸) is chang ji (长踦), long-legged spider.

蛭蝚，至掌。

Zhi rou (蛭蝚) is zhi zhang (至掌).

國貉，蟲蠁。

Guo he (国貉) is chong xiang (虫蚃).

蠖，蚇蠖。

Huo (蠖) is chi huo (蚇蠖), inchworm.

果臝，蒲盧。

Guo luo (果臝) is pu lu (蒲卢), mud wasp.

螟蛉，桑蟲。

Ming ling (螟蛉) is the mulberry caterpillar (sang chong, 桑虫).

蠍，桑蠹。

Xie (蝎) is the mulberry borer (sang du, 桑蠹).

熒火，即炤。

Ying huo (荧火) is ji zhao (即炤), firefly.

密肌，繼英。

Mi ji (密肌) is ji ying (继英).

蚅，烏蠋。

Yue (蚅) is wu zhu (乌蠋).

蠓，蠛蠓。

Meng (蠓) is mie meng (蠛蠓), midge.

王，蛈。

Wang (王) is die (蛈).

蟓，桑繭。

Xiang (蟓) is the mulberry cocoon (sang jian, 桑茧).

雔由，樗繭、棘繭、欒繭。

Chou you (雔由) are the chu cocoon (樗茧), the ji cocoon (棘茧) and the luan cocoon (栾茧).

蚢，蕭繭。

Hang (蚢) is the xiao cocoon (萧茧).

翥，醜鏬。

Zhu (翥) is chou xia (丑鏬).

螽，醜奮。強，醜捋。蜂，醜螸。蠅，醜扇。

Insects of the locust (zhong) kind vibrate their wings; those of the qiang kind stroke with their legs; those of the bee kind fly in swarms; those of the fly kind fan their wings.

食苗心，螟。

One that eats the heart of the seedling is called ming (螟).

食葉，蟘。

One that eats the leaves is called te (蟘).

食節，賊。

One that eats the joints is called zei (贼).

食根，蟊。

One that eats the roots is called mao (蟊).

有足謂之蟲，無足謂之豸。

Those with feet are called chong (insects); those without feet are called zhi (豸).

鯉。

The carp.

鱣。鰋。鯷。

Zhan (鳣), yan (鰋) and ti (鳀).

鱧。

The snakehead (li, 鳢).

鯇。

Huan (鲩) is also the grass carp.

鯊，鮀。

Sha (鲨) is hu (𬶍).

鮂，黑鰦。

Jiu (鮂) is hei si (黑鰦).

鰼，鰍。

Xi (鳛) is qiu (鳅), loach.

鰹，大鮦，小者鮵。

Jian (鲣): a large one is called tong (鲖), a small one is called xiu (鮵).

魾，大鱯；小者鮡。

Pi (魾): a large one is called hu (鳠), a small one is called ku (𬶐).

鰝，大蝦。

Hao (鰝) is the large shrimp (da xia, 大虾).

鯤，魚子。

Kun (鲲) is fish roe (yu zi, 鱼子).

鱀，是鱁。

Zhu (𬶨) is zhu (鱁).

鱦，小魚。

Ru (鱦) is small fish (xiao yu, 小鱼).

鮥，鮛鮪。

Wei (鮥) is shu wei (鮛鲔), sturgeon.

鯦，當魱。

Jiu (鯦) is dang hu (当魱).

{列魚}，鱴刀。

Lie yu (列鱼) is ji dao (鱴刀).

鱊鮬，鱖鯞。

Yu gu (鱊鮬) is gui gui (鳜鯞).

魚有力者。

A fish of especial strength (a word missing in the base text).

魵，蝦。

Fen (魵) is xia (虾), shrimp.

鮅，鱒。

Bi (鮅) is zun (鳟), trout.

魴，魾。

Fang (鲂) is pi (魾), bream.

，鯠。

(The headword is missing in the base text) is lai (鯠).

蜎，蠉。

Yuan (蜎) is xuan (蠉), mosquito larva.

蛭，蟣。

Zhi (蛭) is ji (虮).

科斗，活東。

Ke dou (科斗) is huo dong (活东), tadpole.

魁陸。

Kui lu (魁陆).

蜪蚅。

Tao yue (蜪蚅).

鼁，蟾諸，在水者黽。

Cu (鼁) is chan zhu (蟾诸), toad; one in the water is called mian (黾).

蜌，螷。

Bi (蜌) is bi (螷).

蚌，含漿。

Bang (蚌) is han jiang (含浆), freshwater mussel.

鼈三足能。

A soft-shelled turtle with three feet is called neng (能).

龜三足賁。

A tortoise with three feet is called ben (贲).

蚹蠃，螔蝓。

Fu luo (蚹蠃) is yi yu (螔蝓), snail.

蠃，小者蜬。

Luo (蠃): the small one is called ji (蜬).

螖蠌，小者蟧。

Hua ze (螖蠌): the small one is called lao (蟧).

蜃，小者珧。

Shen (蜃): the small one is called yao (珧), clam.

龜，俯者靈，仰者謝，前弇諸，果，後弇諸，獵，左倪不類，右倪不若。

Tortoises: one with its head down is called ling; one with its head up is called xie; one with the front of its shell contracted is called guo; one with the rear contracted is called lie; one whose head tilts to the left is not called lei, and one whose head tilts to the right is not called ruo.

貝，居陸，在水者蜬。

Cowries: one living on land is called bei; one in the water is called xian (蜬).

大者魧，小者鰿。

The large one is huang (魧), and the small one is ze (鰿).

玄貝，貽貝。

Xuan bei (玄贝) is yi bei (贻贝), mussel.

餘貾，黃白文。

Yu huo (余貾) is the one with yellow-and-white markings.

餘泉，白黃文。

Yu quan (余泉) is the one with white-and-yellow markings.

蚆，博而頯。

Ba (蚆) is the broad one with a prominent forehead.

，大而險。

(The headword is missing in the base text), both large and flat.

，小而橢。

(The headword is missing in the base text), both small and oval.

蠑螈，蜥蜴。

Rong yuan (蝾螈) is xi yi (蜥蜴), lizard.

蜥蜴，蝘蜓。

Xi yi (蜥蜴) is yan ting (蝘蜓).

蝘蜓，守宮也。

Yan ting (蝘蜓) is the gecko (shou gong, 守宫).

镻，蝁。

Die (镻) is e (蝁).

螣，螣蛇。

Teng (螣) is teng she (螣蛇), the flying serpent.

蟒，王蛇。

Mang (蟒) is wang she (王蛇), python.

蝮虺，博三寸，首大如擘。

The fu hui (蝮虺) viper is three inches wide in the body, with a head as large as a person's thumb.

鯢，大者謂之鰕。

Ni (鲵) is the large one, called xia (鰕).

魚枕謂之丁，魚腸謂之乙，魚尾謂之丙。

The occipital bone of a fish is called ding, a fish's intestine is called yi, and a fish's tail is called bing.

一曰神龜，二曰靈龜，三曰攝龜，四曰寶龜，五曰文龜，六曰筮龜，七曰山

The first is called the Spirit Tortoise, the second the Numinous Tortoise, the third the Gathering Tortoise, the fourth the Treasure Tortoise, the fifth the Patterned Tortoise, the sixth the Divining Tortoise, the seventh the Mountain

龜，八曰澤龜，九曰水龜，十曰火龜。

Tortoise, the eighth the Marsh Tortoise, the ninth the Water Tortoise, and the tenth the Fire Tortoise.

隹其，鳺鴀。

Zhui qi (隹其) is fu pi (鳺鴀).

鶌鳩，鶻鵃。

Jue jiu (鶌鸠) is hu zhou (鹘鸼).

鳲鳩，鴶鵴。

Shi jiu (鸤鸠) is jie ju (鴶鵴), the cuckoo dove.

鷑鳩，鵧鷑。

Ji jiu (鷑鸠) is bing ji (鵧鷑).

鴡鳩，王鴡。

Ju jiu (鴡鸠) is wang ju (王鴡), osprey.

鵅，鵋。

Lu (鵅) is qi (鵋).

鶅，鵵軌。

Chu (鶅) is chu gui (鵵轨).

鴗，天狗。

Ju (鴗) is tian gou (天狗), kingfisher.

鷚，天鸙。

Liu (鹨) is tian yue (天鸙), lark.

鵱，鷜鵝。

Lu (鵱) is lu e (鷜鹅).

鶬，麋鴰。

Cang (鸧) is mi gua (麋鸹), crane.

鵅，烏。

Lu (鵅) is wu (乌), crow.

舒雁，鵝。

Shu yan (舒雁) is goose (e, 鹅).

舒鳧，鶩。

Shu fu (舒凫) is duck (wu, 鹜).

鳽，。

Jian (鳽) is (the explanatory word is missing in the base text).

輿鵛，鷋。

Yu jing (舆鵛) is ji (鷋).

鵜，鴮鸅。

Ti (鹈) is yu ze (鴮鸅), pelican.

鶾，天雞。

Han (鶾) is tian ji (天鸡).

鷽，山鵲。

Xue (鸴) is shan que (山鹊), mountain magpie.

鷣，負雀。

Yan (鷣) is fu que (负雀).

齧，齒艾。

Nie (啮) is chi ai (齿艾).

鶨，老。

Zhou (鶨) is lao (老) (a passage seems to be missing in the base text here).

鳸，鴳。

Xue (鳸) is yan (鴳), quail.

桑鳸，竊脂。

Sang hu (桑鳸) is qie zhi (窃脂).

鳭鷯，剖葦。

Liao liao (鳭鹩) is pou wei (剖苇), reed warbler.

桃蟲，鷦。其雌鴱。

Tao chong (桃虫) is jiao (鹪), wren; its female is called ping (鴱).

鶠，鳳。其雌皇。

Yan (𬸘) is feng (凤), the phoenix; its female is called huang (皇).

鴒，雝渠。

Ling (鸰) is yong qu (雝渠), wagtail.

斯，鵯鶋。

Si (斯) is bi ju (鹎鶋).

燕，白脰烏。

Yan (燕) is bai dou wu (白脰乌).

鴽，鴾母。

Ru (鴽) is mu mu (鴾母).

密肌，系英。

Mi ji (密肌) is xi ying (系英).

巂，周。

Xi (巂) is zhou (周), of the cuckoo kind (zi gui, 子规).

燕燕，鳦。

Yan yan (燕燕) is yi (鳦), the swallow.

鴟鴞，鸋鴂。

Chi xiao (鸱鸮) is ning jue (鸋鴂), owl.

狂，茅鴟，怪鴟，梟鴟。

Kuang (狂) includes the mao chi (茅鸱), guai chi (怪鸱) and xiao chi (枭鸱).

鶛，劉疾。

Ji (鶛) is liu ji (刘疾).

生哺，鷇。

A nestling being fed is called kou (鷇).

生噣，雛。

A nestling that pecks for itself is called chu (雏), chick.

爰居雜縣。

Yuan ju (爰居) is za xian (杂县).

春鳸，鳻鶞。

Chun hu (春鳸) is ban chun (鳻鶞).

夏鳸，竊玄。

Xia hu (夏鳸) is qie xuan (窃玄).

秋鳸，竊藍。

Qiu hu (秋鳸) is qie lan (窃蓝).

冬鳸，竊黃。

Dong hu (冬鳸) is qie huang (窃黄).

桑鳸，竊脂。

Sang hu (桑鳸) is qie zhi (窃脂).

棘鳸，竊丹。

Ji hu (棘鳸) is qie dan (窃丹).

行鳸，唶唶。

Xing hu (行鳸) is jie jie (唶唶).

宵鳸，嘖嘖。

Xiao hu (宵鳸) is ze ze (啧啧).

鴔，戴鵀。

Fu (鴔) is dai ren (戴鵀), hoopoe.

鶭，澤虞。

Lu (鶭) is ze yu (泽虞).

鷀，鷧。

Ci (鹚) is yi (鷧).

鷯，鶉，其雄鶛，牝庳。

Liao (鹩) is quail (chun, 鹑); the male is called ji (鶛), the female is called bi (庳).

鸍，沈鳧。

Ji (鸍) is shen fu (沈凫).

鴢，頭。

Yao (鴢) is tou (头).

鵽鳩，寇雉。

Zhuo jiu (鵽鸠) is kou zhi (寇雉).

萑，老鵵。

Huan (萑) is lao zhui (老鵵).

鶟，{胡鳥}鳥。

Ting (鶟) is hu niao (胡鸟).

狂，鳥。

Kuang (狂) is niao (鸟) (a passage seems to be missing in the base text here).

皇，黃鳥。

Huang (皇) is huang niao (黄鸟), oriole.

翠，鷸。

Cui (翠) is yu (鹬), kingfisher.

鸀，山烏。

Zhu (鸀) is shan wu (山乌), mountain crow.

蝙蝠，服翼。

Bian fu (蝙蝠) is fu yi (服翼), bat.

晨風，鸇。

Chen feng (晨风) is zhan (鹯), falcon.

鸉，白鷢。

Jiu (鸉) is bai ye (白鷢).

寇雉，泆泆。

Kou zhi (寇雉) is yi yi (泆泆).

鷏，蟁母。

Wei (鷏) is wen mu (蟁母).

鷉，須鸁。

Ti (䴘) is xu ying (须鸁), grebe.

鼯鼠，夷由。

Wu shu (鼯鼠) is yi you (夷由), flying squirrel.

倉庚，商庚。

Cang geng (仓庚) is shang geng (商庚), oriole.

鴩，餔。

Zhen (鴩) is bu (餔).

鷹，鶆鳩。

Ying (鹰) is lai jiu (鶆鸠).

鶼鶼，比翼。

Jian jian (鹣鹣) is bi yi (比翼), the paired-wing bird.

鵹黃，楚雀。

Li huang (鵹黄) is chu que (楚雀).

，斫木。

(The headword is missing in the base text) is zhuo mu (斫木), woodpecker.

{敫鳥}，鶶鷵。

Jiao niao (敫鸟) is qian zhu (鶶鷵).

鸕，諸雉。

Lu (鸬) is zhu zhi (诸雉).

鷺，春鉏。

Lu (鹭) is chun chu (春鉏), egret.

鷂雉。

Yao pheasant (鹞雉).

鷮雉。

Jiao pheasant (鷮雉).

鳪雉。

Bao pheasant (鳪雉).

鷩雉。

Bie pheasant (鷩雉).

秩秩，海雉。

Zhi zhi (秩秩) is hai zhi (海雉), sea pheasant.

鸐，山雉。

Di (鸐) is shan zhi (山雉), mountain pheasant.

雗雉，雉。

Wei pheasant (雗雉) is zhi (雉), pheasant.

雉絕有力，奮。

A pheasant of exceptional strength is called fen (奋).

伊洛而南素質，五采皆備成章曰翬；江淮而南青質，五采皆備成章曰鷂。

South of the Yi and Luo rivers, one with white substance and the five colors fully formed into a pattern is called hui (翚); south of the Yangtze and Huai, one with blue-green substance and the five colors fully formed into a pattern is called yao (鹞).

南方曰，東方曰鶅，北方曰鵗，西方曰鷷。

In the south it is called (a word missing in the base text), in the east chu (鶅), in the north xi (鵗), and in the west zong (鷷).

鳥鼠同穴，其鳥為鵌，其鼠為鼵。

When a bird and a rodent share one burrow, the bird is called tu (鵌) and the rodent is called tu (鼵).

鸛鷒，鶝鶔，如鵲短尾，射之銜矢射人。

Guan yu (鹳鷒) is huan zhi (鶝鶔); it resembles a magpie but has a short tail, and when shot at, it holds an arrow in its beak and shoots people with it.

鵲醜，其飛也翪。

Magpies and their kind, when flying, draw in their wings.

鳶烏醜，其飛也翔。

Kites and crows and their kind, when flying, wheel in circles.

鷹隼醜，其飛也翬。

Hawks and falcons and their kind, when flying, beat their wings and dart swiftly.

鳧雁醜，其足蹼，其踵企。

Wild ducks and geese and their kind have webbed feet and walk with the heel raised.

烏鵲醜，其掌縮。

Crows and magpies and their kind have the soles of their feet drawn in.

亢，鳥嚨。其粻，嗉。

Kang (亢) means the bird's throat. Its crop is called su (嗉).

鶉子鳼。

The young of the quail is called ru (鳼).

鴽子鸋。

The young of the ru (鴽) is called ning (鸋).

雉之暮子為鷚。

A late-hatched young of a pheasant is called liu (鹨).

鳥之雌雄不可別者，以翼右掩左雄，左掩右雌。

When the sex of a bird cannot be told, the one whose right wing presses on the left is male, and the one whose left wing presses on the right is female.

鳥少美長醜為鶹鷅。

A bird that is beautiful when young and ugly when grown is called liu li (鹠鷅).

二足而羽謂之禽，四足而毛謂之獸。

Those with two feet and feathers are called qin (birds); those with four feet and fur are called shou (beasts).

鵙，伯勞也。

Ju (鵙) is the shrike (bo lao, 伯劳).

倉庚，黧黃也。

Cang geng (仓庚) is li huang (黧黄), oriole.

麋，牡麔，牝麎，其子{鹿夭}，其跡躔，絕有力狄。

Mi (麋), the elk: the male is called jiu (麔), the female is called you (麎), the young is called ni (麑), its footprint is called chan, and one of exceptional strength is called di.

鹿，牡麚，牝麀，其子麛，其跡速，絕有力{鹿幵}。

Lu (鹿), the deer: the male is called jia (麚), the female is called you (麀), the young is called mi (麛), its footprint is called su, and one of exceptional strength is called jian (麙).

麕，牡麌，牝麜，其子{鹿旦}，其跡解，絕有力。

Jun (麕), the river deer: the male is called yu (麌), the female is called you (麜), the young is called dan (麠), its footprint is called jie, and one of exceptional strength is (a word missing in the base text).

狼，牡貛，牝狼，其子，獥，絕有力，迅。

Lang (狼), the wolf: the male is called huan (貛), the female is called lang, the young is called (a word missing in the base text), also called jiao (獥), and one of exceptional strength is called xun.

兔子，嬎，其跡迒，絕有力，欣。

The hare is called fan (嬎); its footprint is called heng, and one of exceptional strength is called xin.

豕子，豬。，。么，幼。奏者。豕生三豵，二師，

The young of a pig is called zhu. (Two characters are missing in the base text here.) The smallest is called yao, also called you. One with wrinkled skin is called zou. A litter of three is called zong, a litter of two is called shi,

一特。所寢，橧。四豴皆白，豥。其跡刻，絕有力。牝豝。

and a litter of one is called te. A pig's den is called zeng. One with all four hooves white is called gai. Its footprint is called ke, and one of exceptional strength is (a word missing in the base text). A sow is called ba.

虎竊毛謂之虦貓。

A tiger with pale fur is called zhan mao (虦猫).

貘，白豹。

Mo (貘) is bai bao (白豹), the white leopard.

甝，白虎。，黑虎。

Jian (甝) is bai hu (白虎), the white tiger. (A character is missing in the base text here) is the black tiger.

，無前足。

(The headword is missing in the base text), has no forefeet.

鼳，鼠身長鬚而賊，秦人謂之小驢。

Wu (鼳) has the body of a rat, a long beard and a fierce nature; the people of Qin call it the little donkey.

熊，虎醜，其子狗，絕有力麙。

The bear is of the tiger kind; its young is called gou, and one of exceptional strength is called jian (麙).

貍子，。

The young of the fox-cat (li, 狸) is called (a word missing in the base text).

貈子，貆。

The young of the he (貈) is huan (貆).

貒子，貗。

The young of the tuan (貒) is xun (貗).

貔，白狐。其子豰。

Pi (貔) is the white fox. Its young is called hu (豰).

麝父，麕足。

She fu (麝父) is jun zu (麕足).

豺，狗足。

Chai (豺) is gou zu (狗足), dhole.

貙，似貍。

Chu (䝙) is si li (似狸).

羆，如熊，黃白文。

The pi (罴), the brown bear, resembles a bear and has yellow-white markings.

麢，大羊。

Ling (麢) is da yang (大羊), the large sheep.

麠，大麃，牛尾一角。

Jing (麠) is da pao (大麃), with an ox tail and a single horn.

{鹿旨}，大麕，旄毛狗足。

Jiu (麔) is da jun (大麕), with long hair and dog's feet.

魋，如小熊，竊毛而黃。

The tui (魋) resembles a small bear, with pale yellow fur.

猰貐，類貙，虎爪，食人，迅走。

The ya yu (猰貐) resembles a chu, with tiger claws; it eats people and runs fast.

狻麑，如虦貓，食虎豹。

The suan ni (狻麑) resembles a zhan mao (虦猫) and can eat tigers and leopards.

驨，如馬，一角，不角者騏。

The xun (驨) resembles a horse and has a single horn; the one without a horn is called qi (骐).

羱，如羊。

Yuan (羱) is ru yang (如羊), wild sheep.

麐，麕身牛尾一角。

Lin (麐) has the body of a river deer, the tail of an ox and a single horn.

猶，如麂，善登木。

You (犹) resembles a muntjac and is good at climbing trees.

貄，脩毫。

Gu (貄) is xiu hao (修毫), long-furred.

貙，似貍。

Chu (䝙) is si li (似狸).

兕，似牛。

Si (兕) is si niu (似牛), the wild buffalo.

犀，似豕。

Xi (犀) is si shi (似豕), the rhinoceros.

匯，毛刺。

Hui (汇) is mao ci (毛刺), the hedgehog.

狒狒，如人，被髮，迅走，食人。

The fei fei (狒狒) resembles a human, with hair draped over its head; it runs fast and eats people.

貍、狐、貒，貈醜。其足蹯，其跡。

Li (狸), fox (hu, 狐) and tuan (貒) are of the he (貈) kind. The sole of the foot is called fan, and the footprint is called (a word missing in the base text).

蒙頌，猱狀。

Meng song (蒙颂) is nao zhuang (猱状).

猱蝯，善援。

Nao yuan (猱蝯) is the one good at climbing (shan yuan, 善援).

貜父，善顧。

Jue fu (貜父) is the one good at looking back (shan gu, 善顾).

威夷，長脊而泥。

Wei yi (威夷) is the one with a long spine and muddy color (chang ji er ni, 长脊而泥).

麔麚，短脰。

Jiu jia (麔麚) is the short-necked one (duan dou, 短脰).

贙，有力。

Xuan (贙) is the strong one (you li, 有力).

豦，迅頭。

Ju (豦) is the one with a swift head (xun tou, 迅头).

蜼，卬鼻而長尾。

Wei (蜼) is the one with an upturned nose and a long tail (ang bi er chang wei, 卬鼻而长尾).

時，善乘領。

Shi (时) is the one good at riding on collars (shan cheng ling, 善乘领).

猩猩，小而好啼。

Xing xing (猩猩) is the small one fond of crying out (xiao er hao ti, 小而好啼), the orangutan.

闕洩，多狃。──寓屬。

Que xie (阙泄) has many toes. That concludes the monkey group (yu shu, 寓属).

鼢鼠。鼸鼠。鼷鼠。鼶鼠。鼬鼠。鼩鼠。鼭鼠。鼣鼠。

Fen shu (鼢鼠), xian shu (鼸鼠), xi shu (鼷鼠), ti shu (鼶鼠), you shu (鼬鼠), qu shu (鼩鼠), tu shu (鼭鼠) and zhou shu (鼣鼠).

鼫鼠。鼤鼠。鼨鼠。豹文鼮鼠。鼰鼠。──鼠屬。

Shi shu (鼫鼠), wen shu (鼤鼠), zhong shu (鼨鼠), bao wen yun shu (豹文鼮鼠) and ling shu (鼰鼠). That concludes the rodent group (shu shu, 鼠属).

牛曰齝，羊曰齥，麋鹿曰齸，鳥曰嗉，寓鼠曰嗛。

A cow that chews its cud is said to chi; a sheep that chews its cud is said to xi; elk and deer that chew the cud are said to yi; a bird is said to su; a beast that lodges its food in cheek pouches, and rodents, are said to qian.

──齸屬。

That concludes the cud-chewing group (yi shu, 齸属).

獸曰釁，人曰撟，魚曰須，鳥曰狊。──須屬。

A beast is said to xin, a person is said to jiao, a fish is said to xu, and a bird is said to ju. That concludes the whiskered group (xu shu, 须属).

騊駼，馬。

Ji tao (𫘦𬳿) is the horse (ma, 马).

野馬。

The wild horse.

駮，如馬。倨牙，食虎豹。

The bo (駮) resembles a horse, with curved tusks, and can eat tigers and leopards.

騉蹄趼，善升甗。

The jue (騉) has hard, thick hooves and is good at climbing steep mountains shaped like a steamer.

騉駼，枝蹄趼，善升甗。

The jue tao (騉𬳿) has split toes and hard hooves and is good at climbing steep mountains shaped like a steamer.

小領，盜驪。絕有力，駥。

One with a slender neck is called dao li (盗骊). One of exceptional strength is called rong (駥).

膝上皆白，惟馵。

One white above the knees is wei zhu (惟馵).

四骹皆白，驓。

One with all four shanks white is zang (驓).

四蹢皆白，首。前足皆白，騱。後足皆白，翑。前右足白，啟。左

One with all four hooves white is called shou. One with white forefeet is called ji (𫘬). One with white hind feet is called yu (翑). One with the right forefoot white is called qi. On the left

白，踦。後右足白，驤。左白，馵。

side, one white is called qi (踦). One with the right hind foot white is called xiang (骧). On the left side, one white is called zhu (馵).

騮馬白腹，騵。驪馬白跨，驈。

A bay horse (liu) with a white belly is called xuan (𫘪). A black horse (li) with white haunches is called yu (驈).

白州，驠。

Bai zhou (白州) is dian (驠).

尾本白，騴。尾白，駺。

One with a white tail root is called quan (騴). One with a white tail is called kuai (駺).

馰顙，白顛。

Di sang (馰颡) is bai dian (白颠), white-faced.

白達素，縣。

Bai da su (白达素) is xian (县).

面顙皆白，惟駹。

One with a wholly white face is wei mang (惟駹).

回毛在膺，宜乘。在肘後，減陽。在幹，茀方。在背，闋廣。逆毛，居馻。

One with a whorl of hair on the chest is called yi cheng. One with a whorl behind the elbow is called jian yang. One with a whorl on the torso is called fu fang. One with a whorl on the back is called que guang. One whose hair grows against the grain is called ju ji (居馻).

騋牝，驪牡。玄駒，褭驂。

A tall mare's mate is a black stallion. A black colt is called niao can (褭骖).

牡曰騭，牝曰騇。

A stallion is called zhi (骘), and a mare is called ting (騇).

騮白，駁。黃白，騜。

A bay horse mottled with white is called bo (驳). A yellow horse mottled with white is called huang (騜).

騮馬黃脊，騝。驪馬黃脊，騽。

A bay horse with a yellow spine is called zhi (騝). A black horse with a yellow spine is called ye (騽).

青驪，駽。青驪驎，驒。

A bluish-black horse is called xuan (駽). A bluish-black one with scale-like markings is called tuo (驒).

青驪繁鬛，騥。

Qing li fan lie (青骊繁鬛) is xing (騥).

驪白雜毛，駂。

Li bai za mao (骊白杂毛) is bao (駂).

黃白雜毛，駓，陰白雜毛，駰。

A horse mottled yellow and white is called pi (𬳵); one mottled gray and white is called yin (骃).

蒼白雜毛，騅。彤白雜毛，騢。白馬黃鬛，駱。白馬黑唇，駩。

A horse mottled gray-green and white is called zhui (骓). One mottled red and white is called xia (騢). A white horse with a yellow mane is called luo (骆). A white horse with a black muzzle is called luo (駩).

黑喙，騧。

Hei hui (黑喙) is gua (䯄).

一目白瞯，二目白魚。

Yi mu bai xian (一目白瞯) is er mu bai yu (二目白鱼), fish-eyed.

“既差我馬”，差，擇也。

"We have chosen our horses": cha (差) means to select.

宗廟齊毫，戎事齊力，田獵齊足。──馬屬。

For sacrifices in the ancestral temple, horses must be uniform in coat; for war, uniform in strength; for hunting, uniform in speed. That concludes the horse group (ma shu, 马属).

犘牛。

The mo ox (犘牛).

牛。

(Only the single character "ox" remains in this entry in the base text, and a passage seems to be missing above.)

犤牛。

The pei ox (犤牛).

犩牛。

The huan ox (犩牛).

犣牛。

The zhi ox (犣牛).

犝牛。

The tong ox (犝牛).

犑牛。

The yi ox (犑牛).

角一俯一仰，觭；皆踴，觢。

When one horn bends down and the other bends up, it is called ji; when both horns stand straight up, it is called ji (觢).

黑唇，犉。黑眥，牰。黑耳，犚。黑腹，牧。黑腳，犈，其子犢。

One with a black muzzle is called chun. One with black eye sockets is called ying. One with black ears is called wei. One with a black belly is called mu. One with black feet is called yu. The young is called du, calf.

體長，牬。絕有力，欣犌。──牛屬。

One with a long body is called ji (牬). One of exceptional strength is called xin jie (欣犌). That concludes the ox group (niu shu, 牛属).

羊，牡羒，牝牂。

Yang (羊), the sheep: the male is called fen (羒), the female is called zang (牂).

夏羊，牡羭，牝羖。

Xia yang (夏羊), the summer sheep: the male is called yu (羭), the female is called gu (羖).

角不齊，觤。角三觠，羷。

One whose two horns are uneven is called gui (觤). One whose horns have three rings is called xian (羷).

羳羊，黃腹。未成羊，羜。絕有力，奮。──羊屬。

The chan sheep (羳羊) has a yellow belly. A sheep not yet grown is called zhu (羜). One of exceptional strength is called fen. That concludes the sheep group (yang shu, 羊属).

犬生三猣，二師，一犭蘄。

A dog's litter of three is called zong (猣), a litter of two is called shi, and a litter of one is called qi (蕲).

未成毫，狗。長喙，獫。短喙，猲獢。絕有力，狣。

One not yet grown its stiff hair is called gou. One with a long muzzle is called xian (猃). One with a short muzzle is called xie xiao (猲獢). One of exceptional strength is called tiao (狣).

尨，狗也。──狗屬。

Mang (尨) is a dog (gou, 狗). That concludes the dog group (gou shu, 狗属).

雞，大者蜀，蜀子雓。

The chicken: a large one is called shu (蜀), and the chick of a shu is called qiu (雓).

未成雞僆。絕有力，奮。──雞屬。

A chicken not yet grown is called luan (僆). One of exceptional strength is called fen. That concludes the chicken group (ji shu, 鸡属).

馬八尺為駥。

A horse eight chi tall is called rong (駥).

牛七尺為犉。

An ox seven chi tall is called chun (犉).

羊六尺為羬。

A sheep six chi tall is called qian (羬).

彘五尺為。

A pig five chi tall is called (a word missing in the base text).

狗四尺為獒。

A dog four chi tall is called ao (獒).

雞三尺為鶤。──六畜。

A chicken three chi tall is called kun (鶤). That concludes the Six Domestic Animals.