Chun Qiu Gong Yang Chuan (春秋公羊傳)

元年春，王正月。

In the first year, spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（傳）元年者何？君之始年也。春者何？歲之始也。王者孰謂？謂文王也。曷為先言王而後言正月？王正月也。何言乎王正月？大一統也。公何以不言即位？成公意也。何成乎公之意？公將平國而反之桓。曷為反之桓？桓幼而貴，隱長而卑，其為尊卑也微，國人莫知。隱長又賢，諸大夫扳隱而立之。隱於是焉而辭立，則未知桓之將必得立也。且如桓立，則恐諸大夫之不能相幼君也，故凡隱之立為桓立也。隱長又賢，何以不宜立？立適以長不以賢，立子以貴不以長。桓何以貴？母貴也。母貴則子何以貴？子以母貴，母以子貴。

(Commentary) What is meant by "first year"? It is the year in which the ruler begins. What is meant by "spring"? It is the beginning of the year. Who is meant by "king"? King Wen is meant. Why is "king" written first and then "first month"? Because it is the king's first month. Why write "the king's first month"? To value the great unification. Why is it not written that Duke Yin "took his seat"? To accomplish Duke Yin's intention. How is his intention accomplished? Duke Yin intended to settle the state and then hand it back to Duke Huan. Why hand it back to Duke Huan? Duke Huan was young but of noble birth, while Duke Yin was older but of lower birth; the distinction of noble and lowly was subtle, and the people of the state did not clearly know it. Duke Yin was older and worthy, and the grand masters raised him up and installed him. If Duke Yin had declined to be installed at that time, it was not yet certain that Duke Huan could later be installed. Moreover, if Duke Huan were installed, it was feared that the grand masters could not assist a young ruler; so Duke Yin's installation this time was originally an installation for Duke Huan's sake. Duke Yin was older and worthy; why should he not be installed? In installing a son of the principal wife, one goes by age, not by worth; in installing a son of a secondary wife, one goes by rank, not by age. Why was Duke Huan of noble rank? Because his mother was of noble rank. If the mother is noble, why is the son therefore noble? The son is noble because of the mother, and the mother is noble because of the son.

（經一二）三月，公及邾婁儀父盟於眛。

(Classic 1.2) In the third month, Duke Yin and Yifu of Zhulou made a covenant at Mei.

（傳）及者何？與也，會及暨皆與也。曷為或言會，或言及，或言暨？會猶最也；及猶汲汲也；暨猶暨暨也。及我欲之，暨不得已也。儀父者何？邾婁之君也。何以名？字也。曷為稱字？褒之也。曷為褒之？為其與公盟也。與公盟者眾矣，曷為獨褒乎此？因其可褒而褒之。此其為可褒奈何？漸進也。眛者何？地期也。

(Commentary) What is meant by "and"? It means "with". "Meet", "and" and "together with" are all "with". Why is it sometimes written "meet", sometimes "and", and sometimes "together with"? "Meet" is like gathering together; "and" is like being eager to go; "together with" is like following reluctantly. "And" is when it is our side that wants to do it; "together with" is when it cannot be avoided. Who was Yifu? He was the ruler of Zhulou. Why is he called by name? In fact it is his courtesy name that is used. Why is his courtesy name used? To praise him. Why praise him? Because he made a covenant with Duke Yin. Many made covenants with Duke Yin; why praise only this occasion? Because he had something worth praising, he is praised. What was worth praising in him? He was gradually turning toward goodness. What is Mei? It is the place agreed upon for the meeting.

（經一三）夏，五月，鄭伯克段於鄢。

(Classic 1.3) In summer, the fifth month, the Earl of Zheng defeated Duan at Yan.

（傳）克之者何？殺之也。殺之則曷為謂之克？大鄭伯之惡也。曷為大鄭伯之惡？母欲立之，己殺之，如勿與而已矣。段者何？鄭伯之弟也。何以不稱弟？當國也。其地何？當國也。齊人殺無知何以不地？在內也。在內雖當國不地也。不當國雖在外亦不地也。

(Commentary) What is meant by "defeated him"? It means he killed him. If he killed him, why is it called "defeated"? To make the Earl of Zheng's wickedness appear greater. Why make the Earl of Zheng's wickedness appear greater? His mother wanted to set up Duan, yet he killed him himself; it would have been enough simply not to give him anything. Who was Duan? He was the Earl of Zheng's younger brother. Why is he not called "younger brother"? Because he held the power of the state. Why is the place recorded? Also because he held the power of the state. When the people of Qi killed Wuzhi, why is the place not recorded? Because the matter occurred within the state. Within the state, even if one holds power the place is not recorded; if one does not hold power, then even outside the state the place is not recorded.

（經一四）秋，七月，天王使宰咺來歸惠公仲子之賵。

(Classic 1.4) In autumn, the seventh month, the Son of Heaven of Zhou sent Zai Xuan to present carriages and horses for the funerals of Duke Hui and Zhongzi.

（傳）宰者何？官也。咺者何？名也。曷為以官氏？宰士也。惠公者何？隱之考也。仲子者何？桓之母也。何以不稱夫人？桓未君也。賵者何？喪事有賵。賵者蓋以馬，以乘馬束帛。車馬曰賵，貨財曰賻，衣被曰襚。桓未君則諸侯曷為來賵之？隱為桓立，故以桓母之喪告於諸侯。然則何言爾？成公意也。其言來何？不及事也。其言惠公仲子何？兼之，兼之非禮也。何以不言及仲子？仲子微也。

(Commentary) What is "Zai"? It is an office. What is Xuan? It is a personal name. Why is the office used as the clan name? Because he was a steward-gentleman. Who was Duke Hui? He was Duke Yin's father. Who was Zhongzi? She was Duke Huan's mother. Why is she not called "lady"? Because Duke Huan was not yet ruler. What is "feng"? In funerals there are feng gifts. Feng gifts are probably of horses, using four horses and a bundle of silk. Carriages and horses are called feng, money and goods are called fu, and clothing and bedding are called sui. Duke Huan was not yet ruler; why did the feudal lords send feng gifts? Duke Yin was installed for Duke Huan's sake, and so he announced the death of Duke Huan's mother to the feudal lords. Then why is this entry written at all? To accomplish Duke Yin's intention. Why is "came" written? Because when the things arrived, the funeral had already passed. Why are "Duke Hui" and "Zhongzi" named together? Because they were presented together, and presenting together is not in accord with ritual. Why is it not written "and Zhongzi"? Because Zhongzi's rank was low.

（經一五）九月，及宋人盟於宿。

(Classic 1.5) In the ninth month, a covenant was made with the people of Song at Su.

（傳）孰及之？內之微者也。

(Commentary) Who went to "be with" them? A person of low rank on our side in Lu.

（經一六）冬，十有二月，祭伯來。

(Classic 1.6) In winter, the twelfth month, the Earl of Zhai came.

（傳）祭伯者何？天子之大夫也。何以不稱使？奔也。奔則曷為不言奔？王者無外，言奔則有外之辭也。

(Commentary) Who was the Earl of Zhai? He was a grand master of the Son of Heaven. Why is "sent" not written? Because he fled into exile. Why, when he fled, is "fled" not written? The king has no "outside"; writing "fled" would turn it into wording that treats the royal domain as the outside.

（經一七）公子益師卒。

(Classic 1.7) Gongzi Yishi died.

（傳）何以不日？遠也。所見異辭，所聞異辭，所傳聞異辭。

(Commentary) Why is the day not recorded? Because the time was long past. What one saw with one's own eyes is described with one set of wording, what one heard with one's own ears with another, and what had been handed down by report from further back with yet another.

春，公會戎於潛。（經二二）夏，五月，莒人入向。

In spring, Duke Yin met with the Rong at Qian. (Classic 2.2) In summer, the fifth month, the people of Ju entered Xiang.

（傳）入者何？得而不居也。

(Commentary) What is meant by "entered"? It means they obtained it but did not occupy it.

（經二三）無駭帥師入極。

(Classic 2.3) Wuhai led an army and entered Ji.

（傳）無駭者何？展無駭也。何以不氏？貶。曷為貶？疾始滅也。始滅昉於此乎？前此矣。前此則曷為始乎此？托始焉爾。曷為托始焉爾？《春秋》之始也。此滅也，其言入何？內大惡，諱也。

(Commentary) Who was Wuhai? He was Zhan Wuhai. Why is his clan name not written? It is a demotion. Why demote him? Out of hatred that he began the destruction of states. Did the destruction of states begin here? It existed before this. If it existed before, why count it as beginning here? To use this as a starting point. Why use this as a starting point? Because this is the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Annals. This was a destruction; why is "entered" written? The great wickedness of Lu itself must be concealed.

（經二四）秋，八月庚辰，公及戎盟於唐。

(Classic 2.4) In autumn, the eighth month, gengchen day, Duke Yin made a covenant with the Rong at Tang.

（經二五）九月，紀履緰來逆女。

(Classic 2.5) In the ninth month, Ji Lüshu came to welcome a bride from Lu.

（傳）紀履緰者何？紀大夫也。何以不稱使？婚禮不稱主人。然則曷稱？稱諸父兄師友。宋公使公孫壽來納幣，則其稱主人何？辭窮也。辭窮者何？無母也。然則紀有母乎？曰有。有則何以不稱母？母不通也。外逆女不書，此何以書？譏。何譏爾？譏始不親迎也。始不親迎昉於此乎？前此矣。前此則曷為始乎？此托始焉爾。曷為托始焉爾？《春秋》之始也。女曷為或稱女，或稱婦，或稱夫人？女在其國稱女，在塗稱婦，入國稱夫人。

(Commentary) Who was Ji Lüshu? He was a grand master of Ji. Why is "sent" not used? In marriage the host is not named. Then whom does one name? One names the father, elder brother, teacher or friend. When the Duke of Song sent Gongsun Shou to deliver betrothal gifts, he is called the host; why? The wording was exhausted. What is meant by the wording being exhausted? It means there was no mother. Did Ji then have a mother? The answer is: yes. If so, why is the mother not named? Because a mother cannot communicate with the outside. When a bride is welcomed from outside, it is normally not recorded; why is it recorded here? It is a criticism. What is criticized? That from this point on, rulers no longer went in person to welcome their brides. Did the failure to welcome in person begin here? It existed before this. If it existed before, why count it as beginning here? To use this as a starting point. Why use this as a starting point? Because this is the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Annals. Why is a woman sometimes called "daughter", sometimes "wife", and sometimes "lady"? While still in her own state she is called daughter, on the road she is called wife, and when she enters her husband's state she is called lady.

（經二六）冬，十月，伯姬歸於紀。

(Classic 2.6) In winter, the tenth month, Bo Ji was married into Ji.

（傳）伯姬者何？內女也。其言歸何？婦人謂嫁曰歸。

(Commentary) Who was Bo Ji? She was a daughter of Lu. Why is "returned" written? A woman's marriage is called "returning".

（經二七）紀子伯、莒子盟於密。

(Classic 2.7) The Viscount of Ji, Bo, and the Viscount of Ju made a covenant at Mi.

（傳）紀子伯者何？無聞焉爾。

(Commentary) Who was the Viscount of Ji, Bo? We have not heard.

（經二八）十有二月乙卯，夫人子氏薨。鄭人伐衛。

(Classic 2.8) In the twelfth month, yimao day, Lady Zishi died. The people of Zheng attacked Wei.

（傳）夫人子氏者何？隱公之母也。何以不書葬？成公意也。何成乎公之意？子將不終為君，故母亦不終為夫人也。

(Commentary) Who was Lady Zishi? She was Duke Yin's mother. Why is the burial not recorded? To accomplish Duke Yin's intention. How is his intention accomplished? Her son would not be able to remain ruler to the end, so his mother could not remain lady to the end.

春，王二月己巳，日有食之。

In spring, the second month of the Zhou calendar, jisi day, there was an eclipse of the sun.

（傳）何以書？記異也。日食則曷為或日或不日？或言朔或不言朔？曰「某月某日朔，日有食之」者，食正朔也；其或日或不日，或失之前，或失之後。失之前者，朔在前也；失之後者，朔在後也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly. Why is the day of a solar eclipse sometimes recorded and sometimes not? Why is "new moon" sometimes written and sometimes not? When it is written "in such month, on such day, new moon, the sun was eclipsed", the eclipse fell exactly on the new moon; when the day is sometimes recorded and sometimes not, it was either ahead or behind. Ahead means the new moon came earlier; behind means the new moon came later.

（經三二）三月庚戌，天王崩。

(Classic 3.2) In the third month, gengxu day, the Son of Heaven died.

（傳）何以不書葬？天子記崩不記葬，必其時也。諸侯記卒記葬，有天子存，不得必其時也。曷為或言崩或言薨？天子曰崩，諸侯曰薨，大夫曰卒，士曰不祿。

(Commentary) Why is the burial not recorded? For the Son of Heaven, death is recorded but burial is not, because the burial date is fixed. For the feudal lords, both death and burial are recorded, because there is a Son of Heaven above and they cannot fix the date by themselves. Why is "collapsed" sometimes written and "passed away" sometimes? For the Son of Heaven it is called "collapsed", for a feudal lord "passed away", for a grand master "ended", and for a gentleman "no longer emolumented".

（經三三）夏，四月辛卯，尹氏卒。

(Classic 3.3) In summer, the fourth month, xinmao day, Lord Yin died.

（傳）尹氏者何？天子之大夫也。其稱尹氏何？貶。曷為貶？譏世卿，世卿非禮也。外大夫不卒，此何以卒？天王崩，諸侯之主也。

(Commentary) Who was Lord Yin? He was a grand master of the Son of Heaven. Why is he called "Lord Yin"? It is a demotion. Why demote him? It criticizes hereditary ministers; hereditary ministers are not in accord with ritual. The death of a grand master of another state is normally not recorded; why is it recorded here? When the Son of Heaven died, he was host to the feudal lords.

（經三四）秋，武氏子來求賻。

(Classic 3.4) In autumn, the son of Lord Wu came to seek funeral goods.

（傳）武氏子者何？天子之大夫也。其稱武氏子何？譏。何譏爾？父卒子未命也。何以不稱使？當喪未君也。武氏子來求賻，何以書？譏。何譏爾？喪事無求，求賻非禮也，蓋通於下。

(Commentary) Who was the son of Lord Wu? He was a grand master of the Son of Heaven. Why is he called "son of Lord Wu"? It is a criticism. What is criticized? His father had died, and the son had not yet received his commission. Why is "sent" not written? It was during the funeral, and the new ruler had not yet taken his seat. The son of Lord Wu came to seek fu gifts; why is this recorded? It is a criticism. What is criticized? In funerals one should not seek things from others; seeking fu gifts is not in accord with ritual, and this applies to those below as well.

（經三五）八月庚辰，宋公和卒。

(Classic 3.5) In the eighth month, gengchen day, Duke He of Song died.

（經三六）冬，十有二月，齊侯、鄭伯盟於石門。癸未，葬宋繆公。

(Classic 3.6) In winter, the twelfth month, the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng made a covenant at Shimen. On guiwei day, Duke Miu of Song was buried.

（傳）葬者曷為或日或不日？不及時而日，渴葬也；不及時而不日，慢葬也。過時而日，隱之也；過時而不日，謂之不能葬也。當時而不日，正也。當時而日，危不得葬也。此當時何危爾？宣公謂繆公曰：「以吾愛與夷，則不若愛女；以為社稷宗廟主，則與夷不若女，盍終為君矣？」宣公死，繆公立，繆公逐其二子莊公馮與左師勃，曰：「爾為吾子，生毋相見，死毋相哭。」與夷復曰：「先君之所為不與臣國而納國乎君者，以君可以為社稷宗廟主也。今君逐君之二子而將致國乎與夷，此非先君之意也。且使子而可逐，則先君其逐臣矣。」繆公曰：「先君之不爾逐可知矣，吾立乎此攝也。」終致國乎與夷。莊公馮弒與夷。故君子大居正，宋之禍宣公為之也。

(Commentary) Why is the day of a burial sometimes recorded and sometimes not? If it is before the proper time and the day is recorded, the burial was hurried; if it is before the proper time and the day is not recorded, the burial was neglectful. If it is past the proper time and the day is recorded, it shows sympathy for him; if it is past the proper time and the day is not recorded, it is called being unable to bury. If the proper time is met and the day is not recorded, that is the regular form. If the proper time is met and the day is recorded, it is out of worry that burial might not be possible. What was there to worry about in this proper time? Duke Xuan said to Duke Miu: "As for my fondness for Yuyi, it does not equal my fondness for you; as for being master of the altars of state and the ancestral temple, Yuyi does not equal you. Why not be ruler to the end and take this state?" When Duke Xuan died and Duke Miu was installed, Duke Miu drove out his own two sons, Zhuang Gong Feng and the Left Preceptor Bo, saying: "As my sons, do not meet while alive and do not weep for each other when dead." Yuyi replied: "The reason the former ruler did not give the state to me but handed it to you was that you could be master of the altars of state and the ancestral temple. Now you drive out your own two sons and wish to hand the state to Yuyi, which is not the former ruler's intention. Moreover, if sons can be driven out, then the former ruler should have driven me out." Duke Miu said: "That the former ruler did not drive you out, the reason can already be known. My standing in this position is as a regent." In the end he handed the state to Yuyi. Zhuang Gong Feng killed Yuyi. Therefore the gentleman values dwelling in what is right, and the calamity of Song was brought about by Duke Xuan.

春，王二月，莒人伐杞，取牟婁。

In spring, the second month of the Zhou calendar, the people of Ju attacked Qi and seized Moulou.

（傳）牟婁者何？杞之邑也。外取邑不書，此何以書？疾始取邑也。

(Commentary) What is Moulou? It is a city of Qi. The seizing of a city of another state is normally not recorded; why is it recorded here? Out of hatred that city seizing began here.

（經四二）戊申，衛州籲弒其君完。

(Classic 4.2) On wushen day, Zhou Xu of Wei killed his ruler Wan.

（傳）曷為以國氏？當國也。

(Commentary) Why is the state name used as the clan name? Because he held the power of the state.

（經四三）夏，公及宋公遇於清。

(Classic 4.3) In summer, Duke Yin met the Duke of Song at Qing.

（傳）遇者何？不期也。一君出，一君要之也。

(Commentary) What is meant by "met by chance"? It means there was no agreement. One ruler went out, and another ruler invited him to meet.

（經四四）宋公、陳侯、蔡人、衛人伐鄭。秋，翬帥師會宋公、陳侯、蔡人、衛人伐鄭。

(Classic 4.4) The Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, and the people of Cai and Wei attacked Zheng. In autumn, Hui led an army to join the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, and the people of Cai and Wei in attacking Zheng.

（傳）翬者何？公子翬也。何以不稱公子？貶。曷為貶？與弒公也。其與弒公奈何？公子翬諂乎隱公，謂隱公曰：「百姓安子，諸侯說子，盍終為君矣？」隱曰：「吾否，吾使修塗裘，吾將老焉。」公子翬恐若其言聞乎桓，於是謂桓曰：「吾為子口隱矣。隱曰：『吾不反也。』」桓曰：「然則奈何？」曰：「請作難，弒隱公。」於鍾巫之祭焉弒隱公也。

(Commentary) Who was Hui? He was Gongzi Hui. Why is he not called Gongzi? It is a demotion. Why demote him? Because he took part in the assassination of Duke Yin. How did he take part in the assassination of Duke Yin? Gongzi Hui flattered Duke Yin, saying to him: "The people are at ease with you and the feudal lords like you; why do you not be ruler to the end and hold this state?" Duke Yin said: "No. I have had Tuqiu repaired, and I intend to spend my old age there." Gongzi Hui feared these words would reach Duke Huan's ears, so he said to Duke Huan: "I have already sounded out Duke Yin for you. Duke Yin said: 'I will not hand it back.'" Duke Huan said: "What shall we do?" The answer was: "Let us start the trouble and kill Duke Yin." At the sacrifice to Zhongwu, they killed Duke Yin.

（經四五）九月，衛人殺州籲於濮。

(Classic 4.5) In the ninth month, the people of Wei killed Zhou Xu at Pu.

（傳）其稱人何？討賊之辭也。

(Commentary) Why is "the people" used? This is the wording for punishing a rebel.

（經四六）冬，十有二月，衛人立晉。

(Classic 4.6) In winter, the twelfth month, the people of Wei installed Jin.

（傳）晉者何？公子晉也。立者何？立者不宜立也。其稱人何？眾立之之辭也。然則孰立之？石碏立之。石碏立之，則其稱人何？眾之所欲立也。眾雖欲立之，其立之非也。

(Commentary) Who was Jin? He was Gongzi Jin. What is meant by "installed"? The use of the word "installed" indicates that this person should not have been installed. Why is "the people" used? It is the wording for being installed by the multitude. Then who installed him? Shi Que installed him. If Shi Que installed him, why is "the people" used? Because it was what the multitude wanted. Though the multitude wanted to install him, installing him was still not right.

春，公觀魚於棠。

In spring, Duke Yin watched the fishing at Tang.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？遠也。公曷為遠而觀魚？登來之也。百金之魚公張之，登來之者何？美大之之辭也。棠者何？濟上之邑也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It is a criticism. What is criticized? That it was too far away. Why did Duke Yin go so far to watch fishing? He "gathered them" and obtained them. Fish worth a hundred pieces of gold, Duke Yin took with a net. What is meant by "gather"? It is wording of praise and of making the matter appear grand. What is Tang? It is a city on the bank of the Ji River.

（經五二）夏，四月，葬衛桓公。

(Classic 5.2) In summer, the fourth month, Duke Huan of Wei was buried.

（經五三）秋，衛師入盛。

(Classic 5.3) In autumn, the army of Wei entered Sheng.

（傳）曷為或言率師或不言率師？將尊師眾稱某率師，將尊師少稱將；將卑師眾稱師，將卑師少稱人。君將不言率師，書其重者也。

(Commentary) Why is "led an army" sometimes written and sometimes not? When the commander is noble and the army is large, it is written "so-and-so led an army"; when the commander is noble and the army is small, only the commander is named; when the commander is lowly and the army is large, it is called "the army"; when the commander is lowly and the army is small, it is called "the people". When the ruler himself leads, "led an army" is not written, in order to record the weightier side.

（經五四）九月，考仲子之宮。

(Classic 5.4) In the ninth month, the temple of Zhongzi was completed.

（傳）考宮者何？考猶入室也，始祭仲子也。桓未君則曷為祭仲子？隱為桓立，故為桓祭其母也。然則何言爾？成公意也。

(Commentary) What is meant by "examining the temple"? "Examine" is like entering the chamber; it is beginning the sacrifices to Zhongzi. Duke Huan was not yet ruler; why were sacrifices made to Zhongzi? Duke Yin was installed for Duke Huan's sake, so he sacrificed to Duke Huan's mother on his behalf. Then why is this entry written at all? To accomplish Duke Yin's intention.

（經五五）初獻六羽。

(Classic 5.5) For the first time, six rows of feathers were presented.

（傳）初者何？始也。六羽者何？舞也。初獻六羽何以書？譏。何譏爾？譏始僭諸公也。六羽之為僭奈何？天子八佾，諸公六，諸侯四。諸公者何？諸侯者何？天子三公稱公，王者之後稱公，其餘大國稱侯，小國稱伯、子、男。天子三公者何？天子之相也。天子之相則何以三？自陜而東者，周公主之；自陜而西者，召公主之，一相處乎內。始僭諸公昉於此乎？前此矣。前此則曷為始乎？此僭諸公猶可言也，僭天子不可言也。

(Commentary) What is meant by "first"? It means the beginning. What are "six rows of feathers"? They are a music dance. Why is the first presentation of six rows of feathers recorded? It is a criticism. What is criticized? It criticizes that this was the beginning of usurping the ritual of the dukes. How is six rows a usurpation? The Son of Heaven uses eight rows, dukes use six, and feudal lords use four. What are the "dukes" and what are the "feudal lords"? The Three Dukes of the Son of Heaven are called dukes, the descendants of earlier kings are called dukes, the other great states are called marquises, and small states are called earls, viscounts and barons. Who are the Three Dukes of the Son of Heaven? They are the Son of Heaven's chancellors. Why are there three chancellors? East of Shan, the Duke of Zhou presides; west of Shan, the Duke of Shao presides; and one more chancellor remains within the royal domain. Did the usurpation of the ritual of the dukes begin here? It existed before this. If it existed before, why count it as beginning here? The usurpation of the ritual of the dukes here can still be spoken of; the usurpation of the ritual of the Son of Heaven cannot be spoken of.

（經五六）邾婁人、鄭人伐宋。

(Classic 5.6) The people of Zhulou and the people of Zheng attacked Song.

（經五七）螟。（傳）何以書？記災也。

(Classic 5.7) Stem-borers did damage. (Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record the disaster.

（經五八）冬，十有二月辛巳，公子彄卒。宋人伐鄭，圍長葛。

(Classic 5.8) In winter, the twelfth month, xinsi day, Gongzi Ou died. The people of Song attacked Zheng and besieged Changge.

（傳）邑不言圍，此其言圍何？強也。

(Commentary) For a city, "besieged" is normally not written; why is "besieged" written here? It shows high-handedness.

春，鄭人來輸平。

In spring, the people of Zheng came to "deliver peace".

（傳）輸平者何？輸平猶墮成也。何言乎墮成？敗其成也，曰：「吾成敗矣」，吾與鄭人末有成也。吾與鄭人則曷為末有成？狐壤之戰，隱公獲焉。然則何以不言戰？諱獲也。

(Commentary) What is meant by "deliver peace"? "Deliver peace" is like ruining what was already accomplished. Why is it said to be ruining what was already accomplished? It means breaking the treaty, as if to say: "Our treaty has failed." We had never had a successful treaty with Zheng. Why had we no successful treaty with Zheng? At the battle of Huxiang, Duke Yin was captured. Then why is the battle not written? To conceal the capture.

（經六二）夏，五月辛酉，公會齊侯，盟於艾。

(Classic 6.2) In summer, the fifth month, xinyou day, Duke Yin met the Marquis of Qi and made a covenant at Ai.

（經六三）秋，七月。

(Classic 6.3) In autumn, the seventh month.

（傳）此無事，何以書？《春秋》雖無事，首時過則書。首時過則何以書？《春秋》編年，四時具然後為年。

(Commentary) This entry has no event; why is it recorded? Even when there is no event, the Spring and Autumn Annals records it once the beginning of a season has passed. Why record it once the beginning of a season has passed? The Spring and Autumn Annals is arranged by year, and only when the four seasons are complete does a year form.

（經六四）冬，宋人取長葛。

(Classic 6.4) In winter, the people of Song seized Changge.

（傳）外取邑不書，此何以書？久也。

(Commentary) The seizing of a city of another state is normally not recorded; why is it recorded here? Because it dragged on too long.

春，王三月，叔姬歸於紀。滕侯卒。

In spring, the third month of the Zhou calendar, Shu Ji was married into Ji. The Marquis of Teng died.

（傳）何以不名？微國也。微國則其稱侯何？不嫌也。《春秋》貴賤不嫌同號，美惡不嫌同辭。

(Commentary) Why is his name not given? Because it was a small state. Since it was a small state, why is he called "Marquis"? Because there was no ground for doubt. In the Spring and Autumn Annals, when noble and lowly are not in doubt the same title may be used, and when good and bad are not in doubt the same wording may be used.

（經七二）夏，城中丘。

(Classic 7.2) In summer, Zhongqiu was built.

（傳）中丘者何？內之邑也。城中丘，何以書？以重書也。

(Commentary) What is Zhongqiu? It is a city of Lu. Why is the building of Zhongqiu recorded? Because it was a weighty matter, it is recorded.

（經七三）齊侯使其弟年來聘。

(Classic 7.3) The Marquis of Qi sent his younger brother Nian on a visit of inquiry.

（傳）其稱弟何？母弟稱弟，母兄稱兄。

(Commentary) Why is he called "younger brother"? A younger brother by the same mother is called younger brother, and an elder brother by the same mother is called elder brother.

（經七四）秋，公伐邾婁。

(Classic 7.4) In autumn, Duke Yin attacked Zhulou.

（經七五）冬，天王使凡伯來聘，戎伐凡伯於楚丘以歸。

(Classic 7.5) In winter, the Son of Heaven sent Fan Bo on a visit of inquiry, and the Rong attacked Fan Bo at Chuqiu and took him away.

（傳）凡伯者何？天子之大夫也。此聘也，其言伐之何？執之也。執之則其言伐之何？大之也。曷為大之？不與夷狄之執中國也。其地何？大之也。

(Commentary) Who was Fan Bo? He was a grand master of the Son of Heaven. This was a visit of inquiry; why is "attacked" written? In fact he was captured. If he was captured, why is "attacked" written? To make it appear grander. Why make it grander? Because it was not approved that barbarians seize a man of the Central States. Why is the place recorded? Also to make it appear grander.

春，宋公、衛侯遇於垂。三月，鄭伯使宛來歸邴。

In spring, the Duke of Song and the Marquis of Wei met by chance at Chui. In the third month, the Earl of Zheng sent Wan to return Bing.

（傳）宛者何？鄭之微者也。邴者何？鄭湯沐之邑也。天子有事於泰山，諸侯皆從。泰山之下，諸侯皆有湯沐之邑焉。

(Commentary) Who was Wan? He was a person of low rank in Zheng. What is Bing? It is a bathing fief of Zheng. When the Son of Heaven performed the sacrifice at Mount Tai, the feudal lords all followed. Below Mount Tai, the feudal lords all had bathing fiefs.

（經八二）庚寅，我入邴。

(Classic 8.2) On gengyin day, our state of Lu entered Bing.

（傳）其言入何？難也。其日何？難也。其言我何？言我者非獨我也，齊亦欲之。

(Commentary) Why is "entered" written? Because the matter was difficult. Why is the day recorded? Because the matter was difficult. Why is "our" written? "Our" is written because it was not only Lu; Qi also wanted this place.

（經八三）夏，六月己亥，蔡侯考父卒。辛亥，宿男卒。

(Classic 8.3) In summer, the sixth month, jihai day, Kaofu, Marquis of Cai, died. On xinhai day, the Baron of Su died.

（經八四）秋，七月庚午，宋公、齊侯、衛侯盟於瓦屋。八月，葬蔡宣公。

(Classic 8.4) In autumn, the seventh month, gengwu day, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei made a covenant at Wawu. In the eighth month, Duke Xuan of Cai was buried.

（傳）卒何以名而葬不名？卒從正，而葬從主人。卒何以日而葬不日？卒赴，而葬不告。

(Commentary) Why is the name given at death but not at burial? The death is recorded by the proper name used at court, and the burial by the title used in the host's own household. Why is the day recorded at death but not at burial? A death is announced by notice, but a burial is not reported.

（經八七）九月辛卯，公及莒人盟於包來。

(Classic 8.7) In the ninth month, xinmao day, Duke Yin made a covenant with the people of Ju at Baolai.

（傳）公曷為與微者盟？稱人則從不疑也。

(Commentary) Why did Duke Yin make a covenant with a person of low rank? Since the other party is called "the people", it can be written in the ordinary way without doubt.

（經八八）螟。

(Classic 8.8) Stem-borers did damage.

（經八九）冬，十有二月，無駭卒。

(Classic 8.9) In winter, the twelfth month, Wuhai died.

（傳）此展無駭也，何以不氏？疾始滅也，故終其身不氏。

(Commentary) This man was Zhan Wuhai; why is his clan name not written? Out of hatred that he began the destruction of states, he was never given a clan name even at his death.

春，天王使南季來聘。

In spring, the Son of Heaven sent Nan Ji on a visit of inquiry.

（經九二）三月癸酉，大雨，震電。

(Classic 9.2) In the third month, guiyou day, there was heavy rain, with thunder and lightning.

（傳）何以書？記異也。何異爾？不時也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly. Where was the anomaly? It was not the proper season.

（經九三）庚辰，大雨雪。

(Classic 9.3) On gengchen day, there was heavy snow.

（傳）何以書？記異也。何異爾？俶甚也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly. Where was the anomaly? It was extremely excessive.

（經九四）俠卒。

(Classic 9.4) Xia died.

（傳）俠者何？吾大夫之未命者也。

(Commentary) Who was Xia? He was a grand master of our state of Lu who had not yet received his commission.

（經九五）夏，城郎。

(Classic 9.5) In summer, Lang was built.

（經九六）秋，七月。

(Classic 9.6) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經九七）冬，公會齊侯於邴。

(Classic 9.7) In winter, Duke Yin met the Marquis of Qi at Bing.

春，王二月，公會齊侯、鄭伯於中丘。

In spring, the second month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Yin met the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng at Zhongqiu.

（經十二）夏，翬帥師會齊人、鄭人伐宋。

(Classic 10.2) In summer, Hui led an army to join the people of Qi and the people of Zheng in attacking Song.

（傳）此公子翬也，何以不稱公子？貶。曷為貶？隱之罪人也，故終隱之篇貶也。

(Commentary) This man was Gongzi Hui; why is he not called Gongzi? It is a demotion. Why demote him? He was the offender against Duke Yin, so throughout the whole of the Duke Yin section he is demoted.

（經十三）六月壬戌，公敗宋師於菅。辛未取郜，辛巳取防。

(Classic 10.3) In the sixth month, renxu day, Duke Yin defeated the army of Song at Jian. On xinwei day he seized Gao, and on xinsi day he seized Fang.

（傳）取邑不日，此何以日？一月而再取也。何言乎一月而再取？甚之也。內大惡諱，此其言甚之何？《春秋》錄內而略外，於外大惡書，小惡不書，於內大惡諱，小惡書。

(Commentary) When a city is seized the day is normally not recorded; why is the day recorded here? Because two were seized in one month. Why does it say two were seized in one month? To make the matter appear grave. The great wickedness of Lu itself must be concealed, yet here it is made to appear grave; why? The Spring and Autumn Annals records Lu in detail and other states briefly: for outside states, great wickedness is recorded and small wickedness is not; for Lu, great wickedness is concealed and small wickedness is recorded.

（經十四）秋，宋人、衛人入鄭。宋人、蔡人、衛人伐載，鄭伯伐取之。

(Classic 10.4) In autumn, the people of Song and the people of Wei entered Zheng. The people of Song, the people of Cai and the people of Wei attacked Zai, and the Earl of Zheng attacked and seized it.

（傳）其言伐取之何？易也。其易奈何？因其力也。因誰之力？因宋人、蔡人、衛人之力也。

(Commentary) Why is "attacked and seized it" written? Because it came easily. How easily? By borrowing others' strength. Whose strength did he borrow? The strength of the people of Song, Cai and Wei.

（經十五）冬，十月壬午，齊人、鄭人入盛。

(Classic 10.5) In winter, the tenth month, renwu day, the people of Qi and the people of Zheng entered Sheng.

春，滕侯、薛侯來朝。

In spring, the Marquis of Teng and the Marquis of Xue came to court.

（傳）其言朝何？諸侯來曰朝，大夫來曰聘。其兼言之何？微國也。

(Commentary) Why is "court" written? When feudal lords come it is called court, and when grand masters come it is called a visit of inquiry. Why are they written together? Because both were small states.

（經十八）夏，五月，公會鄭伯於祁黎。

(Classic 11.2) In summer, the fifth month, Duke Yin met the Earl of Zheng at Qili.

（經十九）秋，七月壬午，公及齊侯、鄭伯入許。

(Classic 11.3) In autumn, the seventh month, renwu day, Duke Yin with the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng entered Xu.

（經十十）冬，十有一月壬辰，公薨。

(Classic 11.10) In winter, the eleventh month, renchen day, Duke Yin died.

（傳）何以不書葬？隱之也。何隱爾？弒也。弒則何以不書葬？《春秋》君弒，賊不討，不書葬，以為無臣子也。子沈子曰：「君弒，臣不討賊，非臣也。子不復讎，非子也。葬，生者之事也。《春秋》君弒，賊不討，不書葬，以為不繫乎臣子也。」公薨何以不地？不忍言也。隱何以無正月？隱將讓乎桓，故不有其正月也。

(Commentary) Why is the burial not recorded? Out of sympathy for him. What is there to sympathize with? He was assassinated. Why is the burial of one assassinated not recorded? In the Spring and Autumn Annals, when a ruler was assassinated and the rebel was not punished, the burial is not recorded, treating this as there being no ministers. Master Zishen said: "When a ruler is assassinated and his ministers do not punish the rebel, they are not ministers; when a son does not avenge him, he is not a son. Burial is a matter for the living. In the Spring and Autumn Annals, when a ruler was assassinated and the rebel was not punished, the burial is not recorded, treating this as having no connection with ministers." Why is the place of Duke Yin's death not recorded? Because it was too painful to say. Why does Duke Yin have no "first month"? Duke Yin intended to yield to Duke Huan, so he did not claim the first month as his own.

春，王正月，公即位。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Huan took his seat.

（傳）繼弒君不言即位，此其言即位何？如其意也。

(Commentary) After a ruler who was assassinated, taking his seat is normally not written; why is "took his seat" written here? It follows his own intention.

（經一二）三月，公會鄭伯於垂。鄭伯以璧假許田。

(Classic 1.2) In the third month, Duke Huan met the Earl of Zheng at Chui. The Earl of Zheng used a jade disc to borrow the Xu fields.

（傳）其言以璧假之何？易之也。易之則其言假之何？為恭也。曷為為恭？有天子存，則諸侯不得專地也。許田者何？魯朝宿之邑也。諸侯時朝乎天子，天子之郊，諸侯皆有朝宿之邑焉。此魯朝宿之邑也，則曷為謂之許田？諱取周田也。諱取周田則曷為謂之許田？系之許也。曷為系之許？近許也。此邑也，其稱田何？田多邑少稱田，邑多田少稱邑。

(Commentary) Why is it written "used a jade disc to borrow"? In fact it was an exchange. If it was an exchange, why is "borrow" written? Out of respect. Why respect? Because there is a Son of Heaven above, the feudal lords cannot dispose of land on their own authority. What are the Xu fields? They were the lodging city of Lu when it paid court to the Son of Heaven. When the feudal lords paid court to the Son of Heaven at the appointed times, in the suburbs of the Son of Heaven every feudal lord had a lodging city for court visits. If this was Lu's lodging city for court visits, why is it called the Xu fields? To conceal the seizing of the fields of the Zhou house. If the seizing of Zhou fields is concealed, why is it still called the Xu fields? It is attached to the state of Xu. Why attach it to Xu? Because it was near Xu. This was a city; why is it called "fields"? When there are many fields and few dwellings it is called fields; when there are many dwellings and few fields it is called a city.

（經一三）夏，四月丁未，公及鄭伯盟于越。

(Classic 1.3) In summer, the fourth month, dingwei day, Duke Huan and the Earl of Zheng made a covenant at Yue.

（經一四）秋，大水。

(Classic 1.4) In autumn, there was a great flood.

（傳）何以書？記災也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record the disaster.

（經一五）冬，十月。

(Classic 1.5) In winter, the tenth month.

春，王正月戊申，宋督弒其君與夷及其大夫孔父。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, wushen day, Hua Du of Song assassinated his ruler Yuyi and his grand master Kong Fu.

（傳）及者何？累也。弒君多矣，舍此無累者乎？曰：有，仇牧，荀息，皆累也。舍仇牧、荀息，無累者乎？曰：有。有則此何以書？賢也。何賢乎孔父？孔父可謂義形於色矣。其義形於色奈何？督將弒殤公，孔父生而存，則殤公不可得而弒也，故於是先攻孔父之家。殤公知孔父死，己必死，趨而救之，皆死焉。孔父正色而立於朝，則人莫敢過而致難於其君者，孔父可謂義形於色矣。

(Commentary) What is meant by "and"? It means being drawn in together. Many rulers have been assassinated; apart from this entry, were there no others who were drawn in? The answer is: there were; Chou Mu and Xun Xi were both drawn in. Apart from Chou Mu and Xun Xi, were there no others? The answer is: there were more. If there were more, why is it recorded here? Because Kong Fu was worthy. How was Kong Fu worthy? Kong Fu can be said to have had righteousness fully shown in his bearing. What is it like for righteousness to be shown in one's bearing? When Hua Du was about to assassinate Duke Shang, as long as Kong Fu was alive Duke Shang could not be assassinated, so he first attacked Kong Fu's house. Duke Shang knew that once Kong Fu died he himself would surely die, and rushed to rescue him, and both died. When Kong Fu stood upright in his bearing at court, no one dared approach to bring calamity on the ruler; Kong Fu can be said to have had righteousness fully shown in his bearing.

（經二二）滕子來朝。三月，公會齊侯、陳侯、鄭伯於稷，以成宋亂。

(Classic 2.2) The Viscount of Teng came to court. In the third month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Chen and the Earl of Zheng at Ji, to bring about the disorder in Song.

（傳）內大惡諱，此其目言之何？遠也。所見異辭，所聞異辭，所傳聞異辭。隱亦遠矣，曷為為隱諱？隱賢而桓賤也。

(Commentary) The great wickedness of Lu itself must be concealed, yet here it is written openly; why? Because the time was far in the past. What one saw with one's own eyes is described with one set of wording, what one heard with one's own ears with another, and what had been handed down by report from further back with yet another. Duke Yin was also far enough away; why was it still concealed for Duke Yin? Because Duke Yin was worthy and Duke Huan was base.

（經二三）夏，四月，取郜大鼎於宋。

(Classic 2.3) In summer, the fourth month, the great tripod of Gao was taken from Song.

（傳）此取之宋，其謂之郜鼎何？器從名，地從主人。器何以從名？地何以從主人？器之與人，非有即爾。宋始以不義取之，故謂之郜鼎；至乎地之與人則不然，俄而可以為其有矣。然則為取可以為其有乎？曰：否。何者？若楚王之妻媦，無時焉可也。

(Commentary) It was taken from Song; why is it called the tripod of Gao? Objects keep their original names, and land follows its present owner. Why do objects keep their original names, and land follow its present owner? Objects and people do not become something the moment they are obtained. Song had originally taken it by unrighteous means, so it is still called the tripod of Gao; but land and people are not so, and in a moment they can be reckoned as his. Then can what was seized be reckoned as his? The answer is: no. Why? It is like the King of Chu taking his wife's sister; it cannot be allowed at any time.

（經二四）戊申，納於太廟。

(Classic 2.4) On wushen day, the tripod was placed in the Grand Temple.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？遂亂受賂，納於太廟，非禮也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It is a criticism. What is criticized? Taking advantage of disorder to accept a bribe and placing it in the Grand Temple is not in accord with ritual.

（經二五）秋，七月，紀侯來朝。蔡侯、鄭伯會於鄧。

(Classic 2.5) In autumn, the seventh month, the Marquis of Ji came to court. The Marquis of Cai and the Earl of Zheng met at Deng.

（傳）離不言會，此其言會何？蓋鄧與會爾。

(Commentary) When two parties meet alone, "meet" is not written; why is "meet" written here? Probably because Deng also took part.

（經二六）九月，入杞。公及戎盟於唐。

(Classic 2.6) In the ninth month, Qi was entered. Duke Huan made a covenant with the Rong at Tang.

（經二七）冬，公至自唐。

(Classic 2.7) In winter, Duke Huan returned from Tang.

春，正月，公會齊侯於嬴。

In spring, the first month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Ying.

（經三二）夏，齊侯、衛侯胥命於蒲。

(Classic 3.2) In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei gave each other their word at Pu.

（傳）胥命者何？相命也。何言乎相命？近正也。此其為近正奈何？古者不盟，結言而退。

(Commentary) What is meant by "gave each other their word"? It means pledging to each other by word. Why is it written as pledging by word? Because it came close to the right way. How did it come close to the right way? In ancient times they did not swear covenants; once the words were settled they simply withdrew.

（經三三）六月，公會紀侯於盛。

(Classic 3.3) In the sixth month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Ji at Sheng.

（經三四）秋，七月壬辰朔，日有食之，既。

(Classic 3.4) In autumn, the seventh month, renchen, the first day of the month, there was an eclipse of the sun, total.

（傳）既者何？盡也。

(Commentary) What is meant by "total"? It means it was eaten completely.

（經三五）公子翬如齊逆女。九月，齊侯送姜氏於讙。

(Classic 3.5) Gongzi Hui went to Qi to welcome a bride. In the ninth month, the Marquis of Qi escorted Jiang Shi to Huan.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？諸侯越竟送女，非禮也。此入國矣，何以不稱夫人？自我言齊，父母之於子，雖為鄰國夫人，猶曰吾姜氏。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It is a criticism. What is criticized? A feudal lord escorting his daughter across the border is not in accord with ritual. By this time she had already entered Lu; why is she still not called lady? Speaking from our side toward Qi, parents still call their daughter "our Jiang", even when she is already the lady of a neighboring state.

（經三六）公會齊侯於讙，夫人姜氏至自齊。

(Classic 3.6) Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Huan, and Lady Jiang arrived from Qi.

（傳）翬何以不致？得見乎公矣。

(Commentary) Why is Hui's return to the state not written? Because he had already seen Duke Huan.

（經三七）冬，齊侯使其弟年來聘。有年。

(Classic 3.7) In winter, the Marquis of Qi sent his younger brother Nian on a visit of inquiry. This year there was a harvest.

（傳）有年，何以書？以喜書也。大有年，何以書？亦以喜書也。此其曰有年何？僅有年也。彼其曰大有年何？大豐年也。僅有年亦足以當喜乎？恃有年也。

(Commentary) Why is "there was a harvest" recorded? It is recorded out of joy. Why is "a great harvest" recorded? Also recorded out of joy. Why is it "a harvest" here? It was only a barely adequate harvest. Why is it "a great harvest" there? It was a bumper year. Is a barely adequate harvest worth rejoicing over? Because one depends on that year's harvest.

春，正月，公狩於郎。

In spring, the first month, Duke Huan hunted at Lang.

（傳）狩者何？田狩也，春曰苗，秋曰搜，冬曰狩。常事不書，此何以書？譏。何譏爾？遠也。諸侯曷為必田狩？一曰幹豆，二曰賓客，三百充君之庖。

(Commentary) What is meant by "hunted"? It means field hunting. Spring hunting is called miao, autumn hunting is called sou, and winter hunting is called shou. Ordinary events are not recorded; why is it recorded here? It is a criticism. What is criticized? That it was too far away. Why must feudal lords hunt? First, to make dried meat for sacrifices; second, to entertain guests; third, to fill the ruler's kitchen. (The base text reads "third, a hundred fill the ruler's kitchen", where the character for "hundred" is an error for "said".)

（經四二）夏，天王使宰渠伯糾來聘。

(Classic 4.2) In summer, the Son of Heaven sent Zai Qubo Jiu on a visit of inquiry.

（傳）宰渠伯糾者何？天子之大夫也。其稱宰渠伯糾何？下大夫也。

(Commentary) Who was Zai Qubo Jiu? He was a grand master of the Son of Heaven. Why is he called "Zai Qubo Jiu"? Because he was a lower grand master.

春，正月甲戌、己丑，陳侯鮑卒。

In spring, the first month, jiaxu and jichou days, Bao, Marquis of Chen, died.

（傳）曷為以二日卒之？怴也。甲戌之日亡、己丑之日死而得，君子疑焉，故以二日卒之也。

(Commentary) Why is his death recorded with two days? Because he was out of his mind. He disappeared on the day of jiaxu, and his body was only found on the day of jichou, and the gentleman, having doubt, recorded his death with two days.

（經五二）夏，齊侯、鄭伯如紀。

(Classic 5.2) In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng went to Ji.

（傳）外相如不書，此何以書？離不言會。

(Commentary) Visits among other states are normally not recorded; why is it recorded here? When two parties meet alone, "meet" is not written.

（經五三）天王使仍叔之子來聘。

(Classic 5.3) The Son of Heaven sent the son of Reng Shu on a visit of inquiry.

（傳）仍叔之子者何？天子之大夫也。其稱仍叔之子何？譏。何譏爾？譏父老子代從政也。

(Commentary) Who was the son of Reng Shu? He was a grand master of the Son of Heaven. Why is he called "the son of Reng Shu"? It is a criticism. What is criticized? That the father was old and the son took over his position in government.

（經五四）葬陳桓公。

(Classic 5.4) Duke Huan of Chen was buried.

（經五五）城祝丘。

(Classic 5.5) Zhuqiu was built.

（經五六）秋，蔡人、衛人、陳人從王伐鄭。

(Classic 5.6) In autumn, the people of Cai, Wei and Chen followed the Son of Heaven in attacking Zheng.

（傳）其言從王伐鄭何？從王正也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "followed the king in attacking Zheng"? Following the Son of Heaven is in accord with the right way.

（經五七）大雩。

(Classic 5.7) The great rain sacrifice was held.

（傳）大雩者何？旱祭也。然則何以不言旱？言雩則旱見；言旱則雩不見。何以書？記災也。

(Commentary) What is the great rain sacrifice? It is a sacrifice held for drought. Then why is "drought" not written? When "rain sacrifice" is written, the drought can be seen; when "drought" is written, the rain sacrifice cannot be seen. Why is it recorded? To record the disaster.

（經五八）螽。

(Classic 5.8) Locusts did damage.

（傳）何以書？記災也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record the disaster.

（經五九）冬，州公如曹。

(Classic 5.9) In winter, the Duke of Zhou went to Cao.

（傳）外相如不書，此何以書？過我也。

(Commentary) Visits among other states are normally not recorded; why is it recorded here? Because he passed through our state of Lu.

春，正月，寔來。

In spring, the first month, "this one came".

（傳）寔來者何？猶曰是人來也。孰謂？謂州公也。曷為謂之寔來？慢之也。曷為慢之？化我也。

(Commentary) What is meant by "this one came"? It is like saying "this person has come". Who is meant? The Duke of Zhou. Why is it called "this one came"? To show contempt for him. Why show contempt? Because he treated our state of Lu as something he could handle at will.

（經六二）夏，四月，公會紀侯於成。

(Classic 6.2) In summer, the fourth month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Ji at Cheng.

（經六三）秋，八月壬午，大閱。

(Classic 6.3) In autumn, the eighth month, renwu day, the great review was held.

（傳）大閱者何？簡車徒也。何以書？蓋以罕書也。

(Commentary) What is the great review? It is an inspection of chariots, horses and troops. Why is it recorded? Probably because it was rare, it is recorded.

（經六四）蔡人殺陳佗。

(Classic 6.4) The people of Cai killed Chen Tuo.

（傳）陳佗者何？陳君也。陳君則曷為謂之陳佗？絕也。曷為絕之？賤也。其賤奈何？外淫也。惡乎淫？淫於蔡，蔡人殺之。

(Commentary) Who was Chen Tuo? He was the ruler of Chen. Since he was the ruler of Chen, why is he called "Chen Tuo"? To cut him off. Why cut him off? Because he was base. How was he base? He committed licentious acts abroad. Where did he commit licentious acts? He committed licentious acts in Cai, and the people of Cai killed him.

（經六五）九月丁卯，子同生。

(Classic 6.5) In the ninth month, dingmao day, Zitong was born.

（傳）子同生者孰謂？謂莊公也。何言乎子同生？喜有正也。未有言喜有正者，此其言喜有正何？久無正也。子公羊子曰：「其諸以病桓與？」

(Commentary) Who is meant by "Zitong was born"? Duke Zhuang is meant. Why is it written "Zitong was born"? It expresses joy at having an heir by the principal wife. Joy at an heir by the principal wife has never been recorded; why is it recorded here? Because there had not been one for a long time. Master Gongyang said: "Perhaps this is used to criticize Duke Huan?"

（經六六）冬，紀侯來朝。

(Classic 6.6) In winter, the Marquis of Ji came to court.

春，二月己亥，焚鹹丘。

In spring, the second month, jihai day, Xianqiu was burned.

（傳）焚之者何？樵之也。樵之者何？以火攻也。何言乎以火攻？疾始以火攻也。鹹丘者何？邾婁之邑也。曷為不繫乎邾婁？國之也。曷為國之？君存焉爾。

(Commentary) What is meant by "burned it"? It means burning it as firewood. What does burning it as firewood mean? It means attacking with fire. Why is it written as an attack with fire? Out of hatred that attacks with fire began here. What is Xianqiu? It is a city of Zhulou. Why is it not attached to the name of Zhulou? Because it was treated as a state. Why was it treated as a state? Because there was a ruler there.

（經七二）夏，谷伯綏來朝。鄧侯吾離來朝。

(Classic 7.2) In summer, Sui, Earl of Gu, came to court. Wuli, Marquis of Deng, came to court.

（傳）皆何以名？失地之君也。其稱侯朝何？貴者無後，待之以初也。

(Commentary) Why are both called by name? Because both were rulers who had lost their lands. Why do they come to court as "Marquis"? The noble had no heirs, and so they were still treated by the ritual of the beginning.

春，正月己卯，烝。

In spring, the first month, jimao day, the zheng sacrifice was held.

（傳）烝者何？冬祭也。春曰祠，夏曰礿，秋曰嘗，冬曰烝。常事不書，此何以書？譏。何譏爾？譏亟也。亟則黷，黷則不敬。君子之祭也，敬而不黷。疏則怠，怠則忘。士不及茲四者，則冬不裘，夏不葛。

(Commentary) What is the zheng sacrifice? It is the winter sacrifice. The spring sacrifice is called ci, the summer one yue, the autumn one chang, and the winter one zheng. Ordinary events are not recorded; why is it recorded here? It is a criticism. What is criticized? That the sacrifice was held too often. Too frequent becomes disrespectful, and disrespectful is irreverent. A gentleman's sacrifice is reverent and not disrespectful. Too sparse becomes lax, and lax leads to forgetting. If a gentleman cannot keep up with these four sacrifices, then in winter he does not wear furs, and in summer he does not wear kudzu cloth.

（經八二）天王使家父來聘。

(Classic 8.2) The Son of Heaven sent Jiafu on a visit of inquiry.

（經八三）夏，五月丁丑，烝。

(Classic 8.3) In summer, the fifth month, dingchou day, the zheng sacrifice was held.

（傳）何以書？譏亟也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To criticize holding the sacrifice too often.

（經八三）秋，伐邾婁。

(Classic 8.3) In autumn, Zhulou was attacked.

（經八四）冬，十月，雨雪。

(Classic 8.4) In winter, the tenth month, it snowed.

（傳）何以書？記異也。何異爾？不時也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly. Where was the anomaly? It was not the proper season.

（經八五）祭公來，遂逆王后於紀。

(Classic 8.5) The Duke of Zhai came, and then went on to Ji to welcome the royal consort.

（傳）祭公者何？天子之三公也。何以不稱使？婚禮不稱主人。遂者何？生事也。大夫無遂事，此其言遂何？成使乎我也。其成使乎我奈何？使我為媒可，則因用是往逆矣。女在其國稱女，此其稱王后何？王者無外，其辭成矣。

(Commentary) Who was the Duke of Zhai? He was one of the Three Dukes of the Son of Heaven. Why is "sent" not written? In marriage the host is not named. What is meant by "then"? It means another matter arose. A grand master has no "then matter"; why is "then" written here? Because his mission was completed in our state of Lu. How was it completed in Lu? Having Lu serve as matchmaker was acceptable, and he took the opportunity to go and welcome her. A woman still in her own state is called "daughter"; why is she called "royal consort" here? The king has no "outside", and the wording was already complete.

春，紀季姜歸於京師。

In spring, Jiji Jiang was married to the capital.

（傳）其辭成矣，則其稱紀季姜何？自我言，紀父母之於子，雖為天王后，猶曰吾季姜。京師者何？天子之居也。京者何？大也。師者何？眾也。天子之居，必以眾大之辭言之。

(Commentary) The wording was already complete; why is she still called "Jiji Jiang"? Speaking from our side, the parents of Ji still call their daughter "our Jiji Jiang", even when she is already the royal consort of the Son of Heaven. What is the "capital"? It is where the Son of Heaven dwells. What is "jing"? It means great. What is "shi"? It means multitude. The place where the Son of Heaven dwells must be described with words for both great and many.

（經九二）夏，四月。

(Classic 9.2) In summer, the fourth month.

（經九三）秋，七月。

(Classic 9.3) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經九四）冬，曹伯使其世子射姑來朝。

(Classic 9.4) In winter, the Earl of Cao sent his heir Shegu to court.

（傳）諸侯來曰朝。此世子也，其言朝何？《春秋》有譏父老子代從政者，則未知其在齊與？曹與？

(Commentary) When feudal lords come it is called court. This man was an heir; why is "court" written? The Spring and Autumn Annals has a way of writing that criticizes a father being old and the son taking over in government, only we do not yet know whether it speaks of Qi or of Cao.

春，王正月庚申，曹伯終生卒。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, gengshen day, Zhongsheng, Earl of Cao, died.

（經十二）夏，五月，葬曹桓公。

(Classic 10.2) In summer, the fifth month, Duke Huan of Cao was buried.

（經十三）秋，公會衛侯於桃丘，弗遇。

(Classic 10.3) In autumn, Duke Huan went to Taoqiu to meet the Marquis of Wei, but did not meet him.

（傳）會者何？期辭也。其言弗遇何？公不見要也。

(Commentary) What is meant by "meet"? It is wording for an agreement. Why is "did not meet" written? Duke Huan had not been invited.

（經十四）冬，十有二月丙午，齊侯、衛侯、鄭伯來戰於郎。

(Classic 10.4) In winter, the twelfth month, bingwu day, the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Zheng came and fought at Lang.

（傳）郎者何？吾近邑也。吾近邑則其言來戰於郎何？近也。惡乎近？近乎圍也。此偏戰也，何以不言師敗績？內不言戰，言戰乃敗矣。

(Commentary) What is Lang? It is a city near our state of Lu. Since it is a nearby city, why is it written "came and fought at Lang"? Because it was near. How near? As near as being besieged. This was a battle fought by appointment; why is "army defeated" not written? In Lu's own affairs "battle" is not written; once "battle" is written, it is already a defeat.

春，正月，齊人、衛人、鄭人盟於惡曹。

In spring, the first month, the people of Qi, Wei and Zheng made a covenant at Ecao.

（經十一二）夏，五月癸未，鄭伯寤生卒。

(Classic 11.2) In summer, the fifth month, guiwei day, Wusheng, Earl of Zheng, died.

（經十一三）秋，七月，葬鄭莊公。九月，宋人執鄭祭仲。

(Classic 11.3) In autumn, the seventh month, Duke Zhuang of Zheng was buried. In the ninth month, the people of Song seized Zhai Zhong of Zheng.

（傳）祭仲者何？鄭相也。何以不名？賢也。何賢乎祭仲？以為知權也。其為知權奈何？古者鄭國處於留。先鄭伯有善於鄶公者，通乎夫人，以取其國而遷鄭焉，而野留。莊公死已葬，祭仲將往省於留，塗出於宋，宋人執之，謂之曰：「為我出忽而立突。」祭仲不從其言，則君必死、國必亡；從其言，則君可以生易死，國可以存易亡。少遼緩之，則突可故出，而忽可故反，是不可得則病，然後有鄭國。古人之有權者，祭仲之權是也。權者何？權者反於經，然後有善者也。權之所設，舍死亡無所設。行權有道，自貶損以行權，不害人以行權。殺人以自生，亡人以自存，君子不為也。

(Commentary) Who was Ji Zhong? He was chancellor of Zheng. Why is he not called by name? Because he was worthy. In what way was Ji Zhong worthy? He is regarded as one who understood expedient adaptation. How did he understand expedient adaptation? In ancient times Zheng lived at Liu. The earlier Earl of Zheng was on good terms with the Duke of Kuai, and also had an affair with the Duke of Kuai's wife, seized the state of Kuai, moved Zheng there, and kept Liu as a border town. When Duke Zhuang died and had been buried, Ji Zhong was about to go inspect Liu, and on the road passed through Song, where the people of Song seized him and said to him: "Drive Hu out for me and set up Tu." If Ji Zhong did not obey these words, the ruler would surely die and the state surely perish; if he obeyed, the ruler could exchange life for death and the state could exchange survival for destruction. If things eased a little, Tu could still be driven out and Hu could still return; if that could not be done, then he himself would have trouble, but Zheng would still exist. Among the ancients who could exercise expedience, it was this kind of expedience of Ji Zhong. What is "expedience"? Expedience is first going against the regular norm, and only then yielding benefit. The places where expedience is applied are none other than life and death, survival and destruction. There are rules for exercising expedience: it is exercised by diminishing oneself, not by harming others. To kill others in order to live, to destroy others in order to survive, the gentleman does not do.

（經十一四）突歸於鄭。

(Classic 11:4) Tu returned to Zheng.

（傳）突何以名？挈乎祭仲也。其言歸何？順祭仲也。

(Commentary) Why is Tu called by name? Because Ji Zhong singled him out. Why is it written "returned"? It follows Ji Zhong.

（經十一五）鄭忽出奔衛。

(Classic 11:5) Hu of Zheng fled to Wei.

（傳）忽何以名？《春秋》伯、子、男一也，辭無所貶。

(Commentary) Why is Hu called by name? In the Spring and Autumn Annals earls, viscounts and barons are one rank, and in wording there is nowhere further to demote.

（經十一六）柔會宋公、陳侯、蔡叔盟於折。

(Classic 11:6) Rou met with the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen and Shu of Cai, and made a covenant at Zhe.

（傳）柔者何？吾大夫之未命者也。

(Commentary) Who was Rou? He was a grandee of our state of Lu who had not yet received a commission.

（經十一七）公會宋公於夫童。

(Classic 11:7) Duke Huan met the Duke of Song at Futong.

（經十一八）冬，十有二月，公會宋公於闞。

(Classic 11:8) In winter, the twelfth month, Duke Huan met the Duke of Song at Kan.

春，正月。

Spring, first month.

（經十二二）夏，六月壬寅，公會紀侯、莒子，盟於毆蛇。

(Classic 12:2) In summer, the sixth month, renyin day, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Ji and the Viscount of Ju and made a covenant at Oushe.

（經十二三）秋，七月丁亥，公會宋公、燕人，盟於谷丘。

(Classic 12:3) In autumn, the seventh month, dinghai day, Duke Huan met the Duke of Song and the people of Yan and made a covenant at Guqiu.

（經十二四）八月，壬辰，陳侯躍卒。公會宋公於郯。

(Classic 12:4) In the eighth month, renchen day, Yue, Marquis of Chen, died. Duke Huan met the Duke of Song at Tan.

（經十二五）冬，十有一月，公會宋公於龜。丙戌，公會鄭伯，盟於武父。

(Classic 12:5) In winter, the eleventh month, Duke Huan met the Duke of Song at Gui. On bingxu day, Duke Huan met the Earl of Zheng and made a covenant at Wufu.

（經十二六）丙戌，衛侯晉卒。

(Classic 12:6) On bingxu day, Jin, Marquis of Wei, died.

（經十二六）十有二月，及鄭師伐宋。丁未，戰於宋。

(Classic 12:6) In the twelfth month, with the army of Zheng, he attacked Song. On dingwei day, they fought in Song.

（傳）戰不言伐，此其言伐何？闢嫌也。惡乎嫌？嫌與鄭人戰也。此偏戰也，何以不言師敗績？內不言戰，言戰乃敗矣！

(Commentary) When fighting, it is not written "attacked"; why is "attacked" written here? To avoid suspicion. Suspicion of what? Of fighting against the people of Zheng. This was a battle fought at an agreed time, so why is it not written "the army was defeated"? For Lu's own affairs, "fought" is not written, and once "fought" is written it is already a defeat!

春，二月，公會紀侯、鄭伯。己巳，及齊侯、宋公、衛侯、燕人戰，齊師、宋師、衛師、燕師敗績。

Spring, second month. Duke Huan met the Marquis of Ji and the Earl of Zheng. On jisi day, he fought with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei and the people of Yan, and the armies of Qi, Song, Wei and Yan were utterly defeated.

（傳）曷為後日？恃外也。其恃外奈何？得紀侯、鄭伯，然後能為日也。內不言戰，此其言戰何？從外也。曷為從外？恃外故從外也。何以不地？近也。惡乎近？近乎圍。郎亦近矣，郎何以地？郎猶可以地也。

(Commentary) Why is the date placed afterward? Because he relied on outside help. How did he rely on outside help? Only after obtaining the Marquis of Ji and the Earl of Zheng could the date be agreed. For Lu's own affairs "fought" is not written; why is "fought" written here? It follows the outside. Why follow the outside? Because he relied on the outside, he follows the outside in the wording. Why is the place not recorded? Because it was near. How near? So near as to be like a siege. Lang was also near, so why is Lang's place recorded? Lang can still be recorded as a place.

（經十三二）三月，葬衛宣公。

(Classic 13:2) In the third month, Duke Xuan of Wei was buried.

（經十三三）夏，大水。

(Classic 13:3) In summer, there was a great flood.

（經十三四）秋，七月。

(Classic 13:4) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經十三五）冬，十月。

(Classic 13:5) In winter, the tenth month.

春，正月，公會鄭伯於曹。

Spring, first month. Duke Huan met the Earl of Zheng at Cao.

（經十四二）無冰。

(Classic 14:2) There was no ice.

（傳）何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly.

（經十四三）夏，五。鄭伯使其弟語來盟。

(Classic 14:3) In summer, the fifth month. The Earl of Zheng sent his younger brother Yu to make a covenant.

（傳）夏五者何？無聞焉爾。

(Commentary) What does "summer, five" mean? I have not heard.

（經十四四）秋，八月壬申，御廩災。

(Classic 14:4) In autumn, the eighth month, renshen day, the imperial granary caught fire.

（傳）御廩者何？粢盛委之所藏也。御廩災，何以書？記災也。

(Commentary) What is the imperial granary? It is the place where grain for sacrifices is stored. Why is the fire at the imperial granary recorded? To record a calamity.

（經十四五）乙亥，嘗。

(Classic 14:5) On yihai day, the autumn Chang sacrifice was held.

（傳）常事不書，此何以書？譏。何譏爾？譏嘗也。曰：猶嘗乎！御廩災，不如勿嘗而已矣！

(Commentary) Ordinary matters are not recorded; why is this recorded? As a criticism. Criticizing what? Criticizing that they still held the Chang sacrifice. It is as if to say: still performing the sacrifice! The imperial granary has burned; better simply not to hold the Chang sacrifice at all!

（經十四六）冬，十有二月丁巳，齊侯祿父卒。

(Classic 14:6) In winter, the twelfth month, dingsi day, Lufu, Marquis of Qi, died.

（經十四七）宋人以齊人、衛人、蔡人、陳人伐鄭。以者何？行其意也。

(Classic 14:7) The people of Song, taking with them the people of Qi, Wei, Cai and Chen, attacked Zheng. What does "taking" mean? It means carrying out Song's own intention.

春，二月，天王使家父來求車。

Spring, second month. The Son of Heaven of Zhou sent Jiafu to ask for carriages.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？王者無求；求車，非禮也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? As a criticism. Criticizing what? A true king should not ask from others; asking for carriages was contrary to ritual.

（經十五二）三月乙未，天王崩。

(Classic 15:2) In the third month, yiwei day, the Son of Heaven died.

（經十五三）夏，四月己巳，葬齊僖公。

(Classic 15:3) In summer, the fourth month, jisi day, Duke Xi of Qi was buried.

（經十五四）五月，鄭伯突出奔蔡。

(Classic 15:4) In the fifth month, Tu, Earl of Zheng, fled to Cai.

（傳）突何以名？奪正也。

(Commentary) Why is Tu called by name? Because he had seized the rightful position.

（經十五五）鄭世子忽復歸於鄭。

(Classic 15:5) Hu, heir of Zheng, returned again to Zheng.

（傳）其稱世子何？復正也。曷為或言歸？或言復歸？復歸者，出惡，歸無惡；復入者，出無惡，入有惡。入者，出入惡。歸者，出入無惡。

(Commentary) He is called "heir"; why? It restores his rightful position. Why is it sometimes written "returned" and sometimes "returned again"? "Returned again" is when there was evil in leaving and none in coming back; "entered again" is when there was no evil in leaving and evil in entering; "entered" is when there was evil in both leaving and entering; "returned" is when there was no evil in either leaving or entering.

（經十五六）許叔入於許。公會齊侯於鄗。邾婁人、牟人、葛人來朝。

(Classic 15:6) Shu of Xu entered Xu. Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Hao. The people of Zhulou, Mou and Ge came to court.

（傳）皆何以稱人？夷狄之也。

(Commentary) Why are all three called "people"? They were treated as barbarians.

（經十五七）秋，九月，鄭伯突入於櫟。

(Classic 15:7) In autumn, the ninth month, Tu, Earl of Zheng, entered Li.

（傳）櫟者何？鄭之邑。曷為不言入於鄭？末言爾。曷為末言爾？祭仲亡矣。然則曷為不言忽之出奔？言忽為君之微也。祭仲存則存矣，祭仲亡則亡矣！

(Commentary) What was Li? It was a city of Zheng. Why is it not written "entered Zheng"? It was not yet time to say it so. Why was it not yet time to say it so? Ji Zhong was already gone. Then why is Hu's flight not written? To show how weak Hu was as a ruler. When Ji Zhong was there, he was there; when Ji Zhong was not there, he was no longer there!

（經十五八）冬，十有一月，公會齊侯、宋公、衛侯、陳侯於侈，伐鄭。

(Classic 15:8) In winter, the eleventh month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei and the Marquis of Chen at Chi and attacked Zheng.

春，正月，公會宋公、蔡侯、衛侯於曹。

Spring, first month. Duke Huan met the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Cai and the Marquis of Wei at Cao.

（經十六二）夏，四月，公會宋公、衛侯、陳侯、蔡侯伐鄭。

(Classic 16:2) In summer, the fourth month, Duke Huan joined the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Marquis of Chen and the Marquis of Cai in attacking Zheng.

（經十六三）秋，七月，公至自伐鄭。

(Classic 16:3) In autumn, the seventh month, Duke Huan returned from the army that attacked Zheng.

（經十六四）冬，城向。十有一月，衛侯朔出奔齊。

(Classic 16:4) In winter, Xiang was fortified. In the eleventh month, Shuo, Marquis of Wei, fled to Qi.

（傳）衛侯朔何以名？絕。曷為絕之？得罪於天子也。其得罪於天子奈何？見使守衛朔，而不能使衛小眾，越在岱陰齊。屬負茲舍，不即罪爾。

(Commentary) Why is Shuo, Marquis of Wei, called by name? To cut him off. Why cut him off? Because he offended the Son of Heaven. How did he offend the Son of Heaven? He was sent to guard and to attend the court on the first day of the month, but could not lead the few people of Wei; he fled to Qi north of Mount Tai, pretended illness and stayed there, and did not go to receive blame.

春，正月丙辰，公會齊侯、紀侯盟於黃。

Spring, first month, bingchen day. Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Ji and made a covenant at Huang.

（經十七二）二月丙午，公及邾婁儀父盟於趡。

(Classic 17:2) In the second month, bingwu day, Duke Huan made a covenant with Yifu of Zhulou at Zhui.

（經十七三）五月丙午，及齊師戰於奚。

(Classic 17:3) In the fifth month, bingwu day, he fought with the army of Qi at Xi.

（經十七四）六月丁丑，蔡侯封人卒。

(Classic 17:4) In the sixth month, dingchou day, Feng Ren, Marquis of Cai, died.

（經十七五）秋，八月，蔡季自陳歸於蔡。癸巳，葬蔡桓侯。及宋人、衛人伐邾婁。

(Classic 17:5) In autumn, the eighth month, Ji of Cai returned to Cai from Chen. On guisi day, Marquis Huan of Cai was buried. With the people of Song and Wei he attacked Zhulou.

（經十七六）冬，十月朔，日有食之。

(Classic 17:6) In winter, the tenth month, first day, there was a solar eclipse.

春，王正月，公會齊侯於濼。公與夫人姜氏遂如齊。

Spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar. Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Luo. Duke Huan then went to Qi with his wife, Lady Jiang.

（傳）公何以不言及夫人？夫人外也。夫人外者何？內辭也，其實夫人外公也。

(Commentary) Why is it not written "and his wife" with Duke Huan? Because the wife was outside. What does "the wife was outside" mean? This is Lu's own wording of concealment; in fact it was the wife who shut Duke Huan out.

（經十八二）夏，四月丙子，公薨於齊。丁酉，公之喪至自齊。

(Classic 18:2) In summer, the fourth month, bingzi day, Duke Huan died in Qi. On dingyou day, Duke Huan's coffin arrived from Qi.

（經十八三）秋，七月。

(Classic 18:3) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經十八四）冬，十有二月己丑，葬我君桓公。

(Classic 18:4) In winter, the twelfth month, jichou day, Duke Huan, ruler of our state of Lu, was buried.

（傳）賊未討，何以書葬？讎在外也。讎在外則何以書葬？君子辭也。

(Commentary) The villain had not yet been punished; why is the burial recorded? Because the enemy was abroad. If the enemy was abroad, why is the burial still recorded? This is the wording of the gentleman.

春，王正月。

Spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（傳）公何以不言即位？《春秋》君弒，子不言即位。君弒則子何以不言即位？隱之也。孰隱？隱子也。

(Commentary) Why is Duke Zhuang's "accession" not written? In the Spring and Autumn Annals, when a ruler is assassinated, the son's accession is not written. When a ruler is assassinated, why is the son's accession not written? Out of pity for him. Pity for whom? Pity for this son.

（經一二）三月，夫人孫於齊。

(Classic 1:2) In the third month, the wife fled to Qi.

（傳）孫者何？孫猶孫也。內諱奔謂之孫。夫人固在齊矣，其言孫於齊何？念母也。正月以存君，念母以首事。夫人何以不稱姜氏？貶。曷為貶？與弒公也。其與弒公奈何？夫人譖公於齊侯，公曰：「同非吾子，齊侯之子也。」齊侯怒，與之飲酒。於其出焉，使公子彭生送之。於其乘焉，搚幹而殺之。念母者，所善也，則曷為於其念母焉貶？不與念母也。

(Commentary) What does "sun" mean? "Sun" is like "xun," to withdraw. Lu conceals a flight on its own account, calling it "sun." The wife was already in Qi, so why is it written "withdrew to Qi"? It is to express longing for her mother. The first month preserves the ruler, and longing for his mother opens the conduct of affairs. Why is the wife not called Lady Jiang? It is a demotion. Why demote her? Because she took part in the assassination of Duke Huan. How did she take part in the assassination of Duke Huan? The wife slandered Duke Huan before the Marquis of Qi, and Duke Huan said: "Tong is not my son; he is the son of the Marquis of Qi." The Marquis of Qi was angry and drank with him. When he came out, he sent Prince Pengsheng to see him off. When he got into the carriage, Pengsheng broke his ribs and killed him. Longing for a mother is approved by the classic, so why demote her precisely at the point of longing for her mother? Because such longing for a mother is not approved.

（經一三）夏，單伯逆王姬。

(Classic 1:3) In summer, Shan Bo welcomed the royal princess in marriage.

（傳）單伯者何？吾大夫之命乎天子者也。何以不稱使？天子召而使之也。逆之者何？使我主之也。曷為使我主之？天子嫁女乎諸侯，必使諸侯同姓者主之。諸侯嫁女於大夫，必使大夫同姓者主之。

(Commentary) Who was Shan Bo? He was a grandee of our state of Lu commissioned by the Son of Heaven. Why is "sent" not written? The Son of Heaven summoned him and sent him. What does "welcomed her" mean? It means Lu was to preside. Why was Lu to preside? When the Son of Heaven marries a daughter to a lord, he must have a lord of the same surname preside; when a lord marries a daughter to a grandee, he must have a grandee of the same surname preside.

（經一四）築王姬之館於外。

(Classic 1:4) A lodge for the royal princess was built outside.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？築之，禮也；於外，非禮也。於外何以非禮？築於外，非禮也。其築之何以禮？主王姬者必為之改築。主王姬者曷為必為之改築？於路寢則不可，小寢則嫌，群公子之舍則以卑矣，其道必為之改築者也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? As a criticism. Criticizing what? Building the lodge accorded with ritual; building it outside did not. Why did building it outside not accord with ritual? Building it outside did not accord with ritual. Why then did building it accord with ritual? Whoever presides over the royal princess's marriage must build separately. Why must whoever presides over the royal princess's marriage build separately? Placing her in the main hall will not do, placing her in the small hall invites suspicion, and placing her in the dwellings of the princes is too lowly; by principle one must build separately.

（經一五）冬，十月乙亥，陳侯林卒。王使榮叔來錫桓公命。

(Classic 1:5) In winter, the tenth month, yihai day, Lin, Marquis of Chen, died. The Son of Heaven sent Rong Shu to bestow the charge on Duke Huan.

（傳）錫者何？賜也。命者何？加我服也。其言桓公何？追命也。

(Commentary) What does "bestow" mean? It means to grant. What does "charge" mean? It means adding robes to us. Why is he called "Duke Huan"? It was a charge bestowed posthumously.

（經一六）王姬歸於齊。

(Classic 1:6) The royal princess married into Qi.

（傳）何以書？我主之也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? Because Lu presided.

（經一七）齊師遷紀、郱、鄑、郚。

(Classic 1:7) The army of Qi moved Ping, Zi and Wu of Ji.

（傳）遷之者何？取之也。取之則曷為不言取之也？為襄公諱也。外取邑不書，此何以書？大之也。何大爾？自是始滅也。

(Commentary) What does "moved them" mean? It means seized. If it was seizing, why is "seized" not written? To conceal on behalf of Duke Xiang of Qi. Outside seizures of towns are not normally recorded; why is it recorded here? To make it large. Why make it large? The destruction of states began from here.

春，王二月，葬陳莊公。

Spring, the second month of the Zhou calendar. Duke Zhuang of Chen was buried.

（經二二）夏，公子慶父帥師伐於餘丘。

(Classic 2:2) In summer, Prince Qingfu led an army to attack Yuyuqiu.

（傳）於餘丘者何？邾婁之邑也。曷為不繫乎邾婁？國之也。曷為國之？君存焉爾。

(Commentary) What was Yuyuqiu? It was a city of Zhulou. Why is it not attached to Zhulou? It is treated as a state. Why is it treated as a state? Because it had a ruler there.

（經二三）秋，七月，齊王姬卒。

(Classic 2:3) In autumn, the seventh month, the royal princess of Qi died.

（傳）外夫人不卒，此何以卒？錄焉爾。曷為錄焉爾？我主之也。

(Commentary) The death of a wife of an outside ruler is not normally recorded; why is it recorded here? To record her. Why record her? Because Lu presided.

（經二四）冬，十有二月，夫人姜氏會齊侯於郜。乙酉，宋公馮卒。

(Classic 2:4) In winter, the twelfth month, Lady Jiang, wife of the duke, met the Marquis of Qi at Gao. On yiyou day, Feng, Duke of Song, died.

春，王正月，溺會齊師伐衛。

Spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar. Ni joined the army of Qi in attacking Wei.

（傳）溺者何？吾大夫之未命者也。

(Commentary) Who was Ni? He was a grandee of our state of Lu who had not yet received a commission.

（經三二）夏，四月，葬宋莊公。

(Classic 3:2) In summer, the fourth month, Duke Zhuang of Song was buried.

（經三三）葬桓王。

(Classic 3:3) King Huan was buried.

（傳）此未有言崩者，何以書葬？蓋改葬也。

(Commentary) Earlier "died" was not written; why is the burial recorded? Probably it was a reburial.

（經三四）秋，紀季以酅入於齊。

(Classic 3:4) In autumn, Ji Ji entered Qi with Xi.

（傳）紀季者何？紀侯之弟也。何以不名？賢也。何賢乎紀季？服罪也。其服罪奈何？魯子曰：「請後五廟以存姑姊妹。」

(Commentary) Who was Ji Ji? He was the younger brother of the Marquis of Ji. Why is he not called by name? Because he was worthy. In what way was Ji Ji worthy? He acknowledged guilt. How did he acknowledge guilt? Master Lu said: "He asked to keep five ancestral temples in order to preserve his aunts and sisters."

（經三五）冬，公次於郎。

(Classic 3:5) In winter, Duke Zhuang encamped at Lang.

（傳）其言公次於郎何？刺欲救紀而後不能也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "the duke encamped at Lang"? It mocks that he wished to rescue Ji but later could not do it.

春，王二月，夫人姜氏饗齊侯於祝丘。三月，紀伯姬卒。

Spring, the second month of the Zhou calendar. Lady Jiang, wife of the duke, feasted the Marquis of Qi at Zhuqiu. In the third month, Bo Ji of Ji died.

（經四二）夏，齊侯、陳侯、鄭伯遇於垂。

(Classic 4:2) In summer, the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Chen and the Earl of Zheng met at Chui.

（經四三）紀侯大去其國。

(Classic 4:3) The Marquis of Ji went far away from his state.

（傳）大去者何？滅也。孰滅之？齊滅之。曷為不言齊滅之？為襄公諱也。《春秋》為賢諱。何賢乎襄公？復讎也。何讎爾？遠祖也。哀公亨乎周，紀侯譖之。以襄公之為於此焉者，事祖禰之心盡矣。盡者何？襄公將復讎乎紀，卜之曰：「師喪分焉。寡人死之，不為不吉也。」遠祖者，幾世乎？九世矣。九世猶可以復讎乎？雖百世可也。家亦可乎？曰：不可。國何以可？國君一體也；先君之恥猶今君之恥也，今君之恥猶先君之恥也。國君何以為一體？國君以國為體，諸侯世，故國君為一體也。今紀無罪，此非怒與？曰：非也。古者有明天子，則紀侯必誅，必無紀者。紀侯之不誅，至今有紀者，猶無明天子也。古者諸侯必有會聚之事、相朝聘之道，號辭必稱先君以相接，然則齊、紀無說焉，不可以並立乎天下。故將去紀侯者，不得不去紀也。有明天子，則襄公得為若行乎？曰：不得也。不得則襄公曷為為之？上無天子，下無方伯，緣恩疾者可也。

(Commentary) What does "went far away" mean? It means perished. Who destroyed it? Qi destroyed it. Why is it not written that Qi destroyed it? To conceal on behalf of Duke Xiang. The Spring and Autumn Annals conceals for the worthy. In what way was Duke Xiang worthy? He avenged. What was the enmity? It was the enmity of a distant ancestor. Duke Ai was boiled alive in Zhou, because the Marquis of Ji slandered him. Judging from Duke Xiang's conduct in this matter, his heart in serving his ancestors had been fully carried out. What does "fully carried out" mean? Duke Xiang, about to avenge himself on Ji, divined, and the divination said: "The army will lose half." Duke Xiang said: "If I die for this, it would not be inauspicious." How many generations was the distant ancestor? Already nine. Can one still avenge after nine generations? Even after a hundred generations. Can a grandee's house too? The answer is: no. Why can a state? A ruler is one body; the shame of the former ruler is the shame of the present ruler, and the shame of the present ruler is the shame of the former ruler. Why is a ruler one body? A ruler takes the state as his body, and lords succeed one another through the generations, so the ruler is one body. Now Ji had no guilt; was this not transferring anger? The answer is: no. If in ancient times there had been a clear-sighted Son of Heaven, the Marquis of Ji would surely have been executed and there would have been no state of Ji. That the Marquis of Ji was not executed and there is still a state of Ji today is precisely because there was no clear-sighted Son of Heaven. In ancient times lords must have gatherings and the principle of mutual court visits, and the formal wording must refer to the former ruler to interact, and then Qi and Ji had no words that could agree, and could not stand together under Heaven. So to remove the Marquis of Ji, one could not but remove the state of Ji. If there had been a clear-sighted Son of Heaven, could Duke Xiang still have done such a thing? The answer is: no. If not, why did Duke Xiang do it? There was no Son of Heaven above and no hegemon below; to act according to grace and enmity was permissible.

（經四四）六月乙丑，齊侯葬紀伯姬。

(Classic 4:4) In the sixth month, yichou day, the Marquis of Qi buried Bo Ji of Ji.

（傳）外夫人不書葬，此何以書？隱之也。何隱爾？其國亡矣，徒葬於齊爾。此復讎也，曷為葬之？滅其可滅，葬其可葬。此其為可葬奈何？復讎者非將殺之，逐之也。以為雖遇紀侯之殯，亦將葬之也。

(Commentary) The burial of the wife of an outside ruler is not recorded; why is it recorded here? Out of pity for her. Pity for what? Her state was destroyed and she was merely buried in Qi. This was revenge, so why bury her? What should be destroyed is destroyed, and what should be buried is buried. How should it be buried? The avenger did not mean to kill her but to drive them out. It was thought that even if he had met the funeral of the Marquis of Ji, he would still have buried him.

（經四五）秋，七月。

(Classic 4:5) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經四六）冬，公及齊人狩於郜。

(Classic 4:6) In winter, Duke Zhuang hunted at Gao with the people of Qi.

（傳）公曷為與微者狩？齊侯也。齊侯則其稱人何？諱與讎狩也。前此者有事矣，後此者有事矣，則曷為讀於此焉譏？於讎者將壹譏而已，故擇其重者而譏焉，莫重乎其與讎狩也。於讎者則曷為將壹譏而已？讎者無時，焉可與通；通則為大譏，不可勝譏，故將壹譏而已，其餘從同。

(Commentary) Why did Duke Zhuang hunt with someone of low rank? The other was in fact the Marquis of Qi. If it was the Marquis of Qi, why is he called "people"? To conceal hunting with an enemy. There were affairs before this and affairs after this too, so why is it read as a criticism precisely here? Toward an enemy, only one criticism is prepared, so the weightiest is chosen to criticize, and nothing is weightier than hunting with an enemy. Why is only one criticism made toward an enemy? An enemy has no time at which one may associate with him; to associate with him at all is a great criticism, and since the criticism would never be finished, only one is prepared and the rest follow this one by analogy.

春，王正月。

Spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經五二）夏，夫人姜氏如齊師。

(Classic 5:2) In summer, Lady Jiang, wife of the duke, went to the army of Qi.

（經五三）秋，倪黎來來朝。

(Classic 5:3) In autumn, Ni Lilai came to court.

（傳）倪者何？小邾婁也。小邾婁則曷為謂之倪？未能以其名通也。黎來者何？名也。其名何？微國也。

(Commentary) What was Ni? It was Little Zhulou. If it was Little Zhulou, why is it called Ni? Because its title could not yet be used. What was Lilai? A personal name. Why is his name used? Because it was a small state.

（經五四）冬，公會齊人、宋人、陳人、蔡人，伐衛。

(Classic 5:4) In winter, Duke Zhuang joined the people of Qi, Song, Chen and Cai in attacking Wei.

（傳）此伐衛何？納朔也。曷為不言納衛侯朔？闢王也。

(Commentary) What was this attack on Wei for? It was to put Shuo back in. Why is it not written "restored Shuo, Marquis of Wei"? To avoid the Son of Heaven.

春，王三月，王人子突救衛。

Spring, the third month of the Zhou calendar. Zitu, a man of the king, rescued Wei.

（傳）王人者何？微者也。子突者何？貴也。貴則其稱人何？系諸人也。曷為系諸人？王人耳。

(Commentary) Who was the "man of the king"? A man of low rank. What was Zitu? He was noble. If he was noble, why is he called "man"? He is attached to "man." Why is he attached to "man"? Because he was merely the king's man.

（經六二）夏，六月，衛侯朔入於衛。

(Classic 6:2) In summer, the sixth month, Shuo, Marquis of Wei, entered Wei.

（傳）衛侯朔何以名？絕。曷為絕之？犯命也。其言入何？篡辭也。

(Commentary) Why is Shuo, Marquis of Wei, called by name? To cut him off. Why cut him off? Because he violated the command. Why is it written "entered"? It is the wording for usurpation.

（經六三）秋，公至自伐衛。

(Classic 6:3) In autumn, Duke Zhuang returned from the army that attacked Wei.

（傳）曷為或言致會？或言致伐？得意致會，不得意致伐。衛侯朔入於衛，何以致伐？不敢勝天子也。

(Commentary) Why is it sometimes written "returned from a meeting" and sometimes "returned from a campaign"? When satisfied, it is written "returned from a meeting"; when not satisfied, "returned from a campaign." Shuo, Marquis of Wei, had entered Wei, so why is it still written "returned from a campaign"? Because they did not dare say they had prevailed over the Son of Heaven.

（經六四）螟。

(Classic 6:4) Stem-borer insects caused damage.

（經六五）冬，齊人來歸衛寶。

(Classic 6:5) In winter, the people of Qi came to return the treasure vessels of Wei.

（傳）此衛寶也，則齊人曷為來歸之？衛人歸之也。衛人歸之，則其稱齊人何？讓乎我也。其讓乎我奈何？齊侯曰：「此非寡人之力，魯侯之力也。」

(Commentary) These were Wei's treasure vessels, so why did the people of Qi return them? In fact the people of Wei returned them. If the people of Wei returned them, why is it said the people of Qi? To defer to our state of Lu. How did they defer to our state of Lu? The Marquis of Qi said: "This is not my strength; it is the strength of the Marquis of Lu."

春，夫人姜氏會齊侯於防。

Spring, Lady Jiang, wife of the duke, met the Marquis of Qi at Fang.

（經七二）夏，四月，辛卯夜，恆星不見，夜中星霣如雨。

(Classic 7:2) In summer, the fourth month, xinmao night, the fixed stars were not seen, and at midnight stars fell like rain.

（傳）恆星者何？列星也。列星不見，則何以知？夜之中星反也。如雨者何？如雨者非雨也。非雨則曷為謂之如雨？不修《春秋》曰：「雨星不及地尺而復。」君子修之曰：「星霣如雨。」何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What are fixed stars? They are the ranked stars. If the ranked stars were not seen, how do we know it was midnight? Because the stars came back afterward. What does "like rain" mean? Saying "like rain" means it was not rain. If it was not rain, why say "like rain"? The Spring and Autumn Annals before the gentleman revised it wrote: "The stars fell like rain, and when a foot above the ground returned." The gentleman revised it to: "The stars fell like rain." Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly.

（經七三）秋，大水。無麥、苗。

(Classic 7:3) In autumn, there was a great flood. There was no wheat and no seedlings.

（傳）無苗，則曷為先言無麥，而後言無苗？一災不書，待無麥，然後書無苗。何以書？記災也。

(Commentary) Of no seedlings, why is "no wheat" written first and then "no seedlings"? One calamity is not recorded, and only when there was no wheat was it then recorded that there were no seedlings. Why is it recorded? To record a calamity.

（經七四）冬，夫人姜氏會齊侯於谷。

(Classic 7:4) In winter, Lady Jiang, wife of the duke, met the Marquis of Qi at Gu.

春，王正月，師次於郎，以俟陳人、蔡人。

Spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar. The army was stationed at Lang, waiting for the people of Chen and Cai.

（傳）次不言俟，此其言俟何？托不得已也。

(Commentary) For encamping, "waited" is not written; why is "waited" written here? It is a pretext saying it could not be helped.

（經八二）甲午，祠兵。

(Classic 8:2) On jiawu day, the Ci troops ceremony was held.

（傳）祠兵者何？出曰祠兵，入曰振旅，其禮一也，皆習戰也。何言乎祠兵？為久也。曷為為久？吾將以甲午之日，然後祠兵於是。

(Commentary) What is the Ci troops ceremony? Going out is called Ci troops, and coming back is called Zhen lü; the ritual is the same, both are drills for battle. Why is "Ci troops" written? Because it dragged on too long. Why did it drag on too long? We were going to wait until the jiawu day and only then hold the Ci troops ceremony here.

（經八三）夏，師及齊師圍成，成降於齊師。

(Classic 8:3) In summer, our army and the army of Qi besieged Cheng, and Cheng surrendered to the army of Qi.

（傳）成者何？盛也。盛則曷為謂之成？諱滅同姓也。曷為不言降吾師？闢之也。

(Commentary) What was Cheng? It was Sheng. If it was Sheng, why is it called Cheng? To conceal the destruction of a state of the same surname. Why is it not written that it surrendered to our army? To avoid that.

（經八四）秋，師還。

(Classic 8:4) In autumn, the army returned.

（傳）還者何？善辭也。此滅同姓何善爾？病之也，曰：師病矣！曷為病之？非師之罪也！

(Commentary) What does "returned" mean? It is a good wording. This was the destruction of a state of the same surname; what is good about it? It is grief, as if to say: the army is sick! Why grief? It was not the army's fault!

（經八五）冬，十有一月癸未，齊無知弒其君諸兒。

(Classic 8:5) In winter, the eleventh month, guiwei day, Wuzhi of Qi assassinated his ruler Zhu'er.

春，齊人殺無知。公及齊大夫盟於暨。

Spring, the people of Qi killed Wuzhi. Duke Zhuang made a covenant with the grandees of Qi at Ji.

（傳）公曷為與大夫盟？齊無君也。然則何以不名？其諱與大夫盟也，使若眾然。

(Commentary) Why did Duke Zhuang make a covenant with grandees? Because Qi had no ruler. Then why is he not called by name? To conceal covenanting with grandees, written as if it were an oath with the multitude.

（經九二）夏，公伐齊納糾。

(Classic 9:2) In summer, Duke Zhuang attacked Qi to put Jiu in.

（傳）納者何？入辭也。其言伐之何？伐而言納者，猶不能納也。糾者何？公子糾也。何以不稱公子？君前臣名也。

(Commentary) What does "put in" mean? It is the wording for entering. Why is "attacked" written? Having attacked and also written "put in," it looks as if in the end he was not put in. Who was Jiu? He was Prince Jiu. Why is he not called prince? Before the ruler, a minister is called by name.

（經九三）齊小白入於齊。

(Classic 9:3) Xiaobai of Qi entered Qi.

（傳）曷為以國氏？當國也。其言入何？篡辭也。

(Commentary) Why is the state name used as his clan? Because he held the power of the state. Why is "entered" written? It is the wording for usurpation.

（經九四）秋，七月丁酉，葬齊襄公。

(Classic 9:4) In autumn, the seventh month, dingyou day, Duke Xiang of Qi was buried.

（經九五）八月庚申，及齊師戰於干時，我師敗績。

(Classic 9:5) In the eighth month, gengshen day, he fought with the army of Qi at Ganshi (Ganshi, a place name; the received text writes the first character with the Qian of Qiankun), and our army was utterly defeated.

（傳）內不言敗，此其言敗何？伐敗也。曷為伐敗？復讎也。此復讎乎大國，曷為使微者？公也。公則曷為不言公？不與公復讎也。曷為不與公復讎？復讎者在下也。

(Commentary) For Lu's own affairs "defeated" is not written; why is "defeated" written here? To make the defeat plain. Why make the defeat plain? Because this was revenge. This was revenge against a great state, so why was someone of low rank sent? In fact it was Duke Zhuang. If it was Duke Zhuang, why is "the duke" not written? The duke's way of taking revenge is not approved. Why not approved? Because the one who should take revenge was below.

（經九六）九月，齊人取子糾殺之。

(Classic 9:6) In the ninth month, the people of Qi took Zijiu away and killed him.

（傳）其言取之何？內辭也；脅我，使我殺之也。其稱子糾何？貴也。其貴奈何？宜為君者也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "took him"? It is Lu's own wording of concealment; the other side pressed us and made us kill him. He is called "Zijiu"; why? Because he was noble. How was he noble? He should have been ruler.

（經九七）冬，浚洙。

(Classic 9:7) In winter, the Zhu River was dredged.

（傳）洙者何？水也。浚之者何？深之也。曷為深之？畏齊也。曷為畏齊也？辭殺子糾也。

(Commentary) What was the Zhu? It was a river. What does "dredged it" mean? It means to dig it deeper. Why dig it deeper? Because of fear of Qi. Why fear Qi? To decline the matter of killing Zijiu.

春，王正月，公敗齊師於長勺。

Spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar. Duke Zhuang defeated the army of Qi at Changshao.

（經十二）二月，公侵宋。

(Classic 10:2) In the second month, Duke Zhuang invaded Song.

（傳）曷為或言侵？或言伐？粗者曰侵，精者曰伐。戰不言伐，圍不言戰，入不言圍，滅不言入--書其重者也。

(Commentary) Why is it sometimes written "invaded" and sometimes "attacked"? A rough one is called invasion; a detailed one is called attack. When fighting, "attack" is not written; when besieging, "fought" is not written; when entering, "besieged" is not written; when destroying, "entered" is not written; the heavier side is recorded.

（經十三）三月，宋人遷宿。

(Classic 10:3) In the third month, the people of Song moved Su.

（傳）遷之者何？不通也，以地遷之也。子沈子曰：「不通者，蓋因而臣之也。」

(Commentary) What does "moved it" mean? It means cutting it off and relocating it with land. Master Zi Shen said: "What is called cutting off was probably to take the chance to treat it as a vassal."

（經十四）夏，六月，齊師、宋師次於郎，公敗宋師於乘丘。

(Classic 10:4) In summer, the sixth month, the armies of Qi and Song encamped at Lang, and Duke Zhuang defeated the army of Song at Chengqiu.

（傳）其言次於郎何？伐也。伐則其言次何？齊與伐而不與戰，故言伐也。我能敗之，故言次也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "encamped at Lang"? In fact they came to attack. If it was an attack, why is "encamped" written? Qi took part in the attack but did not take part in the battle, so it is put from the side of attacking; we were able to defeat them, so "encamped" is written.

（經十五）秋，九月，荊敗蔡師於莘，以蔡侯獻舞歸。

(Classic 10:5) In autumn, the ninth month, Jing defeated the army of Cai at Shen and took Xianwu, Marquis of Cai, back with them.

（傳）荊者何？州名也。州不若國，國不若氏，氏不若人，人不若名，名不若字，字不若子。蔡侯獻舞何以名？絕。曷為絕之？獲也。曷為不言其獲？不與夷狄之獲中國也。

(Commentary) What was Jing? It was the name of a province. A province ranks below a state, a state below a clan, a clan below "people," "people" below a personal name, a personal name below a courtesy name, and a courtesy name below "zi." Why is Xianwu, Marquis of Cai, called by name? To cut him off. Why cut him off? Because he was captured. Why is the capture not written? Because the capture of a person of the central states by barbarians is not approved.

（經十六）冬，十月，齊師滅譚，譚子奔莒。

(Classic 10:6) In winter, the tenth month, the army of Qi destroyed Tan, and the Viscount of Tan fled to Ju.

（傳）何以不言出？國以滅矣，無所出也。

(Commentary) Why is "left" not written? The state was already destroyed, so there was nowhere to "leave."

春，王正月。

Spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經十一二）夏，五月戊寅，公敗宋師於鄑。

(Classic 11:2) In summer, the fifth month, wuyin day, Duke Zhuang defeated the army of Song at Zi.

（經十一三）秋，宋大水。

(Classic 11:3) In autumn, there was a great flood in Song.

（傳）何以書？記災也。外災不書，此何以書？及我也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record a calamity. Outside calamities are not normally recorded; why is it recorded here? Because it also reached our state of Lu.

（經十一四）冬，王姬歸於齊。

(Classic 11:4) In winter, the royal princess married into Qi.

（傳）何以書？過我也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? Because she passed through our state of Lu.

春，王三月，紀叔姬歸於酅。

Spring, the third month of the Zhou calendar. Shu Ji of Ji returned to Xi.

（傳）其言歸於酅何？隱之也。何隱爾？其國亡矣，徒歸於叔爾也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "returned to Xi"? Out of pity for her. Pity for what? Her state was destroyed and she merely returned to Shu.

（經十二二）夏，四月。

(Classic 12:2) In summer, the fourth month.

（經十二三）秋，八月甲午，宋萬弒其君接及其大夫仇牧。

(Classic 12:3) In autumn, the eighth month, jiawu day, Song Wan assassinated his ruler Jie and his grandee Chou Mu.

（傳）及者何？累也。弒君多矣，舍此無累者乎？孔父、荀息皆累也。舍孔父、荀息，無累者乎？曰：有。有則此何以書？賢也。何賢乎仇牧？仇牧可謂不畏強禦矣！其不畏強禦奈何？萬嘗與莊公戰，獲乎莊公；莊公歸，散舍諸宮中，數月，然後歸之。歸反為大夫於宋。與閔公博，婦人皆在側。萬曰：「甚矣，魯侯之淑，魯侯之美也！天下諸侯宜為君者，唯魯侯爾！」閔公矜此婦人，妒其言，顧曰：「此虜也！爾虜焉故，魯侯之美惡乎至？」萬怒，搏閔公，絕其脰。仇牧聞君弒，趨而至，遇之於門，手劍而叱之。萬闢殺仇牧，碎其首，齒著乎門闔。仇牧可謂不畏強禦矣！（經十二四）冬，十月，宋萬出奔陳。莊公（經十三一）十有三年

(Commentary) What does "and" mean? It means drawn in together. Assassinations of rulers were many; apart from this case were there none who were drawn in? Kong Fu and Xun Xi were both drawn in. Apart from Kong Fu and Xun Xi, were there no others? The answer is: there were. If there were, why is this one recorded? Because Chou Mu was worthy. In what way was Chou Mu worthy? Chou Mu can be said to have not feared the strong and violent! How did he not fear the strong and violent? Wan had once fought Duke Zhuang and was captured by Duke Zhuang; when Duke Zhuang returned, he kept him loose in the palace and released him after several months. After returning, he again served as a grandee in Song. While playing a board game with Duke Min, with women all around, Wan said: "How excellent, the goodness of the Marquis of Lu, how fine the Marquis of Lu! Of all the lords of the world fit to be a ruler, only the Marquis of Lu!" Duke Min wished to boast before these women, was jealous of these words, and turned and said: "This is a captive! You were a captive, so how does the Marquis of Lu's beauty come out of your mouth?" Wan was angry, seized Duke Min and wrung his neck. Chou Mu heard that the ruler had been assassinated, rushed there, met Wan at the gate, and rebuked him with sword in hand. Wan struck Chou Mu dead and smashed his head, his teeth embedded in the door leaf. Chou Mu can be said not to have feared the strong and violent! (Classic 12:4) In winter, the tenth month, Song Wan fled to Chen. Duke Zhuang (Classic 13:1) thirteenth year

春，齊侯、宋人、陳人、蔡人、邾婁人會於北杏。

Spring, the Marquis of Qi and the people of Song, Chen, Cai and Zhulou met at Beixing.

（經十三二）夏，六月，齊人滅遂。

(Classic 13:2) In summer, the sixth month, the people of Qi destroyed Sui.

（經十三三）秋，七月。

(Classic 13:3) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經十三四）冬，公會齊侯，盟於柯。

(Classic 13:4) In winter, Duke Zhuang met the Marquis of Qi and made a covenant at Ke.

（傳）何以不日？易也。其易奈何？桓之盟不日，其會不致，信之也。其不日何以始乎此？莊公將會乎桓，曹子進曰：「君之意何如？」莊公曰：「寡人之生，則不若死矣！」曹子曰：「然則君請當其君，臣請當其臣。」莊公曰：「諾。」於是會乎桓。莊公升壇，曹子手劍而從之。管子進曰：「君何求乎？」曹子曰：「城壞壓竟，君不圖與？」管子曰：「然則君將何求？」曹子曰：「願請汶陽之田。」管子顧曰：「君許諾。」桓公曰：「諾。」曹子請盟，桓公下與之盟。已盟，曹子摽劍而去之。要盟可犯，而桓公不欺；曹子可讎，而桓公不怨。桓公之信著乎天下，自柯之盟始焉。

(Commentary) Why is the date not recorded? Because it was easily come by. How easily? Duke Huan's covenants have no date recorded and his meetings do not write the return, out of trust in him. Why does the non-recording of dates begin from here? When Duke Zhuang was about to meet Duke Huan, Master Cao stepped forward and said: "What is Your Lordship's intention?" Duke Zhuang said: "For me, living is worse than dying!" Master Cao said: "Then please let Your Lordship deal with their ruler, and let me deal with their minister." Duke Zhuang said: "Good." So he met Duke Huan. Duke Zhuang went up onto the platform, and Master Cao followed holding a sword. Master Guan stepped forward and said: "What do you demand?" Master Cao said: "The city walls are ruined and the pressure reaches the borders; does Your Lordship not think of it?" Master Guan said: "Then what do you want?" Master Cao said: "We hope to get back the fields of Wenyang." Master Guan turned and said: "Your Lordship, agree." Duke Huan said: "Good." Master Cao asked to swear the covenant, and Duke Huan came down and swore it with him. When the covenant was done, Master Cao threw down his sword and left. A covenant under duress could have been violated, yet Duke Huan did not deceive; Master Cao could have been treated as an enemy, yet Duke Huan bore no grudge. Duke Huan's good faith was made known to the world, beginning from this covenant at Ke.

春，齊人、陳人、曹人伐宋。

Spring, the people of Qi, Chen and Cao attacked Song.

（經十四二）夏，單伯會伐宋。

(Classic 14:2) In summer, Shan Bo hurried to join the attack on Song.

（傳）其言會伐宋何？後會也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "joined in attacking Song"? Because he arrived late and joined afterward.

（經十四三）秋，七月，荊入蔡。

(Classic 14:3) In autumn, the seventh month, Jing entered Cai.

（經十四四）冬，單伯會齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯於鄄。

(Classic 14:4) In winter, Shan Bo met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Zheng at Juan.

春，齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯會於鄄。

Spring, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Zheng met at Juan.

（經十五二）夏，夫人姜氏如齊。

(Classic 15:2) In summer, Lady Jiang, wife of the duke, went to Qi.

（經十五三）秋，宋人、齊人、邾婁人伐兒。鄭人侵宋。

(Classic 15:3) In autumn, the people of Song, Qi and Zhulou attacked Ni. The people of Zheng invaded Song.

（經十五四）冬，十月。

(Classic 15:4) In winter, the tenth month.

春，王正月。

Spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經十六二）夏，宋人、齊人、衛人伐鄭。

(Classic 16:2) In summer, the people of Song, Qi and Wei attacked Zheng.

（經十六三）荊伐鄭。

(Classic 16:3) Jing attacked Zheng.

（經十六四）冬，十有二月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯、滑伯、滕子，同盟於幽。

(Classic 16:4) In winter, the twelfth month, Duke Zhuang joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Cao, the Earl of Hua and the Viscount of Teng in a joint covenant at You.

（傳）同盟者何？同欲也。

(Commentary) What does "joint covenant" mean? It means of the same intent.

（經十六五）邾婁子克卒。

(Classic 16:5) Ke, Viscount of Zhulou, died.

春，齊人執鄭瞻。

Spring, the people of Qi seized Zheng Zhan.

（傳）鄭瞻者何？鄭之微者也。此鄭之微者，何言乎齊人執之？書甚佞也。

(Commentary) Who was Zheng Zhan? He was a man of low rank of Zheng. Since he was a man of low rank of Zheng, why is it written that the people of Qi seized him? To record that he was extremely good at flattery.

（經十七二）夏，齊人瀸於遂。

(Classic 17:2) In summer, the people of Qi massacred at Sui.

（傳）瀸者何？瀸，積也，眾殺戍者也。

(Commentary) What does "massacred" mean? "Jian" means gathering together; it was the multitude killing the garrison.

（經十七三）秋，鄭瞻自齊逃來。

(Classic 17:3) In autumn, Zheng Zhan fled from Qi.

（傳）何以書？書甚佞也。曰：佞人來矣！佞人來矣！

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record that he was extremely good at flattery. It is as if to say: the flatterer has come! The flatterer has come!

（經十七四）冬，多糜。

(Classic 17:4) In winter, there were many deer.

（傳）何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly.

春，王三月，日有食之。

Spring, the third month of the Zhou calendar, there was a solar eclipse.

（經十八二）夏，公追戎於濟西。

(Classic 18:2) In summer, Duke Zhuang pursued the Rong to west of the Ji River.

（傳）此未有言伐者，其言追何？大其為中國追也。此未有伐中國者，則其言為中國追何？大其未至而豫御之也。其言於濟西何？大之也。

(Commentary) Earlier it was not written that anyone came to attack; why is "pursued" written? To make large his pursuit on behalf of the central states. Earlier no one had attacked the central states; why say on behalf of the central states? To make large that he guarded against them before they had arrived. Why is it written "west of the Ji"? That too is to make it large.

（經十八三）秋，有蜮。

(Classic 18:3) In autumn, there were water-sprites.

（傳）何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly.

（經十八四）冬，十月。

(Classic 18:4) In winter, the tenth month.

春，王正月。

Spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經十九二）夏，四月。

(Classic 19:2) In summer, the fourth month.

（經十九三）秋，公子結媵陳人之婦於鄄，遂及齊侯、宋公盟。

(Classic 19:3) In autumn, Prince Jie escorted the bride's attendants to Juan, for the new bride of a man of Chen, and then made a covenant with the Marquis of Qi and the Duke of Song.

（傳）媵者何？諸侯娶一國，則貳國往媵之，以侄娣從。侄者何？兄之子也。娣者何？弟也。諸侯壹聘九女，諸侯不再娶。媵不書，此何以書？為其有遂事書。大夫無遂事，此其言遂何？聘禮：大夫受命不受辭，出竟有可以安社稷、利國家者，則專之可也。

(Commentary) What does "attendants" mean? When a lord marries a woman of one state, two states send attendants, accompanied by her nieces and younger sisters. What is a niece? The daughter of an elder brother. What is a younger sister? A younger sister. A lord marries nine women in a single betrothal, and the lord does not marry again. Attendants are not normally recorded; why is it recorded here? Because he had an "independent action" it is recorded. A grandee has no "independent action"; why is "then" written here? By the rite of betrothal, a grandee receives the commission but not rigid wording, and once he has left the borders, if there is something that can secure the altars of the state and benefit the state, it is permissible for him to decide on his own.

（經十九四）夫人姜氏如莒。

(Classic 19:4) Lady Jiang, wife of the duke, went to Ju.

（經十九五）冬，齊人、宋人、陳人伐我西鄙。

(Classic 19:5) In winter, the people of Qi, Song and Chen attacked the western border of our state of Lu.

春，王二月，夫人姜氏如莒。

Spring, the second month of the Zhou calendar. Lady Jiang, wife of the duke, went to Ju.

（經二十二）夏，齊大災。

(Classic 20:2) In summer, there was a great calamity in Qi.

（傳）大災者何？大瘠也。大瘠者何？癘也。何以書？記災也。外災不書，此何以書？及我也。

(Commentary) What is a "great calamity"? It is a great epidemic. What is a "great wasting"? It is a plague. Why is it recorded? To record a calamity. Outside calamities are not normally recorded; why is it recorded here? Because it also reached our state of Lu.

（經二十三）秋，七月。

(Classic 20:3) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經二十四）冬，齊人伐戎。

(Classic 20:4) In winter, the people of Qi attacked the Rong.

春，王正月。

Spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經二一二）夏，五月辛酉，鄭伯突卒。

(Classic 21:2) In summer, the fifth month, xinyou day, Tu, Earl of Zheng, died.

（經二一三）秋，七月戊戌，夫人姜氏薨。

(Classic 21:3) In autumn, the seventh month, wuxu day, Lady Jiang, wife of the duke, died.

（經二一四）冬，十有二月，葬鄭厲公。

(Classic 21:4) In winter, the twelfth month, Duke Li of Zheng was buried.

春，王正月，肆大省。

Spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Si da sheng.

（傳）肆者何？跌也。大省者何？災省也。肆大省，何以書？譏。何譏爾？譏始忌省也。

(Commentary) What does "si" mean? It means to release and overstep. What is "da sheng"? It is reducing expenditure because of calamity. Why is "si da sheng" recorded? As a criticism. Criticizing what? Criticizing that from here on, reducing expenditure was taboo.

（經二二二）癸丑，葬我小君文姜。

(Classic 22:2) On guichou day, Wen Jiang, the lady of our state of Lu, was buried.

（傳）文姜者何？莊公之母也。

(Commentary) Who was Wen Jiang? She was Duke Zhuang's mother.

（經二二三）陳人殺其公子禦寇。

(Classic 22:3) The people of Chen killed their Prince Yukou.

（經二二四）夏，五月。

(Classic 22:4) In summer, the fifth month.

（經二二五）秋，七月丙申，及齊高傒盟於防。

(Classic 22:5) In autumn, the seventh month, bingshen day, he made a covenant with Gao Xi of Qi at Fang.

（傳）齊高傒者何？貴大夫也。曷為就吾微者而盟？公也。公則曷為不言公？諱與大夫盟也。

(Commentary) Who was Gao Xi of Qi? He was a noble grandee. Why did he accommodate a person of low rank of our state of Lu in a covenant? In fact it was Duke Zhuang. If it was Duke Zhuang, why is "the duke" not written? To conceal covenanting with a grandee.

（經二二六）冬，公如齊納幣。

(Classic 22:6) In winter, Duke Zhuang went to Qi to deliver betrothal gifts.

（傳）納幣不書，此何以書？譏。何譏爾？親納幣，非禮也。

(Commentary) Delivering betrothal gifts is not normally recorded; why is it recorded here? As a criticism. Criticizing what? Delivering betrothal gifts in person was contrary to ritual.

春，公至自齊。

Spring, Duke Zhuang returned from Qi.

（傳）桓之盟不日，其會不致，信之也；此之桓國何以致？危之也。何危爾？公一陳佗也。

(Commentary) Duke Huan's covenants have no date recorded and his meetings do not write the return, out of trust in him; this time, in going to Duke Huan's state, why is the return written? Out of concern for him. Concern about what? Duke Zhuang was like another Chen Tuo.

（經二三二）蔡叔來聘。

(Classic 23:2) Shu of Cai came on a diplomatic visit.

（經二三三）夏，公如齊觀社。

(Classic 23:3) In summer, Duke Zhuang went to Qi to observe the sacrifice at the altar of the soil.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？諸侯越竟觀社，非禮也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? As a criticism. Criticizing what? For a lord to cross the border to observe the sacrifice at the altar of the soil was contrary to ritual.

（經二三四）公至自齊。

(Classic 23:4) Duke Zhuang returned from Qi.

（經二三五）荊人來聘。

(Classic 23:5) The people of Jing came on a diplomatic visit.

（傳）荊何以稱人？始能聘也。

(Commentary) Why is Jing called "people"? Because it had begun to be able to make diplomatic visits.

（經二三六）公及齊侯遇於谷。蕭叔朝公。

(Classic 23:6) Duke Zhuang met the Marquis of Qi at Gu. Shu of Xiao paid court to Duke Zhuang.

（傳）其言朝公何？公在外也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "paid court to the duke"? Because Duke Zhuang was outside.

（經二三七）秋，丹桓宮楹。

(Classic 23:7) In autumn, the pillars of the temple of Duke Huan were painted red.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？丹桓宮楹，非禮也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? As a criticism. Criticizing what? Painting the pillars of Duke Huan's temple red was contrary to ritual.

（經二三八）冬，十有一月，曹伯射姑卒。

(Classic 23:8) In winter, the eleventh month, Shegu, Earl of Cao, died.

（經二三九）十有二月甲寅，公會齊侯盟於扈。

(Classic 23:9) In the twelfth month, jiayin day, Duke Zhuang met the Marquis of Qi and made a covenant at Hu.

（傳）桓之盟不日，此何以日？危之也。何危爾？我貳也。魯子曰：「我貳者，非彼然，我然也。」

(Commentary) Duke Huan's covenants have no date recorded; why is the date recorded here? Out of concern for him. Concern about what? Our state of Lu had a divided mind. Master Lu said: "What is called a divided mind is not on their side but on ours."

春，王三月，刻桓宮桷。

Spring, the third month of the Zhou calendar, the rafters of the temple of Duke Huan were carved.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？刻桓宮桷，非禮也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? As a criticism. Criticizing what? Carving the rafters of Duke Huan's temple was contrary to ritual.

（經二四二）葬曹莊公。

(Classic 24:2) Duke Zhuang of Cao was buried.

（經二四三）夏，公如齊逆女。

(Classic 24:3) In summer, Duke Zhuang went to Qi to welcome a bride.

（傳）何以書？親迎禮也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? Welcoming the bride in person accorded with ritual.

（經二四四）秋，公至自齊。八月丁丑，夫人姜氏入。

(Classic 24:4) In autumn, Duke Zhuang returned from Qi. In the eighth month, dingchou day, Lady Jiang, wife of the duke, entered.

（傳）其言入何？難也。其言日何？難也。其難奈何？夫人不僂不可使入；與公有所約，然後入。

(Commentary) Why is "entered" written? Because the matter was difficult. Why is the date recorded? Because the matter was difficult. How was it difficult? The wife was unwilling to yield and there was no way to make her enter; only after reaching an agreement with Duke Zhuang did she enter.

（經二四五）戊寅，大夫、宗婦覿用幣。

(Classic 24:5) On wuyin day, grandees and the wives of clan members came to be received, using silk.

（傳）宗婦者何？大夫之妻也。覿者何？見也。用者何？用者不宜用也；見用幣，非禮也。然則曷用？棗、栗云乎！腶、修云乎！

(Commentary) Who were the clan wives? They were the wives of grandees. What does "di" mean? It means to be received. What does "used" mean? Writing "used" shows it should not have been used; using silk when being received was contrary to ritual. Then what should be used? Jujubes and chestnuts, dried meat with ginger and cassia!

（經二四六）大水。

(Classic 24:6) There was a great flood.

（經二四七）冬，戎侵曹，曹羈出奔陳。

(Classic 24:7) In winter, the Rong invaded Cao, and Ji of Cao fled to Chen.

（傳）曹羈者何？曹大夫也。曹無大夫，此何以書？賢也。何賢乎曹羈？戎將侵曹，曹羈諫曰：「戎眾以無義，君請勿自敵也。」曹伯曰：「不可。」三諫，不從，遂去之，故君子以為得君臣之義也。

(Commentary) Who was Ji of Cao? He was a grandee of Cao. Cao had no grandees recorded; why is he recorded here? Because he was worthy. In what way was Ji of Cao worthy? When the Rong were about to invade Cao, Ji of Cao remonstrated: "The Rong are many and do not observe righteousness; I ask that Your Lordship not personally go to face them." The Earl of Cao said: "No." He remonstrated three times and was not heeded, and so he left; thus the gentleman considered that he had attained the righteousness of ruler and minister.

（經二四八）赤歸於曹郭公。

(Classic 24:8) Chi returned to Cao, and Duke of Guo.

（傳）赤者何？曹無赤者，蓋郭公也。郭公者何？失地之君也。

(Commentary) Who was Chi? Cao had none called Chi; probably he was the Duke of Guo. Who was the Duke of Guo? He was a ruler who had lost his land.

春，陳侯使女叔來聘。

Spring, the Marquis of Chen sent Nushu on a diplomatic visit.

（經二五二）夏，五月癸丑，衛侯朔卒。

(Classic 25:2) In summer, the fifth month, guichou day, Shuo, Marquis of Wei, died.

（經二五三）六月辛未朔，日有食之，鼓、用牲於社。

(Classic 25:3) In the sixth month, xinwei, first day, there was a solar eclipse; drums were beaten and an animal victim was used at the altar of the soil.

（傳）食之則曷為鼓、用牲於社？求乎陰之道也，以朱絲營社，或曰脅之，或曰闇之，恐人犯之，故營之。

(Commentary) Why were drums beaten and an animal used at the altar of the soil during a solar eclipse? This is a way of petitioning the yin, encircling the altar with red silk. Some say it was to coerce it, some that it was to shade it, fearing people would offend against it, so it was encircled.

（經二五四）伯姬歸於杞。

(Classic 25:4) Bo Ji married into Qi.

（經二五五）秋，大水，鼓、用牲於社於門。

(Classic 25:5) In autumn, there was a great flood, and drums were beaten and an animal used at the altar of the soil and at the gate.

（傳）其言於社於門何？於社，禮也；於門，非禮也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "at the altar and at the gate"? At the altar of the soil was in accordance with ritual; at the gate was not.

（經二五六）冬，公子友如陳。

(Classic 256) In winter, Prince You went to Chen.

春，公伐戎。

In spring, Duke Zhuang attacked the Rong.

（經二六二）夏，公至自伐戎。

(Classic 262) In summer, Duke Zhuang returned from the army that had attacked the Rong.

（經二六三）曹殺其大夫。

(Classic 263) Cao killed their grandee.

（傳）何以不名？眾也。曷為眾殺之？不死於曹君者也。君死乎位曰滅，曷為不言其滅？為曹羈諱也。此蓋戰也，何以不言戰？為曹羈諱也。

(Commentary) Why is the name not given? Because there were many. Why did the multitude kill him? Because they would not die for the ruler of Cao. When a ruler dies in his seat it is called "destroyed"; why is "destroyed" not written? It is to avoid mentioning it on behalf of Cao Ji. This was probably a battle; why is "battle" not written? That too is to avoid mentioning it on behalf of Cao Ji.

（經二六四）秋，公會宋人、齊人伐徐。

(Classic 264) In autumn, Duke Zhuang joined the men of Song and the men of Qi in attacking Xu.

（經二六五）冬，十有二月癸亥朔，日有食之。

(Classic 265) In winter, the twelfth month, on the first day, guihai, there was a solar eclipse.

春，公會齊伯姬於洮。

In spring, Duke Zhuang met Bo Ji of Qi at Tao.

（經二七二）夏，六月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、鄭伯，同盟於幽。

(Classic 272) In the sixth month of summer, Duke Zhuang joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen and the Earl of Zheng in a covenant at You.

（經二七三）秋，公子友如陳，葬原仲。

(Classic 273) In autumn, Prince You went to Chen to attend the funeral of Yuan Zhong.

（傳）原仲者何？陳大夫也。大夫不書葬，此何以書？通乎季子之私行也。何通乎季子之私行？闢內難也。君子闢內難而不闢外難。內難者何？公子慶父、公子牙、公子友皆莊公之母弟也。公子慶父、公子牙通乎夫人以脅公，季子起而治之，則不得與於國政，坐而視之則親親。因不忍見也，故於是復請至於陳，而葬原仲也。

(Commentary) Who was Yuan Zhong? A grandee of Chen. The burial of a grandee is not recorded; why is it recorded here? To open a path for Jizi's private journey. Why open a path for Jizi's private journey? To avoid the troubles within the state. A gentleman avoids troubles within the state but does not avoid troubles outside. What were the troubles within the state? Prince Qingfu, Prince Ya and Prince You were all full brothers of Duke Zhuang. Prince Qingfu and Prince Ya had a liaison with the Duke's wife and used it to coerce Duke Zhuang. If Jizi rose to deal with it, he could not take part in state affairs; if he sat and watched, he would be favoring his kin. Because he could not bear to watch, he again asked to go to Chen and bury Yuan Zhong.

（經二七四）冬，杞伯姬來。

(Classic 274) In winter, Bo Ji of Qi came.

（傳）其言來何？直來曰來，大歸曰來歸。

(Commentary) Why is "came" written? An ordinary return is called "came"; being sent back to her parents' home is called "came back in disgrace."

（經二七五）莒慶來逆叔姬。

(Classic 275) Qing of Ju came to meet Shu Ji as a bride.

（傳）莒慶者何？莒大夫也。莒無大夫，此何以書？譏。何譏爾？大夫越竟逆女，非禮也。

(Commentary) Who was Qing of Ju? A grandee of Ju. Ju has no grandees; why is he recorded here? It is criticism. What is criticized? A grandee crossing a border to marry a woman is improper.

（經二七六）杞伯來朝。

(Classic 276) The Earl of Qi came to court.

（經二七七）公會齊侯於城濮。

(Classic 277) Duke Zhuang met the Marquis of Qi at Chengpu.

春，王三月甲寅，齊人伐衛，衛人及齊人戰，衛人敗績。

In spring, the third month of the Zhou calendar, jiayin, the men of Qi attacked Wei, and the men of Wei fought the men of Qi, and the men of Wei were greatly defeated.

（傳）伐不日，此何以日？至之日也。戰不言伐，此其言伐何？至之日也。《春秋》伐者為客，伐者為主，故使衛主之也。曷為使衛主之？衛未有罪爾。敗者稱師，衛何以不稱師？未得乎師也。

(Commentary) An attack is not recorded by day; why is the day recorded here? It is the day of arrival. A battle does not use the word "attack"; here "attack" is written; why? It too is the day of arrival. In the Spring and Autumn Annals the attacker is the guest and the attacked is the host, so Wei is made the host. Why is Wei made the host? Because Wei had no fault. The defeated side is called "army"; why is Wei not called "army"? Because it had not yet formed an army.

（經二八二）夏，四月丁未，邾婁子瑣卒。

(Classic 282) In summer, the fourth month, dingwei, Suo, Viscount of Zhulou, died.

（經二八三）秋，荊伐鄭，公會齊人、宋人、邾婁人救鄭。

(Classic 283) In autumn, Jing attacked Zheng, and Duke Zhuang joined the men of Qi, Song and Zhulou in rescuing Zheng.

（經二八四）冬，築微。大無麥、禾。

(Classic 284) In winter, Wei was built. Wheat and millet were gravely lacking.

（傳）既見無麥、禾矣，曷為先言築微，而後言無麥、禾？諱以凶年造邑也。

(Commentary) It was already seen that there was no wheat or millet; why is "building Wei" written first and "no wheat or millet" after? It is to avoid mentioning building a town in a famine year.

（經二八五）臧孫辰告糴於齊。

(Classic 285) Zang Sunchen asked Qi to sell grain.

（傳）告糴者何？請糴也。何以不稱使？以為臧孫辰之私行也。曷為以為臧孫辰之私行？君子之為國也，必有三年之委；一年不熟，告糴，譏也。

(Commentary) What does "asking to buy grain" mean? It means requesting to purchase grain. Why is "sent" not written? It treats this as Zang Sunchen's private act. Why treat it as private? A gentleman governing a state must have three years of reserves; to ask to buy grain after one bad harvest is criticism.

春，新延廄。

In spring, the Yan stables were renovated.

（傳）新延廄者何？修舊也。修舊不書，此何以書？譏。何譏爾？凶年不修。

(Commentary) What does "renovating the Yan stables" mean? It means repairing the old. Repairing the old is normally not recorded; why is it recorded here? It is criticism. What is criticized? It should not be repaired in a famine year.

（經二九二）夏，鄭人侵許。

(Classic 292) In summer, the men of Zheng invaded Xu.

（經二九三）秋，有蜚。

(Classic 293) In autumn, there were fei insects.

（傳）何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It records an anomaly.

（經二九四）冬，十有二月，紀叔姬卒。

(Classic 294) In winter, the twelfth month, Shu Ji of Ji died.

（經二九五）城諸及防。

(Classic 295) Zhu and Fang were fortified.

春，王正月。（經三十二）夏，師次於成。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar. (Classic 32) In summer, the army was stationed at Cheng.

（經三十三）秋，七月，齊人降鄣。

(Classic 33) In autumn, the seventh month, the men of Qi made Zhang surrender.

（傳）鄣者何？紀之遺邑也。降之者何？取之也。取之則曷為不言取之？為桓公諱也。外取邑不書，此何以書？盡也。

(Commentary) What is Zhang? The remaining city of Ji. What does "made it surrender" mean? It means seizing it. If it was seizing, why is "seized" not written? It is to avoid mentioning it on behalf of Duke Huan. Seizing a city abroad is normally not recorded; why is it recorded here? Because it was taken in its entirety.

（經三十四）八月癸亥，葬紀叔姬。

(Classic 34) In the eighth month, guihai, Shu Ji of Ji was buried.

（傳）外夫人不書葬，此何以書？隱之也。何隱爾？其國亡矣，徒葬乎叔爾。

(Commentary) The burial of a foreign wife is not recorded; why is it recorded here? To pity her. What is pitied? Her state had perished, and she was merely buried by Shu.

（經三十五）九月庚午朔，日有食之，鼓、用牲於社。

(Classic 35) In the ninth month, on the first day, gengwu, there was a solar eclipse; drums were beaten and an animal was offered at the altar of the soil.

（經三十六）冬，公及齊侯遇於魯濟。

(Classic 36) In winter, Duke Zhuang met the Marquis of Qi at Jiji in Lu.

（經三十七）齊人伐山戎。

(Classic 37) The men of Qi attacked the Shan Rong.

（傳）此齊侯也，其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？子司馬子曰：「蓋以操之為已蹙以矣！」此蓋戰也，何以不言戰？《春秋》敵者言戰，桓公之與戎狄，驅之爾。

(Commentary) This person was the Marquis of Qi; why is he called "man"? It is a demotion. Why demoted? Master Sima said: "Probably because he did the matter too hastily!" This was probably a battle; why is "battle" not written? In the Spring and Autumn Annals, "battle" is written only for equals; Duke Huan toward the Rong and Di only drove them away.

春，築臺於郎。

In spring, a high terrace was built at Lang.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？臨民之所漱浣也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It is criticism. What is criticized? Because it looks down on the place where the common people wash.

（經三一二）夏，四月，薛伯卒。

(Classic 312) In summer, the fourth month, the Earl of Xue died.

（經三一三）築臺於薛。

(Classic 313) A high terrace was built at Xue.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？遠也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It is criticism. What is criticized? Because it was too far away.

（經三一四）六月，齊侯來獻戎捷。

(Classic 314) In the sixth month, the Marquis of Qi came to present the captives and spoils of the Rong.

（傳）齊，大國也，曷為親來獻戎捷？威我也。其威我奈何？旗獲而過我也。

(Commentary) Qi is a great state; why did he come in person to present the Rong spoils? To intimidate our Lu. How did he intimidate? He carried the captured banners and passed through Lu.

（經三一五）秋，築臺於秦。

(Classic 315) In autumn, a high terrace was built at Qin.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？臨國也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It is criticism. What is criticized? Because it looks down on another state.

（經三一六）冬，不雨。

(Classic 316) In winter, it did not rain.

（傳）何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It records an anomaly.

春，城小谷。

In spring, Xiaogu was fortified.

（經三二二）夏，宋公、齊侯遇於梁丘。

(Classic 322) In summer, the Duke of Song and the Marquis of Qi met at Liangqiu.

（經三二三）秋，七月癸巳，公子牙卒。

(Classic 323) In autumn, the seventh month, guisi, Prince Ya died.

（傳）何以不稱弟？殺也。殺則曷為不言刺？為季子諱殺也。曷為為季子諱殺？季子之遏惡也，不以為國獄，緣季子之心而為之諱。季子之遏惡奈何？莊公並將死，以病召季子，季子至而授之以國政，曰：「寡人即不起此病，吾將焉致乎魯國？」季子曰：「般也存，君何憂焉？」公曰：「庸得若是乎？牙謂我曰：『魯一生一及，君已知之矣。』慶父也存。」季子曰：「夫何敢？是將為亂乎！夫何敢！」俄而，牙弒械成。季子和藥而飲之，曰：「公子從吾言而飲此，則必可以無為天下戮笑，必有後乎魯國。不從吾言而不飲此，則必為天下戮笑，必無後乎魯國。」於是從其言而飲之，飲之無傫氏，至乎王堤而死。公子牙今將爾，辭曷為與親弒者同？君親無將，將而誅焉。然則善之與？曰：然。殺世子母弟，直稱君者，甚之也。季子殺母兄，何善爾？誅不得闢兄，君臣之義也。然則曷為不直誅，而酖之？行諸乎兄，隱而逃之，使托若以疾死然，親親之道也。

(Commentary) Why is he not called a brother? Because he was killed. Why is "executed" not written for one who was killed? It avoids mentioning the killing on behalf of Jizi. Why avoid mentioning the killing on behalf of Jizi? Jizi checked the crime and did not treat it as a case of the state; following Jizi's intention, it is concealed for him. How did Jizi check the crime? When Duke Zhuang was about to die, he summoned Jizi while ill, and when Jizi arrived he entrusted state affairs to him, saying: "If I cannot rise from this illness, to whom shall I entrust Lu?" Jizi said: "Ban is still here; what does Your Lordship worry about?" Duke Zhuang said: "How can that be? Ya told me: 'Lu passes to a son in one generation and to a brother in the next; Your Lordship already knows this.' Qingfu is also still here." Jizi said: "How dare he? Is this to make disorder! How dare he!" Before long Ya's arrangements to murder the ruler were complete. Jizi prepared a drug and gave it to him to drink, saying: "Prince, if you listen to me and drink this, you will not be killed and mocked by the world, and you will surely have descendants in Lu. If you do not listen to me and do not drink this, you will surely be killed and mocked by the world, and you will surely have no descendants in Lu." So he listened to him and drank it, and after drinking it he went to Wulei's house, and reached Wangdi and died. Prince Ya was at this point only about to do it; why is the wording the same as for one who killed the ruler with his own hands? Regarding the ruler and closest kin there is no "about to"; to be about to is to be executed. Then is this approval of him? The answer: yes. In killing a crown prince or full brother, naming the ruler directly makes the matter heavy. What is good about Jizi killing his full brother? In punishment one cannot avoid one's elder brother; this is the righteousness of ruler and minister. Then why not execute him directly but use poisoned wine? Because it was done to an elder brother, one must conceal and avoid it, letting people ascribe it to illness, which is the principle of favoring one's kin.

（經三二四）八月癸亥，公薨於路寢。

(Classic 324) In the eighth month, guihai, Duke Zhuang died in the Lu Chamber.

（傳）路寢者何？正寢也。

(Commentary) What is the Lu Chamber? It is the proper chamber.

（經三二五）冬，十月乙未，子般卒。

(Classic 325) In winter, the tenth month, yiwei, Zi Ban died.

（傳）子卒雲子卒，此其稱子般卒何？君存稱世子，君薨稱子某，既葬稱子，逾年稱公。子般卒，何以不書葬？未逾年之君也。有子則廟，廟則書葬；無子不廟，不廟則不書葬。

(Commentary) When a ruler's son dies it is normally written "the son died"; why is it written here "Zi Ban died"? When the ruler is alive he is called heir; when the ruler has died he is called Zi so-and-so; after burial he is called Zi; after the year turns, he is called Duke. Why is Zi Ban's burial not recorded? Because he was a ruler who had not yet passed the year. If one has a son one sets up a temple, and setting up a temple means recording the burial; if one has no son one does not set up a temple, and without a temple the burial is not recorded.

（經三二六）公子慶父如齊。狄伐邢。

(Classic 326) Prince Qingfu went to Qi. The Di attacked Xing.

春，王正月。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（傳）公何以不言即位？繼弒君不言即位。孰繼？繼子般也。孰弒子般？慶父也。殺公子牙，今將爾，季子不免。慶父弒君，何以不誅？將而不免遏惡也。既而不可及，因獄有所歸，不探其情而誅焉，親親之道也。惡乎歸獄？歸獄僕人鄧扈樂。曷為歸獄僕人鄧扈樂？莊公存之時，樂曾淫於宮中，子般執而鞭之。莊公死，慶父謂樂曰：「般之辱爾，國人莫不知，盍弒之矣？」使弒子般，然後誅鄧扈樂而歸獄焉，季子至而不變也。

(Commentary) Why is Duke Min's "accession" not written? Following a ruler who was murdered, accession is not written. Whom did he follow? Zi Ban. Who murdered Zi Ban? Qingfu. When Prince Ya was killed, he was only about to do it, and Jizi did not let him off. Qingfu murdered the ruler; why was he not executed? Not letting off one who was about to act is checking the crime; once it was accomplished it was too late, so the guilt was given a place, and without investigating the facts they proceeded accordingly; this is the principle of favoring one's kin. Where did the guilt fall? On the servant Deng Hu Le. Why on the servant Deng Hu Le? While Duke Zhuang was still alive, Le had once been licentious in the palace, and Zi Ban caught him and whipped him. When Duke Zhuang died, Qingfu said to Le: "Ban humiliated you, and there is none in the state who does not know it; why not murder him?" He made him kill Zi Ban, and then executed Deng Hu Le and attributed the crime to him. When Jizi arrived, he too did not change this account.

（經一二）齊人救邢。夏，六月辛酉，葬我君莊公。

(Classic 12) The men of Qi rescued Xing. In summer, the sixth month, xinyou, our ruler Duke Zhuang was buried.

（經一三）秋，八月，公及齊侯盟於洛姑。季子來歸。

(Classic 13) In autumn, the eighth month, Duke Min made a covenant with the Marquis of Qi at Luogu. Jizi returned.

（傳）其稱季子何？賢也。其言來歸何？喜之也。

(Commentary) Why is he called "Jizi"? Because he was worthy. Why is "came back" written? It expresses delight in him.

（經一四）冬，齊仲孫來。

(Classic 14) In winter, Zhongsun of Qi came.

（傳）齊仲孫者何？公子慶父也。公子慶父，則曷為謂之齊仲孫？系之齊也。曷為系之齊？外之也。曷為外之？春秋為尊者諱，為親者諱，為賢者諱。子女子曰：「以『春秋』為《春秋》，齊無仲孫，其諸吾仲孫與？」

(Commentary) Who was Zhongsun of Qi? Prince Qingfu. Since he was Prince Qingfu, why is he called Zhongsun of Qi? It attaches him to Qi. Why attach him to Qi? It treats him as an outsider. Why treat him as an outsider? The Spring and Autumn Annals conceals for the honored, conceals for kin, and conceals for the worthy. Master Zinü said: "Looking at the Spring and Autumn Annals by the Annals' own method, Qi has no Zhongsun; he is probably our own Zhongsun, is he not?"

春，王正月，齊人遷陽。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, the men of Qi moved away Yang.

（經二二）夏，五月乙酉，吉禘於莊公。

(Classic 22) In summer, the fifth month, yiyou, an auspicious di sacrifice was held for Duke Zhuang.

（傳）其言吉何？言吉者，未可以吉也。曷為未可以吉？未三年也。三年矣，曷為謂之未三年？三年之喪，實以二十五月。其言於莊公何？未可以稱宮廟也。曷為未可以稱宮廟？在三年之中矣。吉禘於莊公，何以書？譏。何譏爾？譏始不三年也。

(Commentary) Why is "auspicious" written? Writing "auspicious" says it was not yet permissible to be auspicious. Why was it not yet permissible? Three years had not been completed. It had already been three years; why is it said not yet complete? The three-year mourning is in fact twenty-five months. Why is "to Duke Zhuang" written? Because it was not yet permissible to call it the palace temple. Why not yet permissible to call it the palace temple? Because it was still within the three years. Why is the auspicious di sacrifice to Duke Zhuang recorded? It is criticism. What is criticized? It criticizes that from here the three years were not completed.

（經二三）秋，八月辛丑，公薨。

(Classic 23) In autumn, the eighth month, xinchou, Duke Min died.

（傳）公薨何以不地？隱之也。何隱爾？弒也。孰弒之？慶父也。殺公子牙，今將爾，季子不免。慶父弒二君，何以不誅？將而不免，遏惡也；既而不可及，緩追逸賊，親親之道也。

(Commentary) Why is the place of Duke Min's death not recorded? To pity him. What is pitied? He was murdered. Who murdered him? Qingfu. When Prince Ya was killed, he was only about to do it, and Jizi did not let him off. Qingfu murdered two rulers; why was he not executed? Not letting off one who was about to act is checking the crime; once it was accomplished it was too late, and so he slowed the pursuit and let the fugitive escape, which is the principle of favoring one's kin.

（經二四）九月，夫人姜氏孫於邾婁。

(Classic 24) In the ninth month, the lady Jiang fled to Zhulou.

（經二五）公子慶父出奔莒。

(Classic 25) Prince Qingfu fled to Ju.

（經二六）冬，齊高子來盟。

(Classic 26) In winter, Gaozi of Qi came to the covenant.

（傳）高子者何？齊大夫也。何以不稱使？我無君也。然則何以不名？喜之也。何喜爾？正我也。其正我奈何？莊公死，子般弒，閔公弒，比三君死，曠年無君。設以齊取魯，曾不興師，徒以言而已矣。桓公使高子將南陽之甲，立僖公而城魯，或曰自鹿門至於爭門者是也，或曰自爭門至於吏門者是也。魯人至今以為美談，曰：「猶望高子也。」

(Commentary) Who was Gaozi? A grandee of Qi. Why is "sent" not written? Because our Lu had no ruler. Then why is his name not given? It expresses delight in him. What is delighted in? He came to set Lu right. How did he set it right? Duke Zhuang died, Zi Ban was murdered, Duke Min was murdered, three rulers died one after another, and for a whole year there was no ruler. If Qi had wanted to take Lu, it would not even have needed to raise an army; one word would have been enough. Duke Huan sent Gaozi leading the armored men of Nanyang to establish Duke Xi and build walls for Lu. Some say they ran from Lumen to Zhengmen, and some say from Zhengmen to Limen. The people of Lu still praise it to this day, saying: "We are still looking forward to Gaozi."

（經二七）十有二月，狄入衛。鄭棄其師。

(Classic 27) In the twelfth month, the Di entered Wei. Zheng abandoned its army.

（傳）鄭棄其師者何？惡其將也。鄭伯惡高克，使之將逐而不納，棄師之道也。

(Commentary) What does "Zheng abandoned its army" mean? It means it hated its general. The Earl of Zheng hated Gao Ke, sent him out leading troops, drove him away and would not take him back, and this is the way of abandoning an army.

春，王正月。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（傳）公何以不言即位？繼弒君，子不言即位。此非子也，其稱子何？臣、子一例也。

(Commentary) Why is Duke Xi's "accession" not written? Following a murdered ruler, a son's accession is not written. This man was not a son; why is it written as for a son? Minister and son follow the same pattern.

（經一二）齊師、宋師、曹師次於聶北，救邢。

(Classic 12) The armies of Qi, Song and Cao were stationed at north of Nie to rescue Xing.

（傳）救不言次，此其言次何？不及事也。不及事者何？邢已亡矣。孰亡之？蓋狄滅之。曷為不言狄滅之？為桓公諱也。曷為為桓公諱？上無天子，下無方伯，天下諸侯有相滅亡者，桓公不能救，則桓公恥之。曷為先言次而後言救？君也。君則其稱師何？不與諸侯專封也。曷為不與？實與而文不與。文曷為不與？諸侯之義不得專封也。諸侯之義不得專封，則其曰實與之何？上無天子，下無方伯，天下諸侯有相滅亡者，力能救之，則救之可也。

(Commentary) For a rescue, "stationed" is not written; here "stationed" is written; why? Because they were too late for the event. What does too late for the event mean? Xing had already perished. Who destroyed it? Probably the Di destroyed it. Why is it not written that the Di destroyed it? To avoid mentioning it on behalf of Duke Huan. Why avoid mentioning it on behalf of Duke Huan? Above there was no Son of Heaven and below no regional chief, and among the lords of the world some destroyed each other, and Duke Huan could not rescue them, and Duke Huan took this as shame. Why is "stationed" written first and then "rescued"? Because it was a ruler. Since it was a ruler, why is it called "army"? It does not approve of lords arbitrarily enfeoffing a state. Why not approve? In fact it approves, but in the words it does not approve. Why in words does it not approve? By the righteousness of lords, they may not arbitrarily enfeoff a state. Since they may not enfeoff arbitrarily, why say it actually approves? Above there is no Son of Heaven and below no regional chief, and among the lords of the world some destroy each other; if strength is sufficient to rescue, rescuing is permissible.

（經一三）夏，六月，邢遷於陳儀。

(Classic 13) In summer, the sixth month, Xing moved to Chenyi.

（傳）遷者何？其意也。遷之者何？非其意也。

(Commentary) What does "moved" mean? It means by its own wish. What does "moved it" mean? It means not by its own wish.

（經一四）齊師、宋師、曹師城邢。

(Classic 14) The armies of Qi, Song and Cao fortified Xing.

（傳）此一事也，曷為復言齊師、宋師、曹師？不復言師，則無以知其為一事也。

(Commentary) This was the same affair; why are the armies of Qi, Song and Cao written again? If "army" were not written again, there would be no way to know it was the same affair.

（經一五）秋，七月戊辰，夫人姜氏薨於夷，齊人以歸。

(Classic 15) In autumn, the seventh month, wuchen, the lady Jiang died at Yi, and the men of Qi took her back.

（傳）夷者何？齊地也。齊地，則其言齊人以歸何？夫人薨於夷，則齊人以歸。夫人薨於夷，則齊人曷為以歸？桓公召而縊殺之。

(Commentary) What is Yi? A place in Qi. Since it was a place in Qi, why is "the men of Qi took her back" written? The lady died at Yi, and the men of Qi took her back. When the lady died at Yi, why did the men of Qi take her back? Duke Huan summoned her and strangled her.

（經一六）楚人伐鄭。八月，公會齊侯、宋公、鄭伯、曹伯、邾婁人於朾。九月，公敗邾婁師於纓。

(Classic 16) The men of Chu attacked Zheng. In the eighth month, Duke Xi joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao and the men of Zhulou at Ding. In the ninth month, Duke Xi defeated the army of Zhulou at Ying.

（經一七）冬，十月壬午，公子友帥師，敗莒師於犁，獲莒挐。

(Classic 17) In winter, the tenth month, renwu, Prince You led an army and defeated the army of Ju at Li, capturing Ju Na.

（傳）莒挐者何？莒大夫也。莒無大夫，此何以書？大季子之獲也。何大乎季子之獲？季子治內難以正，御外難以正。其御外難以正奈何？公子慶父弒閔公，走而之莒，莒人逐之，將由乎齊，齊人不納，卻反舍於汶水之上，使公子奚斯入請。季子曰：「公子不可以入，入則殺矣！」奚斯不忍反命於慶父，自南涘，北面而哭。慶父聞之曰：「嘻！此奚斯之聲也，諾已。」曰：「吾不得入矣！」於是抗輈經而死。莒人聞之曰：「吾已得子之賊矣！」以求賂乎魯。魯人不與，為是興師而伐魯，季子待之以偏戰。

(Commentary) Who was Ju Na? A grandee of Ju. Ju has no grandees; why is he recorded here? It magnifies Jizi's capture. Why magnify it? Jizi governed the troubles within the state by the correct way, and also resisted troubles from outside by the correct way. How did he resist troubles from outside by the correct way? Prince Qingfu murdered Duke Min and fled to Ju; the men of Ju drove him out, and he was about to go via Qi, but Qi did not receive him, so he turned back and lived on the bank of the Wen River, and sent Prince Xisi in to ask for leave. Jizi said: "The prince cannot come in; if he comes in he will be killed!" Xisi could not bear to go back and report to Qingfu, and wept from the south bank toward the north. Qingfu heard it and said: "Alas! That is Xisi's voice, it is over." He also said: "I cannot go in!" So he hanged himself leaning on a carriage shaft and died. The men of Ju heard of it and said: "We have already got your thief!" They asked Lu for goods and wealth. Lu did not give them, so Ju raised an army to attack Lu, and Jizi dealt with them by fighting at an appointed time.

（經一八）十有二月丁巳，夫人氏之喪至自齊。

(Classic 18) In the twelfth month, dingsi, the coffin of the lady arrived from Qi.

（傳）夫人何以不稱姜氏？貶。曷為貶？與弒公也。然則曷為不於弒焉貶？貶必於其重者，莫重乎其以喪至也。

(Commentary) Why is the lady not called Jiang? It is a demotion. Why demoted? Because she took part in the murder of Duke Min. Then why was she not demoted at the time of the murder? A demotion must fall at the heaviest place, and nothing is heavier than the arrival of the coffin.

春，王正月，城楚丘。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Chuqiu was fortified.

（傳）孰城之？城衛也。曷為不言城衛？滅也。孰滅之？蓋狄滅之。曷為不言狄滅之？為桓公諱也。曷為為桓公諱？上無天子，下無方伯，天下諸侯有相滅亡者，桓公不能救，則桓公恥之也。然則孰城之？桓公城之。曷為不言桓公城之？不與諸侯專封也。曷為不與？實與而文不與。文曷為不與？諸侯之義，不得專封。諸侯之義不得專封，則其曰實與之何？上無天子，下無方伯，天下諸侯有相滅亡者，力能救之，則救之可也。

(Commentary) Who fortified it? They built a wall for Wei. Why is "walled Wei" not written? Because Wei had already perished. Who destroyed it? Probably the Di destroyed it. Why is it not written that the Di destroyed it? To avoid mentioning it on behalf of Duke Huan. Why avoid mentioning it on behalf of Duke Huan? Above there was no Son of Heaven and below no regional chief, and among the lords of the world some destroyed each other, and Duke Huan could not rescue them, and Duke Huan took this as shame. Then who fortified it? Duke Huan fortified it. Why is it not written that Duke Huan built the wall? It does not approve of lords arbitrarily enfeoffing a state. Why not approve? In fact it approves, but in words it does not approve. Why in words does it not approve? By the righteousness of lords, they may not arbitrarily enfeoff a state. Since they may not enfeoff arbitrarily, why say it actually approves? Above there is no Son of Heaven and below no regional chief, and among the lords of the world some destroy each other; if strength is sufficient to rescue, rescuing is permissible.

（經二二）夏，五月辛巳，葬我小君哀姜。

(Classic 22) In summer, the fifth month, xinsi, Ai Jiang, the lesser ruler of our Lu, was buried.

（傳）哀姜者何？莊公之夫人也。

(Commentary) Who was Ai Jiang? The wife of Duke Zhuang.

（經二三）虞師、晉師滅夏陽。

(Classic 23) The armies of Yu and Jin destroyed Xiayang.

（傳）虞，微國也，曷為序乎大國之上？使虞首惡也。曷為使虞首惡？虞受賂，假滅國者道，以取亡焉。其受賂奈何？獻公朝諸大夫而問焉，曰：「寡人夜者寢而不寐，其意也何？」諸大夫有進對者曰：「寢不安與？其諸侍御有不在側者與？」獻公不應。荀息進曰：「虞郭見與？」獻公揖而進之，遂與之入而謀曰：「吾欲攻郭，則虞救之；攻虞，則郭救之，如之何？願與子慮之。」荀息對曰：「君若用臣之謀，則今日取郭，而明日取虞爾，君何憂焉？」獻公曰：「然則奈何？」荀息曰：「請以屈產之乘與垂棘之白璧，往必可得也。則寶出之內藏，藏之外府；馬出之內廄，系之外廄爾，君何喪焉？」獻公曰：「諾。雖然，宮之奇存焉，如之何？」荀息曰：「宮之奇知則知矣！雖然，虞公貪而好寶，見寶必不從其言，請終以往。」於是終以往，虞公見寶許諾。宮之奇果諫：「記曰：『唇亡則齒寒。』虞、郭之相救，非相為賜，則晉今日取郭，而明日虞從而亡爾。君請勿許也。」虞公不從其言，終假之道以取郭。還，四年，反取虞。虞公抱寶牽馬而至。荀息見曰：「臣之謀何如？」獻公曰：「子之謀則已行矣，寶則吾寶也，雖然，吾馬之齒亦已長矣！」蓋戲之也。夏陽者何？郭之邑也。曷為不繫於郭？國之也。曷為國之？君存焉爾。

(Commentary) Yu is a small state; why is it placed above the great state? It makes Yu the chief offender. Why make Yu the chief offender? Yu accepted bribes and lent the road to those who destroyed a state, and so itself perished. How did it accept bribes? Duke Xian held court with his grandees and asked them: "I lie awake at night and cannot sleep; what does it mean?" A grandee stepped forward and answered: "Is it that your sleep is not peaceful? Or that some of your attendants are not at your side?" Duke Xian did not answer. Xun Xi stepped forward and said: "Is it that you are looking at Yu and Guo?" Duke Xian bowed and invited him in, and went in with him to plan, saying: "I wish to attack Guo, but Yu would rescue it; if I attack Yu, Guo would rescue it; what shall I do? I wish to consider with you." Xun Xi answered: "If Your Lordship uses your servant's plan, today you take Guo and tomorrow you take Yu; what does Your Lordship worry about?" Duke Xian said: "Then what is the plan?" Xun Xi said: "I ask to send the horses of Qu and the white jade disc of Chuiji, and they will surely be obtained. The treasures go out of the inner storehouse and are merely kept in an outer storehouse; the horses go out of the inner stable and are merely tied in an outer stable; what does Your Lordship lose?" Duke Xian said: "Good. Even so, Gong Zhiqi is still there; what then?" Xun Xi said: "Gong Zhiqi is clever indeed! Even so, the Duke of Yu is greedy and loves treasure, and on seeing treasure he will surely not listen to him; I ask you to insist on sending it." So it was finally sent, and the Duke of Yu on seeing the treasure agreed. Gong Zhiqi duly remonstrated: "The old record says: 'When the lips are gone the teeth are cold.' Yu and Guo rescue each other, not as a reward to each other; then Jin will take Guo today and Yu will perish tomorrow. I ask Your Lordship not to agree." The Duke of Yu did not listen, and in the end lent the road so that Jin took Guo. On the return, after four years, it turned back and took Yu. The Duke of Yu came holding the treasure and leading the horses. Xun Xi saw him and said: "How was your servant's plan?" Duke Xian said: "Your plan has been carried out, and the treasure is still my treasure; even so, my horses have also grown old!" Probably he was joking with him. What is Xiayang? A city of Guo. Why is it not attached to Guo's name? It treats it as one state. Why treat it as one state? Because it had a ruler there.

（經二四）秋，九月，齊侯、宋公、江人、黃人盟於貫澤。（傳）江人、黃人者何？遠國之辭也。遠國至矣，則中國曷為獨言齊、宋至爾？大國言齊、宋，遠國言江、黃，則以其餘為莫敢不至也。

(Classic 24) In autumn, the ninth month, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the men of Jiang and the men of Huang made a covenant at Guanze. (Commentary) What are the men of Jiang and Huang? It is the wording for distant states. If the distant states all arrived, why does the central plain write only that Qi and Song arrived? For great states Qi and Song are written, for distant states Jiang and Huang are written, and then there were none of the rest who dared not come.

（經二五）冬，十月，不雨。

(Classic 25) In winter, the tenth month, it did not rain.

（傳）何以書？記異也。（經二六）楚人侵鄭。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It records an anomaly. (Classic 26) The men of Chu invaded Zheng.

春，王正月，不雨。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, it did not rain.

（經三二）夏，四月，不雨。

(Classic 32) In summer, the fourth month, it did not rain.

（傳）何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It records an anomaly.

（經三三）徐人取舒。

(Classic 33) The men of Xu seized Shu.

（傳）其言取之何？易也。

(Commentary) Why is "seized it" written? Because it came easily.

（經三四）六月，雨。

(Classic 34) In the sixth month, it rained.

（傳）其言六月雨何？上雨而不甚也。

(Commentary) Why is "rain in the sixth month" written? It means there had been rain earlier, but not enough.

（經三五）秋，齊侯、宋公、江人、黃人會於陽穀。

(Classic 35) In autumn, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the men of Jiang and the men of Huang met at Yanggu.

（傳）此大會也，曷為末言爾？桓公曰：「無障谷，無貯粟，無易樹子，無以妾為妻。」

(Commentary) This was a great meeting; why are the terms of the covenant not written out? Duke Huan said: "Do not block the valleys and waterways, do not hoard grain, do not replace the established heir, and do not make a concubine a wife."

（經三六）冬，公子友如齊蒞盟。

(Classic 36) In winter, Prince You went to Qi to attend the covenant.

（傳）蒞盟者何？往盟乎彼也。其言來盟者何？來盟於我也。（經三七）楚人伐鄭。

(Commentary) What does "attend the covenant" mean? It means going to the other side to make a covenant. What does "came to covenant" mean? It means coming to us to make a covenant. (Classic 37) The men of Chu attacked Zheng.

春，王正月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯侵蔡，蔡潰。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xi joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao in invading Cai, and Cai collapsed.

（傳）潰者何？下叛上也。國曰潰，邑曰叛。

(Commentary) What does "collapsed" mean? It means those below rebelled against those above. For a state it is called "collapse" and for a city it is called "rebellion."

（經四二）遂伐楚，次於陘。

(Classic 42) Then they attacked Chu and were stationed at Xing.

（傳）其言次於陘何？有俟也。孰俟？俟屈完也。

(Commentary) Why is "stationed at Xing" written? It means they were waiting for someone. Waiting for whom? Waiting for Qu Wan.

（經四三）夏，許男新臣卒。楚屈完來盟於師，盟於召陵。

(Classic 43) In summer, Xin Chen, Baron of Xu, died. Qu Wan of Chu came to the army to covenant, and they made a covenant at Zhaoling.

（傳）屈完者何？楚大夫也。何以不稱使？尊屈完也。曷為尊屈完？以當桓公也。其言盟於師、盟於召陵何？師在召陵也。師在召陵，則曷為再言盟？喜服楚也。何言乎喜服楚？楚有王者則後服，無王者則先叛。夷狄也，而亟病中國，南夷與北狄交。中國不絕若線，桓公救中國，而攘夷狄，卒帖荊，以此為王者之事也。其言來何？與桓為主也。前此者有事矣，後此者有事矣，則曷為獨於此焉？與桓公為主，序績也。

(Commentary) Who was Qu Wan? A grandee of Chu. Why is "sent" not written? It honors Qu Wan. Why honor Qu Wan? It makes him equal to Duke Huan. Why is "covenant with the army, covenant at Zhaoling" written? Because the army was at Zhaoling. Since the army was at Zhaoling, why say "covenant" again? It expresses delight at subduing Chu. Why delight at subduing Chu? If Chu had a true king, it submitted late; if not, it rebelled first. They were originally barbarians, yet again and again they harmed the central plain, with the southern Yi and northern Di pressing in turn. The central plain hung by a thread, and Duke Huan rescued the central plain and drove off the barbarians, finally subduing Jing, and this is taken as the work of a king. Why is "came" written? It makes Duke Huan the host. There were affairs before this and affairs after this; why single this one out? Making Duke Huan the host lists his achievements.

（經四四）齊人執陳袁濤塗。

(Classic 44) The men of Qi seized Yuan Taotu of Chen.

（傳）濤塗之罪何？闢軍之道也。其闢軍之道奈何？濤塗謂桓公曰：「君既服南夷矣，何不還師濱海而東，服東夷且歸？」桓公曰：「諾。」於是還師濱海而東，大陷於沛澤之中。顧而執濤塗。執者曷為或稱侯？或稱人？稱侯而執者，伯討也。稱人而執者，非伯討也。此執有罪，何以不得為伯討？古者周公東征則西國怨，西征則東國怨。桓公假塗於陳而伐楚，則陳人不欲其反由己者，師不正故也。不修其師而執濤塗，古人之討，則不然也。

(Commentary) What was Taotu's offense? Avoiding the road of the great army. How did he avoid the road of the great army? Taotu said to Duke Huan: "Your Lordship has already subdued the southern Yi; why not return the army along the coast to the east, subdue the eastern Yi, and then go back?" Duke Huan said: "Good." So he turned the army along the sea to the east and sank deeply into marshes. Turning back, he seized Taotu. In seizing people, why is sometimes "Marquis" written and sometimes "men"? When "Marquis" is written for a seizure, it is a hegemon punishing a crime; when "men" is written, it is not a hegemon punishing a crime. This was the seizure of a guilty man; why can it still not count as a hegemon punishing a crime? In ancient times when the Duke of Zhou campaigned east, the western states complained; when he campaigned west, the eastern states complained. Duke Huan borrowed the road from Chen to attack Chu, but the men of Chen did not want him to pass through them again on his return, because the army was not upright. Not putting his own army in order and yet seizing Taotu is not how the ancients punished.

（經四五）秋，及江人、黃人伐陳。八月，公至自伐楚。

(Classic 45) In autumn, together with the men of Jiang and Huang he attacked Chen. In the eighth month, Duke Xi returned from the army that had attacked Chu.

（傳）楚已服矣，何以致伐楚？叛盟也。

(Commentary) Chu had already submitted; why is "returned from the attack on Chu" written? Because the other side had broken the covenant.

（經四六）葬許繆公。冬，十有二月，公孫慈帥師會齊人、宋人、衛人、鄭人、許人、曹人侵陳。

(Classic 46) Duke Mu of Xu was buried. In winter, the twelfth month, Gongsun Ci led an army and joined the men of Qi, Song, Wei, Zheng, Xu and Cao in invading Chen.

春，晉侯殺其世子申生。

In spring, the Marquis of Jin killed his heir Shensheng.

（傳）曷為直稱晉侯以殺？殺世子母弟直稱君者，甚之也。

(Commentary) Why is the Marquis of Jin named directly in recording the killing? In killing a crown prince or full brother, naming the ruler directly makes the matter heavy.

（經五二）杞伯姬來朝其子。

(Classic 52) Bo Ji of Qi came to court with her son.

（傳）其言來朝其子何？內辭也，與其子俱來朝也。

(Commentary) Why is "came to court her son" written? This is Lu's own wording, meaning she came to court together with her son.

（經五三）夏，公孫慈如牟。公及齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯會王世子於首戴。

(Classic 53) In summer, Gongsun Ci went to Mou. Duke Xi, with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao, met the king's heir at Shoudai.

（傳）曷為殊會王世子？世子貴也。世子，猶世世子也。

(Commentary) Why is the meeting with the king's heir singled out? Because the heir is honored. The heir is one who is a son generation after generation.

（經五四）秋，八月，諸侯盟於首戴。

(Classic 54) In autumn, the eighth month, the lords made a covenant at Shoudai.

（傳）諸侯何以不序？一事而再見者，前目而後凡也。

(Commentary) Why are the lords not listed one by one? When the same matter reappears, the earlier mention lists them and the later one summarizes.

（經五五）鄭伯逃歸不盟。

(Classic 55) The Earl of Zheng fled back and did not take part in the covenant.

（傳）其言逃歸不盟者何？不可使盟也。不可使盟，則其言逃歸何？魯子曰：「蓋不以寡犯眾也。」

(Commentary) Why is "fled back and did not covenant" written? There was no way to make him covenant. Since there was no way to make him covenant, why is "fled back" written? Master Lu said: "Probably because one does not use the few to offend the many."

（經五六）楚人滅弦。弦子奔黃。

(Classic 56) The men of Chu destroyed Xian. The Viscount of Xian fled to Huang.

（經五七）九月戊申朔，日有食之。

(Classic 57) In the ninth month, on the first day, wushen, there was a solar eclipse.

（經五八）冬，晉人執虞公。

(Classic 58) In winter, the men of Jin seized the Duke of Yu.

（傳）虞已滅矣，其言執之何？不與滅也。曷為不與滅？滅者亡國之善辭也。滅者，上下之同力者也。

(Commentary) Yu had already been destroyed; why is "seized" written? It does not approve of using "destroyed." Why not approve of using "destroyed"? "Destroyed" is the better wording for the ruin of a state. "Destroyed" means high and low were of one heart and joined strength.

春，王正月。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經六二）夏，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、曹伯伐鄭，圍新城。

(Classic 62) In summer, Duke Xi joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Cao in attacking Zheng and besieging Xincheng.

（傳）邑不言圍，此其言圍何？強也。

(Commentary) For a city "besieged" is normally not written; here "besieged" is written; why? It is aggression.

（經六三）秋，楚人圍許，諸侯遂救許。

(Classic 63) In autumn, the men of Chu besieged Xu, and the lords then rescued Xu.

（經六四）冬，公至自伐鄭。

(Classic 64) In winter, Duke Xi returned from the army that had attacked Zheng.

春，齊人伐鄭。

In spring, the men of Qi attacked Zheng.

（經七二）夏，小邾婁子來朝。鄭殺其大夫申侯。

(Classic 72) In summer, the Viscount of Xiao Zhulou came to court. Zheng killed their grandee Shen Hou.

（傳）其稱國以殺何？稱國以殺者，君殺大夫之辭也。

(Commentary) Why is the state named in recording a killing? Naming the state in recording a killing is the wording for a ruler killing a grandee.

（經七三）秋，七月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳世子款、鄭世子華，盟於寧毋。

(Classic 73) In autumn, the seventh month, Duke Xi joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, Kuan, heir of Chen, and Hua, heir of Zheng, in a covenant at Ningmu.

（經七四）曹伯般卒。

(Classic 74) Ban, Earl of Cao, died.

（經七五）公子友如齊。

(Classic 75) Prince You went to Qi.

（經七六）冬，葬曹昭公。

(Classic 76) In winter, Duke Zhao of Cao was buried.

春，王正月，公會王人、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、許男、曹伯、陳世子款、鄭世子華，盟於洮。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xi joined the king's men, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Cao, Kuan, heir of Chen, and Hua, heir of Zheng, in a covenant at Tao.

（傳）王人者何？微者也。曷為序乎諸侯之上？先王命也。

(Commentary) Who are "the king's men"? They are of low rank. Why are they listed above the lords? Because the king's command is placed first.

（經八二）鄭伯乞盟。

(Classic 82) The Earl of Zheng requested to take part in the covenant.

（傳）乞盟者何？處其所而請與也。其處其所而請與奈何？蓋酌之也。

(Commentary) What does "begged to covenant" mean? It means staying in his own place and requesting to join. What is staying in one's own place and requesting to join like? Probably the covenant wine was poured over and given to him.

（經八三）夏，狄伐晉。

(Classic 83) In summer, the Di attacked Jin.

（經八四）秋，七月，禘於太廟，用致夫人。

(Classic 84) In autumn, the seventh month, a di sacrifice was held in the Grand Temple in order to install the lady.

（傳）用者何？用者不宜用也。致者何？致者不宜致也。禘用致夫人，非禮也。夫人何以不稱姜氏？貶。曷為貶？譏以妾為妻也。其言以妾為妻奈何？蓋脅於齊媵女之先至者也。

(Commentary) What does "used" mean? Using the word "used" shows it should not have been used. What does "install" mean? Using the word "install" shows it should not have been installed. Using the di sacrifice to install the lady was improper. Why is the lady not called Jiang? It is a demotion. Why demoted? It criticizes making a concubine a wife. How was a concubine made a wife? Probably under pressure from a bridal escort who had arrived earlier from Qi.

（經八五）冬，十有二月丁未，天王崩。

(Classic 85) In winter, the twelfth month, dingwei, the Son of Heaven died.

春，王三月丁丑，宋公御說卒。

In spring, the third month of the Zhou calendar, dingchou, Yushuo, Duke of Song, died.

（傳）何以不書葬？為襄公諱也。

(Commentary) Why is the burial not recorded? To avoid mentioning it on behalf of Duke Xiang.

（經九二）夏，公會宰周公、齊侯、宋子、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯於葵丘。

(Classic 92) In summer, Duke Xi met the Chief Minister Duke of Zhou, the Marquis of Qi, the Viscount of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao at Kuiqiu.

（傳）宰周公者何？天子之為政者也。

(Commentary) Who was the Chief Minister Duke of Zhou? The one who governed on behalf of the Son of Heaven.

（經九三）秋，七月乙酉，伯姬卒。

(Classic 93) In autumn, the seventh month, yiyou, Bo Ji died.

（傳）此未適人，何以卒？許嫁矣。婦人許嫁，字而笄之，死則以成人之喪治之。

(Commentary) This person had not yet married; why is her death recorded? Because she had already been betrothed. When a woman is betrothed, she is given a courtesy name and the hairpin, and on death she is mourned as an adult.

（經九四）九月戊辰，諸侯盟於葵丘。

(Classic 94) In the ninth month, wuchen, the lords made a covenant at Kuiqiu.

（傳）桓之盟不日，此何以日？危之也。何危爾？貫澤之會，桓公有憂中國之心，不召而至者，江人、黃人也。葵丘之會，桓公震而矜之，叛者九國。震之者何？猶曰振振然。矜之者何？猶曰莫若我也。

(Commentary) Duke Huan's covenants are not recorded by day; why is the day recorded here? It is out of concern for him. Concern about what? At the meeting at Guanze, Duke Huan had a heart concerned for the central plain, and those who came without being summoned were the men of Jiang and Huang. At this meeting at Kuiqiu, Duke Huan was stirred and proud, and nine states rebelled. What does "stirred" mean? It is like saying his spirit was swollen. What does "proud" mean? It is like saying nobody could match me.

（經九五）甲戌，晉侯詭諸卒。冬，晉裡克弒其君之子奚齊。

(Classic 95) Jiaxu: Guizhu, Marquis of Jin, died. In winter, Li Ke of Jin murdered Xiqi, the son of his ruler.

（傳）此未逾年之君，其言弒其君之子奚齊何？殺未逾年君之號也。

(Commentary) This was a ruler who had not yet passed the year; why is "murdered the son of his ruler, Xiqi" written? This is the title used for killing a ruler who has not yet passed the year.

春，王正月，公如齊。狄滅溫。溫子奔衛。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xi went to Qi. The Di destroyed Wen. The Viscount of Wen fled to Wei.

（經十二）晉裡克弒其君卓子及其大夫荀息。

(Classic 12) Li Ke of Jin murdered his ruler Zhuozi and his grandee Xun Xi.

（傳）及者何？累也。弒君多矣，舍此無累者乎？曰：有，孔父、仇牧皆累也。舍孔父、仇牧無累者乎？曰：有。有則此何以書？賢也。何賢乎荀息？荀息可謂不食其言矣。其不食其言奈何？奚齊、卓子者，驪姬之子也，荀息傅焉。驪姬者，國色也。獻公愛之甚，欲立其子，於是殺世子申生。申生者，裡克傅之。獻公病將死，謂荀息曰：「士何如則可謂之信矣？」荀息對曰：「使死者反生，生者不愧乎其言，則可謂信矣。」獻公死，奚齊立。裡克謂荀息曰：「君殺正而立不正，廢長而立幼，如之何？願與子慮之。」荀息曰：「君嘗訊臣矣，臣對曰：『使死者反生，生者不愧乎其言，則可謂信矣。』」裡克知其不可與謀，退，弒奚齊。荀息立卓子，裡克弒卓子，荀息死之。荀息可謂不食其言矣！

(Commentary) What does "and" mean? It means involved together. Murders of rulers are many; apart from this one, were there none involved? The answer: there were; Kong Fu and Chou Mu were both involved. Apart from Kong Fu and Chou Mu, were there none? The answer: there were more. Since there were more, why is this recorded here? Because Xun Xi was worthy. How was Xun Xi worthy? Xun Xi can be said not to have broken his word. How did he not break his word? Xiqi and Zhuozi were sons of Li Ji, and Xun Xi was their tutor. Li Ji was the beauty of the state, whom Duke Xian loved very much, wanting to establish her son, and so he killed the heir Shensheng. Shensheng's tutor was Li Ke. When Duke Xian was gravely ill and about to die, he said to Xun Xi: "How can a scholar be called trustworthy?" Xun Xi answered: "If one can bring a dead person back to life and the living have no shame over their words, that can be called trustworthy." Duke Xian died and Xiqi was established. Li Ke said to Xun Xi: "The ruler killed the legitimate and established the illegitimate, deposed the elder and established the younger; what shall we do? I wish to consider it with you." Xun Xi said: "The ruler once asked your servant, and your servant answered: 'If one can bring a dead person back to life and the living have no shame over their words, that can be called trustworthy.'" Li Ke knew that he could not plot with him, withdrew, and murdered Xiqi. Xun Xi established Zhuozi, Li Ke murdered Zhuozi, and Xun Xi died for him. Xun Xi can be said not to have broken his word!

（經十三）夏，齊侯、許男伐北戎。晉殺其大夫裡克。

(Classic 13) In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Baron of Xu attacked the Northern Rong. Jin killed their grandee Li Ke.

（傳）裡克弒二君，則曷為不以討賊之辭言之？惠公之大夫也。然則孰立惠公？裡克也。裡克弒奚齊、卓子，逆惠公而入。裡克立惠公，則惠公曷為殺之？惠公曰：「爾既殺夫二孺子矣，又將圖寡人，為爾君者，不亦病乎？」於是殺之。然則曷為不言惠公之入？晉之不言出入者，踴為文公諱也。齊小白入於齊，則曷為不為桓公諱？桓公之享國也長，美見乎天下，故不為之諱本惡也。文公之享國也短，美未見乎天下，故為之諱本惡也。

(Commentary) Li Ke murdered two rulers; why is it not stated in the wording for punishing a traitor? Because he was Duke Hui's grandee. Then who established Duke Hui? Li Ke. Li Ke murdered Xiqi and Zhuozi and welcomed Duke Hui in. Li Ke established Duke Hui; why did Duke Hui kill him? Duke Hui said: "You have already killed those two children and are about to plot against me, so being your ruler would be very uncomfortable, would it not?" So he killed him. Then why is Duke Hui's entering not written? Jin does not write entering and leaving, which skips over to conceal on behalf of Duke Wen. Xiao Bai of Qi entered Qi; why is it not concealed on behalf of Duke Huan? Duke Huan held the state for a long time and his good was displayed to the world, so his earlier evil is not concealed. Duke Wen held the state for a short time and his good had not yet been displayed to the world, so his earlier evil is concealed.

（經十四）秋，七月。

(Classic 14) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經十五）冬，大雨雹。

(Classic 15) In winter, there was great hail.

（傳）何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It records an anomaly.

春，晉殺其大夫丕鄭父。

In spring, Jin killed their grandee Pi Zhengfu.

（經十一二）夏，公及夫人姜氏會齊侯於陽穀。

(Classic 112) In summer, Duke Xi and the lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Yanggu.

（經十一三）秋，八月，大雩。

(Classic 113) In autumn, the eighth month, the great yu rain sacrifice was held.

（經十一四）冬，楚人伐黃。

(Classic 114) In winter, the men of Chu attacked Huang.

春，王三月庚午，日有食之。

In spring, the third month of the Zhou calendar, gengwu, there was a solar eclipse.

（經十二二）夏，楚人滅黃。

(Classic 122) In summer, the men of Chu destroyed Huang.

（經十二三）秋，七月。

(Classic 123) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經十二四）冬，十有二月丁丑，陳侯處臼卒。

(Classic 124) In winter, the twelfth month, dingchou, Chujiu, Marquis of Chen, died.

春，狄侵衛。

In spring, the Di invaded Wei.

（經十三二）夏，四月，葬陳宣公。公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯於鹹。

(Classic 132) In summer, the fourth month, Duke Xuan of Chen was buried. Duke Xi joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao at Xian.

（經十三三）秋，九月，大雩。

(Classic 133) In autumn, the ninth month, the great yu rain sacrifice was held.

（經十三四）冬，公子友如齊。

(Classic 134) In winter, Prince You went to Qi.

春，諸侯城緣陵。

In spring, the lords fortified Yuanling.

（傳）孰城之？城杞也。曷為城杞？滅也。孰滅之？蓋徐、莒脅之。曷為不言徐、莒脅之？為桓公諱也。曷為為桓公諱？上無天子，下無方伯，天下諸侯有相滅亡者，桓公不能救，則桓公恥之也。然則孰城之？桓公城之。曷為不言桓公城之？不與諸侯專封也。曷為不與？實與而文不與。文曷為不與？諸侯之義不得專封也。諸侯之義不得專封，則其曰實與之何？上無天子，下無方伯，天下諸侯有相滅亡者，力能救之，則救之可也。

(Commentary) Who fortified it? They built a wall for Qi (the state of Qi in the north). Why build a wall for Qi? Because it had perished. Who destroyed it? Probably Xu and Ju coerced it. Why is Xu and Ju's coercion not written? To avoid mentioning it on behalf of Duke Huan. Why avoid mentioning it on behalf of Duke Huan? Above there was no Son of Heaven and below no regional chief, and among the lords of the world some destroyed each other, and Duke Huan could not rescue them, and Duke Huan took this as shame. Then who fortified it? Duke Huan fortified it. Why is it not written that Duke Huan built the wall? It does not approve of lords arbitrarily enfeoffing a state. Why not approve? In fact it approves, but in words it does not approve. Why in words does it not approve? By the righteousness of lords, they may not arbitrarily enfeoff a state. Since they may not enfeoff arbitrarily, why say it actually approves? Above there is no Son of Heaven and below no regional chief, and among the lords of the world some destroy each other; if strength is sufficient to rescue, rescuing is permissible.

（經十四二）夏，六月，季姬及鄫子遇於防，使鄫子來朝。

(Classic 142) In summer, the sixth month, Ji Ji met the Viscount of Zeng at Fang and had the Viscount of Zeng come to court.

（傳）鄫子曷為使乎季姬來朝？內辭也。非使來朝，使來請己也。

(Commentary) Why was the Viscount of Zeng sent by Ji Ji to come to court? This is Lu's own wording. It was not to have him come to court, but to have him come to ask to marry her himself.

（經十四三）秋，八月辛卯，沙鹿崩。

(Classic 143) In autumn, the eighth month, xinmao, Shalu collapsed.

（傳）沙鹿者何？河上之邑也。此邑也，其言崩何？襲邑也。沙鹿崩，何以書？記異也。外異不書，此何以書？為天下記異也。

(Commentary) What is Shalu? A city on the bank of the Yellow River. This was a city; why is "collapsed" written? The city was swallowed up. Why is the collapse of Shalu recorded? It records an anomaly. Anomalies abroad are normally not recorded; why is it recorded here? It records an anomaly on behalf of the world.

（經十四四）狄侵鄭。

(Classic 144) The Di invaded Zheng.

（經十四五）冬，蔡侯肸卒。

(Classic 145) In winter, Xi, Marquis of Cai, died.

春，王正月，公如齊。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xi went to Qi.

（經十五二）楚人伐徐。

(Classic 152) The men of Chu attacked Xu.

（經十五三）三月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯盟於牡丘，遂次於匡。

(Classic 153) In the third month, Duke Xi joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao in a covenant at Muqiu, and then stationed at Kuang.

（經十五四）公孫敖率師及諸侯之大夫救徐。

(Classic 154) Gongsun Ao led an army and with the grandees of the lords rescued Xu.

（經十五五）夏，五月，日有食之。

(Classic 155) In summer, the fifth month, there was a solar eclipse.

（經十五六）秋，七月，齊師、曹師伐厲。

(Classic 156) In autumn, the seventh month, the armies of Qi and Cao attacked Li.

（經十五七）八月，螽。

(Classic 157) In the eighth month, locusts caused damage.

（經十五八）九月，公至自會。

(Classic 158) In the ninth month, Duke Xi returned from the meeting.

（傳）桓公之會不致，此何以致？久也。

(Commentary) Duke Huan's meetings do not record returning to the state; why is returning recorded here? Because it dragged on too long.

（經十五九）季姬歸於鄫。己卯，晦，震夷伯之廟。

(Classic 159) Ji Ji married into Zeng. Jimao, on the last day of the month, lightning struck the temple of Yi Bo.

（傳）晦者何？冥也。震之者何？雷電擊夷伯之廟者也。夷伯者，曷為者也？季氏之孚也。季氏之孚則微者，其稱夷伯何？大之也。曷為大之？天戒之，故大之也。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What does "hui" (last day) mean? It means dark. What does "struck it" mean? Lightning struck the temple of Yi Bo. Who was Yi Bo? A man trusted by the Ji family. A man trusted by the Ji family was of low rank; why is he called Yi Bo? It magnifies him. Why magnify him? Heaven warned him, so he is magnified. Why is it recorded? It records an anomaly.

（經十五十）冬，宋人伐曹。楚人敗徐於婁林。

(Classic 15, 10) In winter, the men of Song attacked Cao. The men of Chu defeated Xu at Lulin.

（經十五十一）十有一月，壬戌，晉侯及秦伯戰於韓，獲晉侯。

(Classic 15, 11) In the eleventh month, renxu, the Marquis of Jin fought the Earl of Qin at Han, and the Marquis of Jin was captured.

（傳）此偏戰也，何以不言師敗績？君獲，不言師敗績也。

(Commentary) This was a battle at an appointed time; why is "army defeated" not written? When the ruler is captured, "army defeated" is not written.

春，王正月戊申朔，隕石於宋五。是月，六鷁退飛，過宋都。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, on the first day, wushen, five stones fell in Song. In this month, six fish-hawks (yi) flew backward past the capital of Song.

（傳）曷為先言隕而後言石？隕石記聞，聞其嗔然，視之則石，察之則五。是月者何？僅逮是月也。何以不日？晦日也。晦則何以不言晦？《春秋》不書晦也。朔有事則書，晦雖有事不書。曷為先言六而後言鷁？六鷁退飛，記見也，視之則六，察之則鷁，徐而察之則退飛。五石六鷁，何以書？記異也。外異不書，此何以書？為王者之後，記異也。

(Commentary) Why does the text say "fell" first and then "stones"? Fallen stones are recorded as heard: one hears a thud, looks and sees stones, and examining finds there are five. What does "this month" mean? It merely happened to fall in this month. Why is the day not recorded? Because it was the last day of the month. Since it was the last day, why is "last day" not written? The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record the last day. If something happens on the first day it is recorded; on the last day, even if something happens, it is not recorded. Why does the text say "six" first and then "fish-hawks"? The six fish-hawks flying backward are recorded as seen: looking, one sees six; examining, they are fish-hawks; and examining more slowly, they are flying backward. Why are five stones and six fish-hawks recorded? To record an anomaly. Anomalies outside the state are usually not recorded; why is this one? Because Song is the descendant of a former royal house, so its anomalies are recorded.

（經十六二）三月壬申，公子季友卒。

(Classic, 16.2) In the third month, on renshen, Prince Ji You died.

（傳）其稱季友何？賢也。

(Commentary) Why is he called "Ji You"? Because he was worthy.

（經十六三）夏，四月丙申，鄫季姬卒。

(Classic, 16.3) In summer, in the fourth month, on bingshen, Ji Ji of Zeng died.

（經十六四）秋，七月甲子，公孫慈卒。

(Classic, 16.4) In autumn, in the seventh month, on jiazi, Gongsun Ci died.

（經十六五）冬，十有二月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、邢侯、曹伯於淮。

(Classic, 16.5) In winter, in the twelfth month, Duke Xi met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Marquis of Xing and the Earl of Cao at Huai.

春，齊人、徐人伐英氏。

In spring, the men of Qi and the men of Xu attacked Ying.

（經十七二）夏，滅項。

(Classic, 17.2) In summer, Xiang was destroyed.

（傳）孰滅之？齊滅之。曷為不言齊滅之？為桓公諱也。《春秋》為賢者諱。此滅人之國，何賢爾？君子之惡惡也疾始，善善也樂終。桓公嘗有繼絕，存亡之功，故君子為之諱也。

(Commentary) Who destroyed it? Qi destroyed it. Why does the text not say Qi destroyed it? To conceal it for Duke Huan. The Spring and Autumn Annals conceals matters for the worthy. But this was destroying another's state; what worth is there in that? The gentleman hates evil, and what he hates most is the beginning; he praises good, and what he enjoys is the end. Duke Huan once had the merit of continuing lines that had been cut off and preserving states that had perished, so the gentleman conceals it for him.

（經十七三）秋，夫人姜氏會齊於卞。

(Classic, 17.3) In autumn, Lady Jiang met Qi at Bian.

（經十七四）九月，公至自會。

(Classic, 17.4) In the ninth month, Duke Xi returned from the meeting.

（經十七五）十有二月乙亥，齊侯小白卒。

(Classic, 17.5) In the twelfth month, on yihai, Xiao Bai, Marquis of Qi, died.

春，王正月，宋公會曹伯、衛人、邾婁人伐齊。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Duke of Song joined the Earl of Cao, the men of Wei and the men of Zhulou in attacking Qi.

（經十八二）夏，師救齊。五月戊寅，宋師及齊師戰於甗，齊師敗績。

(Classic, 18.2) In summer, our army went to rescue Qi. In the fifth month, on wuyin, the army of Song and the army of Qi fought at Yan, and the army of Qi was greatly defeated.

（傳）戰不言伐，此其言伐何？宋公與伐而不與戰，故言伐。《春秋》伐者為客，伐者為主。曷為不使齊主之？與襄公之徵齊也。曷為與襄公之徵齊？桓公死，豎刁、易牙爭權不葬，為是故伐之也。

(Commentary) A battle is not written as "attack"; here it is written as "attack"; why? The Duke of Song took part in the attack but did not take part in the battle, so it is written "attack." In the Spring and Autumn Annals, the attacker is the guest and the attacked is the host. Why not let Qi be the host? To approve of Duke Xiang's campaign against Qi. Why approve of Duke Xiang's campaign against Qi? When Duke Huan died, Shu Diao and Yi Ya struggled for power and did not allow the burial, and for this reason he attacked.

（經十八三）狄救齊。

(Classic, 18.3) The Di rescued Qi.

（經十八四）秋，八月丁亥，葬齊桓公。

(Classic, 18.4) In autumn, in the eighth month, on dinghai, Duke Huan of Qi was buried.

（經十八五）冬，邢人、狄人伐衛。

(Classic, 18.5) In winter, the men of Xing and the Di attacked Wei.

春，王三月，宋人執滕子嬰齊。

In spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, the men of Song seized Yingqi, Viscount of Teng.

（經十九二）夏，六月，宋人、曹人、邾婁人盟於曹南。鄫子會盟於邾婁。

(Classic, 19.2) In summer, in the sixth month, the men of Song, the men of Cao and the men of Zhulou made a covenant at Caonan. The Viscount of Zeng went to Zhulou to join the covenant.

（傳）其言會盟何？後會也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "met in covenant"? Because he arrived late and joined the meeting afterward.

（經十九三）己酉，邾婁人執鄫子用之。

(Classic, 19.3) On jiyou, the men of Zhulou seized the Viscount of Zeng and used him.

（傳）惡乎用之？用之社也。其用之社奈何？蓋叩其鼻以血社也。

(Commentary) Where was he used? At the altar of the soil. How was he used at the altar? Probably they struck his nose and used the blood to sacrifice at the altar.

（經十九四）秋，宋人圍曹。

(Classic, 19.4) In autumn, the men of Song besieged Cao.

（經十九五）衛人伐邢。

(Classic, 19.5) The men of Wei attacked Xing.

（經十九六）冬，公會陳人、蔡人、楚人、鄭人盟於齊。梁亡。

(Classic, 19.6) In winter, Duke Xi met the men of Chen, the men of Cai, the men of Chu and the men of Zheng in a covenant at Qi. Liang perished.

（傳）此未有伐者，其言梁亡何？自亡也。其自亡奈何？魚爛而亡也。

(Commentary) No one had come to attack before, so why does it say "Liang perished"? It perished of itself. How does one perish of oneself? Like a fish that rots from within its belly.

春，新作南門。

In spring, the South Gate was newly rebuilt.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？門有古常也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? As a criticism. What is criticized? The gate had an ancient fixed form.

（經二十二）夏，郜子來朝。

(Classic, 20.2) In summer, the Viscount of Gao came to court.

（傳）郜子者何？失地之君也。何以不名？兄弟辭也。

(Commentary) Who was the Viscount of Gao? A ruler who had lost his land. Why is his name not given? This is the wording used among brothers.

（經二十三）五月乙巳，西宮災。

(Classic, 20.3) In the fifth month, on yisi, the West Palace caught fire.

（傳）西宮者何？小寢也。小寢則曷為謂之西宮？有西宮則有東宮矣。魯子曰：「以有西宮，亦知諸侯之有三宮也。」西宮災，何以書？記災也。

(Commentary) What was the West Palace? It was the small side chamber. If it was a small side chamber, why was it called the West Palace? If there is a West Palace, there is an East Palace. Master Lu said: "Because there was a West Palace, we also know that a lord has three palaces." Why is the fire of the West Palace recorded? To record a disaster.

（經二十四）鄭人入滑。

(Classic, 20.4) The men of Zheng entered Hua.

（經二十五）秋，齊人、狄人盟於邢。

(Classic, 20.5) In autumn, the men of Qi and the Di made a covenant at Xing.

（經二十六）冬，楚人伐隨。

(Classic, 20.6) In winter, the men of Chu attacked Sui.

春，狄侵衛。宋人、齊人、楚人盟於鹿上。

In spring, the Di invaded Wei. The men of Song, the men of Qi and the men of Chu made a covenant at Lushang.

（經二一二）夏，大旱。

(Classic, 21.2) In summer, there was a great drought.

（傳）何以書？記災也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record a disaster.

（經二一三）秋，宋公、楚子、陳侯、蔡侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯會於霍，執宋公以伐宋。

(Classic, 21.3) In autumn, the Duke of Song, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao met at Yu, and seized the Duke of Song in order to attack Song.

（傳）孰執之？楚子執之。曷為不言楚子執之？不與夷狄之執中國也。

(Commentary) Who seized him? The Viscount of Chu seized him. Why does the text not say the Viscount of Chu seized him? Because it disapproves of barbarians seizing a man of the central states.

（經二一四）冬，公伐邾婁。

(Classic, 21.4) In winter, Duke Xi attacked Zhulou.

（經二一五）楚人使宜申來獻捷。

(Classic, 21.5) The men of Chu sent Yi Shen to present spoils of war.

（傳）此楚子也，其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？為執宋公貶。曷為為執宋公貶？宋公與楚子期以乘車之會，公子目夷諫曰：「楚，夷國也，強而無義，請君以兵車之會往。」宋公曰：「不可。吾與之約以乘車之會，自我為之，自我墮之，曰不可。」終以乘車之會往，楚人果伏兵車，執宋公以伐宋。宋公謂公子目夷曰：「子歸守國矣。國，子之國也。吾不從子之言，以至乎此。」公子目夷復曰：「君雖不言國，國固臣之國也。」於是歸設守械而守國。楚人謂宋人曰：「子不與我國，吾將殺子君矣。」宋人應之曰：「吾賴社稷之神靈，吾國已有君矣。」楚人知雖殺宋公，猶不得宋國，於是釋宋公。宋公釋乎執，走之衛。公子目夷復曰：「國為君守之，君曷為不入？」然後逆襄公歸。惡乎捷？捷乎宋。曷為不言捷乎宋？為襄公諱也。此圍辭也，曷為不言其圍？為公子目夷諱也。

(Commentary) This was the Viscount of Chu; why is he called "the men of"? It is a demotion. Why a demotion? Because he seized the Duke of Song. Why demote him for seizing the Duke of Song? The Duke of Song and the Viscount of Chu agreed to meet in carriages, and Prince Mu Yi remonstrated, saying: "Chu is a barbarian state, violent and without righteousness; I ask my lord to go with a force of war chariots." The Duke of Song said: "No. I agreed with him on a meeting in carriages; I made the agreement, and if I were then to break it, that would be unacceptable." In the end he went with the carriage meeting, and the men of Chu indeed hid war chariots in ambush and seized the Duke of Song to attack Song. The Duke of Song said to Prince Mu Yi: "Go back and guard the state. The state is yours. Because I did not listen to you, it has come to this." Prince Mu Yi replied: "Even if my lord had not spoken of the state, the state is originally my state." So he went back and set up defenses to guard the state. The men of Chu said to the men of Song: "If you do not give us the state, we will kill your ruler." The men of Song answered: "By the grace of the spirits of the altars, our state already has a ruler." The men of Chu knew that even if they killed the Duke of Song they would not obtain Song, so they released him. The Duke of Song, freed from capture, fled to Wei. Prince Mu Yi again said: "The state is being guarded for my lord; why does my lord not come in?" Then he welcomed Duke Xiang back. From where did the spoils of war come? From Song. Why does the text not say spoils from Song? To conceal it for Duke Xiang. This was originally the wording for a siege; why is a siege not written? To conceal it for Prince Mu Yi.

（經二一六）十有二月癸丑，公會諸侯盟於薄。釋宋公。

(Classic, 21.6) In the twelfth month, on guichou, Duke Xi met the lords in a covenant at Bo. The Duke of Song was released.

（傳）執未有言釋之者，此其言釋之何？公與為爾也。公與為爾奈何？公與議爾也。

(Commentary) Seizure is never written as "release"; here it is written "release"; why? Because Duke Xi took part in this matter. How did Duke Xi take part? Duke Xi took part in the deliberation.

春，公伐邾婁，取須朐。

In spring, Duke Xi attacked Zhulou and took Xuqu.

（經二二二）夏，宋公、衛侯、許男、滕子伐鄭。

(Classic, 22.2) In summer, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Baron of Xu and the Viscount of Teng attacked Zheng.

（經二二三）秋，八月丁未，及邾婁人戰於升陘。

(Classic, 22.3) In autumn, in the eighth month, on dingwei, fought the men of Zhulou at Shengjing.

（經二二四）冬，十有一月己巳朔，宋公及楚人戰於泓，宋師敗績。

(Classic, 22.4) In winter, in the eleventh month, on the first day, jisi, the Duke of Song fought the men of Chu at Hong, and the army of Song was greatly defeated.

（傳）偏戰者日爾，此其言朔何？《春秋》辭繁而不殺者，正也。何正爾？宋公與楚人期，戰於泓之陽。楚人濟泓而來。有司復曰：「請迨其未畢濟而系之。」宋公曰：「不可。吾聞之也：君子不厄人。吾雖喪國之餘，寡人不忍行也。」既濟，未畢陳，有司復曰：「請迨其未畢陳而擊之。」宋公曰：「不可。吾聞之也：君子不鼓不成列。」已陳，然後襄公鼓之，宋師大敗。故君子大其不鼓不成列，臨大事而不忘大禮，有君而無臣，以為雖文王之戰，亦不過此也。

(Commentary) For a battle fought at an agreed time, only the day is recorded; why is "first day" written here? When the Spring and Autumn Annals' wording is elaborate and not reduced, that is the correct form. Where is the correctness? The Duke of Song agreed with the men of Chu to fight on the north bank of the Hong. The men of Chu crossed the Hong and came. The officer reported: "Please stop them before they have finished crossing." The Duke of Song said: "No. I have heard that a gentleman does not drive people into straits. Though I am the remnant of a fallen house, I cannot bear to do that." When they had finished crossing and had not yet formed their ranks, the officer reported: "Please attack them before they have formed their ranks." The Duke of Song said: "No. I have heard that a gentleman does not beat the drum to advance against those who have not formed ranks." Only after they had formed ranks did Duke Xiang beat the drum, and the army of Song was greatly defeated. So the gentleman values that he did not beat the drum against those not in formation, and that in the face of a great matter he did not forget the great rite. Having such a ruler but not such ministers, it is held that even the battles of King Wen would have been no different.

春，齊侯伐宋圍緡。

In spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked Song and besieged Min.

（傳）邑不言圍，此其言圍何？疾重故也。

(Commentary) A walled town is usually not written as "besieged"; here it is written "besieged"; why? Because he is hated for having done the matter too heavily.

（經二三二）夏，五月庚寅，宋公慈父卒。

(Classic, 23.2) In summer, in the fifth month, on gengyin, Cifu, Duke of Song, died.

（傳）何以不書葬？盈乎諱也。

(Commentary) Why is the burial not recorded? The concealment was already complete.

（經二三三）秋，楚人伐陳。

(Classic, 23.3) In autumn, the men of Chu attacked Chen.

（經二三四）冬，十有一月，杞子卒。

(Classic, 23.4) In winter, in the eleventh month, the Viscount of Qi died.

春，王正月。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經二四二）夏，狄伐鄭。

(Classic, 24.2) In summer, the Di attacked Zheng.

（經二四三）秋，七月。

(Classic, 24.3) In autumn, in the seventh month.

（經二四四）冬，天王出居於鄭。

(Classic, 24.4) In winter, the Son of Heaven went out and stayed in Zheng.

（傳）王者無外，此其言出何？不能乎母也。魯子曰：「是王也，不能乎母者，其諸此之謂與？」

(Commentary) A true king has no "outside"; here it is written "went out"; why? Because he could not serve his mother. Master Lu said: "This Son of Heaven could not serve his mother; probably this is what is meant."

（經二四五）晉侯夷吾卒。

(Classic, 24.5) Yi Wu, Marquis of Jin, died.

春，王正月丙午，衛侯毀滅邢。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, on bingwu, the Marquis of Wei, Hui, destroyed Xing.

（傳）衛侯毀，何以名？絕。曷為絕之？滅同姓也。

(Commentary) Why is the Marquis of Wei called by his name, Hui? To cut him off. Why cut him off? Because he destroyed a state of the same surname.

（經二五二）夏，四月癸酉，衛侯毀卒。宋蕩伯姬來逆婦。

(Classic, 25.2) In summer, in the fourth month, on guiyou, Hui, Marquis of Wei, died. Dang Bo Ji of Song came to fetch a wife.

（傳）宋蕩伯姬者何？蕩氏之母也。其言來逆婦何？兄弟辭也。其稱婦何？有姑之辭也。

(Commentary) Who was Dang Bo Ji of Song? She was the mother of the Dang clan. Why is it written "came to fetch a wife"? This is the wording used among brothers. Why is she called "wife"? This is the wording used when there is a mother-in-law.

（經二五三）宋殺其大夫。

(Classic, 25.3) Song killed one of its grand masters.

（傳）何以不名？宋三世無大夫，三世內娶也。

(Commentary) Why is his name not given? For three generations Song had no grand masters, because for three generations they took wives within the state.

（經二五四）秋，楚人圍陳，納頓子於頓。

(Classic, 25.4) In autumn, the men of Chu besieged Chen and brought the Viscount of Dun into Dun.

（傳）何以不言遂？兩之也。

(Commentary) Why is "thereupon" not written? They are treated as two matters.

（經二五五）葬衛文公。

(Classic, 25.5) Duke Wen of Wei was buried.

（經二五六）冬，十有二月癸亥，公會衛子、莒慶，盟於洮。

(Classic, 25.6) In winter, in the twelfth month, on guihai, Duke Xi met the Viscount of Wei and Qing of Ju, and made a covenant at Tao.

春，王正月己未，公會莒子、衛寧遬，盟於向。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, on jiwei, Duke Xi met the Viscount of Ju and Ning Su of Wei, and made a covenant at Xiang.

（經二六二）齊人侵我西鄙。公追齊師至酅，弗及。

(Classic, 26.2) The men of Qi invaded the western border of our state of Lu. Duke Xi pursued the Qi army to Xi but did not catch up with it.

（傳）其言「至酅，弗及」何？侈也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "reached Xi, did not catch up"? Because the pursuit went too far.

（經二六三）夏，齊人伐我北鄙。衛人伐齊。公子遂如楚乞師。

(Classic, 26.3) In summer, the men of Qi attacked the northern border of our state of Lu. The men of Wei attacked Qi. Prince Sui went to Chu to ask for troops.

（傳）乞者何？卑辭也。曷為以外內同若辭？重師也。曷為重師？師出不正反，戰不正勝也。

(Commentary) What does "ask" mean? It is a humble wording. Why is the same wording used for inside and outside? Because troops are weighty. Why are troops weighty? When troops go out, their return is not necessarily proper; when they fight, their victory is not necessarily proper.

（經二六四）秋，楚人滅隗，以隗子歸。

(Classic, 26.4) In autumn, the men of Chu destroyed Wei and took the Viscount of Wei back with them.

（經二六五）冬，楚人伐宋，圍緡。

(Classic, 26.5) In winter, the men of Chu attacked Song and besieged Min.

（傳）邑不言圍，此其言圍何？刺道用師也。

(Commentary) A walled town is usually not written as "besieged"; here it is written "besieged"; why? To satirize using troops on the way.

（經二六六）公以楚師伐齊，取谷。公至自伐齊。

(Classic, 26.6) Duke Xi, with the army of Chu, attacked Qi and took Gu. Duke Xi returned from the campaign against Qi.

（傳）此已取谷矣，何以致伐？未得乎取谷也。曷為未得乎取谷？曰：患之起，必自此始也。

(Commentary) Gu had already been taken here; why is it still written that he returned from the campaign? Because he had not yet truly obtained the Gu he took. Why had he not yet truly obtained it? The answer is: the rise of calamity must begin from here.

春，杞子來朝。

In spring, the Viscount of Qi came to court.

（經二七二）夏，六月庚寅，齊侯昭卒。

(Classic, 27.2) In summer, in the sixth month, on gengyin, Zhao, Marquis of Qi, died.

（經二七三）秋，八月乙未，葬齊孝公。

(Classic, 27.3) In autumn, in the eighth month, on yiwei, Duke Xiao of Qi was buried.

（經二七四）乙巳，公子遂帥師入杞。

(Classic, 27.4) On yisi, Prince Sui led the army into Qi.

（經二七五）冬，楚人、陳侯、蔡侯、鄭伯、許男圍宋。

(Classic, 27.5) In winter, the men of Chu, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng and the Baron of Xu besieged Song.

（傳）此楚子也，其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？為執宋公貶，故終僖之篇貶也。

(Commentary) This was the Viscount of Chu; why is he called "the men of"? It is a demotion. Why a demotion? Because he seized the Duke of Song, so throughout Duke Xi's chapters he is demoted.

（經二七六）十有二月甲戌，公會諸侯盟於宋。

(Classic, 27.6) In the twelfth month, on jiaxu, Duke Xi met the lords in a covenant at Song.

春，晉侯侵曹，晉侯伐衛。

In spring, the Marquis of Jin invaded Cao, and the Marquis of Jin attacked Wei.

（傳）曷為再言晉侯？非兩之也。然則何以不言遂？未侵曹也。未侵曹則其言侵曹何？致其意也。其意侵曹，則曷為伐衛？晉侯將侵曹，假塗於衛，衛曰不可得，則固將伐之也。

(Commentary) Why is "Marquis of Jin" written twice? It is not that these are treated as two matters. Then why is "thereupon" not written? Because he had not yet invaded Cao. He had not yet invaded Cao but "invade Cao" is written; why? To write out the intention. His intention was to invade Cao; why then did he attack Wei? The Marquis of Jin was about to invade Cao and asked Wei for passage; Wei said it could not be granted, so he originally meant to attack Wei.

（經二八二）公子買戍衛，不卒戍，刺之。

(Classic, 28.2) Prince Mai went to garrison Wei, did not complete the garrison, and was stabbed to death.

（傳）不卒戍者何？不卒戍者，內辭也，不可使往也。不可使往，則其言戍衛何？遂公意也。刺之者何？殺之也。殺之則曷為謂之刺之？內諱殺大夫，謂之刺之也。

(Commentary) What does "did not complete the garrison" mean? "Did not complete the garrison" is the wording inside Lu, but actually he could not be sent. If he could not be sent, why is "garrisoned Wei" written? To fulfill Duke Xi's intention. What does "stabbed him" mean? It means killed him. Since he was killed, why is it "stabbed him"? Inside Lu the killing of a grand master is concealed, so it is called "stabbed him."

（經二八三）楚人救衛。三月丙午，晉侯入曹，執曹伯、畀宋人。

(Classic, 28.3) The men of Chu rescued Wei. In the third month, on bingwu, the Marquis of Jin entered Cao, seized the Earl of Cao, and handed him over to the men of Song.

（傳）畀者何？與也。其言畀宋人何？與使聽之也。曹伯之罪何？甚惡也。其甚惡奈何？不可以一罪言也。

(Commentary) What does "bi" mean? It means to give. What does "handed to the men of Song" mean? He was handed over for them to dispose of. What was the Earl of Cao's crime? It was very evil. How evil? It cannot be exhausted by one crime.

（經二八四）夏，四月己巳，晉侯、齊師、宋師、秦師及楚人戰於城濮，楚師敗績。

(Classic, 28.4) In summer, in the fourth month, on jisi, the Marquis of Jin, the army of Qi, the army of Song and the army of Qin fought the men of Chu at Chengpu, and the army of Chu was greatly defeated.

（傳）此大戰也，曷為使微者？子玉得臣也。子玉得臣則其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？大夫不敵君也。

(Commentary) This was a great battle; why is it written as if a lowly person? It was actually Zi Yu Dechen. Since it was Zi Yu Dechen, why is he called "the men of"? It is a demotion. Why a demotion? A grand master cannot be on a par with a ruler.

（經二八五）楚殺其大夫得臣。

(Classic, 28.5) Chu killed its grand master Dechen.

（經二八六）衛侯出奔楚。

(Classic, 28.6) The Marquis of Wei fled to Chu.

（經二八七）五月，癸丑，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、蔡侯、鄭伯、衛子、莒子，盟於踐土。陳侯如會。

(Classic, 28.7) In the fifth month, on guichou, Duke Xi met the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, the Viscount of Wei and the Viscount of Ju in a covenant at Jiantu. The Marquis of Chen hurried to join the covenant.

（傳）其言如會何？後會也。

(Commentary) What does "went to the meeting" mean? He caught up with the covenant afterward.

（經二八八）公朝於王所。

(Classic, 28.8) Duke Xi paid court at the place where the Son of Heaven was.

（傳）曷為不言公如京師？天子在是也。天子在是，則曷為不言天子在是？不與致天子也。

(Commentary) Why is it not written that Duke Xi went to the capital? Because the Son of Heaven was there. Since the Son of Heaven was there, why is it not written that the Son of Heaven was there? Because it disapproves of summoning the Son of Heaven.

（經二八九）六月，衛侯鄭自楚復歸於衛。

(Classic, 28.9) In the sixth month, Zheng, Marquis of Wei, returned to Wei from Chu.

（經二八十）衛元咺出奔晉。

(Classic, 28.10) Yuan Xuan of Wei fled to Jin.

（經二八十一）陳侯款卒。

(Classic, 28.11) Kuan, Marquis of Chen, died.

（經二八十二）秋，杞伯姬來。

(Classic, 28.12) In autumn, Ji Bo Ji of Qi came.

（經二八十三）公子遂如齊。

(Classic, 28.13) Prince Sui went to Qi.

（經二八十四）冬，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、蔡侯、鄭伯、陳子、莒子、邾婁子、秦人於溫。天王狩於河陽。

(Classic, 28.14) In winter, Duke Xi met the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, the Viscount of Chen, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou and the men of Qin at Wen. The Son of Heaven hunted at Heyang.

（傳）狩不書，此何以書？不與再致天子也。魯子曰：「溫近而踐土遠也。」

(Commentary) A hunt is usually not recorded; why is it recorded here? Because it disapproves of summoning the Son of Heaven a second time. Master Lu said: "Wen is near and Jiantu is far."

（經二八十五）壬申，公朝於王所。

(Classic, 28.15) On renshen, Duke Xi paid court at the place where the Son of Heaven was.

（傳）其日何？錄乎內也。

(Commentary) Why is the day recorded? Because matters inside Lu are recorded in detail.

（經二八十六）晉人執衛侯歸之於京師。

(Classic, 28.16) The men of Jin seized the Marquis of Wei and delivered him to the capital.

（傳）歸之於者何？歸於者何？歸之於者罪已定矣，歸於者罪未定也。罪未定，則何以得為伯執？歸之於者，執之於天子之側者也，罪定不定，已可知矣。歸於者，非執之於天子之側者也，罪定不定，未可知也。衛侯之罪何？殺叔武也。何以不書？為叔武諱也。《春秋》為賢者諱。何賢乎叔武？讓國也。其讓國奈何？文公逐衛侯而立叔武，叔武辭立而他人立，則恐衛侯之不得反也，故於是已立，然後為踐土之會，治反衛侯。衛侯得反，曰：「叔武篡我。」元咺爭之曰：「叔武無罪。」終殺叔武，元咺走而出。此晉侯也，其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？衛之禍，文公為之也。文公為之奈何？文公逐衛侯而立叔武，使人兄弟相疑，放乎殺母弟者，文公為之也。

(Commentary) What does "gui zhi yu" mean? What does "gui yu" mean? "Gui zhi yu" is when the charge has already been settled, and "gui yu" is when the charge is not yet settled. If the charge is not yet settled, how can it count as a hegemon's seizure? "Gui zhi yu" means he was seized in the presence of the Son of Heaven, so whether the charge was settled can already be known. "Gui yu" means he was not seized in the presence of the Son of Heaven, so whether the charge was settled cannot yet be known. What was the Marquis of Wei's crime? He killed Shu Wu. Why is it not recorded? To conceal it for Shu Wu. The Spring and Autumn Annals conceals matters for the worthy. How was Shu Wu worthy? He yielded the state. How did he yield the state? Duke Wen drove out the Marquis of Wei and set up Shu Wu; Shu Wu declined and did not take the position, but if someone else took it he feared the Marquis of Wei could not return, so he first took it himself, then arranged the Jiantu meeting and arranged for the Marquis of Wei to return. When the Marquis of Wei was able to return, he said: "Shu Wu usurped me." Yuan Xuan argued: "Shu Wu is without fault." In the end he killed Shu Wu, and Yuan Xuan fled. This was the Marquis of Jin; why is he called "the men of"? It is a demotion. Why a demotion? The calamity of Wei was caused by Duke Wen. How did Duke Wen cause it? Duke Wen drove out the Marquis of Wei and set up Shu Wu, making brothers suspect one another, until he killed his own full brother; this was caused by Duke Wen.

（經二八十七）衛元咺自晉復歸於衛。

(Classic, 28.17) Yuan Xuan of Wei returned to Wei from Jin.

（傳）自者何？有力焉者也。此執其君，其言自何？為叔武爭也。

(Commentary) What does "from" mean? It means someone who has power within. This man had his own ruler seized; why is "from" still written? Because he argued for Shu Wu.

（經二八十八）諸侯遂圍許。曹伯襄復歸於曹。遂會諸侯圍許。

(Classic, 28.18) The lords then besieged Xu. Xiang, Earl of Cao, returned to Cao. Then they joined the lords in besieging Xu.

春，介葛盧來。

In spring, Ge Lu of Jie came.

（傳）介葛盧者何？夷狄之君也。何以不言朝？不能乎朝也。

(Commentary) Who was Ge Lu of Jie? He was a ruler of the eastern barbarians. Why is "court" not written? Because he could not perform the rite of court.

（經二九二）公至自圍許。

(Classic, 29.2) Duke Xi returned from the army besieging Xu.

（經二九三）夏，六月，公會王人、晉人、宋人、齊人、陳人、蔡人、秦人，盟於狄泉。

(Classic, 29.3) In summer, in the sixth month, Duke Xi met the royal envoy, the men of Jin, the men of Song, the men of Qi, the men of Chen, the men of Cai and the men of Qin in a covenant at Diquan.

（經二九四）秋，大雨雹。

(Classic, 29.4) In autumn, there was a great hailstorm.

（經二九五）冬，介葛盧來。

(Classic, 29.5) In winter, Ge Lu of Jie came.

春，王正月。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經三十二）夏，狄侵齊。

(Classic, 30.2) In summer, the Di invaded Qi.

（經三十三）秋，衛殺其大夫元咺及公子瑕。

(Classic, 30.3) In autumn, Wei killed its grand master Yuan Xuan and Prince Xia.

（傳）衛侯未至，其稱國以殺何？道殺也。

(Commentary) The Marquis of Wei had not yet arrived; why is the killing written under the state's name? He was killed on the road.

（經三十四）衛侯鄭歸於衛。

(Classic, 30.4) Zheng, Marquis of Wei, returned to Wei.

（傳）此殺其大夫，其言歸何？歸惡乎元咺也。曷為歸惡乎元咺？元咺之事君也，君出則己入，君入則己出，以為不臣也。

(Commentary) This was a killing of a grand master; why is "returned" written? To ascribe the guilt to Yuan Xuan. Why ascribe the guilt to Yuan Xuan? In serving his ruler, when the ruler went out he himself came in, and when the ruler came in he himself went out, so he is held not to be like a minister.

（經三十五）晉人、秦人圍鄭。

(Classic, 30.5) The men of Jin and the men of Qin besieged Zheng.

（經三十六）介人侵蕭。

(Classic, 30.6) The men of Jie invaded Xiao.

（經三十七）冬，天王使宰周公來聘。

(Classic, 30.7) In winter, the Son of Heaven sent Zai Zhou Gong to pay a visit.

（經三十八）公子遂如京師，遂如晉。

(Classic, 30.8) Prince Sui went to the capital and then went on to Jin.

（傳）大夫無遂事，此其言遂何？公不得為政爾。

(Commentary) A grand master has no matters done "thereupon"; here "thereupon" is written; why? It is only that Duke Xi could not manage affairs of government.

春，取濟西田。

In spring, the fields west of the Ji River were taken.

（傳）惡乎取之？取之曹也。曷為不言取之曹？諱取同姓之田也。此未有伐曹者，則其言取之曹何？晉侯執曹伯，班其所取侵地於諸侯也。晉侯執曹伯，班其所取侵地於諸侯，則何諱乎取同姓之田？久也。

(Commentary) From where were they taken? From Cao. Why does the text not say they were taken from Cao? To conceal taking the land of a state of the same surname. Here no one attacked Cao, yet it says taken from Cao; why? The Marquis of Jin seized the Earl of Cao and divided the land he had seized among the lords. When the Marquis of Jin seized the Earl of Cao and divided the seized land among the lords, why still conceal taking the land of a state of the same surname? Because the time had already been long.

（經三一二）公子遂如晉。夏，四月，四卜郊不從，乃免牲，猶三望。

(Classic, 31.2) Prince Sui went to Jin. In summer, in the fourth month, divination for the suburban sacrifice was made four times without a favorable result, so the sacrificial animal was released, but the three distant sacrifices were still performed.

（傳）曷為或言三卜？或言四卜？三卜，禮也；四卜，非禮也。三卜何以禮？四卜何以非禮？求吉之道三。禘、嘗不卜，郊何以卜？卜郊，非禮也。卜郊何以非禮？魯郊，非禮也。魯郊何以非禮？天子祭天，諸侯祭土。天子有方望之事，無所不通。諸侯山川有不在其封內者，則不祭也。曷為或言免牲？或言免牛？免牲，禮也；免牛，非禮也。免牛何以非禮？傷者曰牛。三望者何？望祭也。然則曷祭？祭泰山、河海。曷為祭泰山、河海？山川有能潤於百里者，天子秩而祭之。觸石而出，膚寸而合，不崇朝而遍雨乎天下者，唯泰山爾。河海潤於千里。猶者何？通可以已也。何以書？譏不郊而望祭也。

(Commentary) Why is it sometimes written "three divinations" and sometimes "four divinations"? Three divinations is proper and four is improper. Why is three proper, and why is four improper? The way of seeking an auspicious sign is limited to three tries. The di sacrifice and the chang sacrifice are not divined; why is the suburban sacrifice divined? Divining for the suburban sacrifice is improper. Why is it improper? Lu's performing the suburban sacrifice is itself improper. Why is Lu's performing the suburban sacrifice improper? The Son of Heaven sacrifices to Heaven, and a lord sacrifices to the earth. The Son of Heaven has the distant sacrifices in all four directions, reaching everywhere. A lord does not sacrifice to mountains and rivers that lie outside his borders. Why are there two ways of writing, "release the sacrificial animal" and "release the ox"? Releasing the animal is proper and releasing the ox is improper. Why is releasing the ox improper? Only one that is injured is called "ox." What are the three distant sacrifices? They are sacrifices viewed from afar. Then to what are they offered? To Mount Tai, the River and the sea. Why sacrifice to Mount Tai, the River and the sea? Among mountains and rivers, those able to moisten a hundred li are sacrificed to by the Son of Heaven in due order. Clouds touching the rock come out, and in a mere skin's width and an inch they join together, and before a morning is over they can spread rain over the whole world; only Mount Tai does this. The River and the sea moisten a thousand li. What does "still" mean? It means that all of these could originally have been stopped. Why is it recorded? To criticize that the suburban sacrifice was not performed and yet the distant sacrifices were.

（經三一三）秋，七月。

(Classic, 31.3) In autumn, in the seventh month.

（經三一四）冬，杞伯姬來求婦。

(Classic, 31.4) In winter, Ji Bo Ji of Qi came to ask for a wife.

（傳）其言來求婦何？兄弟辭也。其稱婦何？有姑之辭也。

(Commentary) What does "came to ask for a wife" mean? It is the wording used among brothers. Why is she called "wife"? This is the wording used when there is a mother-in-law.

（經三一五）狄圍衛。

(Classic, 31.5) The Di besieged Wei.

（經三一六）十有二月，衛遷於帝丘。

(Classic, 31.6) In the twelfth month, Wei moved to Diqiu.

春，王正月。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經三二二）夏，四月己丑，鄭伯接卒。

(Classic, 32.2) In summer, in the fourth month, on jichou, Jie, Earl of Zheng, died.

（經三二三）衛人侵狄。

(Classic, 32.3) The men of Wei invaded the Di.

（經三二四）秋，衛人及狄盟。

(Classic, 32.4) In autumn, the men of Wei made a covenant with the Di.

（經三二五）冬，十有二月己卯，晉侯重耳卒。

(Classic, 32.5) In winter, in the twelfth month, on jimao, Chong'er, Marquis of Jin, died.

春，王二月，秦人入滑。齊侯使國歸父來聘。

In spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, the men of Qin entered Hua. The Marquis of Qi sent Guo Guifu to pay a visit.

（經三三二）夏，四月辛巳，晉人及姜戎敗秦於殽。

(Classic, 33.2) In summer, in the fourth month, on xinsi, the men of Jin and the Jiang Rong defeated Qin at Xiao.

（傳）其謂之秦何？夷狄之也。曷為夷狄之？秦伯將襲鄭，百里子與蹇叔子諫曰：「千里而襲人，未有不亡者也。」秦伯怒曰：「若爾之年者，宰上之木拱矣，爾曷知！」師出，百里子與蹇叔子送其子而戒之曰：「爾即死，必於殽之嶔巖，是文王之所闢風雨者也，吾將屍爾焉。」子揖師而行。百里子與蹇叔子從其子而哭之。秦伯怒曰：「爾曷為哭吾師？」對曰：「臣非敢哭君師，哭臣之子也。」弦高者，鄭商也，遇之殽，矯以鄭伯之命而犒師焉，或曰往矣，或曰反矣。然而晉人與姜戎要之殽而擊之，匹馬輪無反者。其言及姜戎何？姜戎微也，稱人亦微者也。何言乎姜戎之微？先軫也，或曰襄公親之。襄公親之，則其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？君在乎殯而用師危，不得葬也。詐戰不日，此何以日？盡也。

(Commentary) Why is it "Qin" and not "the men of Qin"? Because it is treated as barbarian. Why is it treated as barbarian? The Earl of Qin was about to make a surprise attack on Zheng, and Baili Zi and Jian Shu Zi remonstrated, saying: "To go a thousand li to make a surprise attack on others has never failed to end in ruin." The Earl of Qin was angry and said: "At your age, the trees on your graves should already be a full armful in girth; what do you know!" When the army set out, Baili Zi and Jian Shu Zi saw off their sons and warned them: "If you die, you will certainly die on the steep rocks of Xiao, where King Wen sheltered from wind and rain, and I will collect your bodies there." The sons bowed to the army and left. Baili Zi and Jian Shu Zi followed their sons weeping. The Earl of Qin was angry and said: "Why do you weep for my army?" They answered: "We do not dare weep for my lord's army; we weep for our sons." Xian Gao was a merchant of Zheng who met them at Xiao and, falsely citing the command of the Earl of Zheng, went to reward the army with provisions; some said go forward, some said turn back. But the men of Jin and the Jiang Rong blocked and attacked them at Xiao, and not one horse and not one wheel returned (the character for 'one' is a rare character lost in transcription of the base text, supplied from the common edition). What does "and the Jiang Rong" mean? The Jiang Rong were of low rank, and "the men of" is also for the lowly. Why say the Jiang Rong were of low rank? It was actually Xian Zhen; another account says Duke Xiang took part in person. If Duke Xiang took part in person, why is he called "the men of"? It is a demotion. Why a demotion? He used troops while the late ruler's coffin still lay in the hall, which is dangerous and means he could not be buried. A battle without an agreed time usually does not record the day; why is the day recorded here? Because they were killed to the last.

（經三三三）癸巳，葬晉文公。

(Classic, 33.3) On guisi, Duke Wen of Jin was buried.

（經三三四）狄侵齊。

(Classic, 33.4) The Di invaded Qi.

（經三三五）公伐邾婁，取叢。

(Classic, 33.5) Duke Xi attacked Zhulou and took Cong.

（經三三六）秋，公子遂率師伐邾婁。

(Classic, 33.6) In autumn, Prince Sui led the army to attack Zhulou.

（經三三七）晉人敗狄於箕。

(Classic, 33.7) The men of Jin defeated the Di at Ji.

（經三三八）冬，十月，公如齊。

(Classic, 33.8) In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Xi went to Qi.

（經三三九）十有二月，公至自齊。

(Classic, 33.9) In the twelfth month, Duke Xi returned from Qi.

（經三三十）乙巳，公薨於小寢。

(Classic, 33.10) On yisi, Duke Xi died in the small side chamber.

（經三三十一）隕霜不殺草，李、梅實。

(Classic, 33.11) Frost fell but did not kill the grass, and the plum and apricot trees bore fruit.

（傳）何以書？記異也。何異爾？不時也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly. Where is the anomaly? It was out of season.

（經三三六）晉人、陳人、鄭人伐許。

(Classic, 33.12) The men of Jin, the men of Chen and the men of Zheng attacked Xu.

春，王正月，公即位。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Wen took the throne.

（經一二）二月癸亥朔，日有食之。

(Classic, 1.2) In the second month, on the first day, guihai, there was a solar eclipse.

（經一三）天王使叔服來會葬。

(Classic, 1.3) The Son of Heaven sent Shu Fu to attend the funeral.

（傳）其言來會葬何？會葬禮也。

(Commentary) What does "came to attend the funeral" mean? Attending a funeral is proper.

（經一四）夏，四月丁巳，葬我君僖公。天王使毛伯來錫公命。

(Classic, 1.4) In summer, in the fourth month, on dingsi, our ruler Duke Xi of Lu was buried. The Son of Heaven sent Mao Bo to bestow the ceremonial robes of appointment on Duke Wen.

（傳）錫者何？賜也。命者何？加我服也。

(Commentary) What does "bestow" mean? It means to give. What does "appointment" mean? It means conferring the ceremonial robes of appointment on me.

（經一五）晉侯伐衛。

(Classic, 1.5) The Marquis of Jin attacked Wei.

（經一六）叔孫得臣如京師。

(Classic, 1.6) Shusun Dechen went to the capital.

（經一七）衛人伐晉。

(Classic, 1.7) The men of Wei attacked Jin.

（經一八）秋，公孫敖會晉侯於戚。

(Classic, 1.8) In autumn, Gongsun Ao met the Marquis of Jin at Qi.

（經一九）冬，十月丁未，楚世子商臣弒其君髡。

(Classic, 1.9) In winter, in the tenth month, on dingwei, Shangchen, heir of Chu, killed his ruler Kun.

（經一十）公孫敖如齊。

(Classic, 1.10) Gongsun Ao went to Qi.

春，王二月甲子，晉侯及秦師戰於彭衙，秦師敗績。

In spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, on jiazi, the Marquis of Jin fought the army of Qin at Pengya, and the army of Qin was greatly defeated.

（經二二）丁丑，作僖公主。

(Classic, 2.2) On dingchou, the spirit tablet of Duke Xi was made.

（傳）作僖公主者何？為僖公作主也。主者曷用？虞主用桑，練主用栗。用栗者，藏主也。作僖公主，何以書？譏。何譏爾？不時也。其不時奈何？欲久喪而後不能也。

(Commentary) What does "made the tablet of Duke Xi" mean? It means making a spirit tablet for Duke Xi. What is the tablet made of? The tablet for the yu sacrifice is of mulberry wood and the tablet for the lian sacrifice is of chestnut wood. One made of chestnut is the tablet to be stored in the temple. Why is the making of Duke Xi's tablet recorded? As a criticism. What is criticized? That it was not timely. How was it not timely? He had meant to extend the mourning period very long, and afterward could not carry it out.

（經二三）三月乙巳，及晉處父盟。

(Classic, 2.3) In the third month, on yisi, made a covenant with Chufu of Jin.

（傳）此晉陽處父也，何以不氏？諱與大夫盟也。

(Commentary) This was Yang Chufu of Jin; why is his clan name not written? To conceal a covenant with a grand master.

（經二四）夏，六月，公孫敖會宋公、陳侯、鄭伯、晉士縠，盟於垂斂。

(Classic, 2.4) In summer, in the sixth month, Gongsun Ao met the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Earl of Zheng and Shi Hu of Jin, and made a covenant at Chuilian.

（經二五）自十有二月不雨，至於秋七月。

(Classic, 2.5) From the twelfth month there was no rain, until autumn, the seventh month.

（傳）何以書？記異也。大旱以災書，此亦旱也，曷為以異書？大旱之日短而云災，故以災書；此不雨之日長而無災，故以異書也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly. A great drought is recorded as a disaster, and this is also a drought; why is it recorded as an anomaly? A great drought of short duration is called a disaster, so it is recorded as a disaster; here the days without rain were long but it did not become a calamity, so it is recorded as an anomaly.

（經二六）八月丁卯，大事於太廟，躋僖公。

(Classic, 2.6) In the eighth month, on dingmao, the great sacrifice was held in the Grand Temple, and Duke Xi was raised in rank.

（傳）大事者何？大祫也。大祫者何？合祭也。其合祭奈何？毀廟之主，陳於太祖；未毀廟之主皆升，合食於太祖，五年而再殷祭。躋者何？升也。何言乎升僖公？譏。何譏爾？逆祀也。其逆祀奈何？先禰而後祖也。

(Commentary) What is the "great affair"? It is the great xia sacrifice. What is the great xia? It is the combined sacrifice. How is the combined sacrifice performed? The tablets of those whose temples have been removed are displayed in the temple of the Grand Ancestor; the tablets not yet removed are all raised up and receive sacrifice together in the temple of the Grand Ancestor, and every five years a grand combined sacrifice is held again. What does "xian" mean? It means to raise. Why is it said that Duke Xi was raised? As a criticism. What is criticized? The inversion of the sacrifice. How was the sacrifice inverted? The father was placed in front and the grandfather behind.

（經二七）冬，晉人、宋人、陳人、鄭人伐秦。

(Classic, 2.7) In winter, the men of Jin, the men of Song, the men of Chen and the men of Zheng attacked Qin.

（經二八）公子遂如齊納幣。

(Classic, 2.8) Prince Sui went to Qi to deliver betrothal gifts.

（傳）納幣不書，此何以書？譏。何譏爾？譏喪娶也。娶在三年之外，則何譏乎喪娶？三年之內不圖婚。吉禘於莊公，譏。然則曷為不於祭焉譏？三年之恩疾矣，非虛加之也，以人心為皆有之。以人心為皆有之，則曷為獨於娶焉譏？娶者，大吉也，非常吉也。其為吉者主於己，以為有人心焉者，則宜於此焉變矣！

(Commentary) Delivering betrothal gifts is usually not recorded; why is it recorded here? As a criticism. What is criticized? Taking a wife during the mourning period. The marriage was after the three years, so why criticize marrying during mourning? Within the three years one should not plan a marriage. The auspicious di sacrifice held in the temple of Duke Zhuang was also criticized. Then why was it not criticized at the sacrifice? The grace of the three years is deeply felt, and is not artificially added, for the human heart all has this grace. If the human heart all has this grace, why criticize it only on taking a wife? Taking a wife is a great auspicious event, not an ordinary one. This auspicious event is for oneself; those held to have a human heart should change something here!

春，王正月，叔孫得臣會晉人、宋人、陳人、衛人、鄭人伐沈，沈潰。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Shusun Dechen joined the men of Jin, the men of Song, the men of Chen, the men of Wei and the men of Zheng in attacking Shen, and Shen collapsed (the people scattered).

（經三二）夏，五月，王子虎卒。

(Classic, 3.2) In summer, in the fifth month, Prince Hu died.

（傳）王子虎者何？天子之大夫也。外大夫不卒，此何以卒？新使乎我也。

(Commentary) Who was Prince Hu? A grand master of the Son of Heaven. The deaths of outside grand masters are usually not recorded; why is it recorded here? Because he had recently been on a mission to Lu.

（經三三）秦人伐晉。

(Classic, 3.3) The men of Qin attacked Jin.

（經三四）秋，楚人圍江。

(Classic, 3.4) In autumn, the men of Chu besieged Jiang.

（經三五）雨螽於宋。

(Classic, 3.5) Gadflies fell like rain in Song.

（傳）雨螽者何？死而墜也。何以書？記異也。外異不書，此何以書？為王者之後記異也。

(Commentary) What does "rained gadflies" mean? They died and fell. Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly. Anomalies outside the state are usually not recorded; why is this one recorded? Because Song is the descendant of a former royal house, so its anomalies are recorded.

（經三六）冬，公如晉。

(Classic, 3.6) In winter, Duke Wen went to Jin.

（經三七）十有二月己巳，公及晉侯盟。

(Classic, 3.7) In the twelfth month, on jisi, Duke Wen made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin.

（經三八）晉陽處父帥師伐楚救江。

(Classic, 3.8) Yang Chufu of Jin led an army to attack Chu in order to rescue Jiang.

（傳）此伐楚也，其言救江何？為諼也。其為諼奈何？伐楚為救江也。

(Commentary) This was an attack on Chu; why is "rescue Jiang" written? It was deception. How was it deception? On the surface he attacked Chu, but in fact it was to rescue Jiang.

春，公至自晉。

In spring, Duke Wen returned from Jin.

（經四二）夏，逆婦姜於齊。

(Classic, 4.2) In summer, he went to Qi to fetch the wife, Jiang.

（傳）其謂之逆婦姜於齊何？略之也。高子曰：「娶乎大夫者，略之也。」

(Commentary) Why is it written "fetched the wife Jiang from Qi"? To abbreviate it. Gao Zi said: "The woman taken was the daughter of a grand master, so it is abbreviated."

（經四三）狄侵齊。

(Classic, 4.3) The Di invaded Qi.

（經四四）秋，楚人滅江。

(Classic, 4.4) In autumn, the men of Chu destroyed Jiang.

（經四五）晉侯伐秦。

(Classic, 4.5) The Marquis of Jin attacked Qin.

（經四六）衛侯使寧俞來聘。

(Classic, 4.6) The Marquis of Wei sent Ning Yu to pay a visit.

（經四七）冬，十有一月壬寅，夫人風氏薨。

(Classic, 4.7) In winter, in the eleventh month, on renyin, Lady Feng died.

春，王正月，王使榮叔歸含且賵。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Son of Heaven sent Rong Shu to bring the funerary jade for the mouth and the funerary carriage gifts.

（傳）含者何？口實也。其言歸含且賵何？兼之。兼之非禮也。

(Commentary) What is "han"? It is what is placed in the mouth. What does "brought han and also feng" mean? Two matters are combined. Combining them is improper.

（經五二）三月辛亥，葬我小君成風。

(Classic, 5.2) In the third month, on xinhai, our small ruler Cheng Feng was buried.

（傳）成風者何？僖公之母也。

(Commentary) Who was Cheng Feng? She was the mother of Duke Xi.

（經五三）王使召伯來會葬。

(Classic, 5.3) The Son of Heaven sent Shao Bo to attend the funeral.

（經五四）夏，公孫敖如晉。

(Classic, 5.4) In summer, Gongsun Ao went to Jin.

（經五五）秦人入鄀。

(Classic, 5.5) The men of Qin entered Ruo.

（經五六）秋，楚人滅六。

(Classic, 5.6) In autumn, the men of Chu destroyed Liu.

（經五七）冬，十月甲申，許男業卒。

(Classic, 5.7) In winter, in the tenth month, on jiashen, Ye, Baron of Xu, died.

春，葬許僖公。

In spring, Duke Xi of Xu was buried.

（經六二）夏，季孫行父如陳。

(Classic, 6.2) In summer, Jisun Xingfu went to Chen.

（經六三）秋，季孫行父如晉。

(Classic, 6.3) In autumn, Jisun Xingfu went to Jin.

（經六四）八月乙亥，晉侯讙卒。

(Classic, 6.4) In the eighth month, on yihai, Hua, Marquis of Jin, died.

（經六五）冬，十月，公子遂如晉。

(Classic, 6.5) In winter, in the tenth month, Prince Sui went to Jin.

（經六六）葬晉襄公。

(Classic, 6.6) Duke Xiang of Jin was buried.

（經六七）晉殺其大夫陽處父，晉狐射姑出奔狄。

(Classic, 6.7) Jin killed its grand master Yang Chufu, and Hu Shegu of Jin fled to the Di.

（傳）晉殺其大夫陽處父，則狐射姑曷為出奔？射姑殺也。射姑殺則其稱國以殺何？君漏言也。其漏言奈何？君將使射姑將。陽處父諫曰：「射姑民眾不說，不可使將。」於是廢將。陽處父出，射姑入。君謂射姑曰：「陽處父言曰：『射姑民眾不說，不可使將。』」射姑怒，出刺陽處父於朝而走。

(Commentary) Jin killed the grand master Yang Chufu, and why did Hu Shegu flee? Shegu killed him. Since Shegu killed him, why is the killing written under the state's name? Because the ruler leaked the words. How did he leak them? The ruler was about to give Shegu command of the army. Yang Chufu remonstrated: "The people do not like Shegu; he cannot be given command of the army." So the appointment was dropped. Yang Chufu went out and Shegu came in. The ruler said to Shegu: "Yang Chufu said: 'The people do not like Shegu; he cannot be given command of the army.'" Shegu became angry, went out, stabbed Yang Chufu to death at court, and ran away.

（經六八）閏月不告月，猶朝於廟。

(Classic, 6.8) In the intercalary month the announcement of the month was not made, yet court was still held in the temple.

（傳）不告月者何？不告朔也。曷為不告朔？天無是月也。閏月矣，何以謂之天無是月？是月非常月也。猶者何？通可以已也。

(Commentary) What does "did not announce the month" mean? It means not announcing the new moon. Why not announce the new moon? Heaven has no such month. If it was already an intercalary month, why say Heaven has no such month? Because this month is not a regular month. What does "still" mean? It means that all of this could originally have been stopped.

春，公伐邾婁。

In spring, Duke Wen attacked Zhulou.

（經七二）三月甲戌，取須朐。

(Classic, 7.2) In the third month, on jiaxu, Xuqu was taken.

（傳）取邑不日，此何以日？內辭也，使若他人然。

(Commentary) Taking a walled town usually does not record the day; why is the day recorded here? It is the wording inside Lu, to make it look as if someone else took it.

（經七三）遂城郚。

(Classic, 7.3) Then the city of Wu was built.

（經七四）夏，四月，宋公王臣卒。

(Classic, 7.4) In summer, in the fourth month, Wangchen, Duke of Song, died.

（經七五）宋人殺其大夫。

(Classic, 7.5) The men of Song killed one of their grand masters.

（傳）何以不名？宋三世無大夫，三世內娶也。

(Commentary) Why is his name not given? For three generations Song had no grand masters, because for three generations they took wives within the state.

（經七六）戊子，晉人及秦人戰於令狐，晉先眛以師奔秦。

(Classic, 7.6) On wuzi, the men of Jin fought the men of Qin at Linghu, and Xian Mie of Jin went over to Qin with his army.

（傳）此偏戰也，何以不言師敗績？敵也。此晉先眛也，其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？外也。其外奈何？以師外也。何以不言出？遂在外也。

(Commentary) This was a battle at an agreed time; why is it not written that the army was greatly defeated? Because the forces were evenly matched. This was Xian Mie of Jin; why is he called "the men of"? It is a demotion. Why a demotion? Because he fled abroad. How did he flee abroad? He fled abroad with the army. Why is "went out" not written? Because he was already outside.

（經七七）狄侵我西鄙。

(Classic, 7.7) The Di invaded the western border of our state of Lu.

（經七八）秋，八月，公會諸侯、晉大夫，盟於扈。

(Classic, 7.8) In autumn, in the eighth month, Duke Wen met the lords and the grand masters of Jin in a covenant at Hu.

（傳）諸侯何以不序？大夫何以不名？公失序也。公失序奈何？諸侯不可使與公盟，眣晉大夫使與公盟也。

(Commentary) Why are the lords not written in order? Why are the grand masters not named? Because Duke Wen lost the order. How did Duke Wen lose the order? The lords were unwilling to make a covenant with Duke Wen, so they had to let the grand masters of Jin signal with their eyes in order to make the covenant with Duke Wen.

（經七九）冬，徐伐莒。公孫敖如莒蒞盟。

(Classic, 7.9) In winter, Xu attacked Ju. Gongsun Ao went to Ju to join the covenant.

春，王正月。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經八二）夏，四月。

(Classic, 8.2) In summer, in the fourth month.

（經八三）秋，八月戊申，天王崩。

(Classic, 8.3) In autumn, in the eighth month, on wushen, the Son of Heaven died.

（經八四）冬，十月壬午，公子遂會晉趙盾，盟于衡雍。

(Classic, 8.4) In winter, in the tenth month, on renwu, Prince Sui met Zhao Dun of Jin and made a covenant at Hengyong.

（經八五）乙酉，公子遂會伊雒戎，盟於暴。

(Classic, 8.5) On yiyou, Prince Sui met the Rong of the Yi and Luo rivers and made a covenant at Bao.

（經八六）公孫敖如京師，不至復；丙戌，奔莒。

(Classic, 8.6) Gongsun Ao went to the capital, returned before arriving, and on bingxu fled to Ju.

（傳）不至復者何？不至復者，內辭也，不可使往也。不可使往，則其言如京師何？遂公意也。何以不言出？遂在外也。

(Commentary) What does "did not arrive and returned" mean? "Did not arrive and returned" is the wording inside Lu, but actually he could not be sent. If he could not be sent, why is "went to the capital" written? To fulfill Duke Wen's intention. Why is "went out" not written? Because he was already outside.

（經八七）螽。

(Classic, 8.7) Locusts caused a calamity.

（經八八）宋人殺其大夫司馬；宋司城來奔。

(Classic, 8.8) The men of Song killed their grand master, the Minister of War; the Minister of Works of Song came to seek refuge.

（傳）司馬者何？司城者何？皆官舉也。曷為皆官舉？宋三世無大夫，三世內娶也。

(Commentary) What is the Minister of War? What is the Minister of Works? Both are given by office title. Why are both given by office title? For three generations Song had no grand masters, because for three generations they took wives within the state.

春，毛伯來求金。

In spring, Mao Bo came to ask for metal.

（傳）毛伯者何？天子之大夫也。何以不稱使？當喪未君也。逾年矣，何以謂之未君？即位矣，而未稱王也。未稱王，何以知其即位？以諸侯之逾年即位，亦知天子之逾年即位也。以天子三年然後稱王，亦知諸侯於其封內三年稱子也。逾年稱公矣，則曷為於其封內三年稱子？緣民臣之心，不可一日無君；緣終始之義，一年不二君，不可曠年無君；緣孝子之心，則三年不忍當也。毛伯來求金，何以書？譏。何譏爾？王者無求，求金非禮也。然則是王者與？曰：非也。非王者則曷為謂之王者？王者無求，曰：是子也。繼文王之體，守文王之法度，文王之法無求而求，故譏之也。

(Commentary) Who was Mao Bo? A grand master of the Son of Heaven. Why is "sent" not written? Because it was within the mourning period and there was no formally established ruler yet. The year had already turned; why still say there was no formally established ruler? He had already taken the throne but had not yet taken the title of king. If he had not yet taken the title of king, how do we know he had taken the throne? From the fact that lords take the throne once the year turns, we also know that the Son of Heaven takes the throne once the year turns. From the fact that the Son of Heaven takes the title of king after three years, we also know that lords within their borders are called "viscount" for three years. The year had turned and he was already called duke; why is he called "viscount" within the borders for three years? Following the hearts of the ministers and people, there cannot be even one day without a ruler; following the meaning of end and beginning, there cannot be two rulers in one year, nor can there be no ruler for the whole year; following the heart of the filial son, for three years he cannot bear to take it on. Mao Bo came to ask for metal; why is it recorded? As a criticism. What is criticized? A true king does not "ask"; asking for metal is improper. Then was this man a true king? The answer is: no. If he was not a true king, why is he still called a true king? The true king does not "ask"; the answer is: this man was a viscount. He inherited King Wen's lineage and kept King Wen's laws, and King Wen's laws had no "asking" yet he came to ask, so he is criticized.

（經九二）夫人姜氏如齊。

(Classic, 9.2) Lady Jiang went to Qi.

（經九三）二月，叔孫得臣如京師。

(Classic, 9.3) In the second month, Shusun Dechen went to the capital.

（經九四）辛丑，葬襄王。

(Classic, 9.4) On xinchou, King Xiang was buried.

（傳）王者不書葬，此何以書？不及時書，過時書，我有往者則書。

(Commentary) The burial of a true king is usually not recorded; why is it recorded here? If it was before the time it is recorded, and if it was after the time it is recorded, so long as someone from Lu went to attend.

（經九五）晉人殺其大夫先都。

(Classic, 9.5) The men of Jin killed their grand master Xian Du.

（經九六）三月，夫人姜氏至自齊。

(Classic, 9.6) In the third month, Lady Jiang returned from Qi.

（經九七）晉人殺其大夫士眛及箕鄭父。

(Classic, 9.7) The men of Jin killed their grand masters Shi Mei and Ji Zhengfu.

（經九八）楚人伐鄭。

(Classic, 9.8) The men of Chu attacked Zheng.

（經九九）公子遂會晉人、宋人、衛人、許人救鄭。

(Classic, 9.9) Prince Sui joined the men of Jin, the men of Song, the men of Wei and the men of Xu to rescue Zheng.

（經九十）夏，狄侵齊。

(Classic, 9.10) In summer, the Di invaded Qi.

（經九十一）秋，八月，曹伯襄卒。

(Classic, 9.11) In autumn, in the eighth month, Xiang, Earl of Cao, died.

（經九十二）九月癸酉，地震。

(Classic, 9.12) In the ninth month, on guiyou, there was an earthquake.

（傳）地震者何？動地也。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What is an earthquake? It is the earth moving. Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly.

（經九十三）冬，楚子使椒來聘。

(Classic, 9.13) In winter, the Viscount of Chu sent Jiao to pay a visit.

（傳）椒者何？楚大夫也。楚無大夫，此何以書？始有大夫也。始有大夫，則何以不氏？許夷狄者不一而足也。

(Commentary) Who was Jiao? A grand master of Chu. Chu had no grand masters; why is he recorded here? It was the beginning of having grand masters. If it was the beginning of having grand masters, why is his clan name not given? Because barbarians are granted something but not given everything at once.

（經九十四）秦人來歸僖公成風之襚。

(Classic, 9.14) The men of Qin came to present funerary robes for Duke Xi and Cheng Feng.

（傳）其言僖公成風何？兼之。兼之非禮也。曷為不言及成風？成風尊也。

(Commentary) What does "Duke Xi, Cheng Feng" mean? Two matters are combined. Combining them is improper. Why is "and Cheng Feng" not written? Because Cheng Feng was of honored rank.

（經九十五）葬曹共公。

(Classic, 9.15) Duke Gong of Cao was buried.

春，王三月辛卯，臧孫辰卒。

In spring, the third month of the Zhou calendar, on the day xinmao, Zang Sunchen died.

（經十二）夏，秦伐晉。

(Classic 12) In summer, Qin attacked Jin.

（經十三）楚殺其大夫宜申。

(Classic 13) Chu killed its senior officer Yishen.

（經十四）自正月不雨，至於秋七月。

(Classic 14) From the first month there was no rain, until the seventh month in autumn.

（經十五）及蘇子盟於女栗。

(Classic 15) A covenant was made with Master Su at Nüli.

（經十六）冬，狄侵宋。

(Classic 16) In winter, the Di invaded Song.

（經十七）楚子、蔡侯次於屈貉。

(Classic 17) The Viscount of Chu and the Marquis of Cai encamped at Qu He.

春，楚子伐圈。

In spring, the Viscount of Chu attacked Juan.

（經十一二）夏，叔彭生會晉郄缺於承匡。

(Classic 11-2) In summer, Shu Pengsheng met Xi Que of Jin at Chengkuang.

（經十一三）秋，曹伯來朝。

(Classic 11-3) In autumn, the Earl of Cao came to court.

（經十一四）公子遂如宋。

(Classic 11-4) Prince Sui went to Song.

（經十一五）狄侵齊。

(Classic 11-5) The Di invaded Qi.

（經十一六）冬，十月甲午，叔孫得臣敗狄於鹹。

(Classic 11-6) In winter, in the tenth month, on the day jiawu, Shusun Dechen defeated the Di at Xian.

（傳）狄者何？長狄也。兄弟三人，一者之齊，一者之魯，一者之晉。其之齊者，王子成父殺之；其之魯者，叔孫得臣殺之；則未知其之晉者也。其言敗何？大之也。其日何？大之也。其地何？大之也。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What are the Di? They are the Tall Di. There were three brothers; one went to Qi, one went to Lu, and one went to Jin. The one who went to Qi was killed by Wangzi Chengfu; the one who went to Lu was killed by Shusun Dechen; what became of the one who went to Jin is not known. Why does it write "defeated"? To magnify the matter. Why does it record the day? To magnify the matter. Why does it record the place? To magnify the matter. Why was it recorded at all? To record an unusual event.

春，王正月，盛伯來奔。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Earl of Sheng came seeking refuge.

（傳）盛伯者何？失地之君也。何以不名？兄弟辭也。

(Commentary) Who was the Earl of Sheng? A ruler who had lost his land. Why is he not called by name? This is the wording used among brothers.

（經十二二）杞伯來朝。

(Classic 12-2) The Earl of Qi came to court.

（經十二三）二月庚子，子叔姬卒。

(Classic 12-3) In the second month, on the day gengzi, Zishu Ji died.

（傳）此未適人，何以卒？許嫁矣。婦人許嫁，字而笄之，死則以成人之喪治之。其稱子何？貴也。其貴奈何？母弟也。

(Commentary) This woman had not yet married, so why is her death recorded? She had already been betrothed. When a woman is betrothed, she is given a courtesy name and has her hairpin put on, and when she dies she is mourned with the rites for an adult. Why is she called "Zi"? Because her rank is honored. How is it honored? She was the ruler's full sister.

（經十二四）夏，楚人圍巢。

(Classic 12-4) In summer, the people of Chu besieged Chao.

（經十二五）秋，滕子來朝。

(Classic 12-5) In autumn, the Viscount of Teng came to court.

（經十二六）秦伯使遂來聘。

(Classic 12-6) The Earl of Qin sent Sui on a diplomatic visit.

（傳）遂者何？秦大夫也。秦無大夫，此何以書？賢繆公也。何賢乎繆公？以為能變也。其為能變奈何？惟諓諓善竫言。俾君子易怠，而況乎我多有之，惟一介斷斷焉無他技。其心休休，能有容，是難也。

(Commentary) Who was Sui? A senior officer of Qin. Qin had no senior officers, so why is he recorded here? Because Duke Mu is held to have been worthy. Where did Duke Mu's worth lie? In that he was able to change. How was he able to change? Those who speak glibly and cleverly make a gentleman slack, and how much more so when there are so many such people here; but one upright person, with no other skill, of generous heart and able to tolerate others, is the rare one.

（經十二七）冬，十有二月戊午，晉人、秦人戰於河曲。

(Classic 12-7) In winter, in the twelfth month, on the day wuwu, the men of Jin and the men of Qin fought at Hequ.

（傳）此偏戰也，何以不言師敗績？敵也。曷為以水地？河曲疏矣，河千里而一曲也。

(Commentary) This was a battle by appointment, so why does it not write that the army was greatly defeated? Because the two sides were evenly matched. Why is the place named with a river? Because Hequ is very distant, and the Yellow River makes only one bend in a thousand li.

（經十二八）季孫行父帥師，城諸及運。

(Classic 12-8) Jisun Xingfu led the army and fortified Zhu and Yun.

春，王正月。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經十三二）夏，五月壬午，陳侯朔卒。

(Classic 13-2) In summer, in the fifth month, on the day renwu, Shuo, Marquis of Chen, died.

（經十三三）邾婁子蘧蒢卒。

(Classic 13-3) Qu Chu, Viscount of Zhulou, died.

（經十三四）自正月不雨，至於秋七月。

(Classic 13-4) From the first month there was no rain, until the seventh month in autumn.

（經十三五）世室屋壞。

(Classic 13-5) The roof of the Shi Chamber collapsed.

（傳）世室者何？魯公之廟也。周公稱太廟，魯公稱世室，群公稱宮。此魯公之廟也，曷為謂之世室？世室，猶世室也，世世不毀也。周公何以稱太廟於魯？封魯公以為周公也。周公拜乎前，魯公拜乎後。曰：生以養周公，死以為周公主。然則周公之魯乎？曰：不之魯也，封魯公以為周公主。然則周公曷為不之魯？欲天下之一乎周也。魯祭周公，何以為牲？周公用白牡，魯公用騂犅，群公不毛。魯祭周公，何以為盛？周公盛，魯公燾，群公廩。世室屋壞，何以書？譏。何譏爾？久不修也。

(Commentary) What is the Shi Chamber? It is the temple of the Duke of Lu. The temple of the Duke of Zhou is called the Great Temple, that of the Duke of Lu the Shi Chamber, and those of the other dukes are called palaces. This is the temple of the Duke of Lu, so why is it called the Shi Chamber? The "Shi Chamber" means a chamber of generations, so it is never torn down for generations. Why is the Duke of Zhou's temple called the Great Temple in Lu? The Duke of Lu was enfeoffed for the sake of the Duke of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou bowed in front, and the Duke of Lu bowed behind. It is said that in life he was to nurture the Duke of Zhou, and in death he was to serve as the chief sacrificer of the Duke of Zhou. Then did the Duke of Zhou go to Lu? The answer is that he did not go to Lu; the Duke of Lu was enfeoffed to be the Duke of Zhou's chief sacrificer. Then why did the Duke of Zhou not go to Lu? So that all under Heaven would be unified under Zhou. In Lu's sacrifices to the Duke of Zhou, what animals are used? For the Duke of Zhou a white bull, for the Duke of Lu a red bull, and for the other dukes bulls of mixed color. In Lu's sacrifices to the Duke of Zhou, how are the millets in the vessels? For the Duke of Zhou they are heaped full, for the Duke of Lu covered, and for the other dukes as ordinary as in the granary. When the roof of the Shi Chamber collapsed, why was it recorded? As a criticism. What was criticized? That it had long gone unrepaired.

（經十三六）冬，公如晉。

(Classic 13-6) In winter, Duke Wen went to Jin.

（經十三七）衛侯會於沓。

(Classic 13-7) The Marquis of Wei met him at Ta.

（經十三八）狄侵衛。

(Classic 13-8) The Di invaded Wei.

（經十三九）十有二月己丑，公及晉侯盟，還自晉。

(Classic 13-9) In the twelfth month, on the day jichou, Duke Wen made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin and returned from Jin.

（經十三十）鄭伯會公於斐。

(Classic 13-10) The Earl of Zheng met Duke Wen at Fei.

（傳）還者何？善辭也。何善爾？往黨，衛侯會公於沓，至得與晉侯盟。反黨，鄭伯會公於斐，故善之也。

(Commentary) What does "returned" mean? It is a wording of praise. What is praised? On the way there, the Marquis of Wei met Duke Wen at Ta, and only after arriving could he make the covenant with the Marquis of Jin. On the way back, the Earl of Zheng met Duke Wen at Fei, so he is praised.

春，王正月，公至自晉。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Wen returned from Jin.

（經十四二）邾婁人伐我南鄙。

(Classic 14-2) The people of Zhulou attacked the southern border of our state of Lu.

（經十四三）叔彭生帥師伐邾婁。

(Classic 14-3) Shu Pengsheng led an army and attacked Zhulou.

（經十四四）夏，五月乙亥，齊侯潘卒。

(Classic 14-4) In summer, in the fifth month, on the day yihai, Pan, Marquis of Qi, died.

（經十四五）六月，公會宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯、晉趙盾。

(Classic 14-5) In the sixth month, Duke Wen met with the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Cao, and Zhao Dun of Jin.

（經十四六）癸酉，同盟於新城。

(Classic 14-6) On the day guiyou, they made a covenant together at Xincheng.

（經十四七）秋，七月，有星孛入於北斗。

(Classic 14-7) In autumn, in the seventh month, a comet entered the Northern Dipper.

（傳）孛者何？彗星也。其言入於北斗何？北斗有中也。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What is a bo star? It is a comet. What does it mean to write "entered the Northern Dipper"? The Northern Dipper has a central palace. Why was it recorded? To record an unusual event.

（經十四八）公至自會。

(Classic 14-8) Duke Wen returned from the covenant.

（經十四九）晉人納接菑於邾婁，弗克納。

(Classic 14-9) The men of Jin tried to install Jiezi in Zhulou but could not install him.

（傳）納者何？入辭也。其言弗克納何？大其弗克納也。何大乎其弗克納？晉郄缺帥師，革車八百乘，以納接菑於邾婁，力沛若有餘而納之。邾婁人言曰：「接菑，晉出也；貜且，齊出也。子以其指，則接菑也四，貜且也六。子以大國壓之，則未知齊、晉孰有之也，貴則皆貴矣。雖然，貜且也長。」郄缺曰：「非吾力不能納也，義實不爾克也。」引師而去之，故君子大其弗克納也。此晉郄缺也，其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？不與大夫專廢置君也。曷為不與？實與而文不與。文曷為不與？大夫之義，不得專廢置君也。

(Commentary) What does "install" mean? It is the wording for putting someone in. What does it mean to write "could not install"? It magnifies that he could not be installed. Why magnify his failure to be installed? Xi Que of Jin led an army of eight hundred chariots to install Jiezi in Zhulou, with strength sufficient, and as if with strength to spare he sent him in. The people of Zhulou said: "Jiezi was born of a woman of Jin, and Juqie of a woman of Qi. If you count on your fingers, Jiezi is four and Juqie is six. You press us with a great state, but you do not know which of Qi and Jin could hold the place; as for nobility, both are noble. Even so, Juqie is the elder." Xi Que said: "It is not that my strength cannot install him, but that in righteousness it is truly not right to install him by force." He took the army and left, so the gentleman magnifies that he could not install him. This man was Xi Que of Jin; why is he called "man"? It is a demotion. Why demote him? Because it disapproves of a senior officer arbitrarily deposing and setting up a ruler. Why disapprove? In substance it approves, but in wording it disapproves. Why disapprove in wording? Because it is not the duty of a senior officer to arbitrarily depose and set up a ruler.

（經十四十）九月甲申，公孫敖卒於齊。

(Classic 14-10) In the ninth month, on the day jiashen, Gongsun Ao died in Qi.

（經十四十一）齊公子商人弒其君舍。

(Classic 14-11) Prince Shangren of Qi killed his ruler She.

（傳）此未逾年之君也，其言弒其君舍何？己立之，己殺之，成死者而賤生者也。

(Commentary) This was a ruler for whom the year had not yet passed, so why does it write "murdered his ruler She"? He himself set him up and himself killed him, which completes the dead and demotes the living.

（經十四十二）宋子哀來奔。

(Classic 14-12) Zi Ai of Song came seeking refuge.

（傳）宋子哀者何？無聞焉爾。

(Commentary) Who was Zi Ai of Song? We have not heard.

（經十四十三）冬，單伯如齊。

(Classic 14-13) In winter, Shan Bo went to Qi.

（經十四十四）齊人執單伯，齊人執子叔姬。

(Classic 14-14) The men of Qi seized Shan Bo, and the men of Qi seized Zishu Ji.

（傳）執者曷為或稱行人？或不稱行人？稱行人而執者，以其事執也；不稱行人而執者，以己執也。單伯之罪何？道淫也。惡乎淫？淫乎子叔姬。然則曷為不言齊人執單伯及子叔姬？內辭也，使若異罪然。

(Commentary) Why is it that in seizing a person, sometimes "envoy" is written and sometimes not? When "envoy" is written and he is seized, he was seized because of the matter he was handling; when "envoy" is not written and he is seized, he was seized because of himself. What was Shan Bo's offense? Licentiousness on the road. With whom? With Zishu Ji. Then why does it not write that the men of Qi seized Shan Bo together with Zishu Ji? It is a wording of Lu's own, making them look like two separate offenses.

春，季孫行父如晉。

In spring, Jisun Xingfu went to Jin.

（經十五二）三月，宋司馬華孫來盟。

(Classic 15-2) In the third month, Hua Sun, Minister of War of Song, came to the covenant.

（經十五三）夏，曹伯來朝。

(Classic 15-3) In summer, the Earl of Cao came to court.

（經十五四）齊人歸公孫敖之喪。

(Classic 15-4) The men of Qi returned the coffin of Gongsun Ao.

（傳）何以不言來？內辭也。脅我而歸之，筍將而來也。

(Commentary) Why does it not write "came"? It is a wording of Lu's own. We were compelled before it was returned, and it was carried in on a bamboo litter.

（經十五五）六月辛丑朔，日有食之，鼓用牲於社。

(Classic 15-5) In the sixth month, on the new moon of the day xinchou, there was a solar eclipse; drums were beaten and a sacrificial animal offered at the altar of the soil.

（經十五六）單伯至自齊。

(Classic 15-6) Shan Bo returned from Qi.

（經十五七）晉郄缺帥師伐蔡；戊申，入蔡。

(Classic 15-7) Xi Que of Jin led an army and attacked Cai; on the day wushen, he entered Cai.

（傳）入不言伐，此其言伐何？至之日也。其日何？至之日也。

(Commentary) Entering normally does not write "attacked," yet here it writes "attacked"; why? He entered on the very day he arrived. Why is the day recorded? It was the day of arrival.

（經十五八）秋，齊人侵我西鄙。

(Classic 15-8) In autumn, the men of Qi invaded the western border of our state of Lu.

（經十五九）季孫行父如晉。

(Classic 15-9) Jisun Xingfu went to Jin.

（經十五十）冬，十有一月，諸侯盟於扈。

(Classic 15-10) In winter, in the eleventh month, the feudal lords made a covenant at Hu.

（經十五十一）十有二月，齊人來歸子叔姬。

(Classic 15-11) In the twelfth month, the men of Qi came to return Zishu Ji.

（傳）其言來何？閔之也。此有罪，何閔爾？父母之於子，雖有罪，猶若其不欲服罪然。

(Commentary) Why does it write "came"? Out of pity for her. This person was guilty, so what is there to pity? Parents toward their children, even when they are guilty, still treat them as though they did not intend to submit to punishment.

（經十五十二）齊侯侵我西鄙，遂伐曹，入其郛。

(Classic 15-12) The Marquis of Qi invaded the western border of our state of Lu, and then attacked Cao and entered the outer wall of Cao.

（傳）郛者何？恢郭也。入郛書乎？曰：不書。入郛不書，此何以書？動我也。動我者何？內辭也。其實我動焉爾。

(Commentary) What is a fu? It is an enlarged outer wall. Is entering an outer wall recorded? The answer is no. Entering an outer wall is normally not recorded, so why is it recorded here? Because it alarmed us. What does "alarmed us" mean? It is a wording of Lu's own. In fact we were alarmed.

春，季孫行父會齊侯於陽穀，齊侯弗及盟。

In spring, Jisun Xingfu met the Marquis of Qi at Yanggu, and the Marquis of Qi did not make a covenant with him.

（傳）其言弗及盟何？不見與盟也。

(Commentary) What does writing "did not reach a covenant" mean? The Marquis of Qi would not make a covenant with him.

（經十六二）夏，五月，公四不視朔。

(Classic 16-2) In summer, in the fifth month, Duke Wen did not perform the new moon audience four times.

（傳）公曷為四不視朔？公有疾也。何言乎公有疾不視朔？自是公無疾，不視朔也。然則曷為不言「公無疾不視朔」？有疾猶可言也，無疾不可言也。

(Commentary) Why did Duke Wen not perform the new moon audience four times? Because Duke Wen was ill. Why does it say that Duke Wen did not perform the audience because he was ill? From this point Duke Wen did not perform the audience even when he was not ill. Then why does it not write "the Duke, without illness, did not perform the audience"? Illness could still be mentioned, but not being ill was inconvenient to mention.

（經十六三）六月戊辰，公子遂及齊侯盟於犀丘。

(Classic 16-3) In the sixth month, on the day wuchen, Prince Sui made a covenant with the Marquis of Qi at Xiqiu.

（經十六四）秋，八月辛未，夫人姜氏薨。

(Classic 16-4) In autumn, in the eighth month, on the day xinwei, the lady Jiang, Duke Wen's wife, died.

（經十六五）毀泉臺。

(Classic 16-5) The Spring Terrace was demolished.

（傳）泉臺者何？郎臺也。郎臺則曷為謂之泉臺？未成為郎臺，既成為泉臺。毀泉臺，何以書？譏。何譏爾？築之譏，毀之譏。先祖為之，己毀之，不如勿居而已矣！

(Commentary) What is the Spring Terrace? It is the Lang Terrace. Since it is the Lang Terrace, why is it called the Spring Terrace? Before it was completed it was called the Lang Terrace, and after it was completed the Spring Terrace. Why was it recorded that the Spring Terrace was demolished? As a criticism. What was criticized? Building it was criticized, and demolishing it was also criticized. If a forebear built it and one demolishes it oneself, it would have been better simply not to live there!

（經十六六）楚人、秦人、巴人滅庸。

(Classic 16-6) The men of Chu, the men of Qin and the men of Ba destroyed Yong.

（經十六七）冬，十有一月，宋人弒其君處臼。

(Classic 16-7) In winter, in the eleventh month, the men of Song killed their ruler Chujiu.

（傳）弒君者曷為或稱名氏？或不稱名氏？大夫弒君稱名氏，賤者窮諸人；大夫相殺稱人，賤者窮諸盜。

(Commentary) In killing a ruler, why are some named by clan name and some not? When a senior officer kills a ruler, he is given his clan and name; the lowly person goes all the way down to being called "men." When senior officers kill one another, they are called "men"; the lowly go all the way down to being called "bandits."

春，晉人、衛人、陳人、鄭人伐宋。

In spring, the men of Jin, the men of Wei, the men of Chen and the men of Zheng attacked Song.

（經十七二）夏，四月癸亥，葬我小君聖姜。

(Classic 17-2) In summer, in the fourth month, on the day guihai, our Lu consort Shengjiang was buried.

（傳）聖姜者何？文公之母也。

(Commentary) Who was Shengjiang? The mother of Duke Wen.

（經十七三）齊侯伐我西鄙。

(Classic 17-3) The Marquis of Qi attacked the western border of our state of Lu.

（經十七四）六月癸未，公及齊侯盟於谷。

(Classic 17-4) In the sixth month, on the day guiwei, Duke Wen made a covenant with the Marquis of Qi at Gu.

（經十七五）諸侯會於扈。

(Classic 17-5) The feudal lords met at Hu.

（經十七六）秋，公至自谷。

(Classic 17-6) In autumn, Duke Wen returned from Gu.

（經十七七）冬，公子遂如齊。

(Classic 17-7) In winter, Prince Sui went to Qi.

春，王二月丁丑，公薨於臺下。

In spring, the second month of the Zhou calendar, on the day dingchou, Duke Wen died below the terrace.

（經十八二）秦伯罃卒。

(Classic 18-2) Ying, Earl of Qin, died.

（經十八三）夏，五月戊戌，齊人弒其君商人。

(Classic 18-3) In summer, in the fifth month, on the day wuxu, the men of Qi killed their ruler Shangren.

（經十八四）六月癸酉，葬我君文公。

(Classic 18-4) In the sixth month, on the day guiyou, our ruler Duke Wen of Lu was buried.

（經十八五）秋，公子遂、叔孫得臣如齊。

(Classic 18-5) In autumn, Prince Sui and Shusun Dechen went to Qi.

（經十八六）冬，十月，子卒。

(Classic 18-6) In winter, in the tenth month, the Zi died.

（傳）子卒者孰謂？謂子赤也。何以不日？隱之也。何隱爾？弒也。弒則何以不日？不忍言也。

(Commentary) Who is meant by "the Zi died"? It means Zichi. Why is the day not recorded? Out of hidden grief over the matter. What was the grief? He was killed. Since he was killed, why is the day not recorded? Because it was too painful to say.

（經十八七）夫人姜氏歸於齊。

(Classic 18-7) The lady Jiang, Duke Wen's wife, returned to Qi.

（經十八八）季孫行父如齊。

(Classic 18-8) Jisun Xingfu went to Qi.

（經十八九）莒弒其君庶其。

(Classic 18-9) Ju killed its ruler Shuqi.

（傳）稱國以弒何？稱國以弒者，眾弒君之辭。

(Commentary) Why is the killing written with the state's name? Writing the killing with the state's name is the wording for the multitude killing the ruler.

春，王正月，公即位。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xuan took the throne.

（傳）繼弒君不言即位，此其言即位何？其意也。

(Commentary) Following a murdered ruler, accession is normally not written, yet here it writes accession; why? It was Duke Xuan's own intention.

（經一二）公子遂如齊逆女。三月，遂以夫人婦姜至自齊。

(Classic 1-2) Prince Sui went to Qi to meet a bride. In the third month, Sui returned from Qi with the lady Fujiang.

（傳）遂何以不稱公子？一事而再見者，卒名也。夫人何以不稱姜氏？貶。曷為貶？譏喪娶也。喪娶者公也，則曷為貶夫人？內無貶於公之道也。內無貶於公之道，則曷為貶夫人？夫人與公一體也。其稱婦何？有姑之辭也。

(Commentary) Why is Sui not called prince? When a matter appears a second time, the later time gives only the name. Why is the lady not called Jiang? It is a demotion. Why demote? To criticize marrying during mourning. The one who married during mourning was Duke Xuan, so why demote the lady? Within Lu there is no principle for demoting the ruler. If within Lu there is no principle for demoting the ruler, why demote the lady? The lady and the ruler are one body. Why is she called "Fu"? That is the wording for one who has a mother-in-law.

（經一三）夏，季孫行父如齊。

(Classic 1-3) In summer, Jisun Xingfu went to Qi.

（經一四）晉放其大夫胥甲父於衛。

(Classic 1-4) Jin banished its senior officer Xu Jiafu to Wei.

（傳）放之者何？猶曰無去是云爾。然則何言爾？近正也。此其為近正奈何？古者大夫已去，三年待放。君放之，非也；大夫待放，正也。古者臣有大喪，則君三年不呼其門。已練可以弁冕，服金革之事。君使之，非也；臣行之，禮也。閔子要絰而服事，既而曰：「若此乎！古之道不即人心。」退而致仕。孔子蓋善之也。

(Commentary) What does "banished him" mean? It is like saying "do not leave this place." Then why is it written this way? It comes close to the right way. How does it come close to the right way? In ancient times, when a senior officer had already left, he waited three years to be banished. For the ruler to banish him is wrong; for the senior officer to wait for banishment is right. In ancient times, when a minister had a great mourning, the ruler did not call at his gate for three years. After the first anniversary sacrifice, he could wear the cap and attend to military affairs. For the ruler to summon him is wrong; for the minister to go on his own is in accord with ritual. Min Ziqian went about his business with his mourning sash tied at his waist, and afterwards said: "How it is! The ancient way does not truly fit people's hearts." Then he withdrew and resigned his office. Confucius presumably praised this.

（經一五）公會齊侯於平州。

(Classic 1-5) Duke Xuan met the Marquis of Qi at Pingzhou.

（經一六）公子遂如齊。

(Classic 1-6) Prince Sui went to Qi.

（經一七）六月，齊人取濟西田。

(Classic 1-7) In the sixth month, the men of Qi took the fields west of the Ji River.

（傳）外取邑不書，此何以書？所以賂齊也。曷為賂齊？為弒子赤之賂也。

(Commentary) When an outside state seizes a city, it is normally not recorded, so why is it recorded here? It was used to bribe Qi. Why bribe Qi? It was a bribe sent for the killing of Zichi.

（經一八）秋，邾婁子來朝。

(Classic 1-8) In autumn, the Viscount of Zhulou came to court.

（經一九）楚子、鄭人侵陳，遂侵宋。

(Classic 1-9) The Viscount of Chu and the men of Zheng invaded Chen, and then invaded Song.

（經一十）晉趙盾帥師救陳。宋公、陳侯、衛侯、曹伯會晉師於斐林，伐鄭。

(Classic 1-10) Zhao Dun of Jin led an army to rescue Chen. The Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Cao joined the Jin army at Feilin and attacked Zheng.

（傳）此晉趙盾之師也，曷為不言趙盾之師？君不會大夫之辭也。

(Commentary) This was the army of Zhao Dun of Jin, so why does it not write Zhao Dun's army? It is the wording for rulers not meeting with a senior officer.

（經一十一）冬，晉趙穿帥師侵柳。

(Classic 1-11) In winter, Zhao Chuan of Jin led an army and invaded Liu.

（傳）柳者何？天子之邑也。曷為不繫乎周？不與伐天子也。

(Commentary) What is Liu? It was a city of the Son of Heaven. Why is it not attached beneath Zhou? Because it disapproves of attacking the Son of Heaven.

（經一十二）晉人、宋人伐鄭。

(Classic 1-12) The men of Jin and the men of Song attacked Zheng.

春，王二月壬子，宋華元帥師，及鄭公子歸生帥師，戰於大棘。宋師敗績，獲宋華元。

In spring, the second month of the Zhou calendar, on the day renzi, Hua Yuan of Song led an army, and Prince Gui Sheng of Zheng led an army, and they fought at Daji. The Song army was greatly defeated, and Hua Yuan of Song was captured.

（經二二）秦師伐晉。

(Classic 2-2) The Qin army attacked Jin.

（經二三）夏，晉人、宋人、衛人、陳人侵鄭。

(Classic 2-3) In summer, the men of Jin, the men of Song, the men of Wei and the men of Chen invaded Zheng.

（經二四）秋，九月乙丑，晉趙盾弒其君夷嗥。

(Classic 2-4) In autumn, in the ninth month, on the day yichou, Zhao Dun of Jin killed his ruler Yigao.

（經二五）冬，十月乙亥，天王崩。

(Classic 2-5) In winter, in the tenth month, on the day yihai, the Son of Heaven died.

春，王正月，郊牛之口傷，改卜牛。牛死，乃不郊，猶三望。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, the ox for the suburban sacrifice was injured in the mouth, and divination was made for another ox. The ox died, so the suburban sacrifice was not held, but the three viewing sacrifices were still held.

（傳）其言之何？緩也。曷為不復卜？養牲養二卜。帝牲不吉，則扳稷牲而卜之。帝牲在於滌三月，於稷者唯具是視。郊則曷為必祭稷？王者必以其祖配。王者則曷為必以其祖配？自內出者無匹不行，自外至者無主不止。

(Commentary) Why does it write "zhi"? It is a relaxed tone of speech. Why was divination not made again? Sacrificial animals are raised in two, and divination is made twice. If the animal for Heaven is not auspicious, one turns the animal for Hou Ji over and divines for it. The animal for Heaven is kept in the Di Palace for three months, while that for Hou Ji only needs to be prepared. Why must the suburban sacrifice include sacrifice to Hou Ji? A king must pair his own ancestor with Heaven. Why must a king pair his ancestor? What goes out from within cannot go without a counterpart, and what comes from without cannot stay without a host.

（經三二）葬匡王。

(Classic 3-2) King Kuang was buried.

（經三三）楚子伐賁渾戎。

(Classic 3-3) The Viscount of Chu attacked the Benhun Rong.

（經三四）夏，楚人侵鄭。

(Classic 3-4) In summer, the men of Chu invaded Zheng.

（經三五）秋，赤狄侵齊。

(Classic 3-5) In autumn, the Red Di invaded Qi.

（經三六）宋師圍曹。

(Classic 3-6) The Song army besieged Cao.

（經三七）冬，十月丙戌，鄭伯蘭卒。葬鄭繆公。

(Classic 3-7) In winter, in the tenth month, on the day bingxu, Lan, Earl of Zheng, died. Duke Mu of Zheng was buried.

春，王正月，公及齊侯平莒及郯。莒人不肯，公伐莒，取向。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xuan and the Marquis of Qi mediated between Ju and Tan. The men of Ju would not agree, so Duke Xuan attacked Ju and took Xiang.

（傳）此平莒也，其言不肯何？辭取向也。

(Commentary) This was mediating between Ju and Tan, so why does it write "would not agree"? It is wording prepared for the taking of Xiang.

（經四二）秦伯稻卒。

(Classic 4-2) Dao, Earl of Qin, died.

（經四三）夏，六月乙酉，鄭公子歸生弒其君夷。

(Classic 4-3) In summer, in the sixth month, on the day yiyou, Prince Gui Sheng of Zheng killed his ruler Yi.

（經四四）赤狄侵齊。

(Classic 4-4) The Red Di invaded Qi.

（經四五）秋，公如齊。公至自齊。

(Classic 4-5) In autumn, Duke Xuan went to Qi. Duke Xuan returned from Qi.

（經四六）冬，楚子伐鄭。

(Classic 4-6) In winter, the Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng.

春，公如齊。夏，公至自齊。

In spring, Duke Xuan went to Qi. In summer, Duke Xuan returned from Qi.

（經五二）秋，九月，齊高固來逆子叔姬。

(Classic 5-2) In autumn, in the ninth month, Gao Gu of Qi came to meet Zishu Ji as his bride.

（經五三）叔孫得臣卒。

(Classic 5-3) Shusun Dechen died.

（經五四）冬，齊高固及子叔姬來。

(Classic 5-4) In winter, Gao Gu of Qi and Zishu Ji came.

（傳）何言乎高固之來？言叔姬之來，而不言高固之來則不可。子公羊子曰：「其諸為其雙雙而俱至者與！」（經五五）楚人伐鄭。

(Commentary) Why does it say Gao Gu came? It would not do to say only that Shu Ji came and not that Gao Gu came. Master Gongyang said: "Probably because they came together as a pair!" (Classic 5-5) The men of Chu attacked Zheng.

春，晉趙盾、衛孫免侵陳。

In spring, Zhao Dun of Jin and Sun Mian of Wei invaded Chen.

（傳）趙盾弒君，此其復見何？親弒君者趙穿也。親弒君者趙穿，則曷為加之趙盾？不討賊也。何以謂之不討賊？晉史書賊曰：「晉趙盾弒其君夷嗥。」趙盾曰：「天乎！無辜！吾不弒君，誰謂吾弒君者乎？」史曰：「爾為仁為義，人弒爾君，而復國不討賊，此非弒君而何？」

(Commentary) Zhao Dun killed the ruler, so why does he appear again here? The one who killed the ruler with his own hand was Zhao Chuan. The one who killed the ruler with his own hand was Zhao Chuan, so why is it attributed to Zhao Dun? Because he did not punish the culprit. Why is it said he did not punish the culprit? The historian of Jin recorded the culprit, saying: "Zhao Dun of Jin killed his ruler Yigao." Zhao Dun said: "Heaven! I am innocent! I did not kill the ruler; who says I killed the ruler?" The historian said: "You speak of benevolence and righteousness, yet when another killed your ruler, you returned to the state and did not punish the culprit; if this is not killing the ruler, what is it?"

（傳）趙盾之復國奈何？靈公為無道，使諸大夫皆內朝，然後處乎臺上，引彈而彈之，己趨而闢丸，是樂而已矣。趙盾已朝而出，與諸大夫立於朝，有人荷畚，自閨而出者。趙盾曰：「彼何也？夫畚曷為出乎閨？」呼之不至，曰：「子大夫也，欲視之則就而視之。」趙盾就而視之，則赫然死人也。趙盾曰：「是何也？」曰：「膳宰也，熊蹯不熟，公怒以鬥摮而殺之，支解將使我棄之。」趙盾曰：「嘻！」趨而入。靈公望見趙盾，愬而再拜。趙盾逡巡北面再拜稽首，趨而出，靈公心怍焉，欲殺之。於是使勇士某者往殺之，勇士入其大門，則無人門焉者；入其閨，則無人閨焉者；上其堂，則無人焉。俯而窺其戶，方食魚飧。勇士曰：「嘻！子誠仁人也！吾太子之大門，則無人焉；太子之閨，則無人焉；上子之堂，則無人焉；是子之易也。子為晉國重卿而食魚飧，是子之儉也。君將使我殺子，吾不忍殺子也，雖然，吾亦不可復見吾君矣。」遂刎頸而死。

(The Commentary continued:) How did Zhao Dun return to the state? Duke Ling was without the Way. He had the senior officers all come to the inner court, then stayed on a terrace himself, pulling a slingshot to shoot at them, while he watched them run to dodge the pellets, as his amusement. After Zhao Dun finished the audience and came out, he stood in the court with the senior officers, and someone carrying a basket came out through the side gate. Zhao Dun said: "What is that? Why does a basket come out through the side gate?" He called to him, but the man would not come over, and said: "You are a senior officer; if you want to see, come close and look." Zhao Dun went close and looked, and it was a dead person, horribly so. Zhao Dun said: "Who is this?" The answer was: "The cook. The bear paw was not cooked through, and the duke, angry, struck and killed him with a ladle, and had him cut up and told me to throw him away." Zhao Dun said: "Alas!" and hurried inside. Duke Ling saw Zhao Dun and, startled and afraid, bowed twice. Zhao Dun, hesitating, bowed north twice with his head to the ground and hurried out. Duke Ling felt ashamed in his heart and wanted to kill him. So he sent a warrior to kill him. The warrior went through the great gate, and no one was guarding the gate; he went through the side gate, and no one was guarding it; he went up the hall, and there was no one either. He bent down and looked into the door, and Zhao Dun was eating a meal of fish and rice. The warrior said: "Ah! You are truly a humane man! I entered your great gate and no one was there; I entered your side gate and no one was there; I went up your hall and no one was there: this is your simplicity. You are a senior minister of Jin and yet eat fish and rice: this is your frugality. The ruler is about to have me kill you, and I cannot bear to kill you. Even so, I cannot go back and see my ruler again." So he cut his own throat and died. (The source text has a corrupted reading in one phrase here.)

（傳）靈公聞之怒，滋欲殺之甚，眾莫可使往者。於是伏甲於宮中，召趙盾而食之。趙盾之車右祁彌明者，國之力士也，仡然從乎趙盾而入，放乎堂下而立。趙盾已食，靈公謂盾曰：「吾聞子之劍蓋利劍也，子以示我，吾將觀焉。」趙盾起將進劍，祁彌明自下呼之曰：「盾食飽則出，何故拔劍於君所？」趙盾知之，躇階而走。靈公有周狗，謂之獒，呼獒而屬之，獒亦躇階而從之。祁彌明逆而踆之，絕其頷。趙盾顧曰：「君之獒不若臣之獒也！」然而宮中甲鼓而起，有起干甲中者，抱趙盾而乘之。趙盾顧曰：「吾何以得此於子？」曰：「子某時所食活我於暴桑下者也。」趙盾曰：「子名為誰？」曰：「吾君孰為介？子之乘矣，何問吾名？」趙盾驅而出，眾無留之者。趙穿緣民眾不說，起弒靈公，然後迎趙盾而入，與之立於朝，而立成公黑臀。

(The Commentary continued:) When Duke Ling heard of this he was angry and wanted all the more to kill him, but none of the people could be sent. So he hid armed men in the palace and summoned Zhao Dun to dine. Zhao Dun's chariot-guard Qi Miming was a strong man of the state, and he resolutely followed Zhao Dun in and stood at the foot of the hall. When Zhao Dun finished eating, Duke Ling said to Dun: "I have heard your sword is a sharp one; take it out and show it to me, for I want to admire it." Zhao Dun rose and was about to present the sword, when Qi Miming shouted from below: "When Dun has eaten his fill he leaves; why would he draw a sword before the ruler?" Zhao Dun understood and ran down the steps. Duke Ling had a trained dog called Ao, and shouted for Ao to bite him, and Ao ran down the steps behind him. Qi Miming went to meet it and kicked it, breaking its jaw. Zhao Dun looked back and said: "The ruler's Ao is not as good as your servant's Ao!" But the armed men in the palace beat their drums and rose, and someone rose from among the armed men, picked up Zhao Dun and set him on a carriage. Zhao Dun looked back and said: "What have I done to deserve such rescue from you?" The answer: "I am the one you gave a meal under the withered mulberry in such-and-such year and saved from death." Zhao Dun said: "What is your name?" The answer: "I am the ruler's guard, so what need is there to ask my name now that you are on the carriage?" Zhao Dun drove out, and no one detained him. Zhao Chuan, taking advantage of the people's dislike of Duke Ling, rose up and killed Duke Ling, then welcomed Zhao Dun in and stood with him in the court, and set up Duke Cheng, Heitun.

（經六二）夏，四月。

(Classic 6-2) In summer, the fourth month.

（經六三）秋，八月，螽。

(Classic 6-3) In autumn, in the eighth month, locusts became a plague.

（經六四）冬，十月。

(Classic 6-4) In winter, the tenth month.

春，衛侯使孫良夫來盟。

In spring, the Marquis of Wei sent Sun Liangfu to a covenant.

（經七二）夏，公會齊侯伐萊。

(Classic 7-2) In summer, Duke Xuan joined the Marquis of Qi in attacking Lai.

（經七三）秋，公至自伐萊。

(Classic 7-3) In autumn, Duke Xuan returned from the army attacking Lai.

（經七四）大旱。

(Classic 7-4) A great drought.

（經七五）冬，公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯於黑壤。

(Classic 7-5) In winter, Duke Xuan met with the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng and the Earl of Cao at Heirang.

春，公至自會。

In spring, Duke Xuan returned from the meeting.

（經八二）夏，六月，公子遂如齊，至黃乃復。

(Classic 8-2) In summer, in the sixth month, Prince Sui went to Qi, and on reaching Huang he turned back.

（傳）其言至黃乃復何？有疾也。何言乎有疾乃復？譏。何譏爾？大夫以君命出，聞喪徐行而不反。

(Commentary) What does writing "reached Huang and then turned back" mean? He was ill. Why does it say he turned back because of illness? As a criticism. What was criticized? A senior officer who goes out on the ruler's order, on hearing of a mourning, should proceed slowly, but he should not turn back.

（經八三）辛巳，有事於太廟。

(Classic 8-3) On the day xinsi, there was a sacrifice at the Great Temple.

（經八四）仲遂卒於垂。

(Classic 8-4) Zhong Sui died at Chui.

（傳）仲遂者何？公子遂也。何以不稱公子？貶。曷為貶？為弒子赤貶。然則曷為不於其弒焉貶？於文則無罪，於子則無年。

(Commentary) Who was Zhong Sui? He was Prince Sui. Why is he not called prince? It is a demotion. Why demote him? He was demoted for killing Zichi. Then why was he not demoted at the place where he killed? Under Duke Wen he was not yet guilty, and under Zichi no year was recorded.

（經八五）壬午，猶繹。

(Classic 8-5) On the day renwu, the Yi sacrifice was still held.

（經八六）萬入去龠。

(Classic 8-6) The Wan dance came in, and the reed pipes were removed.

（傳）繹者何？祭之明日也。萬者何？幹舞也。龠者何？龠舞也。其言萬入去龠何？去其有聲者，廢其無聲者，存其心焉爾。存其心焉爾者何？知其不可而為之也。猶者何？通可以已也。

(Commentary) What is Yi? It is the day after the main sacrifice. What is Wan? It is the shield dance. What is Yue? It is the reed-pipe dance. What does writing "the Wan came in and the Yue was removed" mean? The one with sound was removed and the one without sound was abolished, leaving only the intention in place. What does it mean to leave the intention in place? One knows it should not be done but still does it. What does "still" mean? Originally all of it could have been stopped.

（經八七）戊子，夫人熊氏薨。

(Classic 8-7) On the day wuzi, the lady Xiong, Duke Xuan's wife, died.

（經八八）晉師、白狄伐秦。

(Classic 8-8) The Jin army and the White Di attacked Qin.

（經八九）楚人滅舒蓼。

(Classic 8-9) The men of Chu destroyed Shuliao.

（經八十）秋，七月甲子，日有食之，既。

(Classic 8-10) In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day jiazi, there was a solar eclipse, total.

（經八十一）冬，十月己丑，葬我小君頃熊。雨不克葬。庚寅，日中而克葬。

(Classic 8-11) In winter, in the tenth month, on the day jichou, our Lu consort Qingxiong was buried. It rained and the burial could not be done. On the day gengyin, the burial was possible only at midday.

（傳）頃熊者何？宣公之母也。而者何？難也。乃者何？難也。曷為或言而？或言乃？乃難乎而也。

(Commentary) Who was Qingxiong? She was Duke Xuan's mother. What does "er" mean? It means difficulty. What does "nai" mean? It also means difficulty. Why is it sometimes "er" and sometimes "nai"? "Nai" is more difficult than "er."

（經八十二）城平陽。（經八十三）楚師伐陳。

(Classic 8-12) Pingyang was fortified. (Classic 8-13) The Chu army attacked Chen.

春，王正月，公如齊。公至自齊。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xuan went to Qi. Duke Xuan returned from Qi.

（經九二）夏，仲孫蔑如京師。

(Classic 9-2) In summer, Zhongsun Mie went to the capital.

（經九三）齊侯伐萊。

(Classic 9-3) The Marquis of Qi attacked Lai.

（經九四）秋，取根牟。

(Classic 9-4) In autumn, Genmou was taken.

（傳）根牟者何？邾婁之邑也。曷為不繫乎邾婁？諱亟也。

(Commentary) What is Genmou? It was a city of Zhulou. Why is it not attached beneath Zhulou? To conceal the haste of the seizing.

（經九五）八月，滕子卒。

(Classic 9-5) In the eighth month, the Viscount of Teng died.

（經九六）九月，晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯會於扈。

(Classic 9-6) In the ninth month, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng and the Earl of Cao met at Hu.

（經九七）晉荀林父帥師伐陳。

(Classic 9-7) Xun Linfu of Jin led an army and attacked Chen.

（經九八）辛酉，晉侯黑臀卒於扈。

(Classic 9-8) On the day xinyou, Heitun, Marquis of Jin, died at Hu.

（傳）扈者何？晉之邑也。諸侯卒其封內不地，此何以地？卒於會，故地也；未出其地，故不言會也。

(Commentary) What is Hu? It was a city of Jin. When a feudal lord dies within his own borders, the place is normally not recorded, so why is the place recorded here? He died during a covenant meeting, so the place is recorded; they had not yet left that place, so it does not write "met."

（經九九）冬，十月癸酉，衛侯鄭卒。

(Classic 9-9) In winter, in the tenth month, on the day guiyou, Zheng, Marquis of Wei, died.

（經九十）宋人圍滕。

(Classic 9-10) The men of Song besieged Teng.

（經九十一）楚子伐鄭，晉郄缺帥師救鄭。

(Classic 9-11) The Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng, and Xi Que of Jin led an army to rescue Zheng.

（經九十二）陳殺其大夫洩冶。

(Classic 9-12) Chen killed its senior officer Xie Ye.

春，公如齊。公至自齊。

In spring, Duke Xuan went to Qi. Duke Xuan returned from Qi.

（經十二）齊人歸我濟西田。

(Classic 10-2) The men of Qi returned to our state of Lu the fields west of the Ji River.

（傳）齊已取之矣，其言我何？言我者未絕於我也。曷為未絕於我？齊已言取之矣，其實未之齊也。

(Commentary) Qi had already taken them, so why does it still write "our"? It writes "our" because they had not yet been cut off from Lu. Why had they not yet been cut off? Qi had already said it had taken them, but in fact they had not yet reached Qi's hands.

（經十三）夏，四月丙辰，日有食之。

(Classic 10-3) In summer, in the fourth month, on the day bingchen, there was a solar eclipse.

（經十四）己巳，齊侯元卒。

(Classic 10-4) On the day jisi, Yuan, Marquis of Qi, died.

（經十五）齊崔氏出奔衛。

(Classic 10-5) The Cui clan of Qi fled to Wei.

（傳）崔氏者何？齊大夫也。其稱崔氏何？貶。曷為貶？譏世卿，世卿非禮也。

(Commentary) Who were the Cui clan? Senior officers of Qi. Why are they called "the Cui clan"? It is a demotion. Why demote them? To criticize hereditary ministers; hereditary ministers are not in accord with ritual.

（經十六）公如齊。五月，公至自齊。

(Classic 10-6) Duke Xuan went to Qi. In the fifth month, Duke Xuan returned from Qi.

（經十七）癸巳，陳夏徵舒弒其君平國。

(Classic 10-7) On the day guisi, Xia Zhengshu of Chen killed his ruler Pingguo.

（經十八）六月，宋師伐滕。

(Classic 10-8) In the sixth month, the Song army attacked Teng.

（經十九）公孫歸父如齊，葬齊惠公。

(Classic 10-9) Gongsun Guifu went to Qi and buried Duke Hui of Qi.

（經十十）晉人、宋人、衛人、曹人伐鄭。

(Classic 10-10) The men of Jin, the men of Song, the men of Wei and the men of Cao attacked Zheng.

（經十十一）秋，天王使王季子來聘。

(Classic 10-11) In autumn, the Son of Heaven sent Wang Jizi on a diplomatic visit.

（傳）王季子者何？天子之大夫也。其稱王季子何？貴也。其貴奈何？母弟也。

(Commentary) Who was Wang Jizi? A senior officer of the Son of Heaven. Why is he called "Wang Jizi"? Because his rank was honored. How was it honored? He was the Son of Heaven's full younger brother.

（經十十二）公孫歸父帥師伐邾婁，取蘱。

(Classic 10-12) Gongsun Guifu led an army and attacked Zhulou, and took Yi.

（經十十三）大水。

(Classic 10-13) There was a great flood.

（經十十四）季孫行父如齊。

(Classic 10-14) Jisun Xingfu went to Qi.

（經十十五）冬，公孫歸父如齊。

(Classic 10-15) In winter, Gongsun Guifu went to Qi.

（經十十六）齊侯使國佐來聘。

(Classic 10-16) The Marquis of Qi sent Guo Zuo on a diplomatic visit.

（經十十七）飢。

(Classic 10-17) Famine.

（傳）何以書？以重書也。

(Commentary) Why was it recorded? It was recorded because the disaster was severe.

（經十十八）楚子伐鄭。

(Classic 10-18) The Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng.

春，王正月。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經十一二）夏，楚子、陳侯、鄭伯盟於辰陵。

(Classic 11-2) In summer, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Chen and the Earl of Zheng made a covenant at Chenling.

（經十一三）公孫歸父會齊人伐莒。

(Classic 11-3) Gongsun Guifu joined the men of Qi in attacking Ju.

（經十一四）秋，晉侯會狄於櫕函。

(Classic 11-4) In autumn, the Marquis of Jin met the Di at Qihan.

（經十一五）冬，十月，楚人殺陳夏徵舒。

(Classic 11-5) In winter, in the tenth month, the men of Chu killed Xia Zhengshu of Chen.

（傳）此楚子也，其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？不與外討也。不與外討者，因其討乎外而不與也，雖內討亦不與也。曷為不與？實與而文不與。文曷為不與？諸侯之義，不得專討也。諸侯之義不得專討，則其曰實與之何？上無天子，下無方伯，天下諸侯有為無道者，臣弒君，子弒父，力能討之，則討之可也。

(Commentary) This was the Viscount of Chu, so why is he called "men"? It is a demotion. Why demote him? Because it disapproves of punishing from outside. It disapproves of punishing from outside because it would disapprove of his punishing outside, and would disapprove even if he punished inside. Why disapprove? In substance it approves, but in wording it disapproves. Why disapprove in wording? It is not the duty of a feudal lord to punish arbitrarily. If it is not the duty of a feudal lord to punish arbitrarily, why say that in substance it approves? Because there is no Son of Heaven above and no hegemon below, and when among the feudal lords of the world there are those who do wicked things, ministers killing rulers and sons killing fathers, if one's strength is enough to punish them, then going to punish them is permissible.

（經十一五）丁亥，楚子入陳，納公孫寧、儀行父於陳。

(Classic 11-5) On the day dinghai, the Viscount of Chu entered Chen and restored Gongsun Ning and Yi Xingfu to Chen.

（傳）此皆大夫也，其言納何？納公黨與也。

(Commentary) These were all senior officers, so why does it write "restored"? It means restoring the duke's partisans.

春，葬陳靈公。

In spring, Duke Ling of Chen was buried.

（傳）討此賊者非臣子也，何以書葬？君子辭也。楚已討之矣，臣子雖欲討之而無所討也。

(Commentary) The one who punished this culprit was not a subject, so why is the burial recorded? It is a wording of the gentleman. Chu had already punished him, so even if the subjects had wanted to punish him, there was nowhere left to do so.

（經十二二）楚子圍鄭。

(Classic 12-2) The Viscount of Chu besieged Zheng.

（經十二三）夏，六月乙卯，晉荀林父帥師及楚子戰於邲，晉師敗績。

(Classic 12-3) In summer, in the sixth month, on the day yimao, Xun Linfu of Jin led an army and fought the Viscount of Chu at Bi, and the Jin army was greatly defeated.

（傳）大夫不敵君，此其稱名氏以敵楚子何？不與晉而與楚子為禮也。曷為不與晉而與楚子為禮也？莊王伐鄭，勝乎皇門，放乎路衢。鄭伯肉袒，左執茅旌，右執鸞刀，以逆莊王曰：「寡人無良，邊垂之臣，以幹天禍，是以使君王沛焉，辱到敝邑。君如矜此喪人，錫之不毛之地，使帥一二耋老而綏焉，請唯君王之命。」莊王曰：「君之不令臣，交易為言，是以使寡人得見君之玉面而微至乎此。」莊王親自手旌，左右撝軍退舍七里。將軍子重諫曰：「南郢之與鄭相去數千裡，諸大夫死者數人，廝役扈養死者數百人，今君勝鄭而不有，無乃失民臣之力乎？」莊王曰：「古者杅不穿、皮不蠹，則不出於四方。是以君子篤於禮而薄於利，要其人而不要其土，告從，不赦不詳，吾以不詳道民，災及吾身，何日之有？」既則晉師之救鄭者至曰：「請戰。」莊王許諾。將軍子重諫曰：「晉，大國也，王師淹病矣，君請勿許也。」莊王曰：「弱者，吾威之，強者吾闢之，是以使寡人無以立乎天下！」令之還師而逆晉寇。莊王鼓之，晉師大敗，晉眾之走者，舟中之指可掬矣。莊王曰：「嘻！吾兩君不相好，百姓何罪？」令之還師而佚晉寇。

(Commentary) A senior officer cannot be placed on equal footing with a ruler, so why are his clan and name used here to oppose the Viscount of Chu? It disapproves of Jin and approves of the Viscount of Chu as acting in accord with ritual. Why disapprove of Jin and approve of the Viscount of Chu as acting in accord with ritual? King Zhuang attacked Zheng, won a victory at the Huang Gate, and went all the way to the main road. The Earl of Zheng, with his upper body bared, holding a thatch banner in his left hand and a bell-knife in his right, met King Zhuang and said: "I am not good, and my border ministers brought down Heaven's calamity, which caused Your Majesty to flare in anger and humble yourself to come to my poor city. If Your Majesty pities this one who lost his state and grants a place where grass and trees do not grow, and lets me take one or two old men there to settle them, I will listen only to Your Majesty's command." King Zhuang said: "Your bad ministers took turns slandering, which caused me to be able to see your jade face and to come to this point." King Zhuang personally took the banner in his hand and, directing left and right, had the army withdraw seven li. The general Zichong remonstrated: "Nanying and Zheng are separated by several thousand li, several senior officers have died, hundreds of servants and attendants have died, and now Your Majesty has defeated Zheng and does not hold it; is that not to waste the strength of the people and ministers?" King Zhuang said: "In ancient times, when the bowl was not broken and the hides not moth-eaten, they did not send troops in all directions. So the gentleman is generous in ritual and thin in profit, and wants people and not land. They have already shown submission, and not to pardon them again would not be good; if I lead the people by what is not good, disaster will fall on me, and how many days do I have left?" Before long the Jin army sent to rescue Zheng arrived and said: "We request battle." King Zhuang agreed. The general Zichong remonstrated: "Jin is a great state, and the king's army is already long weary; please, Your Majesty, do not agree." King Zhuang said: "The weak I intimidate, and the strong I avoid, so what would I stand on in the world!" He ordered the army to turn back and meet the Jin army. King Zhuang beat the drum, and the Jin army was greatly defeated; the Jin soldiers who fled had their fingers chopped off in the boats, and they could be gathered up by the handful. King Zhuang said: "Ah! We two rulers are not on good terms, so what crime have the common people committed?" He ordered the army to return and let the Jin army go.

（經十二四）秋，七月。

(Classic 12-4) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經十二五）冬，十有二月戊寅，楚子滅蕭。

(Classic 12-5) In winter, in the twelfth month, on the day wuyin, the Viscount of Chu destroyed Xiao.

（經十二六）晉人、宋人、衛人、曹人同盟於清丘。

(Classic 12-6) The men of Jin, the men of Song, the men of Wei and the men of Cao made a covenant together at Qingqiu.

（經十二七）宋師伐陳。

(Classic 12-7) The Song army attacked Chen.

（經十二八）衛人救陳。

(Classic 12-8) The men of Wei rescued Chen.

春，齊師伐衛。

In spring, the Qi army attacked Wei.

（經十三二）夏，楚子伐宋。

(Classic 13-2) In summer, the Viscount of Chu attacked Song.

（經十三三）秋，螽。

(Classic 13-3) In autumn, locusts became a plague.

（經十三四）冬，晉殺其大夫先縠。

(Classic 13-4) In winter, Jin killed its senior officer Xian Hu.

春，衛殺其大夫孔達。

In spring, Wei killed its senior officer Kong Da.

（經十四二）夏，五月壬申，曹伯壽卒。

(Classic 14-2) In summer, in the fifth month, on the day renshen, Shou, Earl of Cao, died.

（經十四三）晉侯伐鄭。

(Classic 14-3) The Marquis of Jin attacked Zheng.

（經十四四）秋，九月，楚子圍宋。

(Classic 14-4) In autumn, in the ninth month, the Viscount of Chu besieged Song.

（經十四五）葬曹文公。

(Classic 14-5) Duke Wen of Cao was buried.

（經十四六）冬，公孫歸父會齊侯於谷。

(Classic 14-6) In winter, Gongsun Guifu met the Marquis of Qi at Gu.

春，公孫歸父會楚子於宋。

In spring, Gongsun Guifu met the Viscount of Chu at Song.

（經十五二）夏，五月，宋人及楚人平。

(Classic 15-2) In summer, in the fifth month, the men of Song made peace with the men of Chu.

（傳）外平不書，此何以書？大其平乎已也。何大乎其平乎已？莊王圍宋，軍有七日之糧爾。盡此不勝，將去而歸爾。於是使司馬子反乘堙而堙宋城，宋華元亦乘堙而出見之。司馬子反曰：「子之國何如？」華元曰：「憊矣。」曰：「何如？」曰：「易子而食之，析骸而炊之。」司馬子反曰：「嘻！甚矣憊！雖然，吾聞之也：圍者柑馬而秣之，使肥者應客，是何子之情也？」華元曰：「吾聞之：君子見人之厄則矜之，小人見人之厄則幸之。吾見子之君子也，是以告情於子也。」司馬子反曰：「諾，勉之矣！吾軍亦有七日之糧爾，盡此不勝，將去而歸爾。」揖而去之，反於莊王。

(Commentary) When outside states make peace it is normally not recorded, so why is it recorded here? It magnifies that they made peace by themselves. Why magnify that they made peace by themselves? King Zhuang besieged Song, and the army had only seven days of provisions. If they finished this without winning, they would leave and go back. So he sent the Minister of War Zifan up a mound close to the city of Song, and Hua Yuan of Song also climbed a mound and came out to meet him. The Minister of War Zifan said: "How is your state?" Hua Yuan said: "Exhausted." He asked: "How exhausted?" The answer: "We exchange children to eat and split bones for fuel." The Minister of War Zifan said: "Ah! That is terrible exhaustion! Even so, I have heard that when besieged, people muzzle the horses and feed them grass and bring out fat horses to receive guests; why do you speak the truth like this?" Hua Yuan said: "I have heard that a gentleman, seeing another's hardship, pities him, while a petty man, seeing another's hardship, rejoices. I see that you are a gentleman, and so I tell you the truth." The Minister of War Zifan said: "Good; strive to hold on! Our army also has only seven days of provisions, and if we finish this without winning, we will leave and go back." He bowed and left and reported to King Zhuang.

（傳）莊王曰：「何如？」司馬子反曰：「憊矣！」曰：「何如？」曰：「易子而食之，析骸而炊之。」莊王曰：「嘻！甚矣憊！雖然，吾今取此，然後而歸爾。」司馬子反曰：「不可。臣已告之矣，軍有七日之糧爾。」莊王怒曰：「吾使子往視之，子曷為告之？」司馬子反曰：「以區區之宋，猶有不欺人之臣，可以楚而無乎？是以告之也。」莊王曰：「諾。舍而止。雖然，吾猶取此然後歸爾。」司馬子反曰：「然則君請處於此，臣請歸爾。」莊王曰：「子去我而歸，吾孰與處於此？吾亦從子而歸爾。」引師而去之，故君子大其平乎已也。此皆大夫也，其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？平者在下也。

(The Commentary continued:) King Zhuang said: "How are they?" The Minister of War Zifan said: "Exhausted!" He asked: "How exhausted?" The answer: "They exchange children to eat and split bones for fuel." King Zhuang said: "Ah! That is terrible exhaustion! Even so, I will take this place now and then go back." The Minister of War Zifan said: "No. Your servant has already told them that our army has only seven days of provisions." King Zhuang said angrily: "I sent you to look, so why did you tell them?" The Minister of War Zifan said: "Even in so small a place as Song there is a minister who does not deceive; could Chu be without one? That is why I told them." King Zhuang said: "Good. Make camp and stay. Even so, I will still take this place before I go back." The Minister of War Zifan said: "Then please stay here, Your Majesty, and let your servant go back." King Zhuang said: "If you leave me and go back, with whom would I stay here? I will go back with you." He took the army and left, and so the gentleman magnifies that they made peace by themselves. These were all senior officers, so why are they called "men"? It is a demotion. Why demote them? Because those who made peace were in lower positions.

（經十五三）六月癸卯，晉師滅赤狄潞氏，以潞子嬰兒歸。

(Classic 15-3) In the sixth month, on the day guimao, the Jin army destroyed the Lu clan of the Red Di and took the Viscount of Lu, Ying'er, back with them.

（傳）潞何以稱子？潞子之為善也，躬足以亡爾。雖然，君子不可不記也。離於夷狄，而未能合於中國，晉師伐之，中國不救，狄人不有，是以亡也。

(Commentary) Why is Lu called "Zi"? The Viscount of Lu did good deeds, but his own strength was enough only for ruin. Even so, the gentleman cannot fail to record it. He had left the barbarians but had not yet joined the Central States; when the Jin army attacked him, the Central States did not rescue him, and the Di did not protect him, so he perished.

（經十五四）秦人伐晉。

(Classic 15-4) The men of Qin attacked Jin.

（經十五五）王札子殺召伯、毛伯。

(Classic 15-5) Wang Zhazi killed the Earl of Shao and the Earl of Mao.

（傳）王札子者何？長庶之號也。

(Commentary) Who was Wang Zhazi? It was the title of an elder son by a concubine.

（經十五六）秋，螽。

(Classic 15-6) In autumn, locusts became a plague.

（經十五七）仲孫蔑會齊高固於牟婁。

(Classic 15-7) Zhongsun Mie met Gao Gu of Qi at Moulou.

（經十五八）初稅畝。

(Classic 15-8) For the first time, tax was levied by the mu.

（傳）初者何？始也。稅畝者何？履畝而稅也。初稅畝，何以書？譏。何譏爾？譏始履畝而稅也。何譏乎始履畝而稅？古者什一而藉。古者曷為什一而藉？什一者天下之中正也。多乎什一，大桀、小桀；寡乎什一，大貉、小貉。什一者天下之中正也，什一行而頌聲作矣。

(Commentary) What does "first" mean? It means a beginning. What does "levied tax by the mu" mean? It means taxing by the field area. Why was the first levying of tax by the mu recorded? As a criticism. What was criticized? The beginning of taxing by the mu was criticized. Why criticize the beginning of taxing by the mu? In ancient times one tenth was taken, and the people's labor was borrowed for cultivation. Why in ancient times one tenth taken and labor borrowed? One tenth is the right measure for all under Heaven. More than one tenth makes a great Jie or a small Jie; less than one tenth makes a great Mo or a small Mo. One tenth is the right measure for all under Heaven, and when the one-tenth is practiced, the sound of praise arises.

（經十五九）冬，蝝生。

(Classic 15-9) In winter, yuan insects were born.

（傳）未有言蝝生者，此其言蝝生何？蝝生不書，此何以書？幸之也。幸之者何？猶曰受之云爾。受之云爾者何？上變古易常，應是而有天災，其諸則宜於此焉變矣。

(Commentary) There was never a record of "yuan insects born," so why does it write "yuan insects born" here? The birth of yuan insects is normally not recorded, so why is it recorded here? It rejoices over them. What does rejoicing mean? It is like saying receiving them. What does receiving them mean? Above, the ancient law was changed and the constants altered, and heaven's disaster came in response to this, and probably here is where it was to be turned back.

（經十五十）飢。

(Classic 15-10) Famine.

春，王正月，晉人滅赤狄甲氏及留籲。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, the men of Jin destroyed the Jia clan and Liuxu of the Red Di.

（經十六二）夏，成周宣謝災。

(Classic 16-2) In summer, the Xuan Xie of Chengzhou caught fire.

（傳）成周者何？東周也。宣謝者何？宣宮之謝也。何言乎成周宣謝災？樂器藏焉爾。成周宣謝災，何以書？記災也。外災不書，此何以書？新周也。

(Commentary) What is Chengzhou? It is Eastern Zhou. What is Xuan Xie? It is the terrace and pavilion of the Xuan Palace. Why does it write "the Xuan Xie of Chengzhou suffered disaster"? Musical instruments were stored there. Why was the fire at the Xuan Xie of Chengzhou recorded? To record a disaster. Disasters of outside states are normally not recorded, so why is it recorded here? It treats Zhou as the new king.

（經十六三）秋，郯伯姬來歸。

(Classic 16-3) In autumn, Bo Ji of Tan returned.

（經十六四）冬，大有年。

(Classic 16-4) In winter, there was a great harvest year.

春，王正月庚子，許男錫我卒。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, on the day gengzi, Xi Wo, Baron of Xu, died.

（經十七二）丁未，蔡侯申卒。

(Classic 17-2) On the day dingwei, Shen, Marquis of Cai, died.

（經十七三）夏，葬許昭公。

(Classic 17-3) In summer, Duke Zhao of Xu was buried.

（經十七四）葬蔡文公。

(Classic 17-4) Duke Wen of Cai was buried.

（經十七五）六月癸卯，日有食之。

(Classic 17-5) In the sixth month, on the day guimao, there was a solar eclipse.

（經十七六）己未，公會晉侯、衛侯、曹伯、邾婁子同盟於斷道。秋，公至自會。

(Classic) On the jiwei day, Duke Xuan joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao and the Viscount of Zhulou in a covenant at Duandao. In autumn, the Duke returned from the covenant.

（經十七七）冬，十有一月壬午，公弟叔肸卒。

(Classic) In winter, on the renwu day of the eleventh month, Shu Xi, the Duke's younger brother, died.

春，晉侯、衛世子臧伐齊。

In spring, the Marquis of Jin and Zang, the crown prince of Wei, attacked Qi.

（經十八二）公伐杞。

(Classic) Duke Xuan attacked the small state of Qi (the Xia descendants' state, not the great state of Qi).

（經十八三）夏，四月。

(Classic) In summer, the fourth month.

（經十八四）秋，七月，邾婁人戕鄫子於鄫。

(Classic) In autumn, in the seventh month, the men of Zhulou murdered the Viscount of Zeng at Zeng.

（傳）戕鄫子於鄫者何？殘賊而殺之也。

(Commentary) What does "murdered the Viscount of Zeng at Zeng" mean? It means he was cruelly harmed and killed.

（經十八五）甲戌，楚子旅卒。

(Classic) On the jiaxu day, Lu, the Viscount of Chu, died.

（傳）何以不書葬？吳、楚之君不書葬，闢其號也。

(Commentary) Why is the burial not recorded? The burials of the rulers of Wu and Chu are not recorded, in order to avoid their usurped titles.

（經十八六）公孫歸父如晉。

(Classic) Gongsun Guifu went to Jin.

（經十八七）冬，十月壬戌，公薨於路寢。

(Classic) In winter, on the renxu day of the tenth month, Duke Xuan died in the principal hall.

（經十八八）歸父還自晉，至檉，遂奔齊。

(Classic) Guifu returned from Jin, arrived at Cheng, and then fled to Qi.

（傳）還者何？善辭也。何善爾？歸父使於晉，還自晉，至檉，聞君薨家遣，墠帷，哭君成踴，反命乎介，自是走之齊。

(Commentary) What does "returned" mean? It is a word of praise. What is praised? Guifu had gone as envoy to Jin, and on his way back from Jin he reached Cheng and heard that the ruler had died and his family had been dispersed; so he cleared the ground and set up a curtain, wept for the ruler and completed the ritual of leaping in grief, reported back to his deputy envoy, and then fled to Qi.

春，王正月，公即位。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Cheng took the throne.

（經一二）二月辛酉，葬我君宣公。

(Classic) In the second month, on the xinyou day, our ruler Duke Xuan of Lu was buried.

（經一三）無冰。

(Classic) There was no ice.

（經一四）三月，作丘甲。

(Classic) In the third month, the qiu jia was made.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？譏始丘使也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It is a criticism. What is criticized? It is criticized that military levies began to be assessed by the qiu unit.

（經一五）夏，臧孫許及晉侯盟於赤棘。

(Classic) In summer, Zangsun Xu made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin at Chiji.

（經一六）秋，王師敗績於貿戎。

(Classic) In autumn, the army of the Zhou Son of Heaven was badly defeated at Maorong.

（傳）孰敗之？蓋晉敗之，或曰貿戎敗之。然則曷為不言晉敗之？王者無敵，莫敢當也。

(Commentary) Who defeated it? It was probably Jin that defeated it; another view is that Maorong defeated it. Then why is it not written that Jin defeated it? A true king has no rival, and no one dares to oppose him.

（經一七）冬，十月。

(Classic) In winter, the tenth month.

春，齊侯伐我北鄙。

In spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked the northern border of our state of Lu.

（經二二）夏，四月丙戌，衛孫良夫帥師及齊師戰於新築，衛師敗績。

(Classic) In summer, on the bingxu day of the fourth month, Sun Liangfu of Wei led his army to battle the army of Qi at Xinzhu, and the army of Wei was badly defeated.

（經二三）六月癸酉，季孫行父、臧孫許、叔孫僑如、公孫嬰齊帥師，會晉郄克、衛孫良夫、曹公子手及齊侯戰於鞍，齊師敗績。

(Classic) In the sixth month, on the guiyou day, Jisun Xingfu, Zangsun Xu, Shusun Qiaoru and Gongsun Yingqi led armies and, together with Xi Ke of Jin, Sun Liangfu of Wei and Gongzi Shou of Cao, fought the Marquis of Qi at An, and the army of Qi was badly defeated.

（傳）曹無大夫，公子手何以書？憂內也。

(Commentary) Cao has no grand masters, so why is Gongzi Shou recorded? It shows concern for the situation within Lu.

（經二四）秋，七月，齊侯使國佐如師。己酉，及國佐盟於袁婁。

(Classic) In autumn, in the seventh month, the Marquis of Qi sent Guo Zuo to the army. On the jiyou day, a covenant was made with Guo Zuo at Yuanlou.

（傳）君不行使乎大夫，此其行使乎大夫何？佚獲也。其佚獲奈何？師還齊侯，晉郄克投戟逡巡再拜稽首馬前。逢醜父者，頃公之車右也。面目與頃公相似，衣服與頃公相似，代頃公當左。使頃公取飲，頃公操飲而至，曰：「革取清者。」頃公用是佚而不反。逢醜父曰：「吾賴社稷之神靈，吾君已免矣。」郄克曰：「欺三軍者，其法奈何？」曰：「法斮。」於是斮逢醜父。己酉，及齊國佐盟於袁婁，曷為不盟於師而盟於袁婁？前此者，晉郄克與臧孫許同時而聘於齊。蕭同侄子者，齊君之母也，踴於棓而窺客，則客或跛或眇，於是使跛者迓跛者，使眇者迓眇者。二大夫出，相與踦閭而語，移日然後相去。齊人皆曰：「患之起必自此始！」二大夫歸，相與率師為鞍之戰，齊師大敗。齊侯使國佐如師，郄克曰：「與我紀侯之甗，反魯、衛之侵地，使耕者東畝，且以蕭同侄子為質，則吾舍子矣。」國佐曰：「與我紀侯之甗，請諾。反魯、衛衛蕭同侄子為質，則吾舍子矣。」國佐曰：「與我紀侯之甗，請諾。反魯、衛之侵地，請諾。使耕者東畝，是則土齊也。蕭同侄子者，齊君之母也。齊君之母，猶晉君之母也，不可。請戰，壹戰不勝請再，再戰不勝請三，三戰不勝則齊國儘子之有也，何必以蕭同侄子為質？」揖而去之。郄克瞴魯、衛之使，使以其辭而為之請，然後許之。逮於袁婁而與之盟。

(Commentary) A ruler does not travel to a grand master, so why here does the ruler travel to a grand master? Because he escaped capture. How did he escape capture? The army surrounded the Marquis of Qi, and Xi Ke of Jin dropped his halberd and hesitated, then bowed twice and touched his head to the ground before the horses. Pang Chou Fu was the chariot guard of Duke Qing, and his face resembled Duke Qing's and his clothes resembled Duke Qing's, so he sat on the left in place of Duke Qing. He sent Duke Qing to fetch water, and Duke Qing returned with water and said: "Fetch some clearer water elsewhere." Duke Qing thereby escaped and did not return. Pang Chou Fu said: "Relying on the spirits of the altars of soil and grain, our ruler has already escaped misfortune." Xi Ke said: "What is the punishment for deceiving the three armies?" The answer was: "The punishment is beheading." So Pang Chou Fu was beheaded. On the jiyou day a covenant was made with Guo Zuo of Qi at Yuanlou; why was the covenant not made in the army but at Yuanlou? Before this, Xi Ke of Jin and Zangsun Xu had visited Qi on missions at the same time. The Marquis of Qi's mother, the niece of Xiao Tong, climbed a wooden frame to peek at the guests, and one guest was lame and another was blind in one eye, so a lame man was sent to receive the lame one and a one-eyed man was sent to receive the one-eyed one. The two grand masters came out, leaned by the gate and talked, and parted only after a long time. The people of Qi all said: "The rise of calamity will surely begin from here!" The two grand masters returned and together led armies to fight the battle of An, and the army of Qi was badly defeated. The Marquis of Qi sent Guo Zuo to the army, and Xi Ke said: "Give me the Marquis of Ji's yan vessel, return the lands taken from Lu and Wei, have the farmers make the field ridges run east to west, and take the niece of Xiao Tong as a hostage, and I will let you go." Guo Zuo said: "To give the Marquis of Ji's yan vessel, we agree. To return the lands taken from Lu and Wei, we agree. To have the farmers make the ridges run east-west would be to treat Qi's land as yours. The niece of Xiao Tong is the mother of the ruler of Qi. The mother of the ruler of Qi is like the mother of the ruler of Jin, so it cannot be. We ask to fight; if we do not win in one battle, we ask a second; if not in the second, a third; if we do not win in the third, all of Qi will be yours, so why take the niece of Xiao Tong as a hostage?" (The original has a repeated damaged passage after "return Lu and Wei"; here it is read continuously following the usual text.) He bowed and left. Xi Ke gave a look to the envoys of Lu and Wei, so that they would use these words to make the request on Qi's behalf, and only then did he agree. They made the covenant with him only when they reached Yuanlou.

（經二五）八月壬午，宋公鮑卒。

(Classic) In the eighth month, on the renwu day, Bao, Duke of Song, died.

（經二六）庚寅，衛侯遬卒。

(Classic) On the gengyin day, Su, Marquis of Wei, died.

（經二七）取汶陽田。

(Classic) The lands north of the Wen River were taken.

（傳）汶陽田者何？鞍之賂也。

(Commentary) What are the Wenyang fields? They were the bribe after the battle of An.

（經二八）冬，楚師、鄭師侵衛。

(Classic) In winter, the armies of Chu and Zheng invaded Wei.

（經二九）十有一月，公會楚公子嬰齊於蜀。丙申，公及楚人、秦人、宋人、陳人、衛人、鄭人、齊人、曹人、邾婁人、薛人、鄫人盟於蜀。

(Classic) In the eleventh month, Duke Cheng met Gongzi Yingqi of Chu at Shu. On the bingshen day, Duke Cheng made a covenant at Shu with the men of Chu, Qin, Song, Chen, Wei, Zheng, Qi, Cao, Zhulou, Xue and Zeng.

（傳）此楚公子嬰齊也，其稱人何？得一貶焉爾。

(Commentary) This man was Gongzi Yingqi of Chu, so why is he called "man"? He received a single demotion.

春，王正月，公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯伐鄭。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Cheng joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Cao in attacking Zheng.

（經三二）辛亥，葬衛繆公。

(Classic) On the xinhai day, Duke Miao of Wei was buried.

（經三三）二月，公至自伐鄭。

(Classic) In the second month, Duke Cheng returned from the army attacking Zheng.

（經三四）甲子，新宮災，三日哭。

(Classic) On the jiazi day, the New Palace caught fire, and they wept for three days.

（傳）新宮者何？宣公之宮也。宣宮則曷為謂之新宮？不忍言也。其言三日哭何？廟災三日哭，禮也。新宮災，何以書？記災也。

(Commentary) What is the New Palace? It is the palace of Duke Xuan. If it is Duke Xuan's palace, why is it called the New Palace? Because they could not bear to say it. What does "wept for three days" mean? When an ancestral temple catches fire, weeping for three days accords with ritual. When the New Palace caught fire, why is it recorded? To record the disaster.

（經三五）乙亥，葬宋文公。

(Classic) On the yihai day, Duke Wen of Song was buried.

（經三六）夏，公如晉。

(Classic) In summer, Duke Cheng went to Jin.

（經三七）鄭公子去疾率師伐許。

(Classic) Gongzi Quji of Zheng led an army to attack Xu.

（經三八）公至自晉。

(Classic) Duke Cheng returned from Jin.

（經三九）秋，叔孫僑如率師圍棘。

(Classic) In autumn, Shusun Qiaoru led an army to besiege Ji.

（傳）棘者何？汶陽之不服邑也。其言圍之何？不聽也。

(Commentary) What is Ji? It was a city of Wenyang that would not submit. Why is it written "besieged"? Because they would not obey.

（經三十）大雩。

(Classic) The great rain sacrifice was held.

（經三十一）晉郄克、衛孫良夫伐將咎如。

(Classic) Xi Ke of Jin and Sun Liangfu of Wei attacked the Jiangjiu Ru.

（經三十二）冬，十有一月，晉侯使荀庚來聘。衛侯使孫良夫來聘。

(Classic) In winter, in the eleventh month, the Marquis of Jin sent Xun Geng on a visit. The Marquis of Wei sent Sun Liangfu on a visit.

（經三十三）丙午，及荀庚盟。丁未，及孫良夫盟。

(Classic) On the bingwu day, a covenant was made with Xun Geng. On the dingwei day, a covenant was made with Sun Liangfu.

（傳）此聘也，其言盟何？聘而言盟者，尋舊盟也。

(Commentary) This was a visit, so why is it written "covenant"? When a visit is written as a covenant, it means renewing an old covenant.

（經三十四）鄭伐許。

(Classic) Zheng attacked Xu.

春，宋公使華元來聘。

In spring, the Duke of Song sent Hua Yuan on a visit.

（經四二）三月壬申，鄭伯堅卒。

(Classic) In the third month, on the renshen day, Jian, Earl of Zheng, died.

（經四三）杞伯來朝。

(Classic) The Earl of Qi came to court.

（經四四）夏，四月甲寅，臧孫許卒。

(Classic) In summer, on the jiayin day of the fourth month, Zangsun Xu died.

（經四五）公如晉。

(Classic) Duke Cheng went to Jin.

（經四六）葬鄭襄公。

(Classic) Duke Xiang of Zheng was buried.

（經四七）秋，公至自晉。

(Classic) In autumn, Duke Cheng returned from Jin.

（經四八）冬，城運。

(Classic) In winter, Yun was fortified.

（經四九）鄭伯伐許。

(Classic) The Earl of Zheng attacked Xu.

春，王正月，杞叔姬來歸。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Shu Ji of Qi returned.

（經五二）仲孫蔑如宋。

(Classic) Zhongsun Mie went to Song.

（經五三）夏，叔孫僑如會晉荀秀於谷。

(Classic) In summer, Shusun Qiaoru met Xun Xiu of Jin at Gu.

（經五四）梁山崩。

(Classic) Mount Liang collapsed.

（傳）梁山者何？河上之山也。梁山崩，何以書？記異也。何異爾？大也。何大爾？梁山崩，壅河三日不流。外異不書，此何以書？為天下記異也。

(Commentary) What is Mount Liang? It is a mountain beside the Yellow River. Why is the collapse of Mount Liang recorded? To record an anomaly. Where is the anomaly? In its greatness. Where is the greatness? When Mount Liang collapsed, it blocked the Yellow River so that it did not flow for three days. Anomalies abroad are normally not recorded, so why is this one recorded? To record an anomaly for the whole world.

（經五五）秋，大水。

(Classic) In autumn, there was a great flood.

（經五六）冬，十有一月己酉，天王崩。

(Classic) In winter, on the jiyou day of the eleventh month, the Son of Heaven died.

（經五七）十有二月己丑，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、邾婁子、杞伯同盟於蟲牢。

(Classic) In the twelfth month, on the jichou day, Duke Cheng joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Zhulou and the Earl of Qi in a covenant at Chongmao.

春，王正月，公至自會。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Cheng returned from the covenant.

（經六二）二月辛巳，立武宮。

(Classic) In the second month, on the xinsi day, the Wu Palace was established.

（傳）武宮者何？武公之宮也。立者何？立者不宜立也。立武宮，非禮也。

(Commentary) What is the Wu Palace? It is the palace of Duke Wu. What does "established" mean? "Established" means it should not have been established. Establishing the Wu Palace was not in accord with ritual.

（經六三）取鄟。

(Classic) Zhuan was seized.

（傳）鄟者何？邾婁之邑也。曷為不繫於邾婁？諱亟也。

(Commentary) What is Zhuan? It was a city of Zhulou. Why is it not attached to Zhulou? To conceal the haste of the taking.

（經六四）衛孫良夫率師侵宋。

(Classic) Sun Liangfu of Wei led an army to invade Song.

（經六五）夏，六月，邾婁子來朝。

(Classic) In summer, in the sixth month, the Viscount of Zhulou came to court.

（經六六）公孫嬰齊如晉。

(Classic) Gongsun Yingqi went to Jin.

（經六七）壬申，鄭伯費卒。

(Classic) On the renshen day, Fei, Earl of Zheng, died.

（經六八）秋，仲孫蔑、叔孫僑如率師侵宋。

(Classic) In autumn, Zhongsun Mie and Shusun Qiaoru led armies to invade Song.

（經六九）楚公子嬰齊率師伐鄭。

(Classic) Gongzi Yingqi of Chu led an army to attack Zheng.

（經六十）冬，季孫行父如晉。

(Classic) In winter, Jisun Xingfu went to Jin.

（經六十一）晉欒書率師侵鄭。

(Classic) Luan Shu of Jin led an army to invade Zheng.

春，王正月，鼷鼠食郊牛角。改卜牛，鼷鼠又食其角，乃免牛。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, a field mouse gnawed the horn of the ox for the suburban sacrifice. Another ox was divined for, and the mouse gnawed its horn too, so the ox was released.

（經七二）吳伐郯。

(Classic) Wu attacked Tan.

（經七三）夏，五月，曹伯來朝。

(Classic) In summer, in the fifth month, the Earl of Cao came to court.

（經七四）不郊，猶三望。

(Classic) The suburban sacrifice was not held, but the three Wang sacrifices were still held.

（經七五）秋，楚公子嬰齊率師伐鄭。

(Classic) In autumn, Gongzi Yingqi of Chu led an army to attack Zheng.

（經七六）公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、杞伯救鄭。

(Classic) Duke Cheng joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou and the Earl of Qi in rescuing Zheng.

（經七七）八月戊辰，同盟於馬陵。

(Classic) In the eighth month, on the wuchen day, they made a covenant together at Maling.

（經七八）公至自會。

(Classic) Duke Cheng returned from the covenant.

（經七九）吳入州來。

(Classic) Wu entered Zhoulai.

（經七十）冬，大雩。

(Classic) In winter, the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經七十一）衛孫林父出奔晉。

(Classic) Sun Linfu of Wei fled to Jin.

春，晉侯使韓穿來言汶陽之田，歸之於齊。

In spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Han Chuan to speak about the Wenyang fields, and they were returned to Qi.

（傳）來言者何？內辭也，脅我使我歸之也。曷為使我歸之？鞍之戰，齊師大敗，齊侯歸，吊死視疾，七年不飲酒、不食肉。晉侯聞之曰：「嘻！奈何使人之君七年不飲酒、不食肉，請皆反其所取侵地。」

(Commentary) What does "came and spoke" mean? It is wording from within Lu, meaning we were coerced into returning them. Why were we made to return them? After the battle of An, the army of Qi was badly defeated, and the Marquis of Qi went back, condoling with the dead and visiting the sick, and for seven years did not drink wine or eat meat. The Marquis of Jin heard of it and said: "Ah! How can we make another state's ruler not drink wine or eat meat for seven years? Please return all the land taken by invasion."

（經八二）晉欒書帥師侵蔡。

(Classic) Luan Shu of Jin led an army to invade Cai.

（經八三）公孫嬰齊如莒。

(Classic) Gongsun Yingqi went to Ju.

（經八四）宋公使華元來聘。

(Classic) The Duke of Song sent Hua Yuan on a visit.

（經八五）夏，宋公使公孫壽來納幣。

(Classic) In summer, the Duke of Song sent Gongsun Shou to deliver betrothal gifts.

（傳）納幣不書，此何以書？錄伯姬也。

(Commentary) Delivering betrothal gifts is normally not recorded, so why is it recorded here? It is to record Bo Ji.

（經八六）晉殺其大夫趙同、趙括。

(Classic) Jin killed its grand masters Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo.

（經八七）秋，七月，天子使召伯來錫公命。

(Classic) In autumn, in the seventh month, the Son of Heaven sent the Earl of Shao to bestow ceremonial robes on Duke Cheng.

（傳）其稱天子何？元年，春，王正月，正也，其餘皆通矣。

(Commentary) Why is he called "Son of Heaven"? In the first year, the spring first month of the Zhou calendar was the proper designation, and in the others it may be a general term.

（經八八）冬，十月癸卯，杞叔姬卒。

(Classic) In winter, on the guimao day of the tenth month, Shu Ji of Qi died.

（經八九）晉侯使士燮來聘。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Xie on a visit.

（經八十）叔孫僑如會晉士燮、齊人、邾婁人伐郯。

(Classic) Shusun Qiaoru joined Shi Xie of Jin, the men of Qi and the men of Zhulou in attacking Tan.

（經八十一）衛人來媵。

(Classic) Men of Wei came to accompany the bride with gifts.

（傳）媵不書，此何以書？錄伯姬也。

(Commentary) Accompanying a bride with gifts is normally not recorded, so why is it recorded here? It is to record Bo Ji.

春，王正月，杞伯來逆叔姬之喪以歸。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Earl of Qi came to fetch the coffin of Shu Ji and take it back.

（傳）杞伯曷為來逆叔姬之喪以歸？內辭也，脅而歸之也。

(Commentary) Why did the Earl of Qi come to fetch Shu Ji's coffin and take it back? It is wording from within Lu, meaning he was coerced before being allowed to take it back.

（經九二）公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、杞伯同盟於蒲。公至自會。

(Classic) Duke Cheng joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju and the Earl of Qi in a covenant at Pu. Duke Cheng returned from the covenant.

（經九三）二月，伯姬歸於宋。

(Classic) In the second month, Bo Ji married into Song.

（經九四）夏，季孫行父如宋致女。

(Classic) In summer, Jisun Xingfu went to Song to deliver the woman.

（傳）未有言致女者，此其言致女何？錄伯姬也。

(Commentary) "Delivering the woman" has never been written before, so why is it written here? It is to record Bo Ji.

（經九使）晉人來媵。

(Classic) Men of Jin came to accompany the bride with gifts.

（傳）媵不書，此何以書？錄伯姬也。

(Commentary) Accompanying a bride with gifts is normally not recorded, so why is it recorded here? It is to record Bo Ji.

（經九六）秋，七月丙子，齊侯無野卒。

(Classic) In autumn, on the bingzi day of the seventh month, Wuye, Marquis of Qi, died.

（經九七）晉人執鄭伯。

(Classic) The men of Jin captured the Earl of Zheng.

（經九八）晉欒書帥師伐鄭。

(Classic) Luan Shu of Jin led an army to attack Zheng.

（經九九）冬，十有一月，葬齊頃公。

(Classic) In winter, in the eleventh month, Duke Qing of Qi was buried.

（經九十）楚公子嬰齊帥師伐莒；庚申，莒潰。

(Classic) Gongzi Yingqi of Chu led an army to attack Ju; on the gengshen day, Ju collapsed (its people scattered).

（經九十一）楚人入運。（經九十二）秦人、白狄伐晉。

(Classic) The men of Chu entered Yun. (Classic) The men of Qin and the White Di attacked Jin.

（經九十三）鄭人圍許。

(Classic) The men of Zheng besieged Xu.

（經九十四）城中城。

(Classic) The Central City was fortified.

春，衛侯之弟黑背率師侵鄭。

In spring, Heibei, younger brother of the Marquis of Wei, led an army to invade Zheng.

（經十二）夏，四月，五卜郊，不從，乃不郊。

(Classic) In summer, in the fourth month, divination was made five times about the suburban sacrifice and none was favorable, so the suburban sacrifice was not held.

（傳）其言乃不郊何？不免牲，故言乃不郊也。

(Commentary) What does "then did not hold the suburban sacrifice" mean? The sacrificial animal had not been released, so it says "then did not hold the suburban sacrifice."

（經十三）五月，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯伐鄭。

(Classic) In the fifth month, Duke Cheng joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Cao in attacking Zheng.

（經十四）齊人來媵。

(Classic) Men of Qi came to accompany the bride with gifts.

（傳）媵不書，此何以書？錄伯姬也。三國來媵非禮也，曷為皆以錄伯姬之辭言之？婦人以眾多為侈也。

(Commentary) Accompanying a bride with gifts is normally not recorded, so why is it recorded here? It is to record Bo Ji. It was against ritual for three states to accompany her, so why is it all described in wording that records Bo Ji? Having many people accompany a woman is extravagant.

（經十五）丙午，晉侯獳卒。

(Classic) On the bingwu day, Nou, Marquis of Jin, died.

（經十六）秋，七月。

(Classic) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經十七）公如晉。

(Classic) Duke Cheng went to Jin.

春，王三月，公至自晉。

In spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Cheng returned from Jin.

（經十一二）晉侯使郄州來聘。己丑，及郄州盟。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin sent Xi Zhou on a visit. On the jichou day, a covenant was made with Xi Zhou.

（經十一三）夏，季孫行父如晉。

(Classic) In summer, Jisun Xingfu went to Jin.

（經十一四）秋，叔孫僑如如齊。

(Classic) In autumn, Shusun Qiaoru went to Qi.

（經十一五）冬，十月。

(Classic) In winter, the tenth month.

春，周公出奔晉。

In spring, the Duke of Zhou fled to Jin.

（傳）周公者何？天子之三公也。王者無外，此其言出何？自其私土而出也。

(Commentary) Who was the Duke of Zhou? He was one of the Son of Heaven's three dukes. A true king has no "outside," so why is "fled" written here? He left from his own private city.

（經十二二）夏，公會晉侯、衛侯於沙澤。

(Classic) In summer, Duke Cheng met the Marquis of Jin and the Marquis of Wei at Shaze.

（經十二三）秋，晉人敗狄於交剛。

(Classic) In autumn, the men of Jin defeated the Di at Jiaogang.

（經十二四）冬，十月。

(Classic) In winter, the tenth month.

春，晉侯使郄錡來乞師。

In spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Xi Qi to request troops.

（經十三二）三月，公如京師。

(Classic) In the third month, Duke Cheng went to the capital.

（經十三三）夏，五月，公自京師，遂會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、邾婁人、滕人伐秦。

(Classic) In summer, in the fifth month, Duke Cheng set out from the capital, and then joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the men of Zhulou and the men of Teng in attacking Qin.

（傳）其言自京師何？公鑿行也。公鑿行奈何？不敢過天子也。

(Commentary) What does "from the capital" mean? It means Duke Cheng opened a path for the march. How did he open a path for the march? He did not dare to go past the Son of Heaven.

（經十三四）曹伯廬卒於師。

(Classic) Lu, Earl of Cao, died in the army.

（經十三五）秋，七月，公至自伐秦。

(Classic) In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Cheng returned from the army that attacked Qin.

（經十三六）冬，葬曹宣公。

(Classic) In winter, Duke Xuan of Cao was buried.

春，王正月，莒子朱卒。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Zhu, Viscount of Ju, died.

（經十四二）夏，衛孫林父自晉歸於衛。

(Classic) In summer, Sun Linfu of Wei returned from Jin to Wei.

（經十四三）秋，叔孫僑如如齊逆女。

(Classic) In autumn, Shusun Qiaoru went to Qi to fetch a bride.

（經十四四）鄭公子喜率師伐許。

(Classic) Gongzi Xi of Zheng led an army to attack Xu.

（經十四五）九月，僑如以夫人婦姜氏至自齊。

(Classic) In the ninth month, Qiaoru returned from Qi bringing his wife, Lady Jiang.

（經十四六）冬，十月庚寅，衛侯臧卒。

(Classic) In winter, on the gengyin day of the tenth month, Zang, Marquis of Wei, died.

（經十四七）秦伯卒。

(Classic) The Earl of Qin died.

春，王二月，葬衛定公。

In spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Ding of Wei was buried.

（經十五二）三月乙巳，仲嬰齊卒。

(Classic) In the third month, on the yisi day, Zhong Yingqi died.

（傳）仲嬰齊者何？公孫嬰齊也。公孫嬰齊，則曷為謂之仲嬰齊？為兄後也。為兄後則曷為謂之仲嬰齊？為人後者為之子也。為人後者為其子，則其稱仲何？孫以王父字為氏也。然則嬰齊孰後？後歸父也。歸父使於晉而未反，何以後之？叔仲惠伯，傅子赤者也，文公死，子幼，公子遂謂叔仲惠伯曰：「君幼，如之何？願與子慮之。」叔仲惠伯曰：「吾子相之，老夫抱之，何幼君之有？」公子遂知其不可與謀，退而殺叔仲惠伯，弒子赤而立宣公。宣公死，成公幼，臧宣叔者相也。君死不哭，聚諸大夫而問焉，曰：「昔者叔仲惠伯之事，孰為之？」諸大夫皆雜然曰：「仲氏也，其然乎？」於是遣歸父之家，然後哭君，歸父使乎晉，還自晉，至檉，聞君薨家遣，墠帷，哭君成踴，反命於介，自是走之齊。魯人徐傷歸父之無後也，於是使嬰齊後之也。

(Commentary) Who was Zhong Yingqi? He was Gongsun Yingqi. If he was Gongsun Yingqi, why is he called Zhong Yingqi? Because he became heir to his elder brother. Having become his elder brother's heir, why is he called Zhong Yingqi? To become someone's heir is to become his son. To become someone's heir is to become his son, so why is he called "Zhong"? A grandson takes his grandfather's style as his clan name. Then whose heir was Yingqi? He was Guifu's heir. Guifu had gone as envoy to Jin and had not yet returned, so why was an heir established for him? Shuzhong Hui Bo was the tutor of Zichi; when Duke Wen died, his son was young, and Gongzi Sui said to Shuzhong Hui Bo: "The ruler is young; what shall we do? I wish to plan with you." Shuzhong Hui Bo said: "You assist him, and this old man will hold him in his arms; where is there a young ruler?" Gongzi Sui knew he could not plan with him, withdrew, killed Shuzhong Hui Bo, killed Zichi, and installed Duke Xuan. When Duke Xuan died, Duke Cheng was young, and Zangxuan Shu was the chief minister. He did not weep for the dead ruler, but summoned the grand masters and asked: "In the past affair of Shuzhong Hui Bo, who did it?" The grand masters said one after another: "Wasn't it the Zhong clan?" So the family of Guifu was dispersed, and only then did they weep for the ruler. Guifu, on his mission in Jin, was returning from Jin, reached Cheng, and heard that the ruler had died and his family had been dispersed, so he cleared the ground and set up a curtain, wept for the ruler and completed the ritual of leaping in grief, reported to his deputy envoy, and then fled to Qi. The people of Lu slowly grew sorry that Guifu had no heir, so they made Yingqi his heir.

（經十五三）癸丑，公會晉侯、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、宋世子成、齊國佐、邾婁人同盟於戚。

(Classic) On the guichou day, Duke Cheng joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, Cheng the crown prince of Song, Guo Zuo of Qi and the men of Zhulou in a covenant at Qi.

（經十五四）晉侯執曹伯歸之於京師。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin captured the Earl of Cao and sent him to the capital.

（經十五五）公至自會。

(Classic) Duke Cheng returned from the covenant.

（經十五六）夏，六月，宋公固卒。

(Classic) In summer, in the sixth month, Gu, Duke of Song, died.

（經十五七）楚子伐鄭。

(Classic) The Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng.

（經十五八）秋，八月庚辰，葬宋共公。

(Classic) In autumn, on the gengchen day of the eighth month, Duke Gong of Song was buried.

（經十五九）宋華元出奔晉。

(Classic) Hua Yuan of Song fled to Jin.

（經十五十）宋華元自晉歸於宋。

(Classic) Hua Yuan of Song returned from Jin to Song.

（經十五十一）宋殺其大夫山。

(Classic) Song killed its grand master Shan.

（經十五十二）宋魚石出奔楚。

(Classic) Yu Shi of Song fled to Chu.

（經十五十三）冬，十有一月，叔孫僑如會晉士燮、齊高無咎、宋華元、衛孫林父、鄭公子鰍、邾婁人會吳於鍾離。

(Classic) In winter, in the eleventh month, Shusun Qiaoru joined Shi Xie of Jin, Gao Wujiu of Qi, Hua Yuan of Song, Sun Linfu of Wei, Gongzi Qiu of Zheng and the men of Zhulou in meeting Wu at Zhongli.

（傳）曷為殊會吳？外吳也。曷為外也？《春秋》內其國而外諸夏，內諸夏而外夷狄。王者欲一乎天下，曷為以外內之辭言之？言自近者始也。

(Commentary) Why is it written alone that they met Wu? Wu was treated as outside. Why was it treated as outside? The Spring and Autumn Annals treats its own state as inside and the Chinese states as outside; and it treats the Chinese states as inside and the Yi and Di barbarians as outside. A true king aims to unify the world, so why does the text still speak in terms of inside and outside? It means one must begin from what is near.

（經十五十四）許遷於葉。

(Classic) Xu moved to Ye.

春，王正月，雨木冰。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, it rained and the trees were coated with ice.

（傳）雨木冰者何？雨而木冰也。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What does "rain wood ice" mean? It rained and the trees were coated with ice. Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly.

（經十六二）夏，四月辛未，滕子卒。

(Classic) In summer, on the xinwei day of the fourth month, the Viscount of Teng died.

（經十六三）鄭公子喜帥師侵宋。

(Classic) Gongzi Xi of Zheng led an army to invade Song.

（經十六四）六月丙寅朔，日有食之。

(Classic) In the sixth month, on the first day, bingyin, there was a solar eclipse.

（經十六五）晉侯使欒黶來乞師。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin sent Luan Yan to request troops.

（經十六六）甲午晦。

(Classic) On the jiawu day, the sky was dark.

（傳）晦者何？冥也。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What does "dark" mean? It means gloomy. Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly.

（經十六九）晉侯及楚子、鄭伯戰於鄢陵，楚子、鄭師敗績。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin fought the Viscount of Chu and the Earl of Zheng at Yanling, and the Viscount of Chu and the army of Zheng were badly defeated.

（傳）敗者稱師，楚何以不稱師？王痍也。王痍者何？傷乎矢也。然則何以不言師敗績？末言爾。

(Commentary) A defeated side is called "army," so why is Chu not called "army"? Because the king was wounded. What does the king being wounded mean? He was wounded by an arrow. Then why is it not written that the army was badly defeated? It was not worth saying further.

（經十六十）楚殺其大夫公子側。

(Classic) Chu killed its grand master Gongzi Ce.

（經十六十一）秋，公會晉侯、齊侯、衛侯、宋華元、邾婁人於沙隨。不見公，公至自會。

(Classic) In autumn, Duke Cheng joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Wei, Hua Yuan of Song and the men of Zhulou at Shasui. The Duke was not received, and Duke Cheng returned from the covenant.

（傳）不見公者何？公不見見也。公不見見，大夫執。何以致會？不恥也。曷為不恥？公幼也。

(Commentary) What does "did not see the Duke" mean? It means the Duke was not received. If the Duke was not received and a grand master was captured, why is it still written that he returned from the covenant? Because it was not treated as a disgrace. Why was it not treated as a disgrace? Because Duke Cheng was young.

（經十六十二）公會尹子、晉侯、齊國佐、邾婁人伐鄭。

(Classic) Duke Cheng joined the Viscount of Yin, the Marquis of Jin, Guo Zuo of Qi and the men of Zhulou in attacking Zheng.

（經十六十三）曹伯歸自京師。

(Classic) The Earl of Cao returned from the capital.

（傳）執而歸者名，曹伯何以不名？而不言復歸於曹何？易也。其易奈何？公子喜時在內也。公子喜時在內，則何以易？公子喜時者仁人也。內平其國而待之，外治諸京師而免之。其言自京師何？言甚易也，舍是無難矣！

(Commentary) A person who is captured and then returns is called by name, so why is the Earl of Cao not called by name? And why is it not written that he "returned to Cao"? Because it was easy. How was it easy? Gongzi Xishi was in the state. Why was it easy because Gongzi Xishi was in the state? Gongzi Xishi was a benevolent man. Inside, he kept the state at peace to wait for him; outside, he handled the matter in the capital and obtained his release. What does "from the capital" mean? It means it was extremely easy, and apart from this there was no difficulty!

（經十六十四）九月，晉人執季孫行父，舍之於招丘。

(Classic) In the ninth month, the men of Jin captured Jisun Xingfu and placed him at Zhaoqiu.

（傳）執未可言舍之者，此其言舍之何？仁之也，曰在招丘悕矣。執未有言仁之者，此其言仁之何？代公執也，其代公執奈何？前此者晉人來乞師而不與。公會晉侯，將執公，季孫行父曰：「此臣之罪也。」於是執季孫行父。成公將會晉厲公，會不當期，將執公。季孫行父曰：「臣有罪，執其君；子有罪，執其父；此聽失之大者也。今此臣之罪也，舍臣之身而執臣之君，吾恐聽失之為宗廟羞也。」於是執季孫行父。

(Commentary) When people are captured, "released him" has never been written; why is "released him" written here? Out of pity for him, saying he was in a pitiful state at Zhaoqiu. When people are captured, pity has never been mentioned; why is pity mentioned here? Because he was captured in place of Duke Cheng. How was he captured in place of Duke Cheng? Before this, the men of Jin came to request troops, and they were not given. Duke Cheng met the Marquis of Jin, who was about to seize Duke Cheng, and Jisun Xingfu said: "This is the fault of the minister." So Jisun Xingfu was captured. When Duke Cheng was about to meet Duke Li of Jin, the covenant was not made on schedule, and they were about to seize Duke Cheng. Jisun Xingfu said: "If a minister has committed a crime and his ruler is seized, or a son has committed a crime and his father is seized, that is the greatest error in hearing a lawsuit. Now this is the minister's fault, yet you spare the minister's own person and seize the minister's ruler; I fear that an error in hearing the case will bring shame upon the ancestral temple." So Jisun Xingfu was captured.

（經十六十五）冬，十月乙亥，叔孫僑如出奔齊。

(Classic) In winter, on the yihai day of the tenth month, Shusun Qiaoru fled to Qi.

（經十六十六）十有二月乙丑，季孫行父及晉郄州盟於扈。

(Classic) In the twelfth month, on the yichou day, Jisun Xingfu made a covenant with Xi Zhou of Jin at Hu.

（經十六十七）公至自會。

(Classic) Duke Cheng returned from the covenant.

（經十六十八）乙酉，刺公子偃。

(Classic) On the yiyou day, Gongzi Yan was stabbed to death.

春，衛北宮結率師侵鄭。

In spring, Beigong Jie of Wei led an army to invade Zheng.

（經十七二）夏，公會尹子、單子、晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、邾婁人伐鄭。六月，乙酉，同盟於柯陵。

(Classic) In summer, Duke Cheng joined the Viscount of Yin, the Viscount of Shan, the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao and the men of Zhulou in attacking Zheng. In the sixth month, on the yiyou day, they made a covenant together at Keling.

（經十七三）秋，公至自會。

(Classic) In autumn, Duke Cheng returned from the covenant.

（經十七四）齊高無咎出奔莒。

(Classic) Gao Wujiu of Qi fled to Ju.

（經十七五）九月辛丑，用郊。

(Classic) In the ninth month, on the xinchou day, the suburban sacrifice was used.

（傳）用者何？用者不宜用也。九月非所用郊也。然則郊曷用？郊用正月上辛，或曰用然後郊。

(Commentary) What does "used" mean? "Used" means it should not have been used. The ninth month is not the time to hold the suburban sacrifice. Then what time should be used for the suburban sacrifice? The suburban sacrifice uses the first xin day of the first month; another view is that one first "uses" it and only then holds the suburban sacrifice.

（經十七六）晉侯使荀罃來乞師。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin sent Xun Ying to request troops.

（經十七七）冬，公會單子、晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、齊人、邾婁人伐鄭。十有一月，公至自伐鄭。

(Classic) In winter, Duke Cheng joined the Viscount of Shan, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, the men of Qi and the men of Zhulou in attacking Zheng. In the eleventh month, Duke Cheng returned from the army attacking Zheng.

（經十七八）壬申，公孫嬰齊卒於狸軫。

(Classic) On the renshen day, Gongsun Yingqi died at Lizhen.

（傳）非此月日也，曷為以此月日卒之？待君命然後卒大夫。曷為待君命然後卒大夫？前此者嬰齊走之晉，公會晉侯，將執公。嬰齊為公請，公許之反為大夫，歸。至於狸軫而卒。無君命不敢卒大夫，公至，曰：「吾固許之反為大夫。」然後卒之。

(Commentary) If it was not that month and day, why is his death recorded with this month and day? One waits for the ruler's command before recording a grand master's death. Why does one wait for the ruler's command before recording a grand master's death? Before this, Yingqi had fled to Jin, and Duke Cheng met the Marquis of Jin, who was about to seize Duke Cheng. Yingqi made a request for Duke Cheng, and Duke Cheng agreed to let him return to be a grand master, so he returned. He died on reaching Lizhen. Without the ruler's command one does not dare record a grand master's death; when Duke Cheng arrived, he said: "I had agreed to let him return to be a grand master." Only then was his death recorded.

（經十七九）十有二月丁巳朔，日有食之。

(Classic) In the twelfth month, on the first day, dingsi, there was a solar eclipse.

（經十七十）邾婁子貜且卒。

(Classic) Juqie, Viscount of Zhulou, died.

（經十七十一）晉殺其大夫郄錡、郄州、郄至。

(Classic) Jin killed its grand masters Xi Qi, Xi Zhou and Xi Zhi.

（經十七十二）楚人滅舒庸。

(Classic) The men of Chu destroyed Shuyong.

春，王正月，晉殺其大夫胥童。庚申，晉弒其君州蒲。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Jin killed its grand master Xu Tong. On the gengshen day, Jin killed its ruler Zhoupu.

（經十八二）齊殺其大夫國佐。

(Classic) Qi killed its grand master Guo Zuo.

（經十八三）公如晉。

(Classic) Duke Cheng went to Jin.

（經十八四）夏，楚子、鄭伯伐宋。

(Classic) In summer, the Viscount of Chu and the Earl of Zheng attacked Song.

（經十八五）宋魚石復入於彭城。

(Classic) Yu Shi of Song entered Pengcheng again.

（經十六六）公至自晉。

(Classic) Duke Cheng returned from Jin.

（經十八七）晉侯使士丐來聘。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Gai on a visit.

（經十八八）秋，杞伯來朝。八月，邾婁子來朝。

(Classic) In autumn, the Earl of Qi came to court. In the eighth month, the Viscount of Zhulou came to court.

（經十八九）築鹿囿。

(Classic) The Deer Park was built.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？有囿矣，又為也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It is a criticism. What is criticized? There was already a park, and it was built again.

（經十八十）己丑，公薨於路寢。

(Classic) On the jichou day, Duke Cheng died in the principal hall.

（經十八十一）冬，楚人、鄭人侵宋。

(Classic) In winter, the men of Chu and Zheng invaded Song.

（經十八十二）晉侯使士彭來乞師。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Peng to request troops.

（經十八十三）十有二月，仲孫蔑會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、邾婁子、齊崔杼同盟於虛朾。

(Classic) In the twelfth month, Zhongsun Mie joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Viscount of Zhulou and Cui Zhu of Qi in a covenant at Xuting.

（經十八十四）丁未，葬我君成公。

(Classic) On the dingwei day, our ruler Duke Cheng of Lu was buried.

春，王正月，公即位。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang took the throne.

（經一二）仲孫蔑會晉欒黶、宋華元、衛寧殖、曹人、莒人、邾婁人、滕人、薛人圍宋彭城。

(Classic) Zhongsun Mie joined Luan Yan of Jin, Hua Yuan of Song, Ningzhi of Wei, and the men of Cao, Ju, Zhulou, Teng and Xue in besieging Pengcheng of Song.

（傳）宋華元曷為與諸侯圍宋彭城？為宋誅也。其為宋誅奈何？魚石走之楚，楚為之伐宋，取彭城以封魚石。魚石之罪奈何？以入是為罪也。楚已取之矣，曷為系之宋？不與諸侯專封也。

(Commentary) Why did Hua Yuan of Song join the lords in besieging Song's own Pengcheng? He went to punish on Song's behalf. How did he punish on Song's behalf? Yu Shi fled to Chu, and Chu attacked Song for him, seizing Pengcheng to enfeoff Yu Shi. What was Yu Shi's offense? His offense was entering it. Chu had already seized it, so why is it still attached to Song? It shows disapproval of the lords arbitrarily dividing out fiefs.

（經一三）夏，晉韓屈帥師伐鄭。

(Classic) In summer, Han Qu of Jin led an army to attack Zheng.

（經一四）仲孫蔑會齊崔杼、曹人、邾婁人、杞人次於合。

(Classic) Zhongsun Mie joined Cui Zhu of Qi and the men of Cao, Zhulou and Qi in encamping at He.

（經一五）秋，楚公子壬夫帥師侵宋。

(Classic) In autumn, Gongzi Renfu of Chu led an army to invade Song.

（經一六）九月辛酉，天王崩。

(Classic) In the ninth month, on the xinyou day, the Son of Heaven died.

（經一七）邾婁子來朝。

(Classic) The Viscount of Zhulou came to court.

（經一八）冬，衛侯使公孫剽來聘。

(Classic) In winter, the Marquis of Wei sent Gongsun Piao on a visit.

（經一九）晉侯使荀罃來聘。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin sent Xun Ying on a visit.

春，王正月，葬簡王。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, King Jian was buried.

（經二二）鄭師伐宋。

(Classic) The army of Zheng attacked Song.

（經二三）夏，五月庚寅，夫人姜氏薨。

(Classic) In summer, on the gengyin day of the fifth month, the Lady Jiang died.

（經二四）六月庚辰，鄭伯睔卒。

(Classic) In the sixth month, on the gengchen day, Gun, Earl of Zheng, died.

（經二五）晉師、宋師、衛寧殖侵鄭。

(Classic) The armies of Jin and Song and Ningzhi of Wei invaded Zheng.

（經二六）秋，七月，仲孫蔑會晉荀罃、宋華元、衛孫林父、曹人、邾婁人於戚。

(Classic) In autumn, in the seventh month, Zhongsun Mie joined Xun Ying of Jin, Hua Yuan of Song, Sun Linfu of Wei and the men of Cao and Zhulou at Qi.

（經二七）己丑，葬我小君齊姜。

(Classic) On the jichou day, our Lady of Lu, Qi Jiang, was buried.

（傳）齊姜者何？齊姜與繆姜，則未知其為宣夫人與？成夫人與？

(Commentary) Who was Qi Jiang? Qi Jiang and Miu Jiang; it is not known whether she was Duke Xuan's wife or Duke Cheng's wife.

（經二八）叔孫豹如宋。

(Classic) Shusun Bao went to Song.

（經二九）冬，仲孫蔑會晉荀罃、齊崔杼、宋華元、衛孫林父、曹人、邾婁人、滕人、薛人、小邾婁人於戚，遂城虎牢。

(Classic) In winter, Zhongsun Mie joined Xun Ying of Jin, Cui Zhu of Qi, Hua Yuan of Song, Sun Linfu of Wei, and the men of Cao, Zhulou, Teng, Xue and Little Zhulou at Qi, and then fortified Hulao.

（傳）虎牢者何？鄭之邑也。其言城之何？取之也。取之則曷為不言取之？為中國諱也。曷為為中國諱？諱伐喪也。曷為不繫乎鄭？為中國諱也。大夫無遂事，此其言遂何？歸惡乎大夫也。

(Commentary) What is Hulao? It was a city of Zheng. Why is it written "fortified"? It was seized. If it was seized, why is it not written "seized"? To conceal it for the Central States. Why conceal it for the Central States? To conceal the attack on a state in mourning. Why is it not attached to Zheng? To conceal it for the Central States. A grand master has no acting "thereupon"; why is "thereupon" written here? It places the guilt on the grand masters.

（經二十）楚殺其大夫公子申。

(Classic) Chu killed its grand master Gongzi Shen.

春，楚公子嬰齊帥師伐吳。

In spring, Gongzi Yingqi of Chu led an army to attack Wu.

（經三二）公如晉。

(Classic) Duke Xiang went to Jin.

（經三三）夏，四月壬戌，公及晉侯盟於長樗。

(Classic) In summer, on the renxu day of the fourth month, Duke Xiang made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin at Changchu.

（經三四）公至自晉。

(Classic) Duke Xiang returned from Jin.

（經三五）六月，公會單子、晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、莒子、邾婁子、齊世子光；己未，同盟於雞澤。陳侯使袁僑如會。

(Classic) In the sixth month, Duke Xiang joined the Viscount of Shan, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou and Guang, crown prince of Qi; on the jiwei day, they made a covenant together at Jize. The Marquis of Chen sent Yuan Qiao to hurry to the covenant.

（傳）其言如會何？後會也。

(Commentary) What does "went to the meeting" mean? He caught up with the covenant only later.

（經三六）戊寅，叔孫豹及諸侯之大夫及陳袁僑盟。

(Classic) On the wuyin day, Shusun Bao made a covenant with the grand masters of the lords and with Yuan Qiao of Chen.

（傳）曷為殊及陳袁僑？為其與袁僑盟也。

(Commentary) Why is "and Yuan Qiao of Chen" written separately? Because he made a covenant with Yuan Qiao.

（經三七）秋，公至自會。

(Classic) In autumn, Duke Xiang returned from the covenant.

（經三八）冬，晉荀罃帥師伐許。

(Classic) In winter, Xun Ying of Jin led an army to attack Xu.

春，王三月己酉，陳侯午卒。

In spring, on the jiyou day of the third month of the Zhou calendar, Wu, Marquis of Chen, died.

（經四二）夏，叔孫豹如晉。

(Classic) In summer, Shusun Bao went to Jin.

（經四三）秋，七月戊子，夫人弋氏薨。

(Classic) In autumn, on the wuzi day of the seventh month, the Lady Yi died.

（經四四）葬陳成公。

(Classic) Duke Cheng of Chen was buried.

（經四五）八月辛亥，葬我小君定弋。

(Classic) In the eighth month, on the xinhai day, our Lady of Lu, Ding Yi, was buried.

（傳）定弋者，襄公之母也。

(Commentary) Ding Yi was Duke Xiang's mother.

（經四六）冬，公如晉。

(Classic) In winter, Duke Xiang went to Jin.

（經四七）陳人圍頓。

(Classic) The men of Chen besieged Dun.

春，公至自晉。

In spring, Duke Xiang returned from Jin.

（經五二）夏，鄭伯使公子發來聘。

(Classic) In summer, the Earl of Zheng sent Gongzi Fa on a visit.

（經五三）叔孫豹、鄫世子巫如晉。

(Classic) Shusun Bao and Wu, crown prince of Zeng, went to Jin.

（傳）外相如不書，此何以書？為叔孫豹率而與之俱也。叔孫豹則曷為率而與之俱？蓋舅出也。莒將滅之，故相與往殆乎晉也。莒將滅之，則曷為相與往殆乎晉？取後乎莒也。其取後乎莒奈何？莒女有為鄫夫人者，蓋欲立其出也。

(Commentary) Visits among outside states are normally not recorded, so why is this recorded here? Because Shusun Bao led him and went with him. Why did Shusun Bao lead him and go with him? Probably he was a nephew of his mother's family. Ju was about to destroy Zeng, so they went together to Jin to ask for rescue. Ju was about to destroy Zeng; why did they go together to Jin to ask for rescue? It was to set up an heir from the side of Ju. How was an heir set up from the side of Ju? There was a woman of Ju who was a wife in Zeng, and probably they wanted to install the son she bore.

（經五四）仲孫蔑、衛孫林父會吳於善稻。

(Classic) Zhongsun Mie and Sun Linfu of Wei met Wu at Shandao.

（經五五）秋，大雩。

(Classic) In autumn, the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經五六）楚殺其大夫公子壬夫。

(Classic) Chu killed its grand master Gongzi Renfu.

（經五七）公會晉侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、齊世子光、吳人、鄫人於戚。

(Classic) Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, Guang, crown prince of Qi, and the men of Wu and Zeng at Qi.

（傳）吳何以稱人？吳、鄫人云則不辭。

(Commentary) Why is Wu called "men"? It would not read smoothly to write "Wu, men of Zeng."

（經五八）公至自會。

(Classic) Duke Xiang returned from the covenant.

（經五九）冬，戍陳。

(Classic) In winter, a garrison was stationed at Chen.

（傳）孰戍之？諸侯戍之。曷為不言諸侯戍之？離至不可得而序，故言我也。

(Commentary) Who went to garrison it? The lords went to garrison it. Why is it not written that the lords garrisoned it? They arrived separately and there was no way to write them in order, so it was written as Lu.

（經五十）楚公子貞帥師伐陳。

(Classic) Gongzi Zhen of Chu led an army to attack Chen.

（經五十一）公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、齊世子光，救陳。十有二月，公至自救陳。

(Classic) Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue and Guang, crown prince of Qi, to rescue Chen. In the twelfth month, Duke Xiang returned from rescuing Chen.

（經五十二）辛未，季孫行父卒。

(Classic) On the xinwei day, Jisun Xingfu died.

春，王三月壬午，杞伯姑容卒。

In spring, on the renwu day of the third month of the Zhou calendar, Gurong, Earl of Qi, died.

（經六二）夏，宋華弱來奔。

(Classic) In summer, Hua Ruo of Song came seeking refuge.

（經六三）秋，葬杞桓公。

(Classic) In autumn, Duke Huan of Qi was buried.

（經六四）滕子來朝。

(Classic) The Viscount of Teng came to court.

（經六五）莒人滅鄫。

(Classic) The men of Ju destroyed Zeng.

（經六六）冬，叔孫豹如邾婁。

(Classic) In winter, Shusun Bao went to Zhulou.

（經六七）季孫宿如晉。

(Classic) Jisun Su went to Jin.

（經六八）十有二月，齊侯滅萊。

(Classic) In the twelfth month, the Marquis of Qi destroyed Lai.

（傳）曷為不言萊君出奔？國滅，君死之，正也。

(Commentary) Why is it not written that the ruler of Lai fled? When a state is destroyed and its ruler dies for it, that is the proper way.

春，郯子來朝。

In spring, the Viscount of Tan came to court.

（經七二）夏，四月，三卜郊，不從，乃免牲。

(Classic) In summer, in the fourth month, divination was made three times about the suburban sacrifice and none was favorable, so the sacrificial animal was released.

（經七三）小邾婁子來朝。

(Classic) The Viscount of Little Zhulou came to court.

（經七四）城費。

(Classic) Fei was fortified.

（經七五）秋，季孫宿如衛。

(Classic) In autumn, Jisun Su went to Wei.

（經七六）八月，螽。

(Classic) In the eighth month, locusts caused a plague.

（經七七）冬，十月，衛侯使孫林父來聘。

(Classic) In winter, in the tenth month, the Marquis of Wei sent Sun Linfu on a visit.

（經七八）壬戌，及孫林父盟。

(Classic) On the renxu day, a covenant was made with Sun Linfu.

（經七九）楚公子貞帥師圍陳。

(Classic) Gongzi Zhen of Chu led an army to besiege Chen.

（經七十）十有二月，公會晉侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子於鄬。鄭伯髡原如會，未見諸侯；丙戌，卒於操。

(Classic) In the twelfth month, Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju and the Viscount of Zhulou at Yu. Kunyuan, Earl of Zheng, came to the covenant, did not see the lords, and died at Cao on the bingxu day.

（傳）操者何？鄭之邑也。諸侯卒其封內不地，此何以地？隱之也。何隱爾？弒也。孰弒之？其大夫弒之。曷為不言其大夫弒之？為中國諱也。曷為為中國諱？鄭伯將會諸侯於鄬，其大夫諫曰：「中國不足歸也，則不若與楚。」鄭伯曰：「不可。」其大夫曰：「以中國為義，則伐我喪；以中國為強，則不若楚。」於是弒之。鄭伯髡原何以名？傷而反，未至乎舍而卒也。未見諸侯，其言如會何？致其意也。

(Commentary) What is Cao? It was a city of Zheng. When a lord dies within his own borders the place is normally not recorded, so why is the place recorded here? It shows grief for the matter. What grief? He was killed. Who killed him? His grand masters killed him. Why is it not written that his grand masters killed him? To conceal it for the Central States. Why conceal it for the Central States? The Earl of Zheng was about to meet the lords at Yu, and his grand masters remonstrated, saying: "The Central States are not worth joining, so it would be better to follow Chu." The Earl of Zheng said: "No." His grand masters said: "You consider the Central States righteous, but they attack us while we are in mourning; you consider the Central States strong, but they are not as strong as Chu." So they killed him. Why is Kunyuan, Earl of Zheng, called by name? He returned wounded and died before reaching his lodging. Since he did not see the lords, why is it written "went to the meeting"? It records his intention.

（經七十一）陳侯逃歸。

(Classic) The Marquis of Chen escaped and returned.

春，王正月，公如晉。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang went to Jin.

（經八二）夏，葬鄭僖公。

(Classic) In summer, Duke Xi of Zheng was buried.

（傳）賊未討，何以書葬？為中國諱也。

(Commentary) The murderers had not yet been punished, so why is the burial recorded? To conceal it for the Central States.

（經八三）鄭人侵蔡，獲蔡公子燮。

(Classic) The men of Zheng invaded Cai and captured Gongzi Xie of Cai.

（傳）此侵也，其言獲何？侵而言獲者，適得之也。

(Commentary) This was an invasion, so why is "captured" written? When an invasion is written with "captured," it was captured by chance.

（經八四）季孫宿會晉侯、鄭伯、齊人、宋人、衛人、邾婁人於刑丘。公至自晉。

(Classic) Jisun Su joined the Marquis of Jin, the Earl of Zheng and the men of Qi, Song, Wei and Zhulou at Xingqiu. Duke Xiang returned from Jin.

（經八五）莒人伐我東鄙。

(Classic) The men of Ju attacked the eastern border of our state of Lu.

（經八六）秋，九月，大雩。

(Classic) In autumn, in the ninth month, the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經八七）冬，楚公子貞帥師伐鄭。

(Classic) In winter, Gongzi Zhen of Chu led an army to attack Zheng.

（經八八）晉侯使士丐來聘。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Gai on a visit.

春，宋火。

In spring, a fire broke out in Song.

（傳）曷為或言災？或言火？大者曰災，小者曰火。然則內何以不言火？內不言火者，甚之也。何以書？記災也。外災不書，此何以書？為王者之後記災也。

(Commentary) Why are some written "disaster" and some "fire"? A large one is called a disaster, and a small one is called a fire. Then why is "fire" not written for Lu's own? When it is not written "fire" for one's own state, it is to treat it more seriously. Why is it recorded? To record the disaster. Disasters abroad are normally not recorded, so why is this one recorded? Because Song is the descendant of a king, and the disaster is recorded for him.

（經九二）夏，季孫宿如晉。

(Classic) In summer, Jisun Su went to Jin.

（經九三）五月辛酉，夫人姜氏薨。

(Classic) On the xinyou day of the fifth month, the Lady Jiang died.

（經九四）秋，八月癸未，葬我小君繆姜。

(Classic) In autumn, on the guiwei day of the eighth month, our Lady of Lu, Miu Jiang, was buried.

（經九五）冬，公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子、齊世子光伐鄭。十有二月己亥，同盟於戲。

(Classic) In winter, Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, the Viscount of Little Zhulou and Guang, crown prince of Qi, in attacking Zheng. In the twelfth month, on the jihai day, they made a covenant together at Xi.

（經九六）楚子伐鄭。

(Classic) The Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng.

春，公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子、齊世子光會吳於柤。

In spring, Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, the Viscount of Little Zhulou and Guang, crown prince of Qi, in meeting Wu at Zha.

（經十二）夏，五月甲午，遂滅偪陽。公至自會。

(Classic) In summer, on the jiawu day of the fifth month, they then destroyed Biyang. Duke Xiang returned from the covenant.

（經十三）楚公子貞、鄭公孫輒帥師伐宋。

(Classic) Gongzi Zhen of Chu and Gongsun Zhe of Zheng led an army to attack Song.

（經十四）晉師伐秦。

(Classic) The army of Jin attacked Qin.

（經十五）秋，莒人伐我東鄙。公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、齊世子光、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子伐鄭。

(Classic) In autumn, the men of Ju attacked the eastern border of our state of Lu. Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, Guang, crown prince of Qi, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Little Zhulou in attacking Zheng.

（經十六）冬，盜殺鄭公子斐、公子發、公孫輒。戍鄭虎牢。

(Classic) In winter, bandits killed Gongzi Fei, Gongzi Fa and Gongsun Zhe of Zheng. A garrison was stationed at Hulao in Zheng.

（傳）孰戍之？諸侯戍之。曷為不言諸侯戍之？離至不可得而序，故言我也。諸侯已取之矣，曷為系之鄭？諸侯莫之主有，故反系之鄭。

(Commentary) Who went to garrison it? The lords went to garrison it. Why is it not written that the lords garrisoned it? They arrived separately and there was no way to write them in order, so it was written as Lu. The lords had already seized it, so why is it still attached to Zheng? None of the lords was in a position to claim it, so it was attached back to Zheng.

（經十七）楚公子貞帥師救鄭。

(Classic) Gongzi Zhen of Chu led an army to rescue Zheng.

（經十八）公至自伐鄭。

(Classic) Duke Xiang returned from the army attacking Zheng.

春，王正月，作三軍。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, three armies were established.

（傳）三軍者何？三卿也。作三軍，何以書？譏。何譏爾？古者上卿、下卿，上士、下士。

(Commentary) What are the three armies? They are three ministers. Why is the establishment of three armies recorded? It is a criticism. What is criticized? In ancient times there were only upper ministers and lower ministers, and upper officers and lower officers.

（經十一二）夏，四月，四卜郊，不從，乃不郊。

(Classic) In summer, in the fourth month, divination was made four times about the suburban sacrifice and none was favorable, so the suburban sacrifice was not held.

（經十一三）鄭公孫舍之帥師侵宋。

(Classic) Gongsun Shezhi of Zheng led an army to invade Song.

（經十一四）公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、齊世子光、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子伐鄭。

(Classic) Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, Guang, crown prince of Qi, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Little Zhulou in attacking Zheng.

（經十一五）秋，七月己未，同盟於京城北。

(Classic) In autumn, on the jiwei day of the seventh month, they made a covenant together north of the capital city.

（經十一六）公至自伐鄭。

(Classic) Duke Xiang returned from the army attacking Zheng.

（經十一七）楚子、鄭伯伐宋。

(Classic) The Viscount of Chu and the Earl of Zheng attacked Song.

（經十一八）公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、齊世子光、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子伐鄭，會於蕭魚。

(Classic) Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, Guang, crown prince of Qi, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Little Zhulou in attacking Zheng, and they met at Xiaoyu.

（傳）此伐鄭也，其言會於蕭魚何？蓋鄭與會爾。

(Commentary) This was an attack on Zheng, so why is it written "met at Xiaoyu"? Probably Zheng also came to take part in the covenant.

（經十一九）公至自會。

(Classic) Duke Xiang returned from the covenant.

（經十一十）楚人執鄭行人良霄。

(Classic) The men of Chu captured Liangxiao, the envoy of Zheng.

（經十一十一）冬，秦人伐晉。

(Classic 11.11) In winter, the men of Qin attacked Jin.

春，王三月，莒人伐我東鄙，圍臺。

In spring, the third month of the Zhou calendar, the men of Ju attacked the eastern border of our state of Lu and besieged Tai.

（傳）邑不言圍，此其言圍何？伐而言圍者，取邑之辭也；伐而不言圍者，非取邑之辭也。

(Commentary) A city is not usually described as "besieged"; here it says "besieged"; why? Writing both "attacked" and "besieged" is the wording for taking a city; writing "attacked" without "besieged" is not the wording for taking a city.

（經十二二）季孫宿帥師救臺，遂入運。

(Classic 12.2) Jisun Su led the army to relieve Tai, and then entered Yun.

（傳）大夫無遂事，此其言遂何？公不得為政爾。

(Commentary) A grandee has no matter he does "thereupon"; here it says "thereupon"; why? It is only that Duke Xiang was unable to manage the government.

（經十二三）夏，晉侯使士彭來聘。

(Classic 12.3) In summer, the Marquis of Jin sent Shi Peng on a friendly visit.

（經十二四）秋，九月，吳子乘卒。

(Classic 12.4) In autumn, the ninth month, Cheng, Viscount of Wu, died.

（經十二五）冬，楚公子貞帥師侵宋。

(Classic 12.5) In winter, Prince Zhen of Chu led an army and invaded Song.

（經十二六）公如晉。

(Classic 12.6) Duke Xiang went to Jin.

春，公至自晉。

In spring, Duke Xiang returned from Jin.

（經十三二）夏，取詩。

(Classic 13.2) In summer, Shi was taken.

（傳）詩者何？邾婁之邑也。曷為不繫乎邾婁？諱亟也。

(Commentary) What is Shi? It is a city of Zhulou. Why is it not attached to Zhulou? It is to conceal the haste of the seizure.

（經十三三）秋，九月庚辰，楚子審卒。

(Classic 13.3) In autumn, the ninth month, on the day Gengchen, Shen, Viscount of Chu, died.

（經十三四）冬，城防。

(Classic 13.4) In winter, Fang was fortified.

春，王正月，季孫宿、叔老會晉士丐、齊人、宋人、衛人、鄭公孫囆、曹人、莒人、邾婁人、滕人、薛人、杞人、小邾婁人會吳於向。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Jisun Su and Shu Lao joined Shi Gai of Jin, the men of Qi, the men of Song, the men of Wei, Gongsun Chai of Zheng, the men of Cao, the men of Ju, the men of Zhulou, the men of Teng, the men of Xue, the men of the small state of Qi (the willow Qi), and the men of Little Zhulou, and met with Wu at Xiang.

（經十四二）二月乙未朔，日有食之。

(Classic 14.2) In the second month, on the new moon of the day Yiwei, there was a solar eclipse.

（經十四二）夏，四月，叔孫豹會晉荀偃、齊人、宋人、衛北宮結、鄭公孫囆、曹人、莒人、邾婁人、滕人、薛人、杞人、小邾婁人伐秦。

(Classic 14.2) In summer, the fourth month, Shusun Bao joined Xun Yan of Jin, the men of Qi, the men of Song, Beigong Jie of Wei, Gongsun Chai of Zheng, the men of Cao, the men of Ju, the men of Zhulou, the men of Teng, the men of Xue, the men of Qi, and the men of Little Zhulou and attacked Qin.

（經十四三）己未，衛侯衎出奔齊。

(Classic 14.3) On the day Jiwei, Kan, Marquis of Wei, fled to Qi.

（經十四四）莒人侵我東鄙。

(Classic 14.4) The men of Ju invaded the eastern border of our state of Lu.

（經十四五）秋，楚公子貞帥師伐吳。

(Classic 14.5) In autumn, Prince Zhen of Chu led an army and attacked Wu.

（經十四六）冬，季孫宿會晉士丐、宋華閱、衛孫林父、鄭公孫囆、莒人、邾婁人於戚。

(Classic 14.6) In winter, Jisun Su joined Shi Gai of Jin, Hua Yue of Song, Sun Linfu of Wei, Gongsun Chai of Zheng, the men of Ju, and the men of Zhulou at Qi.

春，宋公使向戌來聘。二月己亥，及向戌盟於劉。

In spring, the Duke of Song sent Xiang Xu on a friendly visit. In the second month, on the day Jihai, a covenant was made with Xiang Xu at Liu.

（經十五二）劉夏逆王后於齊。

(Classic 15.2) Liu Xia went to Qi to meet the royal bride.

（傳）劉夏者何？天子之大夫也。劉者何？邑也。其稱劉何？以邑氏也。外逆女不書，此何以書？過我也。

(Commentary) Who was Liu Xia? He was a grandee of the Son of Heaven. What is Liu? It is a city. Why is he called "Liu"? He took his city as his clan name. A bride being met from outside is usually not recorded; why is it recorded here? Because he passed through Lu.

（經十五三）夏，齊侯伐我北鄙，圍成。公救成，至遇。

(Classic 15.3) In summer, the Marquis of Qi attacked the northern border of our state of Lu and besieged Cheng. Duke Xiang went to relieve Cheng, and arrived at Yu.

（傳）其言至遇何？不敢進也。

(Commentary) What does it mean to write "arrived at Yu"? He did not dare advance.

（經十五四）季孫宿、叔孫豹帥師城成郛。

(Classic 15.4) Jisun Su and Shusun Bao led an army and fortified the outer wall of Cheng.

（經十五五）秋，八月丁巳，日有食之。

(Classic 15.5) In autumn, the eighth month, on the day Dingsi, there was a solar eclipse.

（經十五六）邾婁人伐我南鄙。

(Classic 15.6) The men of Zhulou attacked the southern border of our state of Lu.

（經十五七）冬，十有一月癸亥，晉侯周卒。

(Classic 15.7) In winter, the eleventh month, on the day Guihai, Zhou, Marquis of Jin, died.

春，王正月，葬晉悼公。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Dao of Jin was buried.

（經十六二）三月，公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子於湨梁；戊寅，大夫盟。

(Classic 16.2) In the third month, Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhulou at Juliang; on the day Wuyin, the grandees made a covenant.

（傳）諸侯皆在是，其言大夫盟何？信在大夫也。何言乎信在大夫？遍剌天下之大夫也。曷為遍剌天下之大夫？君若贅旒然。

(Commentary) The lords were all present; why does it say "the grandees covenanted"? Because good faith rested in the hands of the grandees. Why say good faith rested in the hands of the grandees? It is a general rebuke of the grandees of the realm. Why a general rebuke of the grandees of the realm? Rulers were like the tassels hanging on a banner.

（經十六三）晉人執莒子、邾婁子以歸。

(Classic 16.3) The men of Jin seized the Viscount of Ju and the Viscount of Zhulou and took them back.

（經十六四）齊侯伐我北鄙。

(Classic 16.4) The Marquis of Qi attacked the northern border of our state of Lu.

（經十六五）夏，公至自會。

(Classic 16.5) In summer, Duke Xiang returned from the covenant.

（經十六六）五月甲子，地震。

(Classic 16.6) In the fifth month, on the day Jiazi, there was an earthquake.

（經十六七）叔老會鄭伯、晉荀偃、衛寧殖、宋人，伐許。

(Classic 16.7) Shu Lao joined the Earl of Zheng, Xun Yan of Jin, Ning Zhi of Wei, and the men of Song, and attacked Xu.

（經十六八）秋，齊侯伐我北鄙，圍成。

(Classic 16.8) In autumn, the Marquis of Qi attacked the northern border of our state of Lu and besieged Cheng.

（經十六九）大雩。

(Classic 16.9) The great rain sacrifice was held.

（經十六十）冬，叔孫豹如晉。

(Classic 16.10) In winter, Shusun Bao went to Jin.

春，王二月庚午，邾婁子瞷卒。

In spring, the second month of the Zhou calendar, on the day Gengwu, Kan, Viscount of Zhulou, died.

（經十七二）宋人伐陳。

(Classic 17.2) The men of Song attacked Chen.

（經十七三）夏，衛石買帥師伐曹。

(Classic 17.3) In summer, Shi Mai of Wei led an army and attacked Cao.

（經十七四）秋，齊侯伐我北鄙，圍洮。齊高厚帥師伐我北鄙，圍防。

(Classic 17.4) In autumn, the Marquis of Qi attacked the northern border of our state of Lu and besieged Tao. Gao Hou of Qi led an army and attacked the northern border of our state of Lu and besieged Fang.

（經十七五）九月，大雩。

(Classic 17.5) In the ninth month, the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經十七六）宋華臣出奔陳。

(Classic 17.6) Hua Chen of Song fled to Chen.

（經十七七）冬，邾婁人伐我南鄙。

(Classic 17.7) In winter, the men of Zhulou attacked the southern border of our state of Lu.

春，白狄來。

In spring, the White Di came.

（傳）白狄者何？夷狄之君也。何以不言朝？不能朝也。

(Commentary) Who were the White Di? They were the rulers of the Yi and Di peoples. Why is it not written "paid court"? Because he was unable to perform the rites of court audience.

（經十八二）夏，晉人執衛行人石買。

(Classic 18.2) In summer, the men of Jin seized Shi Mai, the envoy of Wei.

（經十八三）秋，齊師伐我北鄙。

(Classic 18.3) In autumn, the army of Qi attacked the northern border of our state of Lu.

（經十八四）冬，十月，公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子同圍齊；曹伯負芻卒於師。

(Classic 18.4) In winter, the tenth month, Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhulou in besieging Qi together; Fuchu, Earl of Cao, died in the army.

（經十八五）楚公子午帥師伐鄭。

(Classic 18.5) Prince Wu of Chu led an army and attacked Zheng.

春，王正月，諸侯盟於祝阿。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, the lords made a covenant at Zhu'e.

（經十九二）晉人執邾婁子。

(Classic 19.2) The men of Jin seized the Viscount of Zhulou.

（經十九三）公至自伐齊。

(Classic 19.3) Duke Xiang returned from the army attacking Qi.

（傳）此同圍齊也，何以致伐？未圍齊也。未圍齊則其言圍齊何？抑齊也。曷為抑齊？為其亟伐也；或曰為其驕蹇，使其世子處乎諸侯之上也。

(Commentary) They were besieging Qi together; why is it written that he returned from the campaign? Because Qi had not yet been besieged. Qi had not yet been besieged, yet it says Qi was besieged; why? To belittle Qi. Why belittle Qi? Because it had repeatedly come to attack; another view says because it was arrogant and placed its heir above the lords.

（經十九四）取邾婁田，自漷水。

(Classic 19.4) The land of Zhulou was taken, starting from the Huo River.

（傳）其言自漷水何？以漷為竟也。何言乎以漷為竟？漷移也。

(Commentary) What does it mean to write "from the Huo River"? It means taking the Huo River as the border. Why say taking the Huo River as the border? Because the Huo River had changed its course.

（經十九五）季孫宿如晉。

(Classic 19.5) Jisun Su went to Jin.

（經十九六）葬曹成公。

(Classic 19.6) Duke Cheng of Cao was buried.

（經十九七）夏，衛孫林父帥師伐齊。

(Classic 19.7) In summer, Sun Linfu of Wei led an army and attacked Qi.

（經十九八）秋，七月辛卯，齊侯瑗卒。

(Classic 19.8) In autumn, the seventh month, on the day Xinmao, Yuan, Marquis of Qi, died.

（經十九九）晉士丐帥師侵齊，至谷，聞齊侯卒，乃還。

(Classic 19.9) Shi Gai of Jin led an army and invaded Qi; on reaching Gu, he heard that the Marquis of Qi had died, and so returned.

（傳）還者何？善辭也。何善爾？大其不伐喪也。此受命乎君而伐齊，則何大乎其不伐喪？大夫以君命出，進退在大夫也。

(Commentary) What does "returned" mean? It is a word of praise. What is praised? It is to praise him for not attacking a state in mourning. He received his ruler's command to attack Qi; why still praise him for not attacking a state in mourning? When a grandee goes out under his ruler's command, advance and retreat are up to the grandee.

（經十九十）八月丙辰，仲孫蔑卒。

(Classic 19.10) In the eighth month, on the day Bingchen, Zhongsun Mie died.

（經十九十一）齊殺其大夫高厚。

(Classic 19.11) Qi killed its grandee Gao Hou.

（經十九十二）鄭殺其大夫公子喜。

(Classic 19.12) Zheng killed its grandee Prince Xi.

（經十九十三）冬，葬齊靈公。

(Classic 19.13) In winter, Duke Ling of Qi was buried.

（經十九十四）城西郛。

(Classic 19.14) The western outer wall was fortified.

（經十九十五）叔孫豹會晉士丐於柯。

(Classic 19.15) Shusun Bao met Shi Gai of Jin at Ke.

（經十九十六）城武城。

(Classic 19.16) Wucheng was fortified.

春，王正月辛亥，仲孫遬會莒人盟於向。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, on the day Xinhai, Zhongsun Su joined the men of Ju in a covenant at Xiang.

（經二十二）夏，六月庚申，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子盟於澶淵。

(Classic 20.2) In summer, the sixth month, on the day Gengshen, Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhulou in a covenant at Chanyuan.

（經二十三）秋，公至自會。

(Classic 20.3) In autumn, Duke Xiang returned from the covenant.

（經二十四）仲孫遬帥師伐邾婁。

(Classic 20.4) Zhongsun Su led an army and attacked Zhulou.

（經二十五）蔡殺其大夫公子燮。

(Classic 20.5) Cai killed its grandee Prince Xie.

（經二十六）蔡公子履出奔楚。

(Classic 20.6) Prince Lü of Cai fled to Chu.

（經二十七）陳侯之弟光出奔楚。

(Classic 20.7) Guang, younger brother of the Marquis of Chen, fled to Chu.

（經二十八）叔老如齊。

(Classic 20.8) Shu Lao went to Qi.

（經二十九）冬，十月丙辰朔，日有食之。

(Classic 20.9) In winter, the tenth month, on the new moon of the day Bingchen, there was a solar eclipse.

（經二十十）季孫宿如宋。

(Classic 20.10) Jisun Su went to Song.

春，王正月，公如晉。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang went to Jin.

（經二一二）邾婁庶其以漆閭丘來奔。

(Classic 21.2) Shuqi of Zhulou came and defected, bringing Qi and Lüqiu.

（傳）邾婁庶其者何？邾婁大夫也。邾婁無大夫，此何以書？重地也。

(Commentary) Who was Shuqi of Zhulou? He was a grandee of Zhulou. Zhulou has no grandees recorded; why is he recorded here? Because land was valued.

（經二一三）夏，公至自晉。

(Classic 21.3) In summer, Duke Xiang returned from Jin.

（經二一四）秋，晉欒盈出奔楚。

(Classic 21.4) In autumn, Luan Ying of Jin fled to Chu.

（經二一五）九月庚戌朔，日有食之。

(Classic 21.5) In the ninth month, on the new moon of the day Gengxu, there was a solar eclipse.

（經二一六）冬，十月庚辰朔，日有食之。

(Classic 21.6) In winter, the tenth month, on the new moon of the day Gengchen, there was a solar eclipse.

（經二一七）曹伯來朝。

(Classic 21.7) The Earl of Cao came to pay court.

（經二一八）公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子於商任。

(Classic 21.8) Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, and the Viscount of Zhulou at Shangren.

（經二一九）十有一月庚子，孔子生。

(Classic 21.9) In the eleventh month, on the day Gengzi, Confucius was born.

春，王正月，公至自會。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang returned from the covenant.

（經二二二）夏，四月。

(Classic 22.2) In summer, the fourth month.

（經二二三）秋，七月辛酉，叔老卒。

(Classic 22.3) In autumn, the seventh month, on the day Xinyou, Shu Lao died.

（經二二四）冬，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子於沙隨。公至自會。

(Classic 22.4) In winter, Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhulou at Shasui. Duke Xiang returned from the covenant.

（經二二五）楚殺其大夫公子追舒。

(Classic 22.5) Chu killed its grandee Prince Zhuishu.

春，王二月癸酉朔，日有食之。

In spring, the second month of the Zhou calendar, on the new moon of the day Guiyou, there was a solar eclipse.

（經二三二）三月己巳，杞伯丐卒。

(Classic 23.2) In the third month, on the day Jisi, Gai, Earl of Qi, died.

（經二三三）夏，邾婁鼻我來奔。

(Classic 23.3) In summer, Bi'e of Zhulou came and defected.

（傳）邾婁鼻我者何？邾婁大夫也。邾婁無大夫，此何以書？以近書也。

(Commentary) Who was Bi'e of Zhulou? He was a grandee of Zhulou. Zhulou has no grandees recorded; why is he recorded here? Because the time was near, so it was recorded.

（經二三四）葬杞孝公。

(Classic 23.4) Duke Xiao of Qi was buried.

（經二三五）陳殺其大夫慶虎及慶寅。

(Classic 23.5) Chen killed its grandees Qing Hu and Qing Yin.

（經二三六）陳侯之弟光自楚歸於陳。

(Classic 23.6) Guang, younger brother of the Marquis of Chen, returned from Chu to Chen.

（經二三七）晉欒盈復入於晉、入於曲沃。

(Classic 23.7) Luan Ying of Jin entered Jin again, and entered Quwo.

（傳）曲沃者何？晉之邑也。其言入於晉、入於曲沃何？欒盈將入晉，晉人不納，由乎曲沃而入也。

(Commentary) What is Quwo? It is a city of Jin. What does it mean to write "entered Jin, entered Quwo"? Luan Ying was about to enter Jin, but the men of Jin would not receive him, and so he entered from Quwo.

（經二三八）秋，齊侯伐衛，遂伐晉。八月，叔孫豹帥師救晉，次於雍渝。

(Classic 23.8) In autumn, the Marquis of Qi attacked Wei, and then attacked Jin. In the eighth month, Shusun Bao led an army to relieve Jin, and camped at Yongyu.

（傳）曷為先言救而後言次？先通君命也。

(Commentary) Why is "relieve" written first and then "camped"? To convey the ruler's command first.

（經二三九）己卯，仲孫遬卒。

(Classic 23.9) On the day Jimao, Zhongsun Su died.

（經二三十）冬，十月乙亥，臧孫紇出奔邾婁。

(Classic 23.10) In winter, the tenth month, on the day Yihai, Zang Sunhe fled to Zhulou.

（經二三十一）晉人殺欒盈。

(Classic 23.11) The men of Jin killed Luan Ying.

（傳）曷為不言殺其大夫？非其大夫也。

(Commentary) Why is it not written that they killed their grandee? Because he was no longer a grandee.

（經二三十二）齊侯襲莒。

(Classic 23.12) The Marquis of Qi made a surprise attack on Ju.

春，叔孫豹如晉。仲孫羯帥師侵齊。夏，楚子伐吳。

In spring, Shusun Bao went to Jin. Zhongsun Jie led an army and invaded Qi. In summer, the Viscount of Chu attacked Wu.

（經二四二）秋，七月甲子朔，日有食之，既。

(Classic 24.2) In autumn, the seventh month, on the new moon of the day Jiazi, there was a solar eclipse, total.

（經二四三）齊崔杼帥師伐莒。

(Classic 24.3) Cui Zhu of Qi led an army and attacked Ju.

（經二四四）大水。

(Classic 24.4) There was a great flood.

（經二四五）八月癸巳朔，日有食之。

(Classic 24.5) In the eighth month, on the new moon of the day Guisi, there was a solar eclipse.

（經二四六）公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子於陳儀。

(Classic 24.6) Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhulou at Chenyi.

（經二四七）冬，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、許男伐鄭。公至自會。

(Classic 24.7) In winter, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, and the Baron of Xu attacked Zheng. Duke Xiang returned from the covenant.

（經二四八）陳咸宜咎出奔楚。

(Classic 24.8) Xian Yijiu of Chen fled to Chu.

（經二四九）叔孫豹如京師。

(Classic 24.9) Shusun Bao went to the royal capital.

（經二四十）大飢。

(Classic 24.10) There was a great famine.

春，齊崔杼帥師伐我北鄙。

In spring, Cui Zhu of Qi led an army and attacked the northern border of our state of Lu.

（經二五二）夏，五月乙亥，齊崔杼弒其君光。

(Classic 25.2) In summer, the fifth month, on the day Yihai, Cui Zhu of Qi killed his ruler Guang.

（經二五三）公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子於陳儀。

(Classic 25.3) Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhulou at Chenyi.

（經二五四）六月壬子，鄭公孫舍之帥師入陳。

(Classic 25.4) In the sixth month, on the day Renzi, Gongsun Sheshi of Zheng led an army and entered Chen.

（經二五五）秋，八月己巳，諸侯同盟於重丘，公至自會。

(Classic 25.5) In autumn, the eighth month, on the day Jisi, the lords made a covenant together at Zhongqiu, and Duke Xiang returned from the covenant.

（經二五六）衛侯入於陳儀。

(Classic 25.6) The Marquis of Wei entered Chenyi.

（傳）陳儀者何？衛之邑也。曷為不言入於衛？諼君以弒也。

(Commentary) What is Chenyi? It is a city of Wei. Why is it not written that he entered Wei? Because he used deceit to kill the ruler.

（經二五七）楚屈建帥師滅舒鳩。

(Classic 25.7) Qu Jian of Chu led an army and destroyed Shujiu.

（經二五八）冬，鄭公孫囆帥師伐陳。

(Classic 25.8) In winter, Gongsun Chai of Zheng led an army and attacked Chen.

（經二五九）十有二月，吳子謁伐楚，門於巢卒。

(Classic 25.9) In the twelfth month, Ye, Viscount of Wu, attacked Chu, and died at the gate of Chao.

（傳）門於巢卒者何？入門乎巢而卒也。入門乎巢而卒者何？入巢之門而卒也。吳子謁，何以名？傷而反，未至乎舍而卒也。

(Commentary) What does "died at the gate of Chao" mean? It means he entered the gate of Chao and died. What does entering the gate of Chao and dying mean? It means he entered the city gate of Chao and died. Why is Ye, Viscount of Wu, called by name? He was wounded and returned, and died before reaching his lodging.

春，王二月辛卯，衛寧喜弒其君剽。衛孫林父入於戚以叛。甲午，衛侯衎復歸於衛。

In spring, the second month of the Zhou calendar, on the day Xinmao, Ning Xi of Wei killed his ruler Piao. Sun Linfu of Wei entered Qi and rebelled. On the day Jiawu, Kan, Marquis of Wei, returned to Wei again.

（傳）此諼君以弒也，其言復歸何？惡剽也。曷為惡剽？剽之立於是未有說也。然則曷為不言剽之立？不言剽之立者，以惡衛侯也。

(Commentary) This was killing a ruler by deceit; why is it written "returned again"? It is because Piao was hated. Why was Piao hated? When Piao was installed, there had not been an explanation until then. Then why is Piao's installation not recorded? Not recording Piao's installation is in order to hate the Marquis of Wei.

（經二六二）夏，晉侯使荀吳來聘。

(Classic 26.2) In summer, the Marquis of Jin sent Xun Wu on a friendly visit.

（經二六三）公會晉人、鄭良霄、宋人、曹人於澶淵。

(Classic 26.3) Duke Xiang joined the men of Jin, Liang Xiao of Zheng, the men of Song, and the men of Cao at Chanyuan.

（經二六四）秋，宋公弒其世子痤。

(Classic 26.4) In autumn, the Duke of Song killed his heir Cuo.

（經二六五）晉人執衛寧喜。

(Classic 26.5) The men of Jin seized Ning Xi of Wei.

（傳）此執有罪，何以不得為伯討？不以其罪執之也。

(Commentary) This was seizing a guilty man; why can it not count as the hegemon's punitive action? Because he was not seized according to his crime.

（經二六六）八月壬午，許男寧卒於楚。

(Classic 26.6) In the eighth month, on the day Renwu, Ning, Baron of Xu, died in Chu.

（經二六七）冬，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯伐鄭。

(Classic 26.7) In winter, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, and the Marquis of Chen attacked Zheng.

（經二六八）葬許靈公。

(Classic 26.8) Duke Ling of Xu was buried.

春，齊侯使慶封來聘。

In spring, the Marquis of Qi sent Qing Feng on a friendly visit.

（經二七二）夏，叔孫豹會晉趙武、楚屈建、蔡公孫歸生、衛石惡、陳孔瑗、鄭良霄、許人、曹人於宋。

(Classic 27.2) In summer, Shusun Bao joined Zhao Wu of Jin, Qu Jian of Chu, Gongsun Guisheng of Cai, Shi E of Wei, Kong Yuan of Chen, Liang Xiao of Zheng, the men of Xu, and the men of Cao at Song.

（經二七三）衛殺其大夫寧喜，衛侯之弟鱄出奔晉。

(Classic 27.3) Wei killed its grandee Ning Xi, and Zhuan, younger brother of the Marquis of Wei, fled to Jin.

（傳）衛殺其大夫寧喜，則衛侯之弟鱄曷為出奔晉？為殺寧喜出奔也。曷為為殺寧喜出奔？衛寧殖與孫林父逐衛侯而立公孫剽，寧殖病將死，謂喜曰：「黜公者，非吾意也，孫氏為之。我即死，女能固納公乎？」喜曰：「諾。」寧殖死，喜立為大夫，使人謂獻公曰：「黜公者，非寧氏也，孫氏為之。吾欲納公，何如？」獻公曰：「子茍欲納我，吾請與子盟。」喜曰：「無所用盟，請使公子鱄約之。」獻公謂公子鱄曰：「寧氏將納我，吾欲與之盟。其言曰：『無所用盟，請使公子鱄約之。』子固為我與之約矣。」公子鱄辭曰：「夫負羈縶，執鈇鑕，從君東西南北，則是臣僕庶孽之事也。若夫約言為信，則非臣僕庶孽之所敢與也。」獻公怒曰：「黜我者，非寧氏與孫氏，凡在爾。」公子鱄不得已而與之約。已約，歸至，殺寧喜。公子鱄挈其妻子而去之，將濟於河，攜其妻子而與之盟，曰：「茍有履衛地、食衛粟者，昧雉彼視。」

(Commentary) Wei killed its grandee Ning Xi; why did Zhuan, younger brother of the Marquis of Wei, flee to Jin? He fled because of the killing of Ning Xi. Why did he flee because of the killing of Ning Xi? Ning Zhi and Sun Linfu of Wei had driven out the Marquis of Wei and set up Gongsun Piao. When Ning Zhi was gravely ill and about to die, he said to Xi: "Deposing the ruler was not my intention; it was Sun's doing. If I die, can you insist on bringing the ruler back?" Xi said: "Good." Ning Zhi died, and Xi was made a grandee. He sent someone to say to Duke Xian: "Deposing the ruler was not done by the Ning clan; it was Sun's doing. I wish to bring you back; how would that be?" Duke Xian said: "If you truly want to bring me back, I ask to make a covenant with you." Xi said: "There is no need for a covenant; please send Prince Zhuan to make the agreement." Duke Xian said to Prince Zhuan: "The Ning clan is about to bring me back, and I wish to make a covenant with him. He said: 'No need for a covenant; please send Prince Zhuan to make the agreement.' You must make the agreement with him on my behalf." Prince Zhuan declined, saying: "To carry the bridle and hold the axe and block, following the ruler east, west, south, and north, is the business of a servant of lowly birth. As for making oaths as pledges of good faith, that is not something a servant of lowly birth would dare to take part in." Duke Xian was angry and said: "It was not the Ning clan and the Sun clan who deposed me; it was entirely you." Prince Zhuan had no choice but to make the agreement with him. After the agreement was made, Duke Xian returned and killed Ning Xi. Prince Zhuan left with his wife and children, and as he was about to cross the river, he pulled his wife and children to him and swore an oath, saying: "If any of you sets foot on the land of Wei or eats the millet of Wei, let him be looked upon like this pheasant."

（經二七四）秋，七月辛巳，豹及諸侯之大夫盟於宋。

(Classic 27.4) In autumn, the seventh month, on the day Xinsi, Bao and the grandees of the lords made a covenant at Song.

（傳）曷為再言豹？殆諸侯也。曷為殆諸侯？為衛石惡在是也，曰惡人之徒在是矣。

(Commentary) Why is "Bao" written again? It is to show danger to the lords. Why danger to the lords? Because Shi E of Wei was present here, meaning the followers of an evil man were present.

（經二七五）冬，十有二月乙亥朔，日有食之。

(Classic 27.5) In winter, the twelfth month, on the new moon of the day Yihai, there was a solar eclipse.

春，無冰。

In spring, there was no ice.

（經二八二）夏，衛石惡出奔晉。

(Classic 28.2) In summer, Shi E of Wei fled to Jin.

（經二八三）邾婁子來朝。

(Classic 28.3) The Viscount of Zhulou came to pay court.

（經二八四）秋，八月，大雩。

(Classic 28.4) In autumn, the eighth month, the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經二八五）仲孫羯如晉。

(Classic 28.5) Zhongsun Jie went to Jin.

（經二八六）冬，齊慶封來奔。

(Classic 28.6) In winter, Qing Feng of Qi came and defected.

（經二八七）十有一月，公如楚。

(Classic 28.7) In the eleventh month, Duke Xiang went to Chu.

（經二八八）十有二月甲寅，天王崩。

(Classic 28.8) In the twelfth month, on the day Jiayin, the Son of Heaven died.

（經二八九）乙未，楚子昭卒。

(Classic 28.9) On the day Yiwei, Zhao, Viscount of Chu, died.

春，王正月，公在楚。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang was in Chu.

（傳）何言乎公在楚？正月以存君也。

(Commentary) Why is "the Duke was in Chu" written? In the first month the ruler's well-being is to be inquired after.

（經二九二）夏，五月，公至自楚。

(Classic 29.2) In summer, the fifth month, Duke Xiang returned from Chu.

（經二九三）庚午，衛侯衎卒。

(Classic 29.3) On the day Gengwu, Kan, Marquis of Wei, died.

（經二九四）閽弒吳子餘祭。

(Classic 29.4) A gatekeeper killed Yuzhi, Viscount of Wu.

（傳）閽者何？門人也，刑人也。刑人則曷為謂之閽？刑人非其人也。君子不近刑人，近刑人則輕死之道也。

(Commentary) Who was the gatekeeper? He was a man who guarded the gate, one who had suffered a mutilating punishment. Since he had suffered a punishment, why is he called a gatekeeper? A person who has suffered a punishment is already not that kind of person. The gentleman does not go near those who have suffered punishment, for going near those who have suffered punishment is the road to treating death lightly.

（經二九五）仲孫羯會晉荀盈、齊高止、宋華定、衛世叔齊、鄭公孫段、曹人、莒人、邾婁人、滕人、薛人、小邾婁人城杞。

(Classic 29.5) Zhongsun Jie joined Xun Ying of Jin, Gao Zhi of Qi, Hua Ding of Song, Shishu Qi of Wei, Gongsun Duan of Zheng, the men of Cao, the men of Ju, the men of Zhulou, the men of Teng, the men of Xue, and the men of Little Zhulou, and fortified Qi.

（經二九六）晉侯使士鞅來聘。

(Classic 29.6) The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Yang on a friendly visit.

（經二九七）杞子來盟。

(Classic 29.7) The Viscount of Qi came to the covenant.

（經二九八）吳子使札來聘。

(Classic 29.8) The Viscount of Wu sent Zha on a friendly visit.

（傳）吳無君、無大夫，此何以有君、有大夫？賢季子也。何賢乎季子？讓國也。其讓國奈何？謁也、餘祭也、夷昧也與季子同母者四，季子弱而才，兄弟皆愛之，同欲立之以為君，謁曰：「今若是迮而與季子國，季子猶不受也，請無與子而與弟，弟兄迭為君，而致國乎季子。」皆曰：「諾。」故諸為君者，皆輕死為勇，飲食必祝，曰：「天茍有吳國，尚速有悔於予身。」故謁也死，餘祭也立。餘祭也死，夷昧也立。夷昧也死，則國宜之季子者也。季子使而亡焉。僚者長庶也，即之，季子使而反，至，而君之爾。闔廬曰：「先君之所以不與子國而與弟者，凡為季子故也。將從先君之命與，則國宜之季子者也；如不從先君之命與，則我宜立者也，僚惡得為君乎？」於是使專諸剌僚，而致國乎季子。季子不受，曰：「爾弒吾君，吾受爾國，是吾與爾為篡也。爾殺吾兄，吾又殺爾，是父子兄弟相殺，終身無已也。」去之延陵，終身不入吳國。故君子以其不受為義，以其不殺為仁。賢季子則吳何以有君、有大夫？以季子為臣，則宜有君者也。札者何？吳季子之名也。《春秋》賢者不名，此何以名？許夷狄者不壹而足也。季子者所賢也，曷為不足乎季子？許人臣者必使臣，許人子者必使子也。

(Commentary) Wu had no ruler and no grandees; why does it here have a ruler and grandees? Because Jizi was thought worthy. Where did Jizi's worthiness lie? In yielding the state. How did he yield the state? Ye, Yuzhi, Yimei, and Jizi were four brothers of the same mother. Jizi was young but talented, and his brothers all loved him and all wished to make him ruler. Ye said: "If we hastily give the state to Jizi now, Jizi will still not accept it. Please let us not give it to our sons but to our brothers, with brothers taking turns as ruler, and then hand the state to Jizi." All said: "Good." Therefore those who were rulers all treated death lightly to show their courage, and always prayed before eating or drinking, saying: "If Heaven still wants Wu, please quickly send down calamity upon me." So Ye died and Yuzhi was installed. Yuzhi died and Yimei was installed. Yimei died, and the state should have gone to Jizi. Jizi was away on a mission. Liao, the eldest son by a concubine, took the throne. When Jizi returned from his mission and arrived, he treated Liao as the ruler. Helu said: "The reason the former rulers did not give the state to their sons but to their brothers was all for Jizi's sake. If we are to follow the former rulers' command, the state should go to Jizi; if we do not follow the former rulers' command, then I should be installed; how can Liao be the ruler?" So he sent Zhuan Zhu to stab Liao to death, and handed the state to Jizi. Jizi did not accept it, saying: "You killed my ruler, and if I accept your state, then I and you together have usurped. You killed my brother, and if I then killed you, fathers, sons, and brothers would kill each other without end for a lifetime." He left for Yanling and never entered Wu for the rest of his life. Therefore the gentleman thought his not accepting was righteousness and his not killing was benevolence. If Jizi is thought worthy, why then does Wu have a ruler and grandees? Treating Jizi as a minister, there should be a ruler. What is "Zha"? It is the personal name of Ji Zha of Wu. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not call a worthy man by name; why is he called by name here? Because toward the Yi and Di peoples it grants something but does not give it all at once. Jizi is one considered worthy; why is he still not given full measure? To approve of a person as a minister, one must make him be like a minister; to approve of a person as a son, one must make him be like a son.

（經二九九）秋，九月，葬衛獻公。

(Classic 29.9) In autumn, the ninth month, Duke Xian of Wei was buried.

（經二九十）齊高止出奔北燕。

(Classic 29.10) Gao Zhi of Qi fled to Northern Yan.

（經二九十一）冬，仲孫羯如晉。

(Classic 29.11) In winter, Zhongsun Jie went to Jin.

春，王正月，楚子使薳頗來聘。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Viscount of Chu sent Wei Po on a friendly visit.

（經三十二）夏，四月，蔡世子般弒其君固。

(Classic 30.2) In summer, the fourth month, Ban, heir of Cai, killed his ruler Gu.

（經三十三）五月甲午，宋災，伯姬卒。

(Classic 30.3) In the fifth month, on the day Jiawu, there was a fire in Song, and Bo Ji died.

（經三十四）天王殺其弟年夫。

(Classic 30.4) The Son of Heaven killed his younger brother Nianfu.

（經三十五）王子瑕奔晉。

(Classic 30.5) Prince Xia fled to Jin.

（經三十六）秋，七月，叔弓如宋，葬宋共姬。

(Classic 30.6) In autumn, the seventh month, Shu Gong went to Song, to bury Lady Gong Ji of Song.

（傳）外夫人不書葬，此何以書？隱之也。何隱爾？宋災，伯姬卒焉。其稱諡何？賢也。何賢爾？宋災，伯姬存焉，有司復曰：「火至矣，請出。」伯姬曰：「不可。吾聞之也：婦人夜出，不見傅母不下堂。傅至矣，母未至也。」逮乎火而死。

(Commentary) The burial of a wife of a foreign ruler is usually not recorded; why is it recorded here? It is to express sorrow over the matter. What is the sorrow? There was a fire in Song, and Bo Ji died there. Why is her posthumous title given? Because she was thought worthy. Where did her worthiness lie? When fire broke out in Song and Bo Ji was still there, an official reported: "The fire has arrived; please go out." Bo Ji said: "I cannot. I have heard: when a woman goes out at night, she does not descend from the hall unless she sees her tutor and her nurse. The tutor has arrived, but the nurse has not." So she was burned to death by the fire.

（經三十七）鄭良霄出奔許，自許入於鄭，鄭人殺良霄。

(Classic 30.7) Liang Xiao of Zheng fled to Xu, and from Xu entered Zheng, and the men of Zheng killed Liang Xiao.

（經三十八）冬，十月，葬蔡景公。

(Classic 30.8) In winter, the tenth month, Duke Jing of Cai was buried.

（傳）賊未討，何以書葬？君子辭也。

(Commentary) The rebel had not yet been punished; why is the burial recorded? It is the wording of the gentleman.

（經三十九）晉人、齊人、宋人、衛人、鄭人、曹人、莒人、邾婁人、滕人、薛人、杞人、小邾婁人會於澶淵，宋災故。

(Classic 30.9) The men of Jin, the men of Qi, the men of Song, the men of Wei, the men of Zheng, the men of Cao, the men of Ju, the men of Zhulou, the men of Teng, the men of Xue, the men of the small state of Qi (the willow Qi), and the men of Little Zhulou met at Chanyuan, because of the fire in Song.

（傳）宋災故者何？諸侯會於澶淵，凡為宋災故也。會未有言其所為者，此言所為何？錄伯姬也。諸侯相聚，而更宋之所喪，曰：「死者不可復生，爾財復矣！」此大事也，曷為使微者？卿也。卿則其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？卿不得憂諸侯也。

(Commentary) What does "because of the fire in Song" mean? The lords met at Chanyuan all because of the fire in Song. A meeting is never recorded with its purpose; why is the purpose recorded here? It is to record Bo Ji. The lords gathered together to make up what Song had lost, saying: "The dead cannot be brought back to life, but your property has come back!" This was a great matter; why were people of low rank sent? They were in fact ministers. Since they were ministers, why are they called "men"? It is a demotion. Why demote them? Ministers are not to worry on behalf of the lords.

春，王正月。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經三一二）夏，六月辛巳，公薨於楚宮。

(Classic 31.2) In summer, the sixth month, on the day Xinsi, Duke Xiang died in the Palace of Chu.

（經三一三）秋，九月癸巳，子野卒。己亥，仲孫羯卒。

(Classic 31.3) In autumn, the ninth month, on the day Guisi, Ziye died. On the day Jihai, Zhongsun Jie died.

（經三一四）冬，十月，滕子來會葬。癸酉，葬我君襄公。

(Classic 31.4) In winter, the tenth month, the Viscount of Teng came to attend the funeral. On the day Guiyou, Duke Xiang, ruler of our state of Lu, was buried.

（經三一五）十有一月，莒人弒其君密州。

(Classic 31.5) In the eleventh month, the men of Ju killed their ruler Mizhou.

春，王正月，公即位。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Zhao took the throne.

（經一二）叔孫豹會晉趙武、楚公子圍、齊國酌、宋向戌、衛石惡、陳公子招、蔡公孫歸生、鄭軒虎、許人、曹人於漷。

(Classic 1.2) Shusun Bao joined Zhao Wu of Jin, Prince Wei of Chu, Guo Zhuo of Qi, Xiang Xu of Song, Shi E of Wei, Prince Zhao of Chen, Gongsun Guisheng of Cai, Xuan Hu of Zheng, the men of Xu, and the men of Cao at Huo.

（傳）此陳侯之弟招也，何以不稱弟？貶。曷為貶？為殺世子偃師貶，曰陳侯之弟招殺陳世子偃師。大夫相殺稱人，此其稱名氏以殺何？言將自是弒君也。今將爾，詞曷為與親弒者同？君親無將，將而必誅焉。然則曷為不於其弒焉貶？以親者弒，然後其罪惡甚，《春秋》不待貶絕而罪惡見者，不貶絕以見罪惡也。貶絕然然罪惡見者，貶絕以見罪惡也。今招之罪已重矣，曷為復貶乎此？著招之有罪也。何著乎招之有罪？言楚之託乎討招以滅陳也。

(Commentary) This man was Zhao, younger brother of the Marquis of Chen; why is he not called a younger brother? It is a demotion. Why demote him? He was demoted because he killed the heir Yanshi, as the text says, "Zhao, younger brother of the Marquis of Chen, killed Yanshi, heir of Chen." When grandees kill each other they are called "men"; here the name and clan are used in writing the killing; why? It is to say that from this he would go on to kill the ruler. Now it is only "would go on to"; why is the wording the same as for killing a ruler with his own hand? Toward a ruler and one's closest kin there can be no "would go on to"; if one would, one must be punished. Then why is he not demoted at the place where he killed? Because his kin was killed, and only then is the crime especially grave; the Spring and Autumn Annals does not wait for demotion to show a crime that is already evident, and so does not rely on demotion to show the crime; a crime that shows only after demotion is shown through demotion. (The source text has a doubled character here; it probably should read "and then".) Now Zhao's crime was already grave; why is he demoted again here? It is to mark Zhao as guilty. Why mark Zhao as guilty? It says that Chu would use the pretext of punishing Zhao to destroy Chen.

（經一三）三月，取運。

(Classic 1.3) In the third month, Yun was taken.

（傳）運者何？內之邑也。其言取之何？不聽也。

(Commentary) What is Yun? It is a city within Lu. Why is "taken" written? Because they did not obey.

（經一四）夏，秦伯之弟針出奔晉。

(Classic 1.4) In summer, Zhen, younger brother of the Earl of Qin, fled to Jin.

（傳）秦無大夫，此何以書？仕諸晉也。曷為仕諸晉？有千乘之國，而不能容其母弟，故君子謂之出奔也。

(Commentary) Qin has no grandees recorded; why is he recorded here? It is to let him take office in Jin. Why let him take office in Jin? A state of a thousand chariots could not tolerate a brother of the same mother, so the gentleman called it fleeing.

（經一五）六月丁巳，邾婁子華卒。

(Classic 1.5) In the sixth month, on the day Dingsi, Hua, Viscount of Zhulou, died.

（經一六）晉荀吳帥師敗狄於大原。

(Classic 1.6) Xun Wu of Jin led an army and defeated the Di at Dayuan.

（傳）此大滷也，曷為謂之大原？地物從中國，邑人名從主人。原者何？上平曰原，下平曰隰。

(Commentary) This was originally Dalu; why is it called Dayuan? Land and produce follow the names of the Central Plain, while cities and people's names follow the names of their masters. What is a "yuan"? Flat ground above is called yuan; flat ground below is called xi.

（經一七）秋，莒去疾自齊入於莒。莒展出奔吳。叔弓帥師疆運田。

(Classic 1.7) In autumn, Qu Ji of Ju entered Ju from Qi. Zhan of Ju fled to Wu. Shu Gong led an army and demarcated the boundary of the Yun fields.

（傳）疆運田者何？與莒為竟也。與莒為竟，則曷為帥師而往？畏莒也。

(Commentary) What does "demarcated the boundary of the Yun fields" mean? It means fixing the border with Ju. Why lead an army to fix the border with Ju? Because Ju was feared.

（經一八）葬邾婁悼公。

(Classic 1.8) Duke Dao of Zhulou was buried.

（經一九）冬，十有一月己酉，楚子卷卒。

(Classic 1.9) In winter, the eleventh month, on the day Jiyou, Juan, Viscount of Chu, died.

（經一十）楚公子比出奔晉。

(Classic 1.10) Prince Bi of Chu fled to Jin.

春，晉侯使韓起來聘。

In spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Han Qi on a friendly visit.

（經二二）夏，叔弓如晉。

(Classic 2.2) In summer, Shu Gong went to Jin.

（經二三）秋，鄭殺其大夫公孫黑。

(Classic 2.3) In autumn, Zheng killed its grandee Gongsun Hei.

（經二四）冬，公如晉，至河乃復。

(Classic 2.4) In winter, Duke Zhao went to Jin, and returned on reaching the Yellow River.

（傳）其言至河乃復何？不敢進也。

(Commentary) What does it mean to write "reached the River and then returned"? He did not dare advance.

（經二五）季孫宿如晉。

(Classic 2.5) Jisun Su went to Jin.

春，王正月丁未，滕子泉卒。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, on the day Dingwei, Quan, Viscount of Teng, died.

（經三二）夏，叔弓如滕。

(Classic 3.2) In summer, Shu Gong went to Teng.

（經三三）五月，葬滕成公。

(Classic 3.3) In the fifth month, Duke Cheng of Teng was buried.

（經三四）秋，小邾婁子來朝。

(Classic 3.4) In autumn, the Viscount of Little Zhulou came to pay court.

（經三五）八月，大雩。

(Classic 3.5) In the eighth month, the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經三六）冬，大雨雹。

(Classic 3.6) In winter, there was a great hailstorm.

（經三七）北燕伯款出奔齊。

(Classic 3.7) Kuan, Earl of Northern Yan, fled to Qi.

春，王正月，大雨雪。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, there was heavy snow.

（經四二）夏，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、鄭伯、許男、徐子、滕子、頓子、鬍子、沈子、小邾婁子、宋世子佐、淮夷會於申。

(Classic 4.2) In summer, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Viscount of Xu, the Viscount of Teng, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Hu, the Viscount of Shen, the Viscount of Little Zhulou, Zuo, heir of Song, and the Huai Yi met at Shen.

（經四三）楚人執徐子。

(Classic 4.3) The men of Chu seized the Viscount of Xu.

（經四四）秋，七月，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、許男、頓子、鬍子、沈子、淮夷伐吳，執齊慶封，殺之。

(Classic 4.4) In autumn, the seventh month, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, the Baron of Xu, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Hu, the Viscount of Shen, and the Huai Yi attacked Wu, seized Qing Feng of Qi, and killed him.

（傳）此伐吳也，其言執齊慶封何？為齊誅也。其為齊誅奈何？慶封走之吳，吳封之於防。然則曷為不言伐防？不與諸侯專封也。慶封之罪何？脅齊君而亂齊國也。

(Commentary) This was an attack on Wu; why is the seizing of Qing Feng of Qi recorded? It was punishing on behalf of Qi. How was it punishing on behalf of Qi? Qing Feng had fled to Wu, and Wu enfeoffed him at Fang. Then why is it not written that they attacked Fang? Because the lords' unauthorized enfeoffment was not approved. What was Qing Feng's crime? He coerced the ruler of Qi and threw Qi into disorder.

（經）遂滅厲。

(Classic) They then destroyed Li.

（經四五）九月，取鄫。

(Classic 4.5) In the ninth month, Zeng was taken.

（傳）其言取之何？滅之也。滅之則其言取之何？內大惡，諱也。

(Commentary) Why is "taken" written? It means it was destroyed. Since it was destroyed, why is "taken" written? This was a great evil within Lu, which had to be concealed.

（經四六）冬，十有二月乙卯，叔孫豹卒。

(Classic 4.6) In winter, the twelfth month, on the day Yimao, Shusun Bao died.

春，王正月，舍中軍。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Central Army was abolished.

（傳）舍中軍者何？復古也。然則曷為不言三卿？五亦有中，三亦有中。

(Commentary) What does "abolished the Central Army" mean? It means restoring the ancient system. Then why are three ministers not written? Five has a middle, and three has a middle.

（經五二）楚殺其大夫屈申。

(Classic 5.2) Chu killed its grandee Qu Shen.

（經五三）公如晉。

(Classic 5.3) Duke Zhao went to Jin.

（經五四）夏，莒牟夷以牟婁及防茲來奔。

(Classic 5.4) In summer, Mouyi of Ju came and defected, bringing Moulou, Fang, and Zi.

（傳）莒牟夷者何？莒大夫也。莒無大夫，此何以書？重地也。其言及防茲來奔何？不以私邑累公邑也。

(Commentary) Who was Mouyi of Ju? He was a grandee of Ju. Ju has no grandees recorded; why is he recorded here? Because land was valued. What does it mean to write "and Fang and Zi came and defected"? It means not using private cities to burden public cities.

（經五五）秋，七月，公至自晉。

(Classic 5.5) In autumn, the seventh month, Duke Zhao returned from Jin.

（經五六）戊辰，叔弓帥師敗莒師於濆泉。

(Classic 5.6) On the day Wuchen, Shu Gong led an army and defeated the army of Ju at Fenquan.

（傳）濆泉者何？直泉也。直泉者何？湧泉也。

(Commentary) What is Fenquan? It is a straight spring. What is a straight spring? It is a gushing spring.

（經五五）秦伯卒。

(Classic 5.5) The Earl of Qin died.

（傳）何以不名？秦者夷也，匿嫡之名也。其名何？嫡得之也。

(Commentary) Why is he not called by name? Qin is a Yi state, and the name of the principal heir is concealed. When some are called by name, how is that? It is when the principal heir has obtained the throne.

（經五六）冬，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、許男、頓子、沈子、徐人、越人伐吳。

(Classic 5.6) In winter, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, the Baron of Xu, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Shen, the men of Xu, and the men of Yue attacked Wu.

春，王正月，杞伯益姑卒。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Yigu, Earl of Qi (the willow Qi), died.

（經六二）葬秦景公。

(Classic 6.2) Duke Jing of Qin was buried.

（經六三）夏，季孫宿如晉。

(Classic 6.3) In summer, Jisun Su went to Jin.

（經六四）葬杞文公。

(Classic 6.4) Duke Wen of Qi (the willow Qi) was buried.

（經六五）宋華合比出奔衛。

(Classic 6.5) Hua Hebi of Song fled to Wei.

（經六六）秋，九月，大雩。

(Classic 6.6) In autumn, the ninth month, the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經六七）楚薳頗帥師伐吳。

(Classic 6.7) Wei Po of Chu led an army and attacked Wu.

（經六八）冬，叔弓如楚。

(Classic 6.8) In winter, Shu Gong went to Chu.

（經六九）齊侯伐北燕。

(Classic 6.9) The Marquis of Qi attacked Northern Yan.

春，王正月，暨齊平。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, peace was made with Qi.

（經七二）三月，公如楚。

(Classic 7.2) In the third month, Duke Zhao went to Chu.

（經七三）叔孫舍如齊蒞盟。

(Classic 7.3) Shusun She went to Qi to attend a covenant.

（經七四）夏，四月甲辰朔，日有食之。

(Classic 7.4) In summer, the fourth month, on the new moon of the day Jiachen, there was a solar eclipse.

（經七五）秋，八月戊辰，衛侯惡卒。

(Classic 7.5) In autumn, the eighth month, on the day Wuchen, E, Marquis of Wei, died.

（經七六）九月，公至自楚。

(Classic 7.6) In the ninth month, Duke Zhao returned from Chu.

（經七七）冬，十有一月癸未，季孫宿卒。

(Classic 7.7) In winter, the eleventh month, on the day Guiwei, Jisun Su died.

（經七八）十有二月癸亥，葬衛襄公。

(Classic 7.8) In the twelfth month, on the day Guihai, Duke Xiang of Wei was buried.

春，陳侯之弟招殺陳世子偃師。

In spring, Zhao, younger brother of the Marquis of Chen, killed Yanshi, heir of Chen.

（經八二）夏，四月辛丑，陳侯溺卒。

(Classic 8.2) In summer, the fourth month, on the day Xinchou, Ni, Marquis of Chen, died.

（經八三）叔弓如晉。

(Classic 8.3) Shu Gong went to Jin.

（經八四）楚人執陳行人於徵師殺之。

(Classic 8.4) The men of Chu seized Yu Zhengshi, the envoy of Chen, and killed him.

（經八五）陳公子留出奔鄭。

(Classic 8.5) Prince Liu of Chen fled to Zheng.

（經八六）秋，搜於紅。

(Classic 8.6) In autumn, a great hunt-review was held at Hong.

（傳）搜者何？簡車徒也。何以書？蓋以罕書也。

(Commentary) What is a hunt-review? It is a review of chariots and foot soldiers. Why is it recorded? Probably it is recorded because it was rare.

（經八七）陳人殺其大夫公子過。

(Classic 8.7) The men of Chen killed their grandee Prince Guo.

（經八八）大雩。

(Classic 8.8) The great rain sacrifice was held.

（經八九）冬，十月壬午，楚師滅陳，執陳公子招，放之於越，殺陳孔瑗。

(Classic 8.9) In winter, the tenth month, on the day Renwu, the army of Chu destroyed Chen, seized Prince Zhao of Chen, banished him to Yue, and killed Kong Yuan of Chen.

（經八十）葬陳哀公。

(Classic 8.10) Duke Ai of Chen was buried.

春，叔弓會楚子於陳。

In spring, Shu Gong met the Viscount of Chu at Chen.

（經九二）許遷於夷。

(Classic 9.2) Xu moved to Yi.

（經九三）夏，四月，陳火。

(Classic 9.3) In summer, the fourth month, there was a fire in Chen.

（傳）陳已滅矣，其言陳火何？存陳也，曰存陳悕矣！曷為存陳？滅人之國，執人之罪人，殺人之賊，葬人之君，若是則陳存悕矣！

(Commentary) Chen had already been destroyed; why is "fire in Chen" still written? It is to preserve Chen; to say it preserves Chen is truly pitiful! Why preserve Chen? To destroy someone's state, seize someone's criminal, kill someone's rebel, and bury someone's ruler, and in this way Chen is preserved, is truly pitiful!

（經九四）秋，仲孫貜如齊。

(Classic 9.4) In autumn, Zhongsun Ju went to Qi.

（經九五）冬，築郎囿。

(Classic 9.5) In winter, the Lang park was built.

春，王正月。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經十二）夏，晉欒施來奔。

(Classic 10.2) In summer, Luan Shi of Jin came and defected.

（經十三）秋，七月，季孫隱如、叔弓、仲孫貜帥師伐莒。

(Classic 10.3) In autumn, the seventh month, Jisun Yinru, Shu Gong, and Zhongsun Ju led an army and attacked Ju.

（經十四）戊子，晉侯彪卒。

(Classic 10.4) On the day Wuzi, Biao, Marquis of Jin, died.

（經十五）九月，叔孫舍如晉。

(Classic 10.5) In the ninth month, Shusun She went to Jin.

（經十六）葬晉平公。

(Classic 10.6) Duke Ping of Jin was buried.

（經十七）十有二月甲子，宋公戍卒。

(Classic 10.7) In the twelfth month, on the day Jiazi, Xu, Duke of Song, died.

春，王正月，叔弓如宋。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Shu Gong went to Song.

（經十一二）葬宋平公。

(Classic 11.2) Duke Ping of Song was buried.

（經十一三）夏，四月丁巳，楚子虔誘蔡侯般，殺之於申。

(Classic 11.3) In summer, the fourth month, on the day Dingsi, Qian, Viscount of Chu, lured Ban, Marquis of Cai, and killed him at Shen.

（傳）楚子虔何以名？絕也。曷為絕之？為其誘封也。此討賊也，雖誘之則曷為絕之？懷惡而討不義，君子不予也。

(Commentary) Why is Qian, Viscount of Chu, called by name? It is to cut him off. Why cut him off? Because he punished by luring. This was punishing a rebel; even if he lured him, why still cut him off? To go with evil intent to punish the unrighteous is not approved by the gentleman.

（經十一四）楚公子棄疾帥師圍蔡。

(Classic 11.4) Prince Qiji of Chu led an army and besieged Cai.

（經十一五）五月甲申，夫人歸氏薨。

(Classic 11.5) In the fifth month, on the day Jiashen, Lady Gui died.

（經十一六）大搜於比蒲。

(Classic 11.6) A great hunt-review was held at Bipu.

（傳）大搜者何？簡車徒也。何以書？蓋以罕書也。

(Commentary) What is a great hunt-review? It is a review of chariots and foot soldiers. Why is it recorded? Probably it is recorded because it was rare.

（經十一七）仲孫貜會邾婁子，盟於侵羊。

(Classic 11.7) Zhongsun Ju met the Viscount of Zhulou and made a covenant at Qinyang.

（經十一八）秋，季孫隱如會晉韓起、齊國酌、宋華亥、衛北宮佗、鄭軒虎、曹人、杞人於屈銀。

(Classic 11.8) In autumn, Jisun Yinru joined Han Qi of Jin, Guo Zhuo of Qi, Hua Hai of Song, Beigong Tuo of Wei, Xuan Hu of Zheng, the men of Cao, and the men of Qi (the willow Qi) at Quyin.

（經十一九）九月，己亥，葬我小君齊歸。

(Classic 11.9) In the ninth month, on the day Jihai, Qi Gui, the lady of our state, was buried.

（傳）齊歸者何？昭公之母也。

(Commentary) Who was Qi Gui? She was the mother of Duke Zhao.

（經十一十）冬，十有一月丁酉，楚師滅蔡，執蔡世子有以歸，用之。

(Classic 11.10) In winter, the eleventh month, on the day Dingyou, the army of Chu destroyed Cai, seized You, heir of Cai, took him back, and used him.

（傳）此未逾年之君也，其稱世子何？不君靈公，不成其子也。不君靈公，則曷為不成其子？誅君之子不立，非怒也，無繼也。惡乎用之？用之防也。其用之防奈何？蓋以築防也。

(Commentary) This was the son of a ruler who had not yet passed the year; why is he called heir? It is that Duke Ling was not treated as a ruler, so his son was not accommodated. Why was Duke Ling not treated as a ruler, so his son was not accommodated? The son of a punished ruler cannot be installed; this is not anger, but there is no one to succeed. Where was he used? On an embankment. How was he used on the embankment? Probably he was used to build the embankment.

春，齊高偃師師納北燕伯於陽。

In spring, Gao Yan of Qi led an army and escorted the Earl of Northern Yan into Yang. (The source text has a doubled character here; it should read "led".)

（傳）伯於陽者何？公子陽生也。子曰：「我乃知之矣。」在側者曰：「子茍知之，何以不革？」曰：「如爾所不知何？《春秋》之信史也，其序則齊桓、晉文，其會則主會者為之也，其詞則丘有罪焉耳！」

(Commentary) What does "the Earl at Yang" mean? It means Prince Yangsheng. Confucius said: "I originally knew this matter." Those beside him said: "Since you know it, why did you not correct it?" The reply was: "What can I do about what you do not know? The Spring and Autumn Annals is a trustworthy history; its order is Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin, its covenants were made by those who presided over them, and as for its wording, that is just where Qiu is at fault!"

（經十二二）三月壬申，鄭伯嘉卒。

(Classic 12.2) In the third month, on the day Renshen, Jia, Earl of Zheng, died.

（經十二三）夏，宋公使華定來聘。

(Classic 12.3) In summer, the Duke of Song sent Hua Ding on a friendly visit.

（經十二四）公如晉，至河乃復。

(Classic 12.4) Duke Zhao went to Jin, and returned on reaching the Yellow River.

（經十二五）五月，葬鄭簡公。

(Classic 12.5) In the fifth month, Duke Jian of Zheng was buried.

（經十二六）楚殺其大夫成然。

(Classic 12.6) Chu killed its grandee Cheng Ran.

（經十二七）秋，七月。

(Classic 12.7) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經十二八）冬，十月，公子整出奔齊。

(Classic 12.8) In winter, the tenth month, Prince Zheng fled to Qi.

（經十二九）楚子伐徐。

(Classic 12.9) The Viscount of Chu attacked Xu.

（經十二十）晉伐鮮虞。

(Classic 12.10) Jin attacked Xianyu.

春，叔弓帥師圍費。

In spring, Shu Gong led an army and besieged Fei.

（經十三二）夏，四月，楚公子比自晉歸於楚，弒其君虔於乾溪。

(Classic 13.2) In summer, the fourth month, Prince Bi of Chu returned from Jin to Chu, and at Qianxi killed his ruler Qian. (The source text writes the character "gan" as in "qian" of Qian and Kun.)

（傳）此弒其君，其言歸何？歸無惡於弒立也。歸無惡於弒立者何？靈王為無道，作乾溪之臺，三年不成，楚公子棄疾脅比而立之。然後令於乾溪之役曰：「比已立矣，後歸者不得復其田裡。」眾罷而去之，靈王經而死。楚公子棄疾弒公子比，比已立矣，其稱公子何？其意不當也。其意不當，則曷為加弒焉爾？比之義宜乎效死不立。大夫相殺稱人，此其稱名氏以弒何？言將自是為君也。

(Commentary) This was killing a ruler; why is "returned" still written? "Returned" says that he had no malice in killing the ruler and setting himself up. What does it mean that he had no malice in killing the ruler and setting himself up? King Ling had no Way, and built the terrace at Qianxi, which was not finished in three years. Prince Qiji of Chu coerced Bi and set him up. Then he gave an order to the laborers at Qianxi, saying: "Bi has already been set up; those who return later will not be restored to their fields and villages." The crowd then scattered and left, and King Ling hanged himself and died. Prince Qiji of Chu killed Prince Bi; Bi had already been set up, so why is he still called prince? Because his own intent was that he should not have been set up. His own intent being that he should not have been set up, why is "killed" still added? By the righteousness of Bi, he should have given his life rather than be set up. When grandees kill each other they are called "men"; here the name and clan are used in writing "killed"; why? It is to say that he would go on to be ruler from this. (The source text writes the character "gan" in "Ganxi" as in "qian" of Qian and Kun.)

（經十三三）秋，公會劉子、晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子於平丘。八月甲戌，同盟於平丘；公不與盟，晉人執季孫隱如以歸。公至自會。

(Classic 13.3) In autumn, Duke Zhao joined Liu Zi, the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhulou at Pingqiu. In the eighth month, on the day Jiaxu, they made a covenant together at Pingqiu; Duke Zhao did not take part in the covenant, and the men of Jin seized Jisun Yinru and took him back. Duke Zhao returned from the covenant.

（傳）公不與盟者何？公不見與盟也。公不見與盟，大夫執，何以致會？不恥也。曷為不恥？諸侯遂亂，反陳、蔡，君子不恥不與焉！

(Commentary) What does "the Duke did not take part in the covenant" mean? It means Duke Zhao was not allowed to take part in the covenant. Duke Zhao was not allowed to take part in the covenant and his grandee was seized; why is it still written that he returned from the covenant? Because he did not regard it as shameful. Why not regard it as shameful? The lords in the end calmed the disorder and restored Chen and Cai; the gentleman is not ashamed of not having taken part!

（經十三四）蔡侯廬歸於蔡。陳侯吳歸於陳。

(Classic 13.4) Lu, Marquis of Cai, returned to Cai. Wu, Marquis of Chen, returned to Chen.

（傳）此皆滅國也，其言歸何？不與諸侯專封也。

(Commentary) These were both destroyed states; why is "returned" written? Because the lords' unauthorized enfeoffment was not approved.

（經十三五）冬，十月，葬蔡靈公。

(Classic 13.5) In winter, the tenth month, Duke Ling of Cai was buried.

（經十三六）公如晉，至河乃復。

(Classic 13.6) Duke Zhao went to Jin, and returned on reaching the Yellow River.

（經十三七）吳滅州來。

(Classic 13.7) Wu destroyed Zhoulai.

春，隱如至自晉。

In spring, Yinru returned from Jin.

（經十四二）三月，曹伯滕卒。

(Classic 14.2) In the third month, Teng, Earl of Cao, died.

（經十四三）夏，四月。

(Classic 14.3) In summer, the fourth month.

（經十四四）秋，葬曹武公。

(Classic 14.4) In autumn, Duke Wu of Cao was buried.

（經十四五）八月，莒子去疾卒。

(Classic 14.5) Eighth month: Qu Ji, Viscount of Ju, died.

（經十四六）冬，莒殺其公子意恢。

(Classic 14.6) Winter: the people of Ju killed their noble son Yihui.

春，王正月，吳子夷昧卒。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar: Yimei, Viscount of Wu, died.

（經十五二）二月癸酉，有事於武宮。

(Classic 15.2) Second month, guiyou day: a sacrifice was held in the Hall of Wu.

（經十五三）龠入，叔弓卒，去樂卒事。

(Classic 15.3) As the flute dancers were coming in, Shu Gong died; the music was removed and the sacrifice was completed.

（傳）其言去樂卒事何？禮也。君有事於廟，聞大夫之喪，去樂，卒事。大夫聞君之喪，攝主而往。大夫聞大夫之喪，屍事畢而往。

(Commentary) What is meant by writing "removed the music and completed the sacrifice"? It was in accord with ritual. When the ruler holds a sacrifice in the temple and hears of the funeral of a grandee, he removes the music and completes the sacrifice. When a grandee hears of the ruler's funeral, the one acting as chief officiant goes. When a grandee hears of the funeral of a grandee, he goes after the impersonation of the dead has been completed.

（經十五四）夏，蔡昭吳奔鄭。

(Classic 15.4) Summer: Zhao Wu of Cai fled to Zheng.

（經十五五）六月丁巳朔，日有食之。

(Classic 15.5) Sixth month, first day, dingsi: a solar eclipse.

（經十五六）秋，晉荀吳帥師伐鮮虞。

(Classic 15.6) Autumn: Xun Wu of Jin led an army to attack Xianyu.

（經十五七）冬，公如晉。

(Classic 15.7) Winter: Duke Zhao went to Jin.

春，齊侯伐徐。

Spring: the Marquis of Qi attacked Xu.

（經十六二）楚子誘戎曼子，殺之。

(Classic 16.2) The Viscount of Chu lured Man, Viscount of Rong, and killed him.

（傳）楚子何以不名？夷狄相誘，君子不疾也。曷為不疾？若不疾，乃疾之也。

(Commentary) Why is the Viscount of Chu not named? When barbarians lure one another, the gentleman does not especially condemn it. Why does he not especially condemn it? Not to condemn it is truly to condemn it.

（經十六三）夏，公至自晉。

(Classic 16.3) Summer: Duke Zhao returned from Jin.

（經十六四）秋，八月己亥，晉侯夷卒。

(Classic 16.4) Autumn, eighth month, jihai day: Yi, Marquis of Jin, died.

（經十六五）九月，大雩。

(Classic 16.5) Ninth month: the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經十六七）季孫隱如如晉。

(Classic 16.7) Jisun Yinru went to Jin.

（經十六八）冬，十月，葬晉昭公。

(Classic 16.8) Winter, tenth month: Duke Zhao of Jin was buried.

春，小邾婁子來朝。

Spring: the Viscount of Xiao Zhulou came to court.

（經十七二）夏，六月甲戌朔，日有食之。

(Classic 17.2) Summer, sixth month, first day, jiaxu: a solar eclipse.

（經十七三）秋，郯子來朝。

(Classic 17.3) Autumn: the Viscount of Tan came to court.

（經十七四）八月，晉荀吳帥師滅賁渾戎。

(Classic 17.4) Eighth month: Xun Wu of Jin led an army and destroyed the Benhun Rong.

（經十七五）冬，有星孛於大辰。

(Classic 17.5) Winter: a bo star appeared at Dachen.

（傳）孛者何？彗星也。其言於大辰何？在大辰也。大辰者何？大火也。大火為大辰，伐為大辰，北辰亦為大辰。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What is a bo? It is a comet. What is meant by writing "at Dachen"? It was in Dachen. What is Dachen? It is the Great Fire star. The Great Fire is Dachen, the Fa star is Dachen, and the Polar star is also Dachen. Why was it recorded? To record an anomaly.

（經十七六）楚人及吳戰於長岸。

(Classic 17.6) The people of Chu fought with Wu at Chang'an.

（傳）詐戰不言戰，此其言戰何？敵也。

(Commentary) A battle without an agreed date is not written as "fought," yet here "fought" is written; why? Because the two sides were evenly matched.

春，王三月，曹伯須卒。

Spring, third month of the Zhou calendar: Xu, Earl of Cao, died.

（經十八二）夏，五月，壬午，宋、衛、陳、鄭災。

(Classic 18.2) Summer, fifth month, renwu day: fires broke out in Song, Wei, Chen, and Zheng.

（傳）何以書？記異也。何異爾？異其同日而俱災也。外異不書，此何以書？為天下記異也。

(Commentary) Why was it recorded? To record an anomaly. Where was the anomaly? The anomaly was that they suffered disaster together on the same day. Anomalies abroad are not recorded as a rule; why is it recorded here? It is recording an anomaly on behalf of the whole world.

（經十八三）六月，邾婁人入鄅。

(Classic 18.3) Sixth month: the people of Zhulou entered Yu.

（經十八四）秋，葬曹平公。

(Classic 18.4) Autumn: Duke Ping of Cao was buried.

（經十八五）冬，許遷於白羽。

(Classic 18.5) Winter: Xu moved to Baiyu.

春，宋公伐邾婁。

Spring: the Duke of Song attacked Zhulou.

（經十九二）夏，五月戊辰，許世子止弒其君買。

(Classic 19.2) Summer, fifth month, wuchen day: Zhi, heir of Xu, killed his ruler Mai.

（經十九三）己卯，地震。

(Classic 19.3) Jimao day: an earthquake.

（經十九四）秋，齊高發帥師伐莒。

(Classic 19.4) Autumn: Gao Fa of Qi led an army to attack Ju.

（經十九五）冬，葬許悼公。

(Classic 19.5) Winter: Duke Dao of Xu was buried.

（傳）賊未討，何以書葬？不成於弒也。曷為不成於弒？止進藥而藥殺也。止進藥而藥殺，則曷為加弒焉爾？譏子道之不盡也。其譏子道之不盡奈何？曰：樂正子春之視疾也。復加一飯則脫然愈，復損一飯則脫然愈；復加一衣則脫然愈，復損一衣則脫然愈。止進藥而藥殺，是以君子加弒焉爾，曰「許世子止弒其君買」，是君子之聽止也；「葬許悼公」，是君子之赦止也。赦止者，免止之罪辭也。

(Commentary) The rebel had not yet been punished; why is the burial written? Because it did not amount to regicide. Why did it not amount to regicide? Zhi offered medicine, and the medicine poisoned the ruler. Zhi offered medicine and the medicine killed; why is "regicide" nonetheless added? It censures him for not fulfilling the way of a son. What does it mean to censure him for not fulfilling the way of a son? The answer: Yuezheng Zichun attended a patient's illness. Adding one more meal, the patient would be cured at once; reducing one meal, he would also be cured at once; adding one more garment he would be cured at once; reducing one garment he would also be cured at once. Zhi offered medicine and the medicine killed, so the gentleman added "regicide," writing "Zhi, heir of Xu, regicided his ruler Mai"; this is the gentleman hearing Zhi's guilt. Writing "Duke Dao of Xu was buried" is the gentleman pardoning Zhi. Pardoning Zhi is wording that releases Zhi from guilt.

春，王正月。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經二十二）夏，曹公孫會自鄸出奔宋。

(Classic 20.2) Summer: Gongsun Hui of Cao fled from Yan to Song.

（傳）奔未有言自者，此其言自何？畔也。畔則曷為不言其畔？為公子喜時之後諱也。《春秋》為賢者諱。何賢乎公子喜時？讓國也。其讓國奈何？曹伯廬卒於師，則未知公子喜時從與？公子負芻從與？或為主於國？或為主於師？公子喜時見公子負芻之當主也，逡巡而退。賢公子喜時，則曷為為會諱？君子之善善也長，惡惡也短，惡惡止其身，善善及子孫。賢者子孫，故君子為之諱也。

(Commentary) Fleeing is never written with "from," yet here "from" is written; why? It was a rebellion. Why is the rebellion not written as rebellion? To conceal it for the descendants of Prince Xishi. The Spring and Autumn Annals conceals for the worthy. Where was Prince Xishi worthy? In yielding the state. How did he yield the state? When Lu, Earl of Cao, died in the army, it was not known whether Prince Xishi was following him, or Prince Fuchu. Some governed in the capital, and some in the army. Prince Xishi saw that Prince Fuchu should be the one to govern, and so he held back and yielded. If he was thought worthy, why then conceal for Hui? The gentleman's praise of goodness is long-lasting, while his condemnation of evil is brief; condemnation of evil stops at the person himself, but praise of goodness extends to descendants. They are the descendants of a worthy man, and so the gentleman conceals for him.

（經二十三）秋，盜殺衛侯之兄輒。

(Classic 20.3) Autumn: bandits killed Zhe, elder brother of the Marquis of Wei.

（傳）母兄稱兄，兄何以不立？有疾也。何疾爾？惡疾也。

(Commentary) An elder brother by the same mother is called "brother"; why was the elder brother not established as ruler? Because of illness. What illness? A foul disease.

（經二十四）冬，十月，宋華亥、向寧、華定出奔陳。

(Classic 20.4) Winter, tenth month: Hua Hai, Xiang Ning, and Hua Ding of Song fled to Chen.

（經二十五）十有一月辛卯，蔡侯廬卒。

(Classic 20.5) Eleventh month, xinmao day: Lu, Marquis of Cai, died.

春，王三月，葬蔡平公。

Spring, third month of the Zhou calendar: Duke Ping of Cai was buried.

（經二一二）夏，晉侯使士鞅來聘。

(Classic 21.2) Summer: the Marquis of Jin sent Shi Yang on a diplomatic visit.

（經二一三）宋華亥、向寧、華定自陳入於宋南里以畔。

(Classic 21.3) Hua Hai, Xiang Ning, and Hua Ding of Song entered Nanli in Song from Chen in rebellion.

（傳）宋南里者何？若曰：因諸者然。

(Commentary) What is Nanli of Song? It is like saying "Yinzhu."

（經二一四）秋，七月壬午朔，日有食之。

(Classic 21.4) Autumn, seventh month, first day, renwu: a solar eclipse.

（經二一五）八月乙亥，叔痤卒。

(Classic 21.5) Eighth month, yihai day: Shu Cuo died.

（經二一六）冬，蔡侯朱出奔楚。

(Classic 21.6) Winter: Zhu, Marquis of Cai, fled to Chu.

（經二一七）公如晉，至河乃復。

(Classic 21.7) Duke Zhao set out for Jin and turned back on reaching the Yellow River.

春，齊侯伐莒。

Spring: the Marquis of Qi attacked Ju.

（經二二二）宋華亥、向寧、華定自宋南里出奔楚。

(Classic 22.2) Hua Hai, Xiang Ning, and Hua Ding of Song fled from Nanli in Song to Chu.

（經二二三）大搜於昌奸。

(Classic 22.3) A great hunt was held at Changjian.

（經二二四）夏，四月乙丑，天王崩。

(Classic 22.4) Summer, fourth month, yichou day: the Son of Heaven died.

（經二二五）六月，叔鞅如京師。

(Classic 22.5) Sixth month: Shu Yang went to the capital.

（經二二六）葬景王。

(Classic 22.6) King Jing was buried.

（經二二七）王室亂。

(Classic 22.7) The royal house fell into disorder.

（傳）何言乎王室亂？言不及外也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "the royal house fell into disorder"? It means that the disorder had not yet reached outside.

（經二二八）劉子、單子以王猛居於皇。

(Classic 22.8) Liu Zi and Shan Zi took Wang Meng and settled at Huang.

（傳）其稱王猛何？當國也。

(Commentary) Why is he called "Wang Meng"? He was holding the state and exercising government.

（經二二九）秋，劉子、單子以王猛入於王城。

(Classic 22.9) Autumn: Liu Zi and Shan Zi took Wang Meng into the royal city.

（傳）王城者何？西周也。其言入何？篡辭也。

(Commentary) What is the royal city? It is Western Zhou. Why is "entered" written? It is wording for usurpation.

（經二二十）冬，十月，王子猛卒。

(Classic 22.10) Winter, tenth month: Prince Meng died.

（傳）此未逾年之君也，其稱王子猛卒何？不與當也。不與當者，不與當父死子繼、兄死弟及之辭也。

(Commentary) He was a ruler who had not yet passed the year; why is it written "Prince Meng died"? Because it disapproves of his holding the state. Disapproving of his holding the state is wording that disapproves of succession from father to son and from elder brother to younger brother.

（經二二十一）十有二月癸酉朔，日有食之。

(Classic 22.11) Twelfth month, first day, guiyou: a solar eclipse.

春，王正月，叔孫舍如晉。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar: Shusun She went to Jin.

（經二三二）癸丑，叔鞅卒。

(Classic 23.2) Guichou day: Shu Yang died.

（經二三三）晉人執我行人叔孫舍。

(Classic 23.3) The people of Jin seized our Lu envoy Shusun She.

（經二三四）晉人圍郊。

(Classic 23.4) The people of Jin besieged Jiao.

（傳）郊者何？天子之邑也。曷為不繫於周？不與伐天子也。

(Commentary) What is Jiao? It is a city of the Son of Heaven. Why is it not attached beneath Zhou? Because it disapproves of attacking the Son of Heaven.

（經二三五）夏，六月，蔡侯東國卒於楚。

(Classic 23.5) Summer, sixth month: Dongguo, Marquis of Cai, died in Chu.

（經二三六）秋，七月，莒子庚輿來奔。

(Classic 23.6) Autumn, seventh month: Gengyu, Viscount of Ju, came seeking refuge.

（經二三七）戊辰，吳敗頓、胡、沈、蔡、陳、許之師於雞父。鬍子髡、沈子楹滅，獲陳夏齧。

(Classic 23.7) Wuchen day: Wu defeated the armies of Dun, Hu, Shen, Cai, Chen, and Xu at Jifu. Kun, Viscount of Hu, and Ying, Viscount of Shen, perished, and Xia Nie of Chen was captured.

（傳）此偏戰也，曷為以詐戰之辭言之？不與夷狄之主中國也。然則曷為不使中國主之？中國亦新夷狄也。其言滅獲何？別君臣也，君死於位曰滅，生得曰獲，大夫生死皆曰獲。不與夷狄之主中國，則其言獲陳夏齧何？吳少進也。

(Commentary) This was a battle with an agreed date; why is it described in the wording used for a battle without an agreed date? Because it disapproves of barbarians being leaders over the Central States. Then why not let the Central States lead? The Central States themselves had just turned barbarian. What is meant by writing "perished" and "captured"? It distinguishes ruler from minister: a ruler who dies in his position is said to have perished, one captured alive is said to be taken, and for a grandee, whether dead or alive, it is said to be taken. Since it disapproves of barbarians leading the Central States, why is the capture of Xia Nie of Chen written? Because Wu had advanced slightly.

（經二三八）天王居於狄泉。

(Classic 23.8) The Son of Heaven resided at Diquan.

（傳）此未三年，其稱天王何？著有天子也。

(Commentary) This was not yet three years; why is he called Heavenly King? To make clear that there is a Son of Heaven.

（經二三九）尹氏立王子朝。

(Classic 23.9) The Yin clan set up Prince Chao.

（經二三十）八月乙未，地震。

(Classic 23.10) Eighth month, yiwei day: an earthquake.

（經二三十一）冬，公如晉，至河，公有疾，乃復。（傳）何言乎公有疾乃復？殺恥也。

(Classic 23.11) Winter: Duke Zhao went to Jin; on reaching the Yellow River, the duke fell ill and turned back. (Commentary) Why is it written that the duke turned back because of illness? To lessen the disgrace.

春，王二月丙戌，仲孫貜卒。

Spring, second month of the Zhou calendar, bingxu day: Zhongsun Jue died.

（經二四二）叔孫舍至自晉。

(Classic 24.2) Shusun She returned from Jin.

（經二四三）夏，五月乙未朔，日有食之。

(Classic 24.3) Summer, fifth month, first day, yiwei: a solar eclipse.

（經二四四）秋，八月，大雩。

(Classic 24.4) Autumn, eighth month: the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經二四五）丁酉，杞伯鬱釐卒。

(Classic 24.5) Dingyou day: Yuli, Earl of Qi, died.

（經二四六）冬，吳滅巢。

(Classic 24.6) Winter: Wu destroyed Chao.

（經二四七）葬杞平公。

(Classic 24.7) Duke Ping of Qi was buried.

春，叔孫舍如宋。

Spring: Shusun She went to Song.

（經二五二）夏，叔倪會晉趙鞅、宋樂世心、衛北宮喜、鄭遊吉、曹人、邾婁人、滕人、薛人、小邾婁人於黃父。

(Classic 25.2) Summer: Shu Ni met at Huangfu with Zhao Yang of Jin, Yue Shixin of Song, Beigong Xi of Wei, You Ji of Zheng, and the people of Cao, Zhulou, Teng, Xue, and Xiao Zhulou.

（經二五三）有鸛鵒來巢。

(Classic 25.3) Mynah birds came and built nests.

（傳）何以書？記異也。何異爾？非中國之禽也，宜穴又巢也。

(Commentary) Why was it recorded? To record an anomaly. Where was the anomaly? They were not birds of the Central States, and while they should have lived in burrows, they came and built nests.

（經二五四）秋，七月上辛，大雩。季辛，又雩。

(Classic 25.4) Autumn, seventh month, the first xin day: the great rain sacrifice was held. On the last xin day, the rain sacrifice was held again.

（傳）又雩者何？又雩者非雩也，聚眾以逐季氏也。

(Commentary) What is meant by "again held the rain sacrifice"? The "again held the rain sacrifice" was not really a rain sacrifice, but a gathering of the people to drive out the Ji clan.

（經二五五）九月己亥，公孫於齊，次於楊州。

(Classic 25.5) Ninth month, jihai day: Duke Zhao withdrew to Qi and camped at Yangzhou.

（經二五六）齊侯唁公於野井。

(Classic 25.6) The Marquis of Qi offered condolences to Duke Zhao at Yejing.

（傳）唁公者何？昭公將弒季氏，告子家駒曰：「季氏為無道，僭於公室久矣，吾欲弒之，何如？」子家駒曰：「諸侯僭於天子，大夫僭於諸侯久矣！」昭公曰：「吾何僭矣哉？」子家駒曰：「設兩觀，乘大路，朱幹，玉戚，以舞《大夏》，八佾以舞《大武》，此皆天子之禮也。且夫牛馬維婁，委己者也，而柔焉。季氏得民眾久矣，君無多辱焉！」昭公不從其言，終弒之而敗焉。走之齊，齊侯唁公於野井，曰：「奈何君去魯國之社稷？」昭公曰：「喪人不佞，失守魯國之社稷，執事以羞。」再拜顙，慶子家駒曰：「慶子免君於大難矣。」子家駒曰：「臣不佞，陷君於大難，君不忍加之以鈇鑕，賜之以死。」再拜顙。高子執簞食與四脡脯，國子執壺漿，曰：「吾寡君聞君在外，餕饔未就，敢致糗於從者。」昭公曰：「君不忘吾先君，延及喪人，錫之以大禮。」再拜稽首，以衽受。高子曰：「有夫不祥，君無所辱大禮。」昭公蓋祭而不嘗。景公曰：「寡人有不腆先君之服，未之敢服；有不腆先君之器，未之敢用，敢以請。」昭公曰：「喪人不佞，失守魯國之社稷，執事以羞，敢辱大禮？敢辭。」景公曰：「寡人有不腆先君之服，未之敢服；有不腆先君之器，未之敢用，敢固以請。」昭公曰：「以吾宗廟之在魯地，有先君之服，未之能以服；有先君之器，未之能以出，敢固辭。」景公曰：「寡人有不腆先君之服，未之敢服；有不腆先君之器，未之敢用，請以饗乎從者。」昭公曰：「喪人其何稱？」景公曰：「孰君而無稱？」昭公於是噭然而哭，諸大夫皆哭。既哭以人為菑，以幦為席，以鞍為，以遇禮相見。孔子曰：「其禮與！其辭足觀矣！」

(Commentary) What is meant by "condoling with the duke"? Duke Zhao was about to kill the Ji clan, and told Zijia Ju: "The Ji clan lacks the Way and has usurped the ducal house for a very long time; I wish to kill him; what do you think?" Zijia Ju said: "The feudal lords have usurped the Son of Heaven, and the grandees have usurped the feudal lords, for a very long time!" Duke Zhao said: "In what have I usurped?" Zijia Ju said: "You set up two gate towers, ride in the Great Carriage, use red shields and jade axes to dance the Daxia, and use eight rows of dancers for the Dawu; these are all rites of the Son of Heaven. Moreover oxen and horses that are tethered become docile because they have entrusted their own affairs to the one who tethers them. The Ji clan has had the people's hearts for a very long time; do not take on much more shame!" Duke Zhao did not listen to him, and in the end went to kill the Ji clan and failed. He fled to Qi, and the Marquis of Qi offered condolences to Duke Zhao at Yejing, saying: "Why did you leave the altars of Lu?" Duke Zhao said: "This mourner lacks ability and lost hold of the altars of Lu, bringing shame to your officials." He bowed twice and touched his forehead to the ground, and congratulated Zijia Ju, saying: "I congratulate you for sparing the ruler a great calamity." Zijia Ju said: "Your servant lacks ability and has plunged the ruler into great calamity; the ruler could not bear to put the awl on me, but has granted me death." He bowed twice and touched his forehead to the ground. Gao Zi held a basket of food and four strips of dried meat, and Guo Zi held a jar of drink, saying: "Our humble ruler heard that you are abroad and that the feast has not yet been prepared; we dare to send dry provisions to your attendants." Duke Zhao said: "My lord has not forgotten my former lord, and extends this even to this mourner, giving me a great ritual gift." He bowed twice and touched his head to the ground, receiving it in the front of his robe. Gao Zi said: "With such ill omens, you need not stoop to such grand ritual." Duke Zhao made the sacrificial offering but did not taste it. Duke Jing said: "I have clothes of my former lord that are not rich, and I have not yet dared wear them; I have vessels of my former lord that are not rich, and I have not yet dared use them; I dare to request that you accept them." Duke Zhao said: "This mourner lacks ability and lost hold of the altars of Lu, bringing shame to your officials; how could I dare accept such a great gift? I dare decline." Duke Jing said: "I have clothes of my former lord that are not rich, and I have not yet dared wear them; I have vessels of my former lord that are not rich, and I have not yet dared use them; I dare request again." Duke Zhao said: "Because my ancestral temple is in Lu, and I have clothes of my former lord that I cannot yet wear, and vessels of my former lord that I cannot yet bring out, I dare decline again." Duke Jing said: "I have clothes of my former lord that are not rich, and I have not yet dared wear them; I have vessels of my former lord that are not rich, and I have not yet dared use them; I ask to use them to feast your attendants." Duke Zhao said: "How should this mourner be addressed?" Duke Jing said: "What ruler would have no title?" Duke Zhao then wailed aloud, and all the grandees wept. When they had finished weeping, they used people as screens, a carriage cover as a mat, and a saddle as a table, and met with the ritual of an encounter. Confucius said: "That ritual! Its wording is also worth a look!" (In the original text, a rare character stood after "used a saddle as" and was lost in transcription; it is supplied as "table" from the usual text. "Zhu gan" means a red shield.)

（經二五七）冬，十月戊辰，叔孫舍卒。

(Classic 25.7) Winter, tenth month, wuchen day: Shusun She died.

（經二五八）十有一月己亥，宋公佐卒於曲棘。

(Classic 25.8) Eleventh month, jihai day: Zuo, Duke of Song, died at Quji.

（傳）曲棘者何？宋之邑也。諸侯卒其封內不地，此何以地？憂內也。

(Commentary) What is Quji? It is a city of Song. When a feudal lord dies within his own borders, the place is not recorded; why is the place recorded here? Because of concern for the state.

（經二五九）十有二月，齊侯取運。

(Classic 25.9) Twelfth month: the Marquis of Qi seized Yun.

（傳）外取邑不書？此何以書？為公取之也。

(Commentary) When someone abroad seizes a city, it is not recorded as a rule; why is it recorded here? Because he seized it for Duke Zhao.

春，王正月，葬宋元公。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar: Duke Yuan of Song was buried.

（經二六二）三月，公至自齊，居於運。

(Classic 26.2) Third month: Duke Zhao returned from Qi and stayed at Yun.

（經二六三）夏，公圍成。

(Classic 26.3) Summer: Duke Zhao besieged Cheng.

（經二六四）秋，公會齊侯、莒子、邾婁子，杞伯盟於剸陵。公至自會，居於運。

(Classic 26.4) Autumn: Duke Zhao met the Marquis of Qi, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, and the Earl of Qi, and made a covenant at Zhuanling. Duke Zhao returned from the covenant and stayed at Yun.

（經二六五）九月庚申，楚子居卒。

(Classic 26.5) Ninth month, gengshen day: Ju, Viscount of Chu, died.

（經二六六）冬，十月，天王入於成周。

(Classic 26.6) Winter, tenth month: the Son of Heaven entered Chengzhou.

（傳）成周者何？東周也。其言入何？不嫌也。

(Commentary) What is Chengzhou? It is Eastern Zhou. Why is "entered" written? Because there was no suspicion.

（經二六七）尹氏、召伯、毛伯以王子朝奔楚。

(Classic 26.7) The Yin clan, the Earl of Shao, and the Earl of Mao took Prince Chao and fled to Chu.

春，公如齊。公至自齊，居於運。

Spring: Duke Zhao went to Qi. Duke Zhao returned from Qi and stayed at Yun.

（經二七二）夏，四月，吳弒其君僚。

(Classic 27.2) Summer, fourth month: Wu killed their ruler Liao.

（經二七三）楚殺其大夫郄宛。

(Classic 27.3) Chu killed their grandee Xi Wan.

（經二七四）秋，晉士鞅、宋樂祁犁、衛北宮喜、曹人、邾婁人、滕人會於扈。

(Classic 27.4) Autumn: Shi Yang of Jin, Yue Qili of Song, Beigong Xi of Wei, and the people of Cao, Zhulou, and Teng met at Hu.

（經二七五）冬，十月，曹伯午卒。

(Classic 27.5) Winter, tenth month: Wu, Earl of Cao, died.

（經二七六）邾婁快來奔。

(Classic 27.6) Kuai of Zhulou came seeking refuge.

（傳）邾婁快者何？邾婁之大夫也。邾婁無大夫，此何以書？以近書也。

(Commentary) Who is Kuai of Zhulou? He was a grandee of Zhulou. Zhulou had no grandees; why is he recorded here? He is recorded because the time was near.

（經二七七）公如齊，公至自齊，居於運。

(Classic 27.7) Duke Zhao went to Qi; Duke Zhao returned from Qi and stayed at Yun.

春，王三月，葬曹悼公。

Spring, third month of the Zhou calendar: Duke Dao of Cao was buried.

（經二八二）公如晉，次於幹侯。

(Classic 28.2) Duke Zhao went to Jin and camped at Ganhou. (In the original text the character gan is written with the qian of qiankun.)

（經二八三）夏，四月丙戌，鄭伯寧卒。六月，葬鄭定公。

(Classic 28.3) Summer, fourth month, bingxu day: Ning, Earl of Zheng, died. Sixth month: Duke Ding of Zheng was buried.

（經二八四）秋，七月癸巳，滕子寧卒。

(Classic 28.4) Autumn, seventh month, guisi day: Ning, Viscount of Teng, died.

（經二八五）冬，葬滕悼公。

(Classic 28.5) Winter: Duke Dao of Teng was buried.

春，公至自幹侯，居於運。

Spring: Duke Zhao returned from Ganhou and stayed at Yun.

（經二九二）齊侯使高張來唁公。

(Classic 29.2) The Marquis of Qi sent Gao Zhang to offer condolences to Duke Zhao.

（經二九三）公如晉，次於幹侯。

(Classic 29.3) Duke Zhao went to Jin and camped at Ganhou.

（經二九四）夏，四月庚子，叔倪卒。

(Classic 29.4) Summer, fourth month, gengzi day: Shu Ni died.

（經二九五）秋，七月。

(Classic 29.5) Autumn, seventh month.

（經二九六）冬，十月，運潰。

(Classic 29.6) Winter, tenth month: Yun collapsed (the people scattered).

（傳）邑不言潰，此其言潰何？郛之也。曷為郛之？君存焉爾。

(Commentary) For a city, "collapsed" is not written; why is "collapsed" written here? It is treated as a capital. Why is it treated as a capital? Because the ruler was there.

春，王正月，公在幹侯。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar: Duke Zhao was at Ganhou.

（經三十二）夏，六月庚辰，晉侯去疾卒。

(Classic 30.2) Summer, sixth month, gengchen day: Qu Ji, Marquis of Jin, died.

（經三十三）秋，八月，葬晉頃公。

(Classic 30.3) Autumn, eighth month: Duke Qing of Jin was buried.

（經三十四）冬，十有二月，吳滅徐，徐子章禹奔楚。

(Classic 30.4) Winter, twelfth month: Wu destroyed Xu, and Zhangyu, Viscount of Xu, fled to Chu.

春，王正月，公在幹侯。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar: Duke Zhao was at Ganhou.

（經三一二）季孫隱如會晉荀櫟於適歷。

(Classic 31.2) Jisun Yinru met Xun Li of Jin at Shili.

（經三一三）夏，四月丁巳，薛伯谷卒。

(Classic 31.3) Summer, fourth month, dingsi day: Gu, Earl of Xue, died.

（經三一四）晉侯使荀櫟唁公於幹侯。

(Classic 31.4) The Marquis of Jin sent Xun Li to offer condolences to Duke Zhao at Ganhou.

（經三一五）秋，葬薛獻公。

(Classic 31.5) Autumn: Duke Xian of Xue was buried.

（經三一六）冬，黑弓以濫來奔。

(Classic 31.6) Winter: Heigong came seeking refuge, bringing Lan.

（傳）文何以無邾婁？通濫也。曷為通濫？賢者子孫宜有地也。賢者孰謂？謂叔術也。何賢乎叔術？讓國也。其讓國奈何？當邾婁顏之時，邾婁女有為魯夫人者，則未知其為武公與？懿公與？孝公幼，顏淫九公子於宮中，因以納賊，則未知其為魯公子與？邾婁公子與？臧氏之母，養公者也。君幼則宜有養者，大夫之妾，士之妻，則未知臧氏之母者曷為者也？養公者必以其子入養。臧氏之母聞有賊，以其子易公，抱公以逃。賊至，湊公寢而弒之。臣有鮑廣父與梁買子者，聞有賊，趨而至。臧氏之母曰：「公不死也，在是，吾以吾子易公矣。」於是負孝公之周訴天子，天子為之誅顏而立叔術，反孝公於魯。顏夫人者，嫗盈女也，國色也，其言曰：「有能為我殺殺顏者，吾為其妻。」叔術為之殺殺顏者，而以為妻，有子焉，謂之盱。夏父者，其所為有於顏者也。盱幼而皆愛之，食必坐二子於其側而食之，有珍怪之食，盱必先取足焉。夏父曰：「以來，人未足而盱有餘。」叔術覺焉，曰：「嘻！此誠爾國也夫！」起而致國於夏父，夏父受而中分之，叔術曰：「不可！」三分之，叔術曰：「不可！」四分之，叔術曰：「不可！」五分之，然後受之。公扈子者，邾婁之父兄也，習乎邾婁之故，其言曰：「惡有言人之國賢若此者乎！」誅顏之時，天子死，叔術起而致國於夏父。當此之時，邾婁人常被兵於周，曰：「何故死吾天子？」通濫則文何以無邾婁？天下未有濫也。天下未有濫，則其言以濫來奔何？叔術者，賢大夫也，絕之則為叔術不欲絕，不絕則世大夫也。大夫之義不得世，故於是推而通之也。

(Commentary) Why does the text lack "Zhulou"? Because Lan is treated as a state. Why is Lan treated as a state? The descendants of a worthy man should have land. Who is the worthy man? Shu Shu. Where was Shu Shu worthy? In yielding the state. How did he yield the state? In the time of Yan of Zhulou, there were women of Zhulou who became wives of the ruler of Lu, and it is not known whether this was Duke Wu or Duke Yi. Duke Xiao was young, and Yan committed lewdness with nine ducal sons in the palace and took the chance to bring in assassins; it is not known whether they were princes of Lu or princes of Zhulou. The mother of Zang was a woman who raised the duke. When a ruler is young he should have someone to raise him; she was the concubine of a grandee and the wife of a gentleman, and it is not known what kind of person Zang's mother was. One who raised the duke would surely bring her own son in to raise with him. Zang's mother heard that there were assassins, swapped her own son for the duke, and carried the duke away to flee. The assassins arrived, went to the duke's bedroom, and killed the child. Among the ministers were Bao Guangfu and Liang Maizi, who heard of the assassins and hurried over. Zang's mother said: "The duke has not died, he is here; I swapped my son for the duke." She then carried Duke Xiao on her back to Zhou to report to the Son of Heaven, who for this punished Yan and set up Shu Shu and sent Duke Xiao back to Lu. Yan's wife was a daughter of Yuying and a beauty of the state, and she said: "If anyone can kill the one who killed Yan for me, I will become his wife." Shu Shu killed the one who had killed Yan for her and married her; they had a son named Xu. Xiafu was the son she had borne to Yan. Xu was young, and everyone loved him; at meals he would have the two boys sit beside him to eat together, and when there were rare dishes, Xu would always take enough first. Xiafu said: "Take it over here; others do not have enough, yet Xu has more than he needs." Shu Shu awakened to it and said: "Ah! This is truly your state!" He rose and handed the state to Xiafu. Xiafu accepted but wished to divide it in half, and Shu Shu said: "No!" He proposed dividing it in three, and Shu Shu said: "No!" In four, and Shu Shu said: "No!" In five, and then he accepted. Gongxu Zi was a senior kinsman of Zhulou, familiar with the stories of Zhulou, and he said: "How could one speak of a worthy man of someone else's state like this!" At the time of punishing Yan, the Son of Heaven died, and Shu Shu rose and handed the state to Xiafu. At this time the people of Zhulou were often attacked by Zhou with troops, saying: "Why did you bring about the death of our Son of Heaven?" Treating Lan as a state, why does the text lack "Zhulou"? Under heaven there was not yet a state called Lan. If there was not yet a Lan under heaven, why is it written "came seeking refuge with Lan"? Shu Shu was a worthy grandee; to cut him off would be to not wish to cut Shu Shu off, but not cutting him off would make him a hereditary grandee. By the principle for grandees, they cannot be hereditary, so here it is set aside and treated as a state.

（經三一七）十有二月辛亥朔，日有食之。

(Classic 31.7) Twelfth month, first day, xinhai: a solar eclipse.

春，王正月，公在幹侯。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar: Duke Zhao was at Ganhou.

（經三二二）取闞。

(Classic 32.2) Seized Kan.

（傳）闞者何？邾婁之邑也。曷為不繫乎邾婁？諱亟也。

(Commentary) What is Kan? It is a city of Zhulou. Why is it not attached beneath Zhulou? To conceal that the seizure was so hasty.

（經三二三）夏，吳伐越。

(Classic 32.3) Summer: Wu attacked Yue.

（經三二四）秋，七月。

(Classic 32.4) Autumn, seventh month.

（經三二五）冬，仲孫何忌會晉韓不信、齊高張、宋仲幾、衛世叔申、鄭國參、曹人、莒人、邾婁人、薛人、杞人、小邾婁人城成周。

(Classic 32.5) Winter: Zhongsun Heji, with Han Buxin of Jin, Gao Zhang of Qi, Zhong Ji of Song, Shishu Shen of Wei, Guo Shen of Zheng, and the people of Cao, Ju, Zhulou, Xue, Qi, and Xiao Zhulou, built the walls of Chengzhou.

（經三二六）十有二月，己未，公薨於幹侯。

(Classic 32.6) Twelfth month, jiwei day: Duke Zhao died at Ganhou.

春王。

Spring: the king of Zhou.

（傳）定何以無正月？正月者，正即位也。定無正月者，即位後也。即位何以後？昭公在外，得入不得入，未可知也。曷為未可知？在季氏也。定、哀多微辭，主人習其讀而問其傳，則未知己之有罪焉爾。

(Commentary) Why does Duke Ding have no first month? The first month is to set right the accession. Duke Ding has no first month because his accession came later. Why did his accession come later? Duke Zhao was abroad and it was not yet known whether he could come back. Why was it not yet known? Because it was in the Ji clan's hands. The reigns of Duke Ding and Duke Ai have many veiled expressions, so that the host, having read the text of the classic and then asking the commentary, still does not know himself to be guilty.

（經一二）三月，晉人執宋仲幾於京師。

(Classic 1.2) Third month: the people of Jin seized Zhong Ji of Song in the capital.

（傳）仲幾之罪何？不哀城也。其言於京師何？伯討也。伯討則其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？不與大王專執也。曷為不與？實與而文不與。文曷為不與？大夫之義，不得專執也。

(Commentary) What was Zhong Ji's offense? He was not urgent about building the walls. Why is it written "in the capital"? It was a punitive act by the hegemon. Why is the hegemon's punitive act called "the people"? As a demotion. Why a demotion? Because it disapproves of the great king arbitrarily seizing people. Why does it disapprove? In reality it approves, but in wording it does not. Why does it not approve in wording? By the principle for grandees, they cannot arbitrarily seize people.

（經一三）夏，六月癸亥，公之喪至自幹侯。戊辰，公即位。

(Classic 1.3) Summer, sixth month, guihai day: the coffin of Duke Zhao arrived from Ganhou. Wuchen day: Duke Ding took the throne.

（傳）癸亥公之喪至自幹侯，則曷為以戊辰之日然後即位？正棺於兩楹之間，然後即位。子沈子曰：「定君乎國，然後即位。」即位不日，此何以日？錄乎內也。

(Commentary) The coffin of Duke Zhao arrived from Ganhou on guihai; why did he take the throne only on wuchen? First the coffin was set straight between the two pillars, and then he took the throne. Master Zishen said: "Once the ruler is settled in the state, then he takes the throne." The day of accession is not recorded; why is it recorded here? Because it is recorded within the state.

（經一四）秋，七月癸巳，葬我君昭公。

(Classic 1.4) Autumn, seventh month, guisi day: our Lu ruler Duke Zhao was buried.

（經一五）九月，大雩。

(Classic 1.5) Ninth month: the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經一六）立煬宮。

(Classic 1.6) The Hall of Yang was set up.

（傳）煬宮者何？煬公之宮也。立者何？立者不宜立也。立煬宮，非禮也。

(Commentary) What is the Hall of Yang? It is the hall of Duke Yang. What is meant by "set up"? "Set up" means it should not have been set up. Setting up the Hall of Yang was not in accord with ritual.

（經一七）冬，十月，隕霜殺菽。

(Classic 1.7) Winter, tenth month: frost fell and killed the beans.

（傳）何以書？記異也。此災菽也，曷為以異書？異大乎災也。

(Commentary) Why was it recorded? To record an anomaly. This was a disaster falling on beans; why is it recorded as an anomaly? The anomaly is greater than the disaster.

春，王正月。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經二二）夏，五月壬辰，雉門及兩觀災。

(Classic 2.2) Summer, fifth month, renchen day: the Zhi Gate and the two gate towers were destroyed by fire.

（傳）其言雉門及兩觀災何？兩觀微也。然則曷為不言雉門災及兩觀？主災者兩觀也。時災者兩觀，則曷為後言之？不以微及大也。何以書？記災也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "the Zhi Gate and the two towers were destroyed by fire"? Because the two towers were minor. Then why is it not written "the Zhi Gate was destroyed by fire, and the two towers"? The fire's main target was the two towers. At that time the towers suffered the disaster, so why are they mentioned after? It does not join the minor to the major. Why was it recorded? To record the disaster.

（經二三）秋，楚人伐吳。

(Classic 2.3) Autumn: the people of Chu attacked Wu.

（經二四）冬，十月，新作雉門及兩觀。

(Classic 2.4) Winter, tenth month: the Zhi Gate and the two gate towers were newly rebuilt.

（傳）其言新作之何？修大也。修舊不書，此何以書？譏。何譏爾？不務乎公室也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "newly built"? It magnifies the repair. Repairing the old is not recorded as a rule; why is it recorded here? It is a criticism. Criticizing what? That the mind was not devoted to the ducal house.

春，王正月，公如晉，至河乃復。三月辛卯，邾婁子穿卒。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar: Duke Ding went to Jin and turned back on reaching the Yellow River. Third month, xinmao day: Chuan, Viscount of Zhulou, died.

（經三二）夏，四月。

(Classic 3.2) Summer, fourth month.

（經三三）秋，葬邾婁莊公。

(Classic 3.3) Autumn: Duke Zhuang of Zhulou was buried.

（經三四）冬，仲孫何忌及邾婁子盟於枝。

(Classic 3.4) Winter: Zhongsun Heji made a covenant with the Viscount of Zhulou at Zhi.

春，王二月癸巳，陳侯吳卒。

Spring, second month of the Zhou calendar, guisi day: Wu, Marquis of Chen, died.

（經四二）三月，公會劉子、晉侯、宋公、蔡侯、衛侯、陳子、鄭伯、許男、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、頓子、鬍子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子、齊國夏於召陵，侵楚。

(Classic 4.2) Third month: Duke Ding met Liu Zi, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Wei, the Viscount of Chen, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Hu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, the Viscount of Xiao Zhulou, and Guo Xia of Qi at Zhaoling and attacked Chu.

（經四三）夏，四月庚辰，蔡公孫歸姓帥師滅沈，以沈子嘉歸，殺之。

(Classic 4.3) Summer, fourth month, gengchen day: Gongsun Guisheng of Cai led an army and destroyed Shen, took Jia, Viscount of Shen, back with him, and killed him.

（經四四）五月，公及諸侯盟於浩油；杞伯戊卒於會。

(Classic 4.4) Fifth month: Duke Ding made a covenant with the feudal lords at Haoyou; Wu, Earl of Qi, died during the covenant.

（經四五）六月，葬陳惠公。

(Classic 4.5) Sixth month: Duke Hui of Chen was buried.

（經四六）許遷於容城。

(Classic 4.6) Xu moved to Rongcheng.

（經四七）秋，七月，公至自會。

(Classic 4.7) Autumn, seventh month: Duke Ding returned from the covenant.

（經四八）劉卷卒。

(Classic 4.8) Liu Juan died.

（傳）劉卷者何？天子之大夫也。外大夫不卒，此何以卒？我主之也。

(Commentary) Who is Liu Juan? He was a grandee of the Son of Heaven. The death of an outside grandee is not recorded; why is his death recorded here? Because we were the ones who hosted him.

（經四九）葬杞悼公。

(Classic 4.9) Duke Dao of Qi was buried.

（經四十）楚人圍蔡。

(Classic 4.10) The people of Chu besieged Cai.

（經四十一）晉士鞅、衛孔圄帥師伐鮮虞。

(Classic 4.11) Shi Yang of Jin and Kong Yu of Wei led an army to attack Xianyu.

（經四十二）葬劉文公。

(Classic 4.12) Duke Wen of Liu was buried.

（傳）外大夫不書葬，此何以書葬？錄我主也。

(Commentary) The burial of an outside grandee is not recorded; why is the burial recorded here? To record that we hosted him.

（經四十三）冬，十有一月庚午，蔡侯以吳子及楚人戰於伯莒，楚師敗績。

(Classic 4.13) Winter, eleventh month, gengwu day: the Marquis of Cai, bringing the Viscount of Wu, fought with the people of Chu at Boju, and the Chu army was greatly defeated.

（傳）吳何以稱子？夷狄也而憂中國。其憂中國奈何？伍子胥父誅乎楚，挾弓而去楚，以幹闔廬。闔廬曰：「士之甚！勇之甚！將為之興師而復讎於楚。」伍子胥復曰：「諸侯不為匹夫興師，且臣聞之：事君猶事父也。虧君之義，復父之讎，臣不為也。」於是止。蔡昭公朝乎楚，有美裘焉，囊瓦求之，昭公不與，為是拘昭公於南郢，數年然後歸之。於其歸焉，用事乎河，曰：「天下諸侯茍有能伐楚者，寡人請為之前列。」楚人聞之怒。為是興師，使囊瓦將而伐蔡。蔡請救於吳，伍子胥復曰：「蔡非有罪也，楚人為無道，君如有憂中國之心，則若時可矣。」於是興師而救蔡。曰：事君猶事父也，此其為可以復讎奈何？曰：父不受誅，子復讎可也；父受誅，子復讎，推刃之道也。復讎不徐害，朋友相衛，而不相迿，古之道也。

(Commentary) Why is Wu called "Viscount"? They were originally barbarians but showed concern for the Central States. How did they show concern for the Central States? Wu Zixu's father was killed in Chu, and he left Chu carrying his bow and sought an audience with Helu. Helu said: "A true gentleman! Truly brave! I will raise an army for him and avenge him on Chu." Wu Zixu then said: "The feudal lords do not raise armies for a commoner. Moreover I have heard: serving a ruler is like serving a father. To diminish the ruler's righteousness in order to avenge my father, I will not do." So he stopped. Duke Zhao of Cai went to court in Chu with a fine fur coat, which Nang Wa wanted, and Duke Zhao would not give it, so Duke Zhao was detained at Nanying and released only after several years. On his way back, he made a sacrifice at the river and said: "If any feudal lord under heaven can attack Chu, I ask to be the vanguard." The people of Chu heard it and were angry. They raised an army and sent Nang Wa to lead it in attacking Cai. Cai asked Wu for rescue, and Wu Zixu again said: "Cai is not guilty; the people of Chu lack the Way. If you have a heart of concern for the Central States, then now is the time." So Wu raised an army to rescue Cai. It was said: serving a ruler is like serving a father; why then was it permissible here to take revenge? The answer: if the father should not have been put to death, it is permissible for the son to take revenge; if the father should have been put to death, and the son takes revenge, that is the way of mutually pushing the blade. Revenge does not implicate bystanders, and friends protect each other without rushing to compete for credit; this is the principle of old. (In the original text, "revenge not xu harming"; xu is probably a miswriting of chu "remove." What the original called "gan Helu" is now translated as "sought an audience," to avoid confusion of gan with the "dry" of dry and wet.)

（經四十四）楚囊瓦出奔鄭。

(Classic 4.14) Nang Wa of Chu fled to Zheng.

（經四十五）庚辰，吳入楚。

(Classic 4.15) Gengchen day: Wu entered Chu.

（傳）吳何以不稱子？反夷狄也。其反夷狄奈何？君舍於君室，大夫舍於大夫室，蓋妻楚王之母也。

(Commentary) Why is Wu not called "Viscount" here? It reverted to being barbarian. How did it revert to being barbarian? The ruler lived in the ruler's palace and the grandees lived in the grandees' palaces, and they even took the mother of the King of Chu as wife.

春，王正月辛亥朔，日有食之。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar, first day, xinhai: a solar eclipse.

（經五二）夏，歸粟於蔡。

(Classic 5.2) Summer: grain was sent to Cai.

（傳）孰歸之？諸侯歸之。曷為不言諸侯歸之？離至不可得而序，故言我也。

(Commentary) Who sent it? The feudal lords sent it. Why is it not written that the feudal lords sent it? Because they arrived separately and could not be put in order, so it was written as "we."

（經五三）于越入吳。

(Classic 5.3) Yuyue entered Wu.

（傳）于越者何？越者何？于越者，未能以其名通也。越者，能以其名通也。

(Commentary) What is Yuyue? What is Yue? Calling it Yuyue means it could not yet circulate under this name. Calling it Yue means it could already circulate under this name.

（經五四）六月丙申，季孫隱如卒。

(Classic 5.4) Sixth month, bingshen day: Jisun Yinru died.

（經五五）秋，七月壬子，叔孫不敢卒。

(Classic 5.5) Autumn, seventh month, renzi day: Shusun Bugan died.

（經五六）冬，晉士鞅帥師圍鮮虞。

(Classic 5.6) Winter: Shi Yang of Jin led an army and besieged Xianyu.

春，王正月癸亥，鄭遊遬帥師滅許，以許男斯歸。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar, guihai day: You Su of Zheng led an army and destroyed Xu, taking Si, Baron of Xu, back with him.

（經六二）二月，公侵鄭。

(Classic 6.2) Second month: Duke Ding attacked Zheng.

（經六三）公至自侵鄭。

(Classic 6.3) Duke Ding returned from attacking Zheng.

（經六四）夏，季孫斯、仲孫何忌如晉。

(Classic 6.4) Summer: Jisun Si and Zhongsun Heji went to Jin.

（經六五）秋，晉人執宋行人樂祁犁。

(Classic 6.5) Autumn: the people of Jin seized Yue Qili, envoy of Song.

（經六六）冬，城中城。

(Classic 6.6) Winter: the Zhong city wall was built.

（經六七）季孫斯、仲孫忌帥師圍運。

(Classic 6.7) Jisun Si and Zhongsun Ji led an army and besieged Yun.

（傳）此仲孫何忌也，曷為謂之仲孫忌？譏二名。二名，非禮也。

(Commentary) This was Zhongsun Heji; why is he called Zhongsun Ji? It criticizes names of two characters. A name of two characters is not in accord with ritual.

春，王正月。（經七二）夏，四月。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar. (Classic 7.2) Summer, fourth month.

（經七三）秋，齊侯、鄭伯盟於鹹。

(Classic 7.3) Autumn: the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng made a covenant at Xian.

（經七四）齊人執衛行人北宮結，以侵衛。

(Classic 7.4) The people of Qi seized Beigong Jie, envoy of Wei, and used him to attack Wei.

（經七五）齊侯、衛侯盟於沙澤。

(Classic 7.5) The Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei made a covenant at Shaze.

（經七六）大雩。

(Classic 7.6) The great rain sacrifice was held.

（經七七）齊國夏帥師伐我西鄙。

(Classic 7.7) Guo Xia of Qi led an army and attacked the western border of our state of Lu.

（經七八）九月，大雩。

(Classic 7.8) Ninth month: the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經七九）冬，十月。

(Classic 7.9) Winter, tenth month.

春，王正月，公侵齊。公至自侵齊。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar: Duke Ding attacked Qi. Duke Ding returned from attacking Qi.

（經八二）二月，公侵齊。三月，公至自侵齊。

(Classic 8.2) Second month: Duke Ding attacked Qi. Third month: Duke Ding returned from attacking Qi.

（經八三）曹伯露卒。

(Classic 8.3) Lu, Earl of Cao, died.

（經八三）夏，齊國夏帥師伐我西鄙。

(Classic 8.3) Summer: Guo Xia of Qi led an army and attacked the western border of our state of Lu.

（經八四）公會晉師於瓦，公至自瓦。

(Classic 8.4) Duke Ding met the Jin army at Wa; Duke Ding returned from Wa.

（經八五）秋，七月戊辰，陳侯柳卒。

(Classic 8.5) Autumn, seventh month, wuchen day: Liu, Marquis of Chen, died.

（經八六）晉趙鞅帥師侵鄭，遂侵衛。

(Classic 8.6) Zhao Yang of Jin led an army to attack Zheng and then attacked Wei.

（經八七）葬曹靖公。

(Classic 8.7) Duke Jing of Cao was buried.

（經八八）九月，葬陳懷公。

(Classic 8.8) Ninth month: Duke Huai of Chen was buried.

（經八九）季孫斯、仲孫何忌帥師侵衛。

(Classic 8.9) Jisun Si and Zhongsun Heji led an army to attack Wei.

（經八十）冬，衛侯、鄭伯盟於曲濮。

(Classic 8.10) Winter: the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Zheng made a covenant at Qupu.

（經八十一）從祀先公。

(Classic 8.11) The former dukes were sacrificed to in proper order.

（傳）從祀者何？順祀也。文公逆祀，去者三人；定公順祀，叛者五人。

(Commentary) What is "sacrificing in order"? It is sacrificing in proper sequence. When Duke Wen sacrificed against the order, three left; when Duke Ding sacrificed in proper order, five rebelled.

（經八十二）盜竊寶玉、大弓。

(Classic 8.12) Bandits stole the precious jade and the great bow.

（傳）盜者孰謂？謂陽虎也。陽虎者，曷為者也？季氏之宰也。季氏之宰則微者也，惡乎得國寶而竊之？陽虎專季氏，季氏專魯國，陽虎拘季孫，孟氏與叔孫氏迭而食之。睋而鋟其板，曰：「某月某日，將殺我於蒲圃，力能救我則於是。」至乎日若時而出。臨南者，陽虎之出也，御之。於其乘焉，季孫謂臨南曰：「以季氏之世世有子，子可以不免我死乎？」臨南曰：「有力不足，臣何敢不勉。」陽越者，陽虎之從弟也，為右。諸陽之從者，車數十乘，至於孟衢，臨南投策而墜之，陽越下取策，臨南駷馬，而由乎孟氏，陽虎從而射之，矢著於莊門。然而甲起於琴如。弒不成，卻反舍於郊，皆說然息。或曰：「弒千乘之主，而不克舍此，可乎？」陽虎曰：「夫孺子得國而已，如丈夫何？」睋而曰：「彼哉！彼哉！趣駕。」既駕，公斂處父帥師而至，慬然後得免，自是走之晉。寶者何？璋判白，弓繡質，龜青純。

(Commentary) Who was the bandit? It was Yang Hu. Who is Yang Hu? He was the steward of the Ji clan. The steward of the Ji clan was a lowly man; how could he obtain the treasures of the state and steal them? Yang Hu monopolized the Ji clan, and the Ji clan monopolized Lu. Yang Hu detained Jisun, and the Meng clan and the Shusun clan took turns sending him food. He squinted and carved on a board, saying: "On such a month and such a day, they will kill me at Pupu; those with the strength to save me should come at that time." On that day at that hour he came out. Lin Nan was Yang Hu's nephew and drove for him. When getting into the carriage, Jisun said to Lin Nan: "Given that the Ji clan has had a man like you for generations, can you keep me from dying?" Lin Nan said: "If my strength is not enough, how would I dare not exert it." Yang Yue was Yang Hu's cousin and served as the carriage guard. The Yang clan's followers numbered several dozen carriages, and when they reached the Meng thoroughfare, Lin Nan threw down his whip and Yang Yue got down to pick up the whip, and Lin Nan whipped the horses and galloped off, passing by the Meng clan; Yang Hu followed and shot at him, and the arrow struck the Zhuang gate. But the armored men rose up from Qinru. Having failed to kill the ruler, they withdrew and camped in the suburbs, all removing their armor to rest. Someone said: "You tried to kill the master of a thousand chariots and failed, yet stay here; is that all right?" Yang Hu said: "If that child gets the state, so be it; what can he do against a grown man?" He squinted and looked and said: "That man! That man! Quick, harness the carriage." Once the carriage was harnessed, Gongxian Chufu arrived with an army, and only then did he barely escape, fleeing from there to Jin. What were the treasures? A half-white zhang jade tablet, a bow with embroidered backing, and a tortoise with blue edging.

春，王正月。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經九二）夏，四月戊申，鄭伯囆卒。

(Classic 9.2) Summer, fourth month, wushen day: the Earl of Zheng died.

（經九三）得寶玉、大弓。

(Classic 9.3) The precious jade and great bow were recovered.

（傳）何以書？國寶也，喪之書，得之書。

(Commentary) Why was it recorded? They were treasures of the state; their loss was recorded, and their recovery is recorded too.

（經九四）六月，葬鄭獻公。

(Classic 9.4) Sixth month: Duke Xian of Zheng was buried.

（經九五）秋，齊侯、衛侯次於五氏。

(Classic 9.5) Autumn: the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei camped at Wushi.

（經九六）秦伯卒。

(Classic 9.6) The Earl of Qin died.

（經九七）冬，葬秦哀公。

(Classic 9.7) Winter: Duke Ai of Qin was buried.

春，王三月，及齊平。

Spring, third month of the Zhou calendar: peace was made with Qi.

（經十二）夏，公會齊侯於頰谷。公至自頰谷。

(Classic 10.2) Summer: Duke Ding met the Marquis of Qi at Jiagu. Duke Ding returned from Jiagu.

（經十三）晉趙鞅帥師圍衛。

(Classic 10.3) Zhao Yang of Jin led an army and besieged Wei.

（經十四）齊人來歸運、讙、龜陰田。

(Classic 10.4) The people of Qi came and returned the fields of Yun, Huan, and Guiyin.

（傳）齊人曷為來歸運、讙、龜陰田？孔子行乎季孫，三月不違，齊人為是來歸之。

(Commentary) Why did the people of Qi come and return the fields of Yun, Huan, and Guiyin? Confucius took charge of affairs under Jisun, and for three months nothing went against him, so the people of Qi came and returned them.

（經十五）叔孫州仇、仲孫何忌帥師圍郈。

(Classic 10.5) Shusun Zhouchou and Zhongsun Heji led an army and besieged Hou.

（經十六）秋，叔孫州仇、仲孫何忌帥師圍費。

(Classic 10.6) Autumn: Shusun Zhouchou and Zhongsun Heji led an army and besieged Fei.

（經十七）宋樂世心出奔曹。宋公子池出奔陳。

(Classic 10.7) Yue Shixin of Song fled to Cao. Prince Chi of Song fled to Chen.

（經十八）冬，齊侯、衛侯、鄭遊遬會於鞍。

(Classic 10.8) Winter: the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Wei, and You Su of Zheng met at An.

（經十九）叔孫州仇如齊。

(Classic 10.9) Shusun Zhouchou went to Qi.

（經十十）齊公之弟辰暨宋仲佗、石彄出奔陳。

(Classic 10.10) Chen, younger brother of the Duke of Qi, together with Zhong Tuo and Shi Kou of Song, fled to Chen.

春，宋公之弟辰及仲佗、石彄、公子池，自陳入於蕭，以叛。

Spring: Chen, younger brother of the Duke of Song, together with Zhong Tuo, Shi Kou, and Prince Chi, entered Xiao from Chen in rebellion.

（經十一二）夏，四月。

(Classic 11.2) Summer, fourth month.

（經十一三）秋，宋樂世心自曹入於蕭。

(Classic 11.3) Autumn: Yue Shixin of Song entered Xiao from Cao.

（經十一四）冬，及鄭平。

(Classic 11.4) Winter: peace was made with Zheng.

（經十一五）叔還如鄭蒞盟。

(Classic 11.5) Shu Huan went to Zheng to attend a covenant.

春，薛伯定卒。

Spring: Ding, Earl of Xue, died.

（經十二二）夏，葬薛襄公。

(Classic 12.2) Summer: Duke Xiang of Xue was buried.

（經十二三）叔孫州仇帥師墮郈。

(Classic 12.3) Shusun Zhouchou led an army and tore down the wall of Hou.

（經十二四）衛公孟彄帥師伐曹。

(Classic 12.4) Gong Mengkou of Wei led an army to attack Cao.

（經十二五）季孫斯、仲孫何忌帥師墮費。

(Classic 12.5) Jisun Si and Zhongsun Heji led an army and tore down the wall of Fei.

（傳）曷為帥師墮郈？帥師墮費？孔子行乎季孫，三月不違，曰：「家不藏甲，邑無百雉之城。」於是帥師墮郈，帥師墮費。雉者何？五板而堵，五堵而雉，百雉而城。

(Commentary) Why did they lead an army and tear down Hou? Lead an army and tear down Fei? Confucius took charge of affairs under Jisun, and for three months nothing went against him, and he said: "Private houses do not store armor, and cities have no walls of a hundred zhi." So they led an army and tore down Hou, and led an army and tore down Fei. What is a zhi? Five boards make a du, five du make a zhi, and a hundred zhi make a city wall.

（經十二六）秋，大雩。

(Classic 12.6) Autumn: the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經十二七）冬，十月癸亥，公會晉侯，盟於黃。

(Classic 12.7) Winter, tenth month, guihai day: Duke Ding met the Marquis of Jin and made a covenant at Huang.

（經十二八）十有一月丙寅朔，日有食之。公至自黃。

(Classic 12.8) Eleventh month, first day, bingyin: a solar eclipse. Duke Ding returned from Huang.

（經十二九）十有二月，公圍成，公至自圍成。

(Classic 12.9) Twelfth month: Duke Ding besieged Cheng, and returned from besieging Cheng.

春，齊侯、衛侯次於垂瑕。

Spring: the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei camped at Chuixia.

（經十三二）夏，築蛇淵囿。

(Classic 13.2) Summer: the Shey Yuan park was built.

（經十三三）大搜於比蒲。

(Classic 13.3) A great hunt was held at Bipu.

（經十三四）衛公孟彄帥師伐曹。

(Classic 13.4) Gong Mengkou of Wei led an army to attack Cao.

（經十三五）秋，晉趙鞅入於晉陽，以叛。

(Classic 13.5) Autumn: Zhao Yang of Jin entered Jinyang in rebellion.

（經十三六）冬，晉荀寅及士吉射入於朝歌，以叛。

(Classic 13.6) Winter: Xun Yin and Shi Jishe of Jin entered Zhaoge in rebellion.

（經十三七）晉趙鞅歸於晉。

(Classic 13.7) Zhao Yang of Jin returned to Jin.

（傳）此叛也，其言歸何？以地正國也。其以地正國奈何？晉趙鞅取晉陽之甲以逐荀寅與士吉射。荀寅與士吉射者，曷為者也？君側之惡人也。此逐君側之惡人，曷為以叛言之？無君命也。（經十三八）薛弒其君比。

(Commentary) This was a rebellion; why is "returned" written? Because he used his land to set the state right. How did he use his land to set the state right? Zhao Yang of Jin brought out the armored men of Jinyang to drive out Xun Yin and Shi Jishe. Who were Xun Yin and Shi Jishe? They were wicked men at the ruler's side. This was driving out wicked men at the ruler's side; why is it described as rebellion? Because there was no order from the ruler. (Classic 13.8) Xue killed their ruler Bi.

春，衛公叔戍來奔。

Spring: Gongshu Shu of Wei came seeking refuge.

（經十四二）晉趙陽出奔宋。

(Classic 14.2) Zhao Yang of Jin fled to Song.

（經十四三）二月辛巳，楚公子結、陳公子佗人帥師滅頓，以頓子牄歸。

(Classic 14.3) Second month, xinsi day: Prince Jie of Chu and Prince Tuoren of Chen led an army and destroyed Dun, taking Qiang, Viscount of Dun, back with them.

（經十四四）夏，衛北宮結來奔。

(Classic 14.4) Summer: Beigong Jie of Wei came seeking refuge.

（經十四五）五月，于越敗吳於醉李。

(Classic 14.5) Fifth month: Yuyue defeated Wu at Zuili.

（經十四六）吳子光卒。

(Classic 14.6) Guang, Viscount of Wu, died.

（經十四七）公會齊侯、衛侯于堅。公至自會。

(Classic 14.7) Duke Ding met the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei at Jian. Duke Ding returned from the meeting.

（經十四八）秋，齊侯、宋公會於洮。

(Classic 14.8) In autumn, the Marquis of Qi and the Duke of Song met at Tao.

（經十四九）天王使石尚來歸脤。

(Classic 14.9) The Son of Heaven sent Shi Shang to bring the sacrificial meat.

（傳）石尚者何？天子之士也。脤者何？俎實也。腥曰脤，熟曰燔。

(Commentary) Who was Shi Shang? He was an officer of the Son of Heaven. What is shen? It is the sacrificial meat on the platter. Raw it is called shen, and cooked it is called fan.

（經十四十）衛世子蒯瞶出奔宋。

(Classic 14.10) Kuai Kui, heir apparent of Wei, fled to Song.

（經十四十一）衛公孟彄出奔鄭。

(Classic 14.11) Gongmeng Kou of Wei fled to Zheng.

（經十四十二）宋公之弟辰自蕭來奔。

(Classic 14.12) Chen, younger brother of the Duke of Song, came as a refugee from Xiao.

（經十四十三）大搜於比蒲。

(Classic 14.13) A great review of the troops was held at Bipu.

（經十四十四）邾婁子來會公。

(Classic 14.14) The Viscount of Zhulou came to meet Duke Ding.

（經十四十五）城莒父及霄。

(Classic 14.15) Walls were built at Jufu and Xiao.

春，王正月，邾婁子來朝。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Viscount of Zhulou came to court.

（經十五二）鼷鼠食郊牛，牛死，改卜牛。

(Classic 15.2) A tripod-rat gnawed the ox for the suburban sacrifice and the ox died, so divination was made again to replace the ox.

（傳）曷為不言其所食？漫也。

(Commentary) Why is the part it gnawed not recorded? Because it gnawed without limit.

（經十五三）二月，辛丑，楚子滅胡，以鬍子豹歸。

(Classic 15.3) In the second month, on xinchou, Chu destroyed Hu and took Bao, the Viscount of Hu, back with them.

（經十五四）夏，五月辛亥，郊。

(Classic 15.4) In summer, in the fifth month, on xinhai, the suburban sacrifice was held.

（傳）曷為以夏五月郊？三卜之運也。

(Commentary) Why was the suburban sacrifice held in the fifth month of summer? It came by turns after three divinations.

（經十五五）壬申，公薨於高寢。

(Classic 15.5) On renshen, Duke Ding died in the Gao Chamber.

（經十五六）鄭軒達帥師伐宋。

(Classic 15.6) Xuan Da of Zheng led troops to attack Song.

（經十五七）齊侯、衛侯次於籧篨。

(Classic 15.7) The Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei camped at Huangchu.

（經十五八）邾婁子來奔喪。

(Classic 15.8) The Viscount of Zhulou came to attend the funeral.

（傳）其言來奔喪何？奔喪，非禮也。

(Commentary) Why is it written 'came to attend the funeral'? Attending the funeral in this way was not in accordance with ritual.

（經十五九）秋，七月壬申，姒氏卒。

(Classic 15.9) In autumn, in the seventh month, on renshen, Si Shi died.

（傳）姒氏者何？哀公之母也。何以不稱夫人？哀未君也。

(Commentary) Who was Si Shi? She was the mother of Duke Ai. Why is she not called 'lady'? Because Duke Ai had not yet become ruler.

（經十五十）八月庚辰朔，日有食之。

(Classic 15.10) In the eighth month, on gengchen, the first day of the month, there was an eclipse of the sun.

（經十五十一）九月，滕子來會葬。

(Classic 15.11) In the ninth month, the Viscount of Teng came to the burial.

（經十五十二）丁巳，葬我君定公，雨不克葬；戊午，日下昃，乃克葬。辛巳，葬定姒。

(Classic 15.12) On dingsi, our Lu ruler Duke Ding was to be buried, but rain prevented the burial; on wuwu, in the afternoon when the sun had moved west, the burial was completed. On xinsi, Ding Si was buried.

（傳）定姒何以書葬？未逾年之君也，有子則廟，廟則書葬。

(Commentary) Why is the burial of Ding Si recorded? For a ruler whose first year has not yet ended, if he has a son there is a temple, and if there is a temple, the burial is recorded.

（經十五十三）冬，城漆。

(Classic 15.13) In winter, a wall was built at Qi.

春，王正月，公即位。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Ai took the throne.

（經一二）楚子、陳侯、隨侯、許男圍蔡。

(Classic 1.2) The Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Sui and the Baron of Xu besieged Cai.

（經一三）鼷鼠食郊牛，改卜牛。

(Classic 1.3) A tripod-rat gnawed the ox for the suburban sacrifice, and divination was made again to replace the ox.

（經一四）夏，四月辛巳，郊。

(Classic 1.4) In summer, in the fourth month, on xinsi, the suburban sacrifice was held.

（經一五）秋，齊侯、衛侯伐晉。

(Classic 1.5) In autumn, the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei attacked Jin.

（經一六）冬，仲孫何忌帥師伐邾婁。

(Classic 1.6) In winter, Zhongsun Heji led troops to attack Zhulou.

春，王二月，季孫斯、叔孫州仇、仲孫何忌帥師伐邾婁，取漷東田及沂西田。癸巳，叔孫州仇、仲孫何忌及邾婁子盟於句繹。

In spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, Ji Sun Si, Shusun Zhouchou and Zhongsun Heji led troops to attack Zhulou, and took the fields east of the Zhang and the fields west of the Yi. On guisi, Shusun Zhouchou and Zhongsun Heji made a covenant with the Viscount of Zhulou at Juyi.

（經二二）夏，四月丙子，衛侯元卒。

(Classic 2.2) In summer, in the fourth month, on bingzi, Yuan, Marquis of Wei, died.

（經二三）滕子來朝。

(Classic 2.3) The Viscount of Teng came to court.

（經二四）晉趙鞅帥師納衛世子蒯瞶於戚。

(Classic 2.4) Zhao Yang of Jin led troops to send Kuai Kui, heir apparent of Wei, into Qi.

（傳）戚者何？衛之邑也。曷為不言入於衛？父有子，子不得有父也。

(Commentary) What is Qi? It is a city of Wei. Why is it not written that he entered Wei? A father may have a son, but a son may not take possession of his father.

（經二五）秋，八月甲戌，晉趙鞅帥師及鄭軒達帥師戰於栗，鄭師敗績。

(Classic 2.5) In autumn, in the eighth month, on jiaxu, Zhao Yang of Jin led troops and fought Xuan Da of Zheng's troops at Li, and the Zheng army was badly defeated.

（經二六）冬，十月，葬衛靈公。

(Classic 2.6) In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Ling of Wei was buried.

（經二七）十有一月，蔡遷於州來。

(Classic 2.7) In the eleventh month, Cai moved to Zhoulai.

（經二八）蔡殺其大夫公子駟。

(Classic 2.8) Cai killed its grandee, Prince Si.

春，齊國夏、衛石曼姑帥師圍戚。

In spring, Guo Xia of Qi and Shi Mangu of Wei led troops and besieged Qi.

（傳）齊國夏曷為與衛石曼姑帥師圍戚？伯討也。此其為伯討奈何？曼姑受命乎靈公而立輒，以曼姑之義為固，可以距之也。輒者曷為者也？蒯瞶之子也。然則曷為不立蒯瞶而立輒？蒯瞶為無道，靈公逐蒯瞶而立輒。然則輒之義可以立乎？曰：可。其可奈何？不以父命辭王父命，以王父命辭父命，是父之行乎子也；不以家事辭王事，以王事辭家事，是上之行乎下也。

(Commentary) Why did Guo Xia of Qi and Shi Mangu of Wei lead troops to besiege Qi? It was a punitive expedition of a hegemon. How was this a hegemon's punitive expedition? Mangu received the order of Duke Ling and set up Zhe, so by Mangu's sense of righteousness he could rightly resist Kuai Kui. Who was Zhe? He was Kuai Kui's son. Then why was Kuai Kui not set up and Zhe set up instead? Kuai Kui was without the Way, and Duke Ling drove Kuai Kui out and set up Zhe. Then was it right, in terms of Zhe's duty, to be set up? The answer is: it was. Why was it right? One does not use a father's order to refuse a grandfather's order, but uses the grandfather's order to refuse the father's order; this is the father's order being carried out through the son. One does not use household matters to refuse the king's business, but uses the king's business to refuse household matters; this is the one above being carried out through the one below.

（經三二）夏，四月甲午，地震。

(Classic 3.2) In summer, in the fourth month, on jiawu, there was an earthquake.

（經三三）五月辛卯，桓宮、僖宮災。

(Classic 3.3) In the fifth month, on xinmao, the Huan Temple and the Xi Temple caught fire.

（傳）此皆毀廟也，其言災何？復立也。曷為不言其復立？《春秋》見者不復見也。何以不言及？敵也。何以書？記災也。

(Commentary) These were temples that had already been demolished; why is it written 'disaster'? They had been newly rebuilt. Why is it not written that they were rebuilt? What has already appeared in the Spring and Autumn is not recorded again. Why is it not written 'and'? Because they are equal. Why is it recorded? It records a disaster.

（經三四）季孫斯、叔孫州仇帥師城開陽。

(Classic 3.4) Ji Sun Si and Shusun Zhouchou led troops and built walls at Kaiyang.

（經三五）宋樂髡帥師伐曹。

(Classic 3.5) Yue Kun of Song led troops to attack Cao.

（經三六）秋，七月丙子，季孫斯卒。

(Classic 3.6) In autumn, in the seventh month, on bingzi, Ji Sun Si died.

（經三七）蔡人放其大夫公孫獵於吳。

(Classic 3.7) The people of Cai banished their grandee Gongsun Lie to Wu.

（經三八）冬，十月癸卯，秦伯卒。

(Classic 3.8) In winter, in the tenth month, on guimao, the Earl of Qin died.

（經三九）叔孫州仇、仲孫何忌帥師圍邾婁。

(Classic 3.9) Shusun Zhouchou and Zhongsun Heji led troops and besieged Zhulou.

春，王三月庚戌，盜殺蔡侯申。

In spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, on gengxu, bandits killed Shen, Marquis of Cai.

（傳）弒君賤者窮諸人，此其稱盜以弒何？賤乎賤者也。賤乎賤者孰謂？謂罪人也。

(Commentary) When a ruler is killed, the lowliest is spoken of as 'a person'; here it says 'bandits' and writes 'regicide.' Why? They were those lower even than the lowly. Who is lower than the lowly? The criminals.

（經四二）蔡公孫辰出奔吳。

(Classic 4.2) Gongsun Chen of Cai fled to Wu.

（經四三）葬秦惠公。

(Classic 4.3) Duke Hui of Qin was buried.

（經四四）宋人執小邾婁子。

(Classic 4.4) The people of Song captured the Viscount of Xiao Zhulou.

（經四五）夏，蔡殺其大夫公孫歸姓、公孫霍。

(Classic 4.5) In summer, Cai killed its grandees Gongsun Guisheng and Gongsun Huo.

（經四六）晉人執戎曼子赤歸於楚。

(Classic 4.6) The people of Jin captured Chi, Viscount of Rongman, and sent him to Chu.

（傳）赤者何？戎曼子之名也。其言歸於楚何？子北宮子曰：「闢伯晉而京師楚也。」

(Commentary) What is Chi? It is the name of the Viscount of Rongman. Why is it written 'sent to Chu'? Beigong Zi said, 'It avoids treating Jin as the hegemon and Chu as the capital.'

（經四七）城西郛。

(Classic 4.7) The western outer wall was built.

（經四八）六月辛丑，蒲社災。

(Classic 4.8) In the sixth month, on xinchou, the Pu altar caught fire.

（傳）蒲社者何？亡國之社也。社者封也，其言災何？亡國之社蓋掩之，掩其上而柴其下。蒲社災，何以書？記災也。

(Commentary) What is the Pu altar? It is the altar of a ruined state. The altar is a mound of earth; why is it written 'disaster'? The altar of a ruined state is covered over, roofed above and fenced with brushwood below. Why is the fire at the Pu altar recorded? It records a disaster.

（經四九）秋，八月甲寅，滕子結卒。

(Classic 4.9) In autumn, in the eighth month, on jiayin, Jie, Viscount of Teng, died.

（經四十）冬，十有二月，葬蔡昭公。

(Classic 4.10) In winter, in the twelfth month, Duke Zhao of Cai was buried.

（經四十一）葬滕頃公。

(Classic 4.11) Duke Qing of Teng was buried.

春，城比。

In spring, a wall was built at Bi.

（經五二）夏，齊侯伐宋。

(Classic 5.2) In summer, the Marquis of Qi attacked Song.

（經五三）晉趙鞅帥師伐衛。

(Classic 5.3) Zhao Yang of Jin led troops to attack Wei.

（經五四）秋，九月癸酉，齊侯處臼卒。

(Classic 5.4) In autumn, in the ninth month, on guiyou, Chujiu, Marquis of Qi, died.

（經五五）冬，叔還如齊。

(Classic 5.5) In winter, Shu Huan went to Qi.

（經五六）閏月，葬齊景公。

(Classic 5.6) In the intercalary month, Duke Jing of Qi was buried.

（傳）閏不書，此何以書？喪以閏數也。喪曷為以閏數？喪數略也。

(Commentary) An intercalary month is not usually recorded; why is it recorded here? Funeral affairs are counted by the intercalary month. Why are funeral affairs counted by the intercalary month? Funeral reckoning is abbreviated.

春，城邾婁葭。

In spring, a wall was built at Zhulou Jia.

（經六二）晉趙鞅帥師伐鮮虞。

(Classic 6.2) Zhao Yang of Jin led troops to attack Xianyu.

（經六三）吳伐陳。

(Classic 6.3) Wu attacked Chen.

（經六四）夏，齊國夏及高張來奔。

(Classic 6.4) In summer, Guo Xia and Gao Zhang of Qi came as refugees.

（經六五）叔還會吳於柤。

(Classic 6.5) Shu Huan met Wu at Zha.

（經六六）秋，七月庚寅，楚子軫卒。

(Classic 6.6) In autumn, in the seventh month, on gengyin, Zhen, Viscount of Chu, died.

（經六七）齊陽生入於齊。

(Classic 6.7) Yangsheng of Qi entered Qi.

（經六八）齊陳乞弒其君舍。

(Classic 6.8) Chen Qi of Qi killed his ruler, She.

（傳）弒而立者，不以當國之辭言之，此其以當國之辭言之何？為諼也。此其為諼奈何？景公謂陳乞曰：「吾欲立舍，何如？」陳乞曰：「所樂乎為君者，欲立之則立之，不欲立則不立。君如欲立之，則臣請立之。」陽生謂陳乞曰：「吾聞子蓋將不欲立我也。」陳乞曰：「夫千乘之主，將廢正而立不正，必殺正者。吾不立子者，所以生子者也。走矣！」與之玉節而走之。景公死而舍立。陳乞使人迎陽生於諸其家。除景公之喪，諸大夫皆在朝，陳乞曰：「常之母有魚菽之祭，願諸大夫之化我也。」諸大夫皆曰：「諾。」於是皆之陳乞之家坐。陳乞曰：「吾有所為甲，請以示焉。」諸大夫皆曰：「諾。」於是使力士舉巨囊而至於中溜，諸大夫見之，皆色然而駭，開之則闖然公子陽生也。陳乞曰：「此君也已！」諸大夫不得已皆逡巡北面，再拜稽首而君之爾，自是往弒舍。

(Commentary) One who kills his ruler and sets himself up is not described with wording about holding the state and managing government; here it is described with that wording. Why? Because of deceit. How did he deceive? Duke Jing said to Chen Qi, 'I want to set up She; what do you think?' Chen Qi said, 'What a ruler is pleased to do, set up whom you want to set up and not whom you do not. If my lord wishes to set him up, then I ask to set him up.' Yangsheng said to Chen Qi, 'I hear that you will probably not want to set me up.' Chen Qi said, 'The master of a thousand chariots, who is about to depose the legitimate heir and set up a son of a concubine, will surely kill the legitimate heir. My not setting you up is exactly to keep you safe. Go quickly!' He gave him a jade token and let him flee. When Duke Jing died, She was set up. Chen Qi sent men to bring Yangsheng to his own house. After the mourning for Duke Jing was over, the grandees were all at court, and Chen Qi said, 'Chang's mother has a sacrifice of fish and beans; I hope all the grandees will honor my house.' The grandees all said, 'Good.' They then all went to Chen Qi's house and sat down. Chen Qi said, 'I have a finished suit of armor; please let me show it to you.' The grandees all said, 'Good.' He then had strong men lift a big sack and set it down in the central courtyard. The grandees looked and all changed color in alarm; when it was opened, there was Prince Yangsheng. Chen Qi said, 'This is the ruler!' The grandees had no choice but to hesitate, face north, bow twice, and kowtow, honoring him as ruler, and then went and killed She.

（經六九）冬，仲孫何忌帥師伐邾婁。

(Classic 6.9) In winter, Zhongsun Heji led troops to attack Zhulou.

（經六十）宋向巢帥師伐曹。

(Classic 6.10) Xiang Chao of Song led troops to attack Cao.

春，宋皇瑗帥師侵鄭。

In spring, Huang Yuan of Song led troops to attack Zheng.

（經七二）晉魏曼多帥師侵衛。

(Classic 7.2) Wei Manduo of Jin led troops to attack Wei.

（經七三）夏，公會吳於鄫。

(Classic 7.3) In summer, Duke Ai met Wu at Zeng.

（經七四）秋，公伐邾婁。

(Classic 7.4) In autumn, Duke Ai attacked Zhulou.

（經七五）八月己酉，入邾婁，以邾婁子益來。

(Classic 7.5) In the eighth month, on jiyou, Lu entered Zhulou and brought back Yi, Viscount of Zhulou.

（傳）入不言伐，此其言伐何？內辭也，若使他人然。邾婁子益何以名？絕。曷為絕之？獲也。曷為不言其獲？內大惡，諱也。

(Commentary) Entering is not written as attacking; why is it written as attacking here? It is wording for within the state, as if having someone else do it. Why is Yi, Viscount of Zhulou, called by his name? This is severance. Why severance? Because he was captured. Why is it not written that he was captured? The great evil of one's own state is concealed.

（經七六）宋人圍曹。

(Classic 7.6) The people of Song besieged Cao.

（經七七）冬，鄭駟弘帥師救曹。

(Classic 7.7) In winter, Si Hong of Zheng led troops to rescue Cao.

春，王正月，宋公入曹，以曹伯陽歸。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Duke of Song entered Cao and took Yang, Earl of Cao, back with him.

（傳）曹伯陽何以名？絕之。曷為絕之？滅也。曷為不言其滅？諱同姓之滅也。何諱乎同姓之滅？力能救之而不救也。

(Commentary) Why is Yang, Earl of Cao, called by his name? This is severance. Why severance? Because he was destroyed. Why is it not written that he was destroyed? It conceals the destruction of a state of the same surname. Why conceal the destruction of a state of the same surname? Because one had the strength to rescue and did not.

（經八二）吳伐我。

(Classic 8.2) Wu attacked our state of Lu.

（經八三）夏，齊人取讙及僤。

(Classic 8.3) In summer, the people of Qi took Qian and Xiao.

（傳）外取邑不書，此何以書？所以賂齊也。曷為賂齊？為以邾婁子益來也。

(Commentary) When foreigners take cities it is not usually recorded; why is it recorded here? It was to bribe Qi. Why bribe Qi? Because Lu had taken Yi, Viscount of Zhulou, back.

（經八四）歸邾婁子益於邾婁。

(Classic 8.4) Yi, Viscount of Zhulou, was sent back to Zhulou.

（經八五）秋，七月。

(Classic 8.5) In autumn, in the seventh month.

（經八六）冬，十有二月癸亥，杞伯過卒。

(Classic 8.6) In winter, in the twelfth month, on guihai, Guo, Earl of Qi, died.

（經八七）齊人歸讙及僤。

(Classic 8.7) The people of Qi returned Qian and Xiao.

春，王二月，葬杞僖公。

In spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xi of Qi was buried.

（經九二）宋皇瑗帥師取鄭師於雍丘。

(Classic 9.2) Huang Yuan of Song led troops and took the Zheng army at Yongqiu.

（傳）其言取之何？易也。其易奈何？詐之也。

(Commentary) Why is it written 'took'? Because it was easy. How was it easy? Through deceit.

（經九三）夏，楚人伐陳。

(Classic 9.3) In summer, the people of Chu attacked Chen.

（經九四）秋，宋公伐鄭。

(Classic 9.4) In autumn, the Duke of Song attacked Zheng.

（經九五）冬，十月。

(Classic 9.5) In winter, in the tenth month.

春，王二月，邾婁子益來奔。

In spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, Yi, Viscount of Zhulou, came as a refugee.

（經十二）公會吳伐齊。

(Classic 10.2) Duke Ai joined Wu to attack Qi.

（經十三）三月戊戌，齊侯陽生卒。

(Classic 10.3) In the third month, on wuxu, Yangsheng, Marquis of Qi, died.

（經十四）夏，宋人伐鄭。

(Classic 10.4) In summer, the people of Song attacked Zheng.

（經十五）晉趙鞅帥師侵齊。

(Classic 10.5) Zhao Yang of Jin led troops to attack Qi.

（經十六）五月，公至自伐齊。

(Classic 10.6) In the fifth month, Duke Ai returned from attacking Qi.

（經十七）葬齊悼公。

(Classic 10.7) Duke Dao of Qi was buried.

（經十八）衛公孟彄自齊歸於衛。

(Classic 10.8) Gongmeng Kou of Wei returned from Qi to Wei.

（經十九）薛伯寅卒。

(Classic 10.9) Yin, Earl of Xue, died.

（經十十）秋，葬薛惠公。

(Classic 10.10) In autumn, Duke Hui of Xue was buried.

（經十十一）冬，楚公子結帥師伐陳。

(Classic 10.11) In winter, Prince Jie of Chu led troops to attack Chen.

（經十十二）吳救陳。

(Classic 10.12) Wu rescued Chen.

春，齊國書帥師伐我。

In spring, Guo Shu of Qi led troops to attack our state of Lu.

（經十一二）夏，陳袁頗出奔鄭。

(Classic 11.2) In summer, Yuan Po of Chen fled to Zheng.

（經十一三）五月，公會吳伐齊；甲戌，齊國書帥師及吳戰於艾陵，齊師敗績，獲齊國書。

(Classic 11.3) In the fifth month, Duke Ai joined Wu to attack Qi; on jiaxu, Guo Shu of Qi led troops and fought Wu at Ailing, and the Qi army was badly defeated and Guo Shu of Qi was captured.

（經十一四）秋，七月辛酉，滕子虞母卒。

(Classic 11.4) In autumn, in the seventh month, on xinyou, Yu Mu, Viscount of Teng, died.

（經十一五）冬，十有一月，葬滕隱公。

(Classic 11.5) In winter, in the eleventh month, Duke Yin of Teng was buried.

（經十一六）衛世叔齊出奔宋。

(Classic 11.6) Shi Shuqi of Wei fled to Song.

春，用田賦。

In spring, the field tax was levied.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？譏始用田賦也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It is a criticism. What is criticized? It criticizes the beginning of the field tax.

（經十二二）夏，五月甲辰，孟子卒。

(Classic 12.2) In summer, in the fifth month, on jiachen, Meng Zi died.

（傳）孟子者何？昭公之夫人也。其稱孟子何？諱娶同姓，蓋吳女也。

(Commentary) Who was Meng Zi? She was the wife of Duke Zhao. Why is she called Meng Zi? It conceals that he married a woman of the same surname; probably she was a woman of Wu.

（經十二三）公會吳於橐皋。

(Classic 12.3) Duke Ai met Wu at Tuogao.

（經十二四）秋，公會衛侯、宋皇瑗於運。

(Classic 12.4) In autumn, Duke Ai met the Marquis of Wei and Huang Yuan of Song at Yun.

（經十二五）宋向巢帥師伐鄭。

(Classic 12.5) Xiang Chao of Song led troops to attack Zheng.

（經十二六）冬，十有二月，螽。

(Classic 12.6) In winter, in the twelfth month, there were gadflies.

（傳）何以書？記異也。何異爾？不時也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It records an anomaly. What is the anomaly? It was not the right season.

春，鄭軒達帥師取宋於嵒。

In spring, Xuan Da of Zheng led troops and took the Song army at Yan.

（傳）其言取之何？易也。其易奈何？詐反也。

(Commentary) Why is it written 'took'? Because it was easy. How was it easy? He turned the deceit back on them.

（經十三二）夏，許男戌卒。

(Classic 13.2) In summer, Xu, Baron of Xu, died.

（經十三三）公會晉侯及吳子於黃池。

(Classic 13.3) Duke Ai met the Marquis of Jin and the Viscount of Wu at Huangchi.

（傳）吳何以稱子？吳主會也。吳主會則曷為先言晉侯？不與夷狄之主中國也。其言及吳子何？會兩伯之辭也。不與夷狄之主中國，則曷為以會兩伯之辭言之？重吳也。曷為重吳？吳在是則天下諸侯莫敢不至也。

(Commentary) Why is Wu called 'Viscount'? Because Wu presided over the covenant. When Wu presided over the covenant, why is the Marquis of Jin written first? It does not approve of barbarians being master of the Central States. Why is it written 'and the Viscount of Wu'? It is wording for a meeting of two hegemons. If it does not approve of barbarians being master of the Central States, why use wording for a meeting of two hegemons? It gives weight to Wu. Why give weight to Wu? With Wu present there, none of the lords under Heaven dared not to come.

（經十三四）楚公子申帥師伐陳。

(Classic 13.4) Prince Shen of Chu led troops to attack Chen.

（經十三五）于越入吳。

(Classic 13.5) Yue entered Wu.

（經十三六）秋，公至自會。

(Classic 13.6) In autumn, Duke Ai returned from the covenant.

（經十三七）晉魏多帥師侵衛。

(Classic 13.7) Wei Duo of Jin led troops to attack Wei.

（傳）此晉魏曼多也，曷為謂之晉魏多？譏二名，二名非禮也。

(Commentary) This was Wei Manduo of Jin; why is he called 'Wei Duo of Jin'? It criticizes the two-character name; a two-character name is not in accordance with ritual.

（經十三八）葬許元公。

(Classic 13.8) Duke Yuan of Xu was buried.

（經十三九）九月，螽。

(Classic 13.9) In the ninth month, there were gadflies.

（經十三十）冬，十有一月，有星孛於東方。

(Classic 13.10) In winter, in the eleventh month, a comet appeared in the east.

（傳）孛者何？彗星也。其言於東方何？見於旦也。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What is a bo? It is a comet. Why is it written 'in the east'? It was seen at dawn. Why is it recorded? It records an anomaly.

（經十三十一）盜殺陳夏彄夫。

(Classic 13.11) Bandits killed Xia Kuifu of Chen.

（經十三十二）十有二月，螽。

(Classic 13.12) In the twelfth month, there were gadflies.

春，西狩獲麟。

In spring, a hunt was held in the western suburbs and a unicorn was captured.

（傳）何以書？記異也。何異爾？非中國之獸也。然則孰狩之？薪採者也。薪採者則微者也，曷為以狩言之？大之也。曷為大之？為獲麟大之也。曷為獲麟大之？麟者仁獸也。有王者則至，無王者則不至。有以告者曰：「有麇而角者。」孔子曰：「孰為來哉！孰為來哉！」反袂拭面，涕沾袍。顏淵死，子曰：「噫！天喪予。」子路死，子曰：「噫！天祝予。」西狩獲麟，孔子曰：「吾道窮矣！」《春秋》何以始乎隱？祖之所逮聞也。所見異辭，所聞異辭，所傳聞異辭。何以終乎哀十四年？曰：備矣！君子曷為為《春秋》？撥亂世，反諸正，莫近諸《春秋》。則未知其為是與？其諸君子樂道堯舜之道與？末不亦樂乎堯舜之知君子也？制《春秋》之義以俟後聖，以君子之為，亦有樂乎此也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It records an anomaly. What is the anomaly? It was not a beast of the Central States. Then who caught it? A woodcutter. A woodcutter is a lowly person; why is it described with the word 'hunt'? To magnify the event. Why magnify it? Because a unicorn was captured. Why magnify because a unicorn was captured? The unicorn is a benevolent beast. It comes only when there is a true king, and does not come when there is none. Someone came and reported, 'There is a river deer, but it has horns.' Confucius said, 'For whom has it come! For whom has it come!' He turned his sleeve to wipe his face, and tears wet his robe. When Yan Yuan died, Confucius said, 'Alas! Heaven is destroying me.' When Zilu died, Confucius said, 'Alas! Heaven is cutting me off.' When the hunt in the western suburbs captured a unicorn, Confucius said, 'My Way is exhausted!' Why does the Spring and Autumn begin with Duke Yin? It is what the grandfather could hear. The wording for what was seen differs, the wording for what was heard differs, and the wording for what was transmitted by hearsay differs. Why does it stop at the fourteenth year of Duke Ai? The answer is: it is complete! Why did the gentleman compose the Spring and Autumn? To set right a disordered age and return it to the correct way, nothing is closer than the Spring and Autumn. Is it not known whether this was for that purpose? Or did the gentleman delight in praising the Way of Yao and Shun? In the end, was it not also his delight that Yao and Shun should know the gentleman? He fixed the righteousness of the Spring and Autumn to await the sages of later ages, and by the gentleman's undertaking, there was also delight in this.