Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan (春秋左傳)

【傳】惠公元妃孟子。孟子卒，繼室以聲子，生隱公。宋武公生仲子。仲子生而有文在其手，曰為魯夫人，故仲子歸於我。生桓公而惠公薨，是以隱公立而奉之。

[Commentary] The principal wife of Duke Hui was Meng Zi. After Meng Zi died, Sheng Zi was made secondary wife, and she bore Duke Yin. Duke Wu of Song had a daughter, Zhong Zi. When Zhong Zi was born there was a pattern of marks on her hand that read "Lady of Lu," and so Zhong Zi was married into our state. After she bore Duke Huan, Duke Hui died, and so Duke Yin took the position as regent while honoring Duke Huan.

【經】元年春王正月。三月，公及邾儀父盟於蔑。夏五月，鄭伯克段於鄢。

[Classic] In the first year, spring, the first month by the calendar of the Zhou king. In the third month, Duke Yin and Yifu of Zhu made a covenant at Mie. In summer, in the fifth month, the Earl of Zheng defeated Duan at Yan.

秋七月，天王使宰咺來歸惠公、仲子之賵。九月，及宋人盟於宿。冬十有二月，祭伯來。公子益師卒。

In autumn, in the seventh month, the Zhou king sent Zai Xuan to present carriages, horses and garments as funeral aid for Duke Hui and Zhong Zi. In the ninth month, he made a covenant with the men of Song at Su. In winter, in the twelfth month, Earl Zhai came. Gongzi Yishi died.

【傳】元年春，王周正月。不書即位，攝也。

[Commentary] In the first year, spring, the Zhou royal calendar was used for the first month. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record Duke Yin's accession because he was only acting as regent.

三月，公及邾儀父盟於蔑，邾子克也。未王命，故不書爵。曰“儀父”，貴之也。公攝位而欲求好於邾，故為蔑之盟。

In the third month, Duke Yin and Yifu of Zhu made a covenant at Mie. Yifu was Ke, Viscount of Zhu. He had not yet received an enfeoffment from the Zhou king, and so the Annals does not write his rank. Calling him "Yifu" shows respect for him. Duke Yin, having taken the regency, wished to be on good terms with Zhu, and so he held the covenant at Mie.

夏四月，費伯帥師城郎。不書，非公命也。

In summer, in the fourth month, Earl Fei led troops to build a wall at Lang. The Annals does not record it, because it was not done by Duke Yin's order.

初，鄭武公娶於申，曰武姜，生莊公及共叔段。莊公寤生，驚姜氏，故名曰“寤生”，遂惡之。愛共叔段，欲立之。亟請於武公，公弗許。及莊公即位，為之請制。公曰：“制，巖邑也，虢叔死焉。佗邑唯命。”請京，使居之，謂之京城大叔。祭仲曰：“都，城過百雉，國之害也。先王之制：大都，不過參國之一；中，五之一；小，九之一。今京不度，非制也，君將不堪。”公曰：“姜氏欲之，焉闢害？”對曰：“姜氏何厭之有？不如早為之所，無使滋蔓！蔓，難圖也。蔓草猶不可除，況君之寵弟乎？”公曰：“多行不義，必自斃，子姑待之。”

In the beginning, Duke Wu of Zheng took a wife from Shen, named Wu Jiang, who bore Duke Zhuang and Gong Shuduan. When Duke Zhuang was born it was a hard birth, which frightened Lady Jiang, so she named him "Wusheng" (Breech Birth) and from then on disliked him. She favored Gong Shuduan and wished to make him heir, and repeatedly asked Duke Wu for it, but Duke Wu would not agree. When Duke Zhuang took the throne, Lady Jiang asked on behalf of Gong Shuduan for the place called Zhi. Duke Zhuang said: "Zhi is a precipitous city, and Shu of Guo died there. As for other cities, I shall do as you command." Lady Jiang asked for Jing, and Duke Zhuang let him live there, and he was called Grand Uncle of Jing. Zhai Zhong said: "If the wall of a city exceeds a hundred zhi (a unit of wall length), it is a harm to the state. The system of the former kings was that a great city should not exceed one third of the capital, a middling one one fifth, and a small one one ninth. Now Jing does not conform to the standard or the system, and my lord will not be able to bear it." Duke Zhuang said: "Lady Jiang wants it so; how could I avoid the harm?" Zhai Zhong replied: "When has Lady Jiang ever been satisfied? It would be better to arrange early a place for him and not let him grow and spread! Once it spreads it is hard to deal with. Even creeping weeds cannot be got rid of, how much less the favored younger brother of the lord!" Duke Zhuang said: "One who does much that is unrighteous will surely stumble himself; just wait and see."

既而大叔命西鄙、北鄙貳於己。公子呂曰：“國不堪貳，君將若之何？欲與大叔，臣請事之；若弗與，則請除之，無生民心。”公曰：“無庸，將自及。”

Before long the Grand Uncle ordered the western and northern border towns to owe allegiance to both him and Duke Zhuang. Gongzi Lu said: "The state cannot bear a double allegiance; what does my lord intend? If you wish to give the throne to the Grand Uncle, allow me to serve him; if not, please remove him, and do not let the people develop a divided mind." Duke Zhuang said: "There is no need; he will run into disaster by himself."

大叔又收貳以為己邑，至於廩延。子封曰：“可矣，厚將得眾。”公曰：“不義不暱，厚將崩。”

The Grand Uncle then took the border towns of double allegiance as his own cities, extending as far as Linyan. Zifeng said: "It is time to act; with a broad territory he will win the people." Duke Zhuang said: "One who is unrighteous to his ruler and not close to his brother, however broad his land, will collapse."

大叔完聚，繕甲兵，具卒乘，將襲鄭，夫人將啟之。公聞其期，曰：“可矣！”命子封帥車二百乘以伐京。京叛大叔段，段入於鄢，公伐諸鄢。五月辛丑，大叔出奔共。

The Grand Uncle repaired his walls, gathered his people, prepared armor and weapons, readied infantry and chariots, and was about to make a surprise attack on the capital of Zheng, with Lady Jiang to open the city gate for him. Duke Zhuang heard the date agreed on and said: "Now!" He ordered Zifeng to lead two hundred chariots to attack Jing. The people of Jing turned against the Grand Uncle Duan, and Duan fled into Yan, and Duke Zhuang went on to Yan to attack him. On the xinchou day of the fifth month, the Grand Uncle fled to Gong.

書曰：“鄭伯克段於鄢。”段不弟，故不言弟；如二君，故曰克；稱鄭伯，譏失教也：謂之鄭志。不言出奔，難之也。

The Annals wrote: "The Earl of Zheng defeated Duan at Yan." Duan did not act like a younger brother, so he is not called a brother; the two sides were like two rulers in combat, so the word "defeated" is used; calling Zhuang "Earl of Zheng" is a rebuke of Duke Zhuang for failing to instruct his brother properly: this shows that it came from the Earl of Zheng's own intention. The Annals does not write that Duan fled, because it was difficult to put into words.

遂寘姜氏於城潁，而誓之曰：“不及黃泉，無相見也。”既而悔之。

Then he put Lady Jiang in Chengying and swore an oath to her: "Until we reach the Yellow Springs, we shall not see each other again." Before long he regretted it.

潁考叔為潁谷封人，聞之，有獻於公，公賜之食，食舍肉。公問之，對曰：“小人有母，皆嘗小人之食矣，未嘗君之羹，請以遺之。”公曰：“爾有母遺，繄我獨無！”潁考叔曰：“敢問何謂也？”公語之故，且告之悔。對曰：“君何患焉？若闕地及泉，隧而相見，其誰曰不然？”公從之。公入而賦：“大隧之中，其樂也融融！”姜出而賦：“大隧之外，其樂也洩洩！”遂為母子如初。

Ying Kaoshu was the border warden of Yinggu, and when he heard of this he brought a gift for Duke Zhuang. The Duke gave him a meal, and while eating he set the meat aside. The Duke asked him, and he replied: "Your humble servant has a mother, who has tasted all of my food, but has not yet tasted the lord's meat soup; please let me take it home for her." Duke Zhuang said: "You have a mother to whom to show filial devotion; I alone have none!" Ying Kaoshu said: "May I ask what this means?" The Duke told him the reason and said that he regretted it. Ying Kaoshu replied: "What is there for my lord to worry about? If you dig into the earth until you reach spring water and build a tunnel and meet there, who could say it is not meeting at the Yellow Springs?" The Duke followed this. Duke Zhuang entered the tunnel and recited: "Within the great tunnel, how joyful and harmonious!" Lady Jiang came out of the tunnel and recited: "Outside the great tunnel, how joyful and relaxed!" And so mother and son were as before.

君子曰：“潁考叔，純孝也，愛其母，施及莊公。《詩》曰‘孝子不匱，永錫爾類。’其是之謂乎！”秋七月，天王使宰咺來歸惠公、仲子之賵。緩，且子氏未薨，故名。天子七月而葬，同軌畢至；諸侯五月，同盟至；大夫三月，同位至；士逾月，外姻至。

The gentleman said: "Ying Kaoshu was a man of pure filial devotion; he loved his own mother and extended it to Duke Zhuang. The Odes say: 'The filial son's filial devotion is without end; it forever bestows blessings on those of his kind.' That is what this refers to!" In autumn, in the seventh month, the Zhou king sent Zai Xuan to present carriages, horses and garments as funeral aid for Duke Hui and Zhong Zi. They came late, and moreover Zhong Zi had not yet died, so the Annals records Zai Xuan's name. When the Son of Heaven dies he is buried after seven months, and the feudal lords with the same chariot gauge all attend; for a feudal lord, five months, and those in alliance attend; for a grandee, three months, and those of equal office attend; for a scholar, after a month, relatives by marriage attend.

贈死不及屍，吊生不及哀，豫凶事，非禮也。

To present gifts to the dead without reaching the encoffining, to offer condolence to the living without reaching the period of mourning, and to arrange funeral matters in advance, is contrary to ritual.

八月，紀人伐夷。夷不告，故不書。

In the eighth month, the people of Ji attacked Yi. Yi did not report it, and so the Annals does not record it.

有蜚。不為災，亦不書。

Fei insects appeared. They caused no harm, and the Annals does not record it either.

惠公之季年，敗宋師於黃。公立而求成焉。九月，及宋人盟於宿，始通也。

In his late years Duke Hui defeated the army of Song at Huang. After Duke Yin took the throne he sought peace with Song. In the ninth month he made a covenant with the men of Song at Su, and from then on exchanges began.

冬十月庚申，改葬惠公。公弗臨，故不書。惠公之薨也，有宋師，太子少，葬故有闕，是以改葬。衛侯來會葬，不見公，亦不書。鄭共叔之亂，公孫滑出奔衛。衛人為之伐鄭，取廩延。鄭人以王師、虢師伐衛南鄙。請師於邾。邾子使私於公子豫，豫請往，公弗許，遂行。及邾人、鄭人盟於翼。不書，非公命也。

In winter, on the gengshen day of the tenth month, Duke Hui was reburied. Duke Yin did not attend in person, and so the Annals does not record it. When Duke Hui died there was war with Song and the heir was young, so the funeral was deficient and he was reburied. The Marquis of Wei came to attend the burial but did not see Duke Yin, and the Annals does not record this either. When Gong Shuduan of Zheng rebelled, Gongsun Hua fled to Wei. The men of Wei attacked Zheng on his behalf and took Linyan. The men of Zheng, with the royal army and the army of Guo, attacked the southern border of Wei. They asked Zhu for troops. The Viscount of Zhu told Gongzi Yu privately; Gongzi Yu asked to go, Duke Yin would not agree, and he went by himself. He made a covenant with the men of Zhu and the men of Zheng at Yi. The Annals does not record it, because it was not done by Duke Yin's order.

新作南門。不書，亦非公命也。

The south gate was newly built. The Annals does not record it, also because it was not done by Duke Yin's order.

十二月，祭伯來，非王命也。

In the twelfth month, Earl Zhai came, not by the Zhou king's command.

眾父卒。公不與小斂，故不書日。

Zhong Fu died. Duke Yin did not take part in the lesser encoffining, and so the Annals does not give the date.

【經】二年春，公會戎於潛。夏五月，莒人入向。無駭帥師入極。秋八月庚辰，公及戎盟於唐。九月，紀裂繻來逆女。冬十月，伯姬歸於紀。紀子帛、莒子盟於密。十有二月乙卯，夫人子氏薨。鄭人伐衛。

[Classic] In the second year, spring, Duke Yin met with the Rong at Qian. In summer, in the fifth month, the men of Ju entered Xiang. Wuhai led troops and entered Ji. In autumn, on the gengchen day of the eighth month, Duke Yin made a covenant with the Rong at Tang. In the ninth month, Lie Xu of Ji came to meet the bride. In winter, in the tenth month, Bo Ji married into the state of Ji. Zi Bo of Ji and the Viscount of Ju made a covenant at Mi. In the twelfth month, on the yimao day, the Lady Zi died. The men of Zheng attacked Wei.

【傳】二年春，公會戎於潛，修惠公之好也。戎請盟，公辭。

[Commentary] In the second year, spring, Duke Yin met with the Rong at Qian, in order to renew the friendship of Duke Hui's time. The Rong asked for a covenant, and Duke Yin declined.

莒子娶於向，向姜不安莒而歸。夏，莒人入向，以姜氏還。

The Viscount of Ju took a wife from the state of Xiang, but Xiang Jiang could not settle in Ju and returned to her family home. In summer, the men of Ju entered Xiang and brought Lady Jiang back.

司空無駭入極，費庈父勝之。

The Minister of Works Wuhai entered Ji, and Fei Gengfu took Ji.

戎請盟。秋，盟於唐，復修戎好也。

The Rong asked for a covenant. In autumn, a covenant was made at Tang, again to renew friendship with the Rong.

九月，紀裂繻來逆女，卿為君逆也。

In the ninth month, Lie Xu of Ji came to meet the bride; this was a minister coming to receive the bride on behalf of his ruler.

冬，紀子帛、莒子盟於密，魯故也。

In winter, Zi Bo of Ji and the Viscount of Ju made a covenant at Mi, for the sake of Lu.

鄭人伐衛，討公孫滑之亂也。

The men of Zheng attacked Wei, to punish the rebellion of Gongsun Hua.

【經】三年春王二月，己巳，日有食之。三月庚戌，天王崩。夏四月辛卯，君氏卒。秋，武氏子來求賻。八月庚辰，宋公和卒。冬十有二月，齊侯，鄭伯盟於石門。癸未，葬宋穆公。

[Classic] In the third year, spring, on the jisi day of the second month by the Zhou calendar, there was a solar eclipse. On the gengxu day of the third month, the Son of Heaven died. In summer, on the xinmao day of the fourth month, Lady Jun died. In autumn, the son of the Wu clan came to seek funeral aid. On the gengchen day of the eighth month, Duke He of Song died. In winter, in the twelfth month, the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng made a covenant at Shimen. On the guiwei day, Duke Mu of Song was buried.

【傳】三年春，王三月壬戌，平王崩。赴以庚戌，故書之。

[Commentary] In the third year, spring, on the renxu day of the third month by the Zhou calendar, King Ping died. The announcement said gengxu, and so the Annals records it according to the announcement.

夏，君氏卒。聲子也。不赴於諸侯，不反哭於寢，不祔於姑，故不曰薨。不稱夫人，故不言葬，不書姓。為公故，曰“君氏”。

In summer, Lady Jun died. This was Sheng Zi. No announcement was sent to the feudal lords, no mourning was held in the ancestral temple, and her spirit tablet was not joined to her mother-in-law's in the sacrifice, and so the term "hong" is not used. She is not called "lady," so the burial is not recorded and the surname is not written. Because she was Duke Yin's own mother, she is called "Lady Jun."

鄭武公、莊公為平王卿士。王貳於虢，鄭伯怨王，王曰“無之”。故周、鄭交質。王子狐為質於鄭，鄭公子忽為質於周。王崩，周人將畀虢公政。四月，鄭祭足帥師取溫之麥。秋，又取成周之禾。周、鄭交惡。

Duke Wu and Duke Zhuang of Zheng successively served as ministers to King Ping. The Son of Heaven then divided government among the Duke of Guo, and the Earl of Zheng resented the Son of Heaven, who said, "There is no such thing." So Zhou and Zheng exchanged hostages. Prince Hu was a hostage in Zheng, and Gongzi Hu of Zheng was a hostage in Zhou. After the Son of Heaven died, the men of Zhou prepared to hand government to the Duke of Guo. In the fourth month, Zhai Zu of Zheng led troops and cut the wheat of Wen. In autumn, they again cut the grain of Chengzhou. Zhou and Zheng became hostile.

君子曰：“信不由中，質無益也。明恕而行，要之以禮，雖無有質，誰能間之？苟有明信，澗溪沼沚之毛，蘋蘩薀藻之菜，筐筥錡釜之器，潢汙行潦之水，可薦於鬼神，可羞於王公，而況君子結二國之信，行之以禮，又焉用質？《風》有《採繁》、《採蘋》，《雅》有《行葦》、《泂酌》，昭忠信也。”

The gentleman said: "If good faith does not come from the heart, hostages are of no use. If one acts with clear discernment and consideration, and restrains oneself with ritual, then even without hostages who could sow discord? If there is truly clear good faith, then the wild plants in streams, ponds and islets, such wild vegetables as apple-mugwort, white mugwort, duckweed and pondweed, vessels such as baskets, bamboo containers and cauldrons, standing water and water flowing on the road, can all be offered to the spirits and presented to kings and dukes; how much more when gentlemen conclude good faith between two states and act by ritual, what need is there of hostages? The Airs include 'Gathering Mugwort' and 'Gathering Apple Mugwort,' and the Odes include 'Walking Among the Reeds' and 'Drawing Water from a Distance,' all of which commend loyalty and good faith."

武氏子來求賻，王未葬也。

The son of the Wu clan came to seek funeral aid because the Son of Heaven had not yet been buried.

宋穆公疾，召大司馬孔父而屬殤公焉，曰：“先君舍與夷而立寡人，寡人弗敢忘。若以大夫之靈，得保首領以沒，先君若問與夷，其將何辭以對？請子奉之，以主社稷，寡人雖死，亦無悔焉。”對曰：“群臣願奉馮也。”公曰：“不可。

Duke Mu of Song was gravely ill and summoned the Grand Marshal Kong Fu, entrusting Duke Shang to him, saying: "The former ruler passed over Yuyi and set me up, and I dare not forget it. If, by the grace of the grandees, I can die with my head intact, and the former ruler should ask about Yuyi, what shall I say in reply? I ask you to serve him in managing the altars of the state, and then even if I die I shall have no regret." Kong Fu replied: "The ministers wish to serve Gongzi Feng." Duke Mu said: "No.

先君以寡人為賢，使主社稷，若棄德不讓，是廢先君之舉也，豈曰能賢？光昭先君之令德，可不務乎？吾子其無廢先君之功。”使公子馮出居於鄭。八月庚辰，宋穆公卒。殤公即位。

(Duke Mu of Song continued:) The former ruler thought me worthy and had me manage the altars of the state; if I abandoned virtue and did not yield the position, that would be to discard the former ruler's promotion, so how could it be called worthy? To carry forward the former ruler's fine virtue, can one do it without effort? Do not abandon the former ruler's achievement." And so he had Gongzi Feng go to live in Zheng. On the gengchen day of the eighth month, Duke Mu of Song died, and Duke Shang took the throne.

君子曰：“宋宣公可謂知人矣。立穆公，其子饗之，命以義夫。《商頌》曰：‘殷受命咸宜，百祿是荷。’其是之謂乎！”冬，齊、鄭盟於石門，尋盧之盟也。庚戌，鄭伯之車僨於濟。

The gentleman said: "Duke Xuan of Song can be said to have known men. He set up Duke Mu, and yet his own son came to hold the throne; this was appointment by righteousness. The Odes of Shang say: 'In every receiving of the mandate, Yin was fitting, and received a hundred blessings.' That is what this means!" In winter, Qi and Zheng made a covenant at Shimen, renewing the covenant of Lu. On the gengxu day, the Earl of Zheng's chariot overturned in the Ji River.

衛莊公娶於齊東宮得臣之妹，曰莊姜，美而無子，衛人所為賦《碩人》也。

Duke Zhuang of Wei took a wife, the younger sister of Deichen of the Eastern Palace of Qi, called Zhuang Jiang; she was beautiful but had no son, and the men of Wei composed the ode "Shuo Ren" about her.

又娶於陳，曰厲媯，生孝伯，早死。其娣戴媯生桓公，莊姜以為己子。公子州籲，嬖人之子也，有寵而好兵，公弗禁，莊姜惡之。石碏諫曰：“臣聞愛子，教之以義方，弗納於邪。驕、奢、淫、泆，所自邪也。四者之來，寵祿過也。將立州籲，乃定之矣，若猶未也，階之為禍。夫寵而不驕，驕而能降，降而不憾，憾而能眕者鮮矣。且夫賤妨貴，少陵長，遠間親，新間舊，小加大，淫破義，所謂六逆也。君義，臣行，父慈，子孝，兄愛，弟敬，所謂六順也。去順效逆，所以速禍也。君人者將禍是務去，而速之，無乃不可乎？”弗聽，其子厚與州籲遊，禁之，不可。桓公立，乃老。

He also took a wife from Chen, called Li Gui, who bore Xiao Bo, who died young. Her younger sister Dai Gui bore Duke Huan, whom Zhuang Jiang treated as her own son. Gongzi Zhouxu was the son of a favored concubine; he was favored and fond of using arms, and Duke Zhuang did not restrain him, and Zhuang Jiang disliked him. Shi Que remonstrated: "I have heard that in loving a son, one should instruct him in the right way and not let him enter evil paths. Arrogance, extravagance, licentiousness and dissipation are the origins of going down an evil path. These four come because favor and emolument go too far. If you wish to set Zhouxu up, settle it; if it is not yet decided, you are making a stepping stone to disaster for him. It is rare for one who is favored not to be arrogant, who is arrogant to be content with a lower rank, who is demoted not to resent, and who resents to restrain himself. Moreover, the lowly obstructing the noble, the young overriding the old, the distant dividing the close, the new dividing the old, the weak bullying the strong, and licentiousness destroying righteousness: these are the so-called six reversals. A ruler acting in righteousness, a minister carrying it out, a father kind, a son filial, an elder brother loving, a younger brother respectful: these are the so-called six accordances. To discard accordance and imitate reversal is to hasten disaster. One who is a ruler should strive to remove disaster, and instead you hasten it; is that not unacceptable?" Duke Zhuang did not listen. Shi Que's son Shi Hou associated with Zhouxu; Shi Que forbade it but could not stop it. After Duke Huan took the throne, Shi Que retired in old age.

【經】四年春王二月，莒人伐杞，取牟婁。戊申，衛州籲弒其君完。夏，公及宋公遇於清。宋公、陳侯、蔡人、衛人伐鄭。秋，翬帥師會宋公、陳侯、蔡人、衛人伐鄭。九月，衛人殺州籲於濮。冬十有二月，衛人立晉。

[Classic] In the fourth year, spring, in the second month by the Zhou calendar, the men of Ju attacked Qi and took Moulou. On the wushen day, Zhouxu of Wei murdered his ruler Wan. In summer, Duke Yin met Duke of Song by chance at Qing. The Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the men of Cai and the men of Wei attacked Zheng. In autumn, Hui led troops and joined the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the men of Cai and the men of Wei in attacking Zheng. In the ninth month, the men of Wei killed Zhouxu at Pu. In winter, in the twelfth month, the men of Wei set up Jin as ruler.

【傳】四年春，衛州籲弒桓公而立。公與宋公為會，將尋宿之盟。未及期，衛人來告亂。夏，公及宋公遇於清。

[Commentary] In the fourth year, spring, Zhouxu of Wei murdered Duke Huan and set himself up. Duke Yin and the Duke of Song agreed to meet in order to renew the covenant of Su. Before the agreed date, men of Wei came to report the disorder. In summer, Duke Yin and the Duke of Song met by chance at Qing.

宋殤公之即位也，公子馮出奔鄭，鄭人慾納之。及衛州籲立，將修先君之怨於鄭，而求寵於諸侯以和其民，使告於宋曰：“君若伐鄭以除君害，君為主，敝邑以賦與陳、蔡從，則衛國之願也。”宋人許之。於是，陳、蔡方睦於衛，故宋公、陳侯、蔡人、衛人伐鄭，圍其東門，五日而還。

When Duke Shang of Song took the throne, Gongzi Feng fled to Zheng, and the men of Zheng wished to send him back to be ruler. When Zhouxu of Wei was set up, he planned to avenge the old resentment between the former ruler and Zheng, and also to seek favor from the feudal lords to settle his own people; he sent word to Song: "If you, my lord, attack Zheng to remove the harm to you, with you taking the lead, my humble state will supply troops and follow Chen and Cai; that is Wei's wish." The men of Song agreed. At that time Chen and Cai were on good terms with Wei, and so the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the men of Cai and the men of Wei attacked Zheng, besieged the east gate, and returned after five days.

公問於眾仲曰：“衛州籲其成乎？”對曰：“臣聞以德和民，不聞以亂。以亂，猶治絲而棼之也。夫州籲，阻兵而安忍。阻兵無眾，安忍無親，眾叛親離，難以濟矣。夫兵猶火也，弗戢，將自焚也。夫州籲弒其君而虐用其民，於是乎不務令德，而欲以亂成，必不免矣。”

Duke Yin asked Zhong Zhong: "Can Zhouxu of Wei succeed?" Zhong Zhong replied: "I have heard of settling the people by virtue, but not by disorder. To use disorder is like trying to sort silk and tangling it instead. Zhouxu relies on military force and is at ease with cruelty. Relying on military force, he has no followers; at ease with cruelty, he has no relatives. When people and kin forsake him, it is hard to succeed. Weapons are like fire; if not restrained, they will burn the user. Zhouxu murdered his ruler and cruelly works his people, yet he does not strive for good virtue and hopes to succeed by creating disorder; he certainly cannot avoid disaster."

秋，諸侯復伐鄭。宋公使來乞師，公辭之。羽父請以師會之，公弗許，固請而行。故書曰“翬帥師”，疾之也。諸侯之師敗鄭徒兵，取其禾而還。

In autumn, the feudal lords again attacked Zheng. The Duke of Song sent a man to ask for troops, and Duke Yin declined. Yufu asked to lead troops to join them, and Duke Yin did not agree; after he pressed his request he went anyway. Therefore the Annals writes "Hui led troops" to show disapproval of him. The feudal lords' armies defeated Zheng's infantry, cut its grain, and returned.

州籲未能和其民，厚問定君於石子。石子曰：“王覲為可。”曰：“何以得覲？”曰：“陳桓公方有寵於王，陳、衛方睦，若朝陳使請，必可得也。”厚從州籲如陳。石碏使告於陳曰：“衛國褊小，老夫耄矣，無能為也。此二人者，實弒寡君，敢即圖之。”陳人執之而請蒞於衛。九月，衛人使右宰醜蒞殺州籲於濮，石碏使其宰獳羊肩蒞殺石厚於陳。

Zhouxu could not settle his people, and Shi Hou asked Shi Que how to secure the throne. Shi Que said: "Go to court before the Son of Heaven, and that will do." He asked: "How can an audience be obtained?" He said: "Duke Huan of Chen is now in favor with the Son of Heaven, and Chen and Wei are on good terms; if you pay court to Chen and ask him to request on your behalf, it will surely be granted." Shi Hou followed Zhouxu to Chen. Shi Que sent word to Chen: "Wei is small and I am old and can do nothing. These two men truly murdered my late ruler; I venture to ask that you deal with them on the spot." The men of Chen arrested them and asked Wei to come and deal with them on the spot. In the ninth month, the men of Wei sent the Right Steward Chou to Pu and killed Zhouxu on the spot, and Shi Que sent his house steward Nu Yangjian to Chen to kill Shi Hou on the spot.

君子曰：“石碏，純臣也，惡州籲而厚與焉。‘大義滅親’，其是之謂乎！”衛人逆公子晉於邢。冬十二月，宣公即位。書曰“衛人立晉”眾也。

The gentleman said: "Shi Que was a pure minister: he hated Zhouxu, and Shi Hou was also removed along with him. 'Putting great righteousness above kinship' refers to this!" The men of Wei went to Xing to welcome Gongzi Jin. In winter, in the twelfth month, Duke Xuan took the throne. The Annals writes "the men of Wei set up Jin" because it came from the will of the people.

【經】五年春，公矢魚於棠。夏四月，葬衛桓公。秋，衛師入郕。九月，考仲子之宮。初獻六羽。邾人、鄭人伐宋。螟。冬十有二月辛巳，公子彄卒。

[Classic] In the fifth year, spring, Duke Yin displayed fishing gear at Tang. In summer, in the fourth month, Duke Huan of Wei was buried. In autumn, the army of Wei entered Cheng. In the ninth month, the temple of Zhong Zi was completed. For the first time the six-row feather dance was offered. The men of Zhu and the men of Zheng attacked Song. There was a plague of borers. In winter, on the xinsi day of the twelfth month, Gongzi Qiang died.

宋人伐鄭，圍長葛。

The men of Song attacked Zheng and besieged Changge.

【傳】五年春，公將如棠觀魚者。臧僖伯諫曰：“凡物不足以講大事，其材不足以備器用，則君不舉焉。君將納民於軌物者也。故講事以度軌量謂之軌，取材以章物採謂之物，不軌不物謂之亂政。亂政亟行，所以敗也。故春蒐夏苗，秋獮冬狩，皆於農隙以講事也。三年而治兵，入而振旅，歸而飲至，以數軍實。昭文章，明貴賤，辨等列，順少長，習威儀也。鳥獸之肉不登於俎，皮革齒牙、骨角毛羽不登於器，則公不射，古之制也。若夫山林川澤之實，器用之資，皂隸之事，官司之守，非君所及也。”公曰：“吾將略地焉。”遂往，陳魚而觀之。僖伯稱疾，不從。書曰“公矢魚於棠”，非禮也，且言遠地也。

[Commentary] In the fifth year, spring, Duke Yin was about to go to Tang to watch fishermen. Zang Xibo remonstrated: "In general, if a thing is not suited to practicing great affairs, and the materials are not suited to making utensils, the ruler does not act. The ruler is the one who brings the people into the norms and the standards. So practicing great affairs to correct the rules is called the norm, and selecting materials to display the colors and patterns is called the standard; what is neither norm nor standard is called disorderly government. When disorderly government is repeatedly carried out, that is why states fall. Therefore the spring hunt, the summer hunt, the autumn hunt and the winter hunt are all held in the farming off-season to practice great affairs. Every three years the army is drilled, enters the city to arrange its ranks, returns to announce it with a drinking feast, and counts the military supplies. Displaying the patterns, distinguishing noble from humble, separating ranks, and ordering young and old is practicing dignified conduct. If the meat of birds and beasts cannot be put on the sacrificial stand, and the hides, teeth, bones, horns, fur and feathers cannot be used for utensils, the ruler does not shoot; this is the ancient rule. As for the products of mountains, forests, rivers and marshes and the materials for utensils, these are the business of menials and the duty of the officials, and not for the ruler to concern himself with." Duke Yin said: "I am going to inspect the border." And so he went, and had the fishing gear displayed and watched. Xibo claimed illness and did not accompany him. The Annals writes "The Duke displayed fish at Tang" because it was contrary to ritual, and it also makes clear that it was a distant place.

曲沃莊伯以鄭人、邢人伐翼，王使尹氏、武氏助之。翼侯奔隨。

Zhuang Bo of Quwo led the men of Zheng and the men of Xing to attack Yi, and the Son of Heaven sent the Yin clan and the Wu clan to help him. The Marquis of Yi fled to Sui.

夏，葬衛桓公。衛亂，是以緩。

In summer, Duke Huan of Wei was buried. Wei had had disorder, and so it was late.

四月，鄭人侵衛牧，以報東門之役。衛人以燕師伐鄭。鄭祭足、原繁、洩駕以三軍軍其前，使曼伯與子元潛軍軍其後。燕人畏鄭三軍而不虞制人。六月，鄭二公子以制人敗燕師於北制。君子曰：“不備不虞，不可以師。”

In the fourth month, the people of Zheng raided the pasture lands outside Wei in retaliation for the campaign at the Eastern Gate. The people of Wei brought in the army of Yan to attack Zheng. Zhai Zu, Yuan Fan, and Xie Jia of Zheng led the three armies and drew up in front, while sending Man Bo and Zi Yuan with the troops of Zhi to take position quietly in the rear. The men of Yan feared Zheng's three armies but had no guard against the men of Zhi. In the sixth month, the two sons of the Zheng ruler defeated the Yan army at Beizhi with the men of Zhi. The gentleman said: "If one does not guard against the unexpected, one should not send out troops."

曲沃叛王。秋，王命虢公伐曲沃而立哀侯於翼。

Quwo rebelled against the Son of Heaven. In autumn, the Son of Heaven ordered the Duke of Guo to attack Quwo, and installed Marquis Ai at Yi.

衛之亂也，郕人侵衛，故衛師入郕。

At the time of the disorder in Wei, the men of Cheng raided Wei, so the Wei army attacked and entered Cheng.

九月，考仲子之宮，將萬焉。公問羽數於眾仲。對曰：“天子用八，諸侯用六，大夫四，士二。夫舞所以節八音而行八風，故自八以下。”公從之。於是初獻六羽，始用六佾也。

In the ninth month, the temple of Zhongzi was completed, and they were preparing to perform the Wan dance there. Duke Yin asked Zhong Zhong about the number of feather-dancers. Zhong Zhong replied: "The Son of Heaven uses eight rows, the feudal lords six, the grandees four, and the officers two. The dance is used to regulate the eight kinds of music and to spread the eight winds, and so it decreases from eight downward." Duke Yin followed this. Thereupon they offered six rows of feathers for the first time and began to use six rows of dancers.

宋人取邾田。邾人告於鄭曰：“請君釋憾於宋，敝邑為道。”鄭人以王師會之。伐宋，入其郛，以報東門之役。宋人使來告命。公聞其入郛也，將救之，問於使者曰：“師何及？”對曰：“未及國。”公怒，乃止，辭使者曰：“君命寡人同恤社稷之難，今問諸使者，曰‘師未及國’，非寡人之所敢知也。”

The people of Song seized the fields of Zhu. The people of Zhu told Zheng: "We ask you, my lord, to vent your anger on Song; our humble town will lead the way." The Zheng people took the royal army and joined Zhu. They attacked Song, entered its outer wall, and took revenge for the campaign at the Eastern Gate. Song sent a man bearing the ruler's order to report. Duke Yin, hearing that the Zheng army had already entered the outer wall, was about to go to the rescue, and asked the envoy: "Where has the army reached?" The envoy answered: "It has not yet reached the capital." Duke Yin was angry and stopped the troops, and declined the envoy, saying: "Your lord commanded me to share concern for the danger of the altars of the state, but now when I ask the envoy, he says 'the army has not yet reached the capital'; this is not something I dare to meddle in."

冬十二月辛已，臧僖伯卒。公曰：“叔父有憾於寡人，寡人弗敢忘。葬之加一等。

In winter, in the twelfth month, on the day xinsi (the original reads "xinyi" with "yi" miswritten for "si"), Zang Xibo died. Duke Yin said: "My uncle once bore a grievance against me, which I do not dare to forget. At the burial let the ritual be raised by one grade."

宋人伐鄭，圍長葛，以報入郛之役也。

The people of Song attacked Zheng and besieged Changge, in revenge for the entry into the outer wall.

【經】六年春，鄭人來渝平。夏五月辛酉，公會齊侯盟於艾。秋七月。冬，宋人取長葛。

[Classic] In the sixth year, in spring, the people of Zheng came to ask for a renewal of the covenant. In summer, on the day xinyou of the fifth month, Duke Yin met the Marquis of Qi and made a covenant at Ai. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, the people of Song took Changge.

【傳】六年春，鄭人來渝平，更成也。

[Commentary] In the sixth year, in spring, the people of Zheng came to ask for a renewal of the covenant, that is, to make peace anew.

翼九宗、五正、頃父之子嘉父逆晉侯於隨，納諸鄂。晉人謂之鄂侯。

The Nine Clans and Five Chiefs of Yi, and Jiafu, son of Qingfu, went to Sui to welcome the Marquis of Jin and settled him at E. The people of Jin called him the Marquis of E.

夏，盟於艾，始平於齊也。

In summer, a covenant was made at Ai, beginning the peace with Qi.

五月庚申，鄭伯侵陳，大獲。

In the fifth month, on the day gengshen, the Earl of Zheng raided Chen and took many captives.

往歲，鄭伯請成於陳，陳侯不許。五父諫曰：“親仁善鄰，國之寶也。君其許鄭。”陳侯曰：“宋、衛實難，鄭何能為？”遂不許。

In the previous year, the Earl of Zheng had asked Chen for peace, and the Marquis of Chen would not agree. Wu Fu remonstrated: "To be close to the benevolent and friendly with neighbors is the treasure of a state. My lord should grant Zheng's request." The Marquis of Chen said: "Song and Wei are the ones to fear; what can Zheng do?" In the end he did not agree.

君子曰：“善不可失，惡不可長，其陳桓公之謂乎！長惡不悛，從自及也。

The gentleman said: "Goodness must not be lost and evil must not be allowed to grow; this is said of Duke Huan of Chen! He let evil grow and did not correct it, and disaster will catch up with him by itself.

雖欲救之，其將能乎？《商書》曰：‘惡之易也，如火之燎於原，不可鄉邇，其猶可撲滅？’周任有言曰：‘為國家者，見惡如農夫之務去草焉，芟夷蘊崇之，絕其本根，勿使能殖，則善者信矣。’”秋，宋人取長葛。

(The gentleman continued:) Even if one wanted to rescue it, could it still be done? The Book of Shang says: 'The spread of evil is like fire burning on the plain; one cannot even approach it, so how could it be put out?' Zhou Ren had a saying: 'One who governs a state looks upon evil as a farmer looks upon weeds, and must be sure to remove it, cutting it down, piling it up, severing its roots so that it cannot grow again; only then can the good extend itself.'" In autumn, the people of Song took Changge.

冬，京師來告飢。公為之請糴於宋、衛、齊、鄭，禮也。

In winter, the capital sent word of famine. Duke Yin asked Song, Wei, Qi, and Zheng on behalf of the Zhou house to buy grain, which accorded with ritual.

鄭伯如周，始朝桓王也。王不禮焉。周桓公言於王曰：“我周之東遷，晉、鄭焉依。善鄭以勸來者，猶懼不，況不禮焉？鄭不來矣！”

The Earl of Zheng went to Zhou and paid his first court to King Huan. The Son of Heaven did not treat him with proper ritual. Duke Huan of Zhou said to the Son of Heaven: "When our house of Zhou moved east, we relied on Jin and Zheng. Treat Zheng well to encourage those who come after, and even so one still fears they will not come (the original seems to lack the word "come" after "still fears they will not"); how much more if you do not treat them with ritual? Zheng will not come again!"

【經】七年春王三月，叔姬歸於紀。滕侯卒。夏，城中丘。齊侯使其弟年來聘。秋，公伐邾。冬，天王使凡伯來聘。戎伐凡伯於楚丘以歸。

[Classic] In the seventh year, in spring, in the third month of the Zhou king's calendar, Shu Ji married into Ji. The Marquis of Teng died. In summer, a wall was built at Zhongqiu. The Marquis of Qi sent his younger brother Nian on a visit of courtesy. In autumn, Duke Yin attacked Zhu. In winter, the Son of Heaven sent Fan Bo on a visit of courtesy. The Rong intercepted Fan Bo at Chuqiu and took him away.

【傳】七年春，滕侯卒。不書名，未同盟也。凡諸侯同盟，於是稱名，故薨則赴以名，告終嗣也，以繼好息民，謂之禮經。

[Commentary] In the seventh year, in spring, the Marquis of Teng died. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not write his name because he had not been in a covenant with us. Whenever feudal lords are in a covenant, their names are then used, so when one dies, the notice of death is sent with his name, reporting the end of his life and informing of his successor, in order to continue friendship and give peace to the people; this is called the canon of ritual.

夏，城中丘，書，不時也。

In summer, a wall was built at Zhongqiu; the Spring and Autumn Annals records it because it was not in season.

齊侯使夷仲年來聘，結艾之盟也。

The Marquis of Qi sent Yi Zhongnian on a visit of courtesy, in order to strengthen the covenant at Ai.

秋，宋及鄭平。七月庚申，盟於宿。公伐邾，為宋討也。

In autumn, Song made peace with Zheng. On the day gengshen of the seventh month, they made a covenant at Su. Duke Yin attacked Zhu, going to attack on Song's behalf.

初，戎朝於周，發幣於公卿，凡伯弗賓。冬，王使凡伯來聘。還，戎伐之於楚丘以歸。

Earlier, when the Rong paid court to the Son of Heaven and distributed goods and money among the ministers, Fan Bo did not receive them with the ritual due to guests. In winter, the Son of Heaven sent Fan Bo on a visit of courtesy. On his return, the Rong intercepted him at Chuqiu and took him away.

陳及鄭平。十二月，陳五父如鄭蒞盟。壬申，及鄭伯盟，歃如忘，洩伯曰：“五父必不免，不賴盟矣。”

Chen made peace with Zheng. In the twelfth month, Wu Fu of Chen went to Zheng in person to make the covenant. On the day renshen, he made a covenant with the Earl of Zheng, and during the smearing of blood his mind was elsewhere. Xie Bo said: "Wu Fu will surely not escape disaster; he does not treat the covenant as something to rely on."

鄭良佐如陳蒞盟，辛巳，及陳侯盟，亦知陳之將亂也。

Liang Zuo of Zheng went to Chen in person to make the covenant. On the day xinsi, he made a covenant with the Marquis of Chen, and also saw that Chen was about to fall into disorder.

鄭公子忽在王所，故陳侯請妻之。鄭伯許之，乃成昏。

Zheng's Prince Hu was with the Son of Heaven, so the Marquis of Chen asked to give his daughter in marriage to him. The Earl of Zheng agreed, and the betrothal was settled.

【經】八年春，宋公、衛侯遇於垂。三月，鄭伯使宛來歸祊。庚寅，我入祊。夏六月己亥，蔡侯考父卒。辛亥，宿男卒。秋七月庚午，宋公、齊侯、衛侯盟於瓦屋。八月，葬蔡宣公。九月辛卯，公及莒入盟於浮來。螟。冬十有二月，無駭卒。

[Classic] In the eighth year, in spring, the Duke of Song and the Marquis of Wei met unexpectedly at Chui. In the third month, the Earl of Zheng sent Wan to hand over Beng. On the day gengyin, our state received Beng. In summer, on the day jihai of the sixth month, Kaofu, Marquis of Cai, died. On the day xinhai, the Baron of Su died. In autumn, on the day gengwu of the seventh month, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Qi, and the Marquis of Wei made a covenant at Waowu. In the eighth month, Duke Xuan of Cai was buried. On the day xinmao of the ninth month, Duke Yin made a covenant with the people of Ju at Fulai (the original reads "Ju ru" with "ru" miswritten for "ren"). There was a plague of grain-borers. In winter, in the twelfth month, Wu Hai died.

【傳】八年春，齊侯將平宋、衛，有會期。宋公以幣請於衛，請先相見，衛侯許之，故遇於犬丘。

[Commentary] In the eighth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi intended to make peace between Song and Wei, and had already set the date for the meeting. The Duke of Song, with goods and money, asked Wei to meet earlier, and the Marquis of Wei agreed, so they met unexpectedly at Quanqiu (which is Chui in the Classic).

鄭伯請釋泰山之祀而祀周公，以泰山之祊易許田。三月，鄭伯使宛來歸祊，不祀泰山也。

The Earl of Zheng asked to give up the sacrifices to Mount Tai and instead sacrifice to the Duke of Zhou, exchanging Beng at the foot of Mount Tai for the fields of Xu. In the third month, the Earl of Zheng sent Wan to hand over Beng, because he would no longer sacrifice to Mount Tai.

夏，虢公忌父始作卿士於周。

In summer, Jifu, Duke of Guo, began to serve as a minister in Zhou.

四月甲辰，鄭公子忽如陳逆婦媯。辛亥，以媯氏歸。甲寅，入於鄭。陳針子送女。先配而後祖。針子曰：“是不為夫婦。誣其祖矣，非禮也，何以能育？”齊人卒平宋、衛於鄭。秋，會於溫，盟於瓦屋，以釋東門之役，禮也。

In the fourth month, on the day jiachen, Prince Hu of Zheng went to Chen to welcome his bride, Gui. On the day xinhai, he brought Gui back. On the day jiayin, he entered the capital of Zheng. Zhen Zi of Chen escorted the bride. They first consummated the marriage and only afterwards announced it in the ancestral temple. Zhen Zi said: "This cannot yet be called husband and wife. It deceives his ancestors and is against ritual; how can they have children?" In the end the people of Qi brought Song and Wei into peace with Zheng. In autumn, they met at Wen and made a covenant at Waowu, in order to resolve the matter of the Eastern Gate campaign, which accorded with ritual.

八月丙戌，鄭伯以齊人朝王，禮也。

In the eighth month, on the day bingxu, the Earl of Zheng took the people of Qi to pay court to the Son of Heaven, which accorded with ritual.

公及莒人盟於浮來，以成紀好也。

Duke Yin made a covenant with the people of Ju at Fulai, in order to bring about friendship with Ji.

冬，齊侯使來告成三國。公使眾仲對曰：“君釋三國之圖以鳩其民，君之惠也。寡君聞命矣，敢不承受君之明德。”

In winter, the Marquis of Qi sent word to report that he had brought the three states into peace. Duke Yin sent Zhong Zhong to reply: "That you, my lord, have resolved the schemes of three states in order to give peace to their people is your lordship's kindness. My ruler has heard the command; how dare he not accept your lordship's bright virtue?"

無駭卒。羽父請諡與族。公問族於眾仲。眾仲對曰：“天子建德，因生以賜姓，胙之土而命之氏。諸侯以字為諡，因以為族。官有世功，則有官族，邑亦如之。”公命以字為展氏。

Wu Hai died. Yu Fu asked for a posthumous name and a clan name for him. Duke Yin asked Zhong Zhong about clan names. Zhong Zhong replied: "The Son of Heaven establishes those with virtue, bestows a surname according to the place of birth, and gives a clan name according to the land granted. A feudal lord uses a style name as a posthumous title, and from it makes a clan. If an office has meritorious service over generations, there is an official clan, and likewise for a fief." Duke Yin ordered that Wu Hai's style name be used and that the clan be set as Zhan.

【經】九年春，天子使南季來聘。三月癸酉，大雨，震電。庚辰，大雨雪。

[Classic] In the ninth year, in spring, the Son of Heaven sent Nan Ji on a visit of courtesy. On the day guiyou of the third month, there was heavy rain with thunder and lightning. On the day gengchen, there was heavy snow.

挾卒。夏，城郎。秋七月。冬，公會齊侯於防。

Xie died. In summer, a wall was built at Lang. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, Duke Yin met the Marquis of Qi at Fang.

【傳】九年春，王三月癸酉，大雨霖以震，書始也。庚辰，大雨雪，亦如之。

[Commentary] In the ninth year, in spring, on the day guiyou of the third month of the Zhou calendar, there was continuous heavy rain and thunder; the Spring and Autumn Annals records it as the beginning. On the day gengchen, there was heavy snow, which is also the same.

書，時失也。凡雨，自三日以往為霖。平地尺為大雪。

The Spring and Autumn Annals records it because the season was wrong. Whenever it rains, rain lasting three days or more is called lin. Snow piling one chi deep on level ground is called heavy snow.

夏，城郎，書，不時也。

In summer, a wall was built at Lang; the Spring and Autumn Annals records it because it was not in season.

宋公不王。鄭伯為王左卿士，以王命討之，伐宋。宋以入郛之役怨公，不告命。公怒，絕宋使。

The Duke of Song did not go to pay court to the Son of Heaven. The Earl of Zheng, as the Son of Heaven's left minister, attacked him by royal command, attacking Song. Song resented Duke Yin because of the entry into the outer wall and did not come to report. Duke Yin was angry and cut off Song's envoys.

秋，鄭人以王命來告伐宋。

In autumn, the people of Zheng came by royal command to report the attack on Song.

冬，公會齊侯於防，謀伐宋也。

In winter, Duke Yin met the Marquis of Qi at Fang to plan the attack on Song.

北戎侵鄭，鄭伯御之。患戎師，曰；“彼徒我車，懼其侵軼我也。”公子突曰：“使勇而無剛者嘗寇，而速去之。君為三覆以待之。戎輕而不整，貪而無親，勝不相讓，敗不相救。先者見獲必務進，進而遇覆必速奔，後者不救，則無繼矣。

The Northern Rong raided Zheng, and the Earl of Zheng resisted them. Worrying about the Rong troops, he said: "They are infantry and we have chariots; I fear they will suddenly strike me from behind." Prince Tu said: "Send brave men who are not stubborn to probe the enemy, and then withdraw quickly. Let my lord set three ambushes to wait for them. The Rong are frivolous and disorderly, greedy and without kinship; when they win they do not yield to each other, and when they lose they do not rescue each other. Those at the front, seeing captives to be taken, will surely press forward single-mindedly; pressing forward and meeting ambushes, they will surely flee at once; and those behind will not come to their aid, so there will be no one to follow.

乃可以逞。”從之。

(Prince Tu continued:) Only thus can we get our wish." Duke Zhuang followed this.

戎人之前遇覆者奔。祝聃逐之。衷戎師，前後擊之，盡殪。戎師大奔。十一月甲寅，鄭人大敗戎師。

The Rong at the front met the ambush and fled. Zhu Dan pursued them. He cut the Rong army across the middle, struck front and rear together, and killed them all. The Rong army fled in great panic. In the eleventh month, on the day jiayin, the people of Zheng inflicted a great defeat on the Rong army.

【經】十年春王二月，公會齊侯、鄭伯於中丘。夏，翬帥師會齊人、鄭人伐宋。六月壬戌，公敗宋師於菅。辛未，取郜。辛巳，取防。秋，宋人、衛人入鄭。

[Classic] In the tenth year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Yin met the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng at Zhongqiu. In summer, Hui led troops to join the people of Qi and Zheng in attacking Song. In the sixth month, on the day renxu, Duke Yin defeated the Song army at Jian. On the day xinwei, he took Gao. On the day xinsi, he took Fang. In autumn, the people of Song and Wei entered Zheng.

宋人、蔡人、衛人伐戴。鄭伯伐取之。冬十月壬午，齊人、鄭人入郕。

The people of Song, Cai, and Wei attacked Dai. The Earl of Zheng attacked and took them. In winter, in the tenth month, on the day renwu, the people of Qi and Zheng entered Cheng.

【傳】十年春，王正月，公會齊侯、鄭伯於中丘。癸丑，盟於鄧，為師期。

[Commentary] In the tenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Yin met the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng at Zhongqiu. On the day guichou, they made a covenant at Deng and fixed the date for sending out troops.

夏五月，羽父先會齊侯、鄭伯伐宋。

In summer, in the fifth month, Yu Fu went first to join the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng in attacking Song.

六月戊申，公會齊侯、鄭伯於老桃。壬戌，公敗宋師於菅。庚午，鄭師入郜。

In the sixth month, on the day wushen, Duke Yin met the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng at Laotao. On the day renxu, Duke Yin defeated the Song army at Jian. On the day gengwu, the Zheng army entered Gao.

辛未，歸於我。庚辰，鄭師入防。辛巳，歸於我。

On the day xinwei, Gao was given back to our state. On the day gengchen, the Zheng army entered Fang. On the day xinsi, Fang was given back to our state.

君子謂：“鄭莊公於是乎可謂正矣。以王命討不庭，不貪其土以勞王爵，正之體也。”

The gentleman held: "In this matter Duke Zhuang of Zheng can be said to have been correct. He attacked, by royal command, one who did not pay court, did not covet his land, and used it to reward one who held a royal rank; this is the correct form."

蔡人、衛人、郕人不會王命。

The people of Cai, Wei, and Cheng did not come to join in carrying out the royal command.

秋七月庚寅，鄭師入郊。猶在郊，宋人、衛人入鄭。蔡人從之，伐戴。八月壬戌，鄭伯圍戴。癸亥，克之，取三師焉。宋、衛既入鄭，而以伐戴召蔡人，蔡人怒，故不和而敗。

In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day gengyin, the Zheng army entered the far suburbs of its own state and still stayed in the suburbs. The people of Song and Wei entered Zheng. The people of Cai followed them and attacked Dai. In the eighth month, on the day renxu, the Earl of Zheng besieged Dai. On the day guihai, he won and captured the armies of the three states. Song and Wei had already entered Zheng, but they used the attack on Dai to summon the people of Cai, and the people of Cai were angry, so they were not in harmony and were defeated.

九月戊寅，鄭伯入宋。

In the ninth month, on the day wuyin, the Earl of Zheng entered Song.

冬，齊人、鄭人入郕，討違王命也。

In winter, the people of Qi and Zheng entered Cheng, to punish it for defying the royal command.

【經】十有一年春，滕侯、薛侯來朝。夏，公會鄭伯於時來。秋七月壬午，公及齊侯、鄭伯入許。冬十有一月壬辰，公薨。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, in spring, the Marquis of Teng and the Marquis of Xue came to pay court. In summer, Duke Yin met the Earl of Zheng at Shilai. In autumn, on the day renwu of the seventh month, Duke Yin, with the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng, entered Xu. In winter, on the day renchen of the eleventh month, Duke Yin died.

【傳】十一年春，滕侯、薛侯來朝，爭長。薛侯曰：“我先封。”滕侯曰：“我，周之卜正也。薛，庶姓也，我不可以後之。”

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, in spring, the Marquis of Teng and the Marquis of Xue came to pay court and disputed who should come first. The Marquis of Xue said: "I was enfeoffed first." The Marquis of Teng said: "I am the diviner-in-chief of Zhou. Xue is of a common surname, and I cannot rank behind him."

公使羽父請於薛侯曰：“君與滕君辱在寡人。周諺有之曰：‘山有木，工則度之；賓有禮，主則擇之。’周之宗盟，異姓為後。寡人若朝於薛，不敢與諸任齒。君若辱貺寡人，則願以滕君為請。”

Duke Yin sent Yu Fu to ask the Marquis of Xue: "You and the ruler of Teng have condescended to come to my humble place. A Zhou proverb says: 'When there are trees on the mountain, the craftsmen measure them; when guests have ritual, the host makes choices.' In the covenants of the Zhou clan, those of different surnames rank behind. If I were to go to Xue to pay court, I would not dare to stand alongside the states of the Ren surname. If you would deign to do me this kindness, I hope you will first grant the matter of the ruler of Teng."

薛侯許之，乃長滕侯。

The Marquis of Xue agreed, and so let the Marquis of Teng go first.

夏，公會鄭伯於郲，謀伐許也。

In summer, Duke Yin met the Earl of Zheng at Lai (which is Shilai in the Classic), to plan the attack on Xu.

鄭伯將伐許，五月甲辰，授兵於大宮。公孫閼與潁考叔爭車，潁考叔挾輈以走，子都拔棘以逐之，及大逵，弗及，子都怒。

The Earl of Zheng was about to attack Xu, and on the day jiachen of the fifth month, distributed weapons in the great ancestral temple. Gongsun E and Ying Kaoshu fought over a chariot; Ying Kaoshu grabbed the chariot shaft and ran, and Zi Du drew a halberd and chased him, but on the main road did not catch him, and Zi Du became angry.

秋七月，公會齊侯、鄭伯伐許。庚辰，傅於許，潁考叔取鄭伯之旗蝥弧以先登。子都自下射之，顛。瑕叔盈又以蝥弧登，周麾而呼曰：“君登矣！”鄭師畢登。壬午，遂入許。許莊公奔衛。

In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Yin joined the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng in attacking Xu. On the day gengchen, they pressed up to the city of Xu, and Ying Kaoshu took the Earl of Zheng's banner, Maohu, and was the first to climb the wall. Zi Du shot at him from below, and he fell from the wall. Xia Shuying then took Maohu and climbed the wall, waving the banner in all directions and shouting: "The ruler has climbed up!" The Zheng army all climbed up. On the day renwu, they then entered Xu. Duke Zhuang of Xu fled to Wei.

齊侯以許讓公。公曰：“君謂許不共，故從君討之。許既伏其罪矣，雖君有命，寡人弗敢與聞。”乃與鄭人。

The Marquis of Qi gave Xu to Duke Yin. Duke Yin said: "You said that Xu did not render its tribute, so I followed you in attacking it. Xu has already admitted its guilt; even though you have given the order, I dare not take part in this matter." So it was given to the people of Zheng.

鄭伯使許大夫百里奉許叔以居許東偏，曰：“天禍許國，鬼神實不逞於許君，而假手於我寡人。寡人唯是一二父兄不能共億，其敢以許自為功乎？寡人有弟，不能和協，而使糊其口於四方，其況能久有許乎？吾子其奉許叔以撫柔此民也，吾將使獲也佐吾子。若寡人得沒於地，天其以禮悔禍於許？無寧茲許公復奉其社稷。唯我鄭國之有請謁焉，如舊昏媾，其能降以相從也。無滋他族，實逼處此，以與我鄭國爭此土也。吾子孫其覆亡之不暇，而況能禋祀許乎？寡人之使吾子處此，不唯許國之為，亦聊以固吾圉也。”

The Earl of Zheng had Bai Li, a grandee of Xu, serve Shu of Xu, and settle in the east of Xu city, saying: "Heaven sent disaster to Xu, and the spirits were truly displeased with the ruler of Xu, and used my hand to punish him. I cannot even keep peace with one or two of my own elders and brothers; how dare I take Xu as my own merit? I have a younger brother with whom I cannot be at peace, and I have made him beg for food in all quarters; how could I then possess Xu for long? You serve Shu of Xu to pacify the people here, and I will send Gongsun Huo to assist you. If I can end my days well and be buried, perhaps Heaven will withdraw its punishment of Xu in accordance with ritual? Better to let the Duke of Xu again serve his altars. If Zheng makes any request, as with an old marriage state, Xu may humbly comply. Do not let people of other clans press in and live here to contend with our Zheng for this land. My descendants will hardly have time to rescue themselves from ruin; how could they sacrifice to the mountains and rivers of Xu? I have you live here not only for Xu's sake, but also to strengthen my borders."

乃使公孫獲處許西偏，曰：“凡而器用財賄，無置於許。我死，乃亟去之。

Then he sent Gongsun Huo to live in the west of Xu city, saying: "Whatever vessels and goods are yours, do not place them in Xu. When I die, leave quickly.

吾先君新邑於此，王室而既卑矣，周之子孫日失其序。夫許，大嶽之胤也，天而既厭周德矣，吾其能與許爭乎？”君子謂：“鄭莊公於是乎有禮。禮，經國家，定社稷，序民人，利後嗣者也。

(The Earl of Zheng continued:) Our former ruler newly built a city here, and the royal house has already declined, and the descendants of Zhou are losing their rank day by day. Xu is the descendant of Tai Yue, and Heaven has already grown weary of Zhou's virtue; can I still contend with Xu?" The gentleman held: "In this matter Duke Zhuang of Zheng showed ritual. Ritual is what manages a state, secures the altars, orders the people, and benefits later generations.

許無刑而伐之，服而舍之，度德而處之，量力而行之，相時而動，無累後人，可謂知禮矣。”

(The gentleman continued:) He attacked Xu because it had no standards, pardoned it when it submitted, handled it by measuring virtue, acted by estimating strength, moved after judging the moment, and did not burden his successors; he can be called one who knows ritual."

鄭伯使卒出豭，行出犬雞，以詛射潁考叔者。君子謂：“鄭莊公失政刑矣。

The Earl of Zheng had each company of a hundred contribute a boar, and each platoon of twenty-five a dog and a chicken, to curse the one who shot Ying Kaoshu. The gentleman held: "Duke Zhuang of Zheng was deficient in government and punishment.

政以治民，刑以正邪，既無德政，又無威刑，是以及邪。邪而詛之，將何益矣！”王取鄔、劉、功蒍、邗之田於鄭，而與鄭人蘇忿生之田溫、原、絺、樊、隰郕、欑茅、向、盟、州、陘、隤、懷。君子是以知桓王之失鄭也。恕而行之，德之則也，禮之經也。己弗能有而以與人，人之不至，不亦宜乎？鄭、息有違言，息侯伐鄭。鄭伯與戰於竟，息師大敗而還。君子是以知息之將亡也。不度德，不量力，不親親，不徵辭，不察有罪，犯五不韙而以伐人，其喪師也，不亦宜乎！冬十月，鄭伯以虢師伐宋。壬戌，大敗宋師，以報其入鄭也。宋不告命，故不書。凡諸侯有命，告則書，不然則否。師出臧否，亦如之。雖及滅國，滅不告敗，勝不告克，不書於策。羽父請殺桓公，將以求大宰。公曰：“為其少故也，吾將授之矣。使營菟裘，吾將老焉。”羽父懼，反譖公於桓公而請弒之。公之為公子也，與鄭人戰於狐壤，止焉。鄭人囚諸尹氏，賂尹氏而禱於其主鍾巫，遂與尹氏歸而立其主。十一月，公祭鍾巫，齊於社圃，館於寪氏。壬辰，羽父使賊弒公於寪氏，立桓公而討寪氏，有死者。不書葬，不成喪也。

(The gentleman continued:) Government is used to govern the people and punishment to correct evil; having neither virtuous government nor awesome punishment, evil therefore appeared. To curse after evil has already happened, what benefit is there!" The Son of Heaven took from Zheng the fields of Wu, Liu, Gongji, and Han, and gave Zheng the fields of Su Fensheng: Wen, Yuan, Chi, Fan, Xicheng, Cuanmao, Xiang, Meng, Zhou, Xing, Kui, and Huai. The gentleman therefore knew that King Huan would lose Zheng. To act on the principle of reciprocity is the standard of virtue and the constant rule of ritual. If one cannot keep what is one's own and takes it to give to others, is it not proper that others do not come? Zheng and Xi had a quarrel, and the Marquis of Xi attacked Zheng. The Earl of Zheng fought him on the border, and the Xi army returned in great defeat. The gentleman therefore knew that Xi was about to perish. Not measuring virtue, not estimating strength, not being close to kin, not checking the words in hand, not examining who is guilty: one who commits these five errors and goes to attack others, losing his army, is it not proper! In winter, in the tenth month, the Earl of Zheng took the Guo army and attacked Song. On the day renxu, he inflicted a great defeat on the Song army, in retaliation for Song's entry into Zheng. Song did not come to report, so the Spring and Autumn Annals does not record it. Whenever the feudal lords have a great event, it is recorded if they come to report it, and otherwise not. The same goes for the good or bad outcome of sending out troops. Even to the point of a state being destroyed, if the destroyed does not come to report its defeat and the victor does not come to report its conquest, the Annals does not write it on the bamboo slips. Yu Fu asked to kill Duke Huan, wishing to gain the post of Grand Steward by it. Duke Yin said: "Precisely because he is young I took the position as regent, and I am about to hand the ruler's seat to him. Send people to build at Tuqiu; I plan to spend my old age there." Yu Fu was afraid, and on the contrary slandered Duke Yin to Duke Huan and asked to assassinate him. When Duke Yin was a prince, he had fought Zheng at Huxiang and was captured. The people of Zheng imprisoned him with the Yin clan, and he bribed the Yin clan with goods and prayed to Zhongwu, the spirit of the Yin clan; then he returned to the state together with the Yin clan and set up the spirit tablet of Zhongwu. In the eleventh month, Duke Yin sacrificed to Zhongwu, fasted in the garden of the altar of the soil, and lodged in the house of the Wei clan. On the day renchen, Yu Fu sent assassins to kill Duke Yin at the Wei clan's house, and installed Duke Huan, and then attacked the Wei clan, and some were killed. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record the burial because the funeral rites were not completed.

【經】元年春王正月，公即位。三月，公會鄭伯於垂，鄭伯以璧假許田。夏四月丁未，公及鄭伯盟于越。秋，大水。冬十月。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Huan took the throne. In the third month, Duke Huan met the Earl of Zheng at Chui, and the Earl of Zheng offered a jade disc to borrow the fields of Xu. In summer, on the day dingwei of the fourth month, Duke Huan made a covenant with the Earl of Zheng at Yue. In autumn, there was a great flood. In winter, the tenth month.

【傳】元年春，公即位，修好於鄭。鄭人請復祀周公，卒易祊田。公許之。

[Commentary] In the first year, in spring, Duke Huan took the throne and renewed friendly relations with Zheng. The people of Zheng asked to resume the sacrifices to the Duke of Zhou and finally to exchange the fields of Beng. Duke Huan agreed.

三月，鄭伯以璧假許田，為周公、祊故也。

In the third month, the Earl of Zheng offered a jade disc to borrow the fields of Xu, for the sake of the Duke of Zhou and of Beng.

夏四月丁未，公及鄭伯盟于越，結祊成也。盟曰：“渝盟無享國。”

In summer, on the day dingwei of the fourth month, Duke Huan made a covenant with the Earl of Zheng at Yue, to strengthen the agreement on the exchange of Beng. The words of the covenant said: "Whoever breaks the covenant shall not keep his state."

秋，大水。凡平原出水為大水。

In autumn, there was a great flood. Whenever water overflows on the plains, it is called a great flood.

冬，鄭伯拜盟。

In winter, the Earl of Zheng came to give thanks for the covenant.

宋華父督見孔父之妻於路，目逆而送之，曰：“美而豔。”

Hua Fudu of Song saw the wife of Kong Fu on the road; his eyes met her as she came and followed her as she left, and he said: "Beautiful and radiant."

【經】二年春，王正月戊申，宋督弒其君與夷及其大夫孔父。滕子來朝。三月，公會齊侯、陳侯、鄭伯於稷，以成宋亂。夏四月，取郜大鼎於宋。戊申，納於大廟。秋七月，杞侯來朝。蔡侯、鄭伯會於鄧。九月，入杞。公及戎盟於唐。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, on the day wushen, Du of Song assassinated his ruler, Yu Yi, and his grandee Kong Fu. The Viscount of Teng came to pay court. In the third month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Chen, and the Earl of Zheng at Ji, in order to settle the disorder in Song. In summer, in the fourth month, the great tripod of the state of Gao was taken from Song. On the day wushen, it was placed in the great ancestral temple. In autumn, in the seventh month, the Marquis of Qi came to pay court. The Marquis of Cai and the Earl of Zheng met at Deng. In the ninth month, Qi was entered. Duke Huan made a covenant with the Rong at Tang.

冬，公至自唐。

In winter, Duke Huan returned from Tang.

【傳】二年春，宋督攻孔氏，殺孔父而取其妻。公怒，督懼，遂弒殤公。

[Commentary] In the second year, in spring, Du of Song attacked the Kong clan, killed Kong Fu, and took his wife. Duke Shang was angry, and Du was afraid, and so he assassinated Duke Shang.

君子以督為有無君之心而後動於惡，故先書弒其君。會於稷以成宋亂，為賂故，立華氏也。

The gentleman held that Du first had in his heart no regard for his ruler and only then set about the crime, and so the Spring and Autumn Annals first writes "assassinated his ruler." The meeting at Ji to settle the disorder in Song was because of the bribes of goods and money, and the Hua clan was to be established.

宋殤公立，十年十一戰，民不堪命。孔父嘉為司馬，督為大宰，故因民之不堪命，先宣言曰：“司馬則然。”已殺孔父而弒殤公，召莊公於鄭而立之，以親鄭。以郜大鼎賂公，齊、陳、鄭皆有賂，故遂相宋公。

Duke Shang of Song took the throne, and in ten years fought eleven wars, which the people could not bear. Kong Fujia was Minister of War and Du was Grand Steward, so taking advantage of the people's unbearable state, he first spread the word: "It is all the Minister of War's doing." Having killed Kong Fu and assassinated Duke Shang, he summoned Duke Zhuang back from Zheng and made him ruler, in order to be close to Zheng. He bribed Duke Huan with the great tripod of Gao, and Qi, Chen, and Zheng all received goods and money, and so Du became chief minister of the Duke of Song.

夏四月，取郜大鼎於宋。戊申，納於大廟。非禮也。臧哀伯諫曰：“君人者將昭德塞違，以臨照百官，猶懼或失之。故昭令德以示子孫：是以清廟茅屋，大路越席，大羹不致，粢食不鑿，昭其儉也。袞、冕、黻、珽，帶、裳、幅、舄，衡、紞、紘、綖，昭其度也。藻、率、鞞、革咅，鞶、厲、遊、纓，昭其數也。

In summer, in the fourth month, the great tripod of Gao was taken from Song. On the day wushen, it was placed in the great ancestral temple. This was against ritual. Zang Aibo remonstrated: "One who is a ruler of men must make virtue clear and block what is against ritual in order to look upon the hundred officials, and even so fears he may lapse. Therefore he makes his virtue clear to his descendants: thus the Qing temple is roofed with thatch, the great carriage uses rush mats, the great soup is not seasoned with the five flavors, and the staple millet is not finely pounded; this makes thrift clear. The ceremonial robes, the crowns, the knee-covers, the jade tablets, the sashes, the skirts, the leg-wrappings, the shoes, the cross-bars, the cap-pendants, the cap-strings, and the ribbons make the standards clear. The ornaments, the belts, the sheaths, the scabbard-ends (the original reads "ge pou," which is a miswriting for the character for scabbard-end), the girdles, the fringes, the pennants, and the tassels make clear the ranks and numbers.

火、龍、黼、黻，昭其文也。五色比象，昭其物也。錫、鸞、和、鈴，昭其聲也。

(Zang Aibo continued:) The fire, the dragon, the axe-pattern, and the embroidered pattern make clear the ornament. The five colors, matched to the images of things, make clear the vessels. The bells on the horse-bits, the bells on the carriage, the harmony bells, and the little bells make clear the sounds.

三辰旂旗，昭其明也。夫德，儉而有度，登降有數。文物以紀之，聲明以發之，以臨照百官，百官於是乎戒懼，而不敢易紀律。今滅德立違，而置其賂器於大廟，以明示百官，百官象之，其又何誅焉？國家之敗，由官邪也。官之失德，寵賂章也。郜鼎在廟，章孰甚焉？武王克商，遷九鼎於雒邑，義士猶或非之，而況將昭違亂之賂器於大廟，其若之何？”公不聽。周內史聞之曰：“臧孫達其有後於魯乎！君違不忘諫之以德。”

(Zang Aibo continued:) The sun, moon, and stars painted on the banners make clear the light. Virtue is thrift with standards, and increase and decrease have fixed numbers. It is marked by ornamented vessels and spread by clear sounds, in order to look upon the hundred officials, and the hundred officials are thereby cautious and dare not change the regulations. Now to destroy virtue and establish what is against ritual, and to place in the great temple a vessel obtained by bribery, pointing it out clearly to the hundred officials, if they follow it, whom could one still punish? The ruin of a state is due to the evil of its officials. Officials lose their virtue because favor and bribery are openly displayed. With the Gao tripod in the temple, could there be anything more openly displayed than this? When King Wu defeated Shang and moved the Nine Tripods to Luoyi, men of righteousness still had some who criticized it; how much more, if one places in the great temple a bribe-vessel that proclaims disorder, what is to be done?" Duke Huan did not listen. The Grand Scribe of Zhou, hearing of it, said: "Zang Sun Da will probably have descendants in Lu! The ruler went against ritual, and yet he did not forget to remonstrate with virtue."

秋七月，杞侯來朝，不敬。杞侯歸，乃謀伐之。

In autumn, in the seventh month, the Marquis of Qi came to pay court, and his manner was not respectful. After the Marquis of Qi returned, Lu planned to attack him.

蔡侯、鄭伯會於鄧，始懼楚也。

The Marquis of Cai and the Earl of Zheng met at Deng, and this was the beginning of their fear of Chu.

九月，入杞，討不敬也。

In the ninth month, Qi was entered, to punish its lack of respect.

公及戎盟於唐，修舊好也。

Duke Huan made a covenant with the Rong at Tang, renewing the old friendship.

冬，公至自唐，告於廟也。凡公行，告於宗廟；反行，飲至、舍爵，策勳焉，禮也。

In winter, Duke Huan returned from Tang and announced it in the ancestral temple. Whenever the duke goes out, he announces it in the ancestral temple; on returning, he holds the drinking ceremony, sets down the wine cup, and writes his achievements on the bamboo slips, which accords with ritual.

特相會，往來稱地，讓事也。自參以上，則往稱地，來稱會，成事也。

When meeting a single state alone, both the going and the coming are written with the place, because the matter is still in modest suspension. When meeting with three states or more, the going out is written with the place and the return is called only "the meeting," because the matter has been accomplished.

初，晉穆侯之夫人姜氏以條之役生太子，命之曰仇。其弟以千畝之戰生，命之曰成師。師服曰：“異哉，君之名子也！夫名以制義，義以出禮，禮以體政，政以正民。是以政成而民聽，易則生亂。嘉耦曰妃，怨耦曰仇，古之命也。今君命大子曰仇，弟曰成師，始兆亂矣，兄其替乎？”惠之二十四年，晉始亂，故封桓叔於曲沃，靖侯之孫欒賓傅之。師服曰：“吾聞國家之立也，本大而末小，是以能固。故天子建國，諸侯立家，卿置側室，大夫有貳宗，士有隸子弟，庶人、工、商，各有分親，皆有等衰。是以民服事其上而下無覬覦。今晉，甸侯也，而建國。本既弱矣，其能久乎？”惠之三十年，晉潘父弒昭侯而立桓叔，不克。晉人立孝侯。

Earlier, Lady Jiang, wife of Marquis Mu of Jin, gave birth to the heir at the campaign of Tiao, and he was named Chou. His younger brother was born at the battle of Qianmu and was named Chengshi. Shi Fu said: "How strange that the ruler names his sons this way! A name is used to establish meaning, meaning gives rise to ritual, ritual embodies government, and government is used to set the people straight. Therefore when government succeeds the people obey, and the reverse brings disorder. A good mate is called a pei, a hostile mate is called a chou; this is the ancient naming. Now the ruler has named the heir Chou and the younger brother Chengshi, and signs of disorder have already begun; will the elder brother perhaps be replaced?" In the twenty-fourth year of Duke Hui, disorder began in Jin, and so Huan Shu was enfeoffed at Quwo, with Luan Bin, grandson of Marquis Jing, to assist him. Shi Fu said: "I have heard that in establishing a state, the trunk is large and the branches small, and so it can be stable. Therefore the Son of Heaven enfeoffs the feudal lords, the feudal lords establish the houses of ministers, the ministers set up side-chambers, the grandees have secondary lineages, the officers have younger kinsmen who serve them, and commoners, artisans, and merchants each have their near and distant ranks, all with graded differences. Therefore the people serve those above, and those below have no thoughts beyond their station. Now Jin is only a marquis of the dian zone, yet it has set up another capital. The root is already weak; can it last long?" In the thirtieth year of Duke Hui, Pan Fu of Jin assassinated Marquis Zhao and set up Huan Shu, but did not succeed. The people of Jin set up Marquis Xiao.

惠之四十五年，曲沃莊伯伐翼，弒孝侯。翼人立其弟鄂侯。鄂侯生哀侯。哀侯侵陘庭之田。陘庭南鄙啟曲沃伐翼。

In the forty-fifth year of Duke Hui, Zhuang Bo of Quwo attacked Yi and assassinated Marquis Xiao. The people of Yi set up his younger brother, Marquis E. Marquis E begot Marquis Ai. Marquis Ai raided the fields of Xingting. The southern frontier of Xingting led Quwo to attack Yi.

【經】三年春正月，公會齊侯於嬴。夏，齊侯、衛侯胥命於蒲。六月，公會杞侯於郕。秋七月壬辰朔，日有食之，既。公子翬如齊逆女。九月，齊侯送姜氏於歡。公會齊侯於歡。夫人姜氏至自齊。冬，齊侯使其弟年來聘。有年。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, in the first month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Ying. In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei swore an oath to each other at Pu. In the sixth month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Zeng. In autumn, on the first day of the seventh month, renchen, there was a total solar eclipse. Prince Hui went to Qi to welcome the bride. In the ninth month, the Marquis of Qi escorted Lady Jiang to Huan. Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Huan. Lady Jiang arrived from Qi. In winter, the Marquis of Qi sent his younger brother Nian on a visit of courtesy. This year there was a harvest.

【傳】三年春，曲沃武公伐翼，次於陘庭，韓萬御戎，梁弘為右，逐翼侯於汾隰，驂絓而止。夜獲之，及欒共叔。

[Commentary] In the third year, in spring, Wu Gong of Quwo attacked Yi and camped at Xingting. Han Wan drove his war chariot and Liang Hong served as spearman on the right; they pursued the Marquis of Yi into the lowlands by the Fen River until his side-horse was entangled and he stopped. At night they captured the Marquis of Yi and Luan Gongshu.

會於嬴，成昏於齊也。

The meeting at Ying was to arrange the betrothal with Qi.

夏，齊侯、衛侯胥命於蒲，不盟也。

In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei swore an oath to each other at Pu, but did not hold a covenant ceremony.

公會杞侯於歡，杞求成也。

Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Huan; this was because Qi asked for peace.

秋，公子翬如齊逆女。修先君之好，故曰“公子”。

In autumn, Prince Hui went to Qi to welcome the bride. This renewed the friendship of the former ruler, and so the Spring and Autumn Annals calls him "Prince."

齊侯送姜氏於歡，非禮也。凡公女嫁於敵國，姊妹則上卿送之，以禮於先君；公子則下卿送之；於大國，雖公子亦上卿送之；於天子，則諸卿皆行，公不自送；於小國，則上大夫送之。

The Marquis of Qi escorted Lady Jiang to Huan; this was against ritual. Whenever a duke's daughter marries into a state of equal rank, if she is a sister, a senior minister escorts her, in order to show ritual to the former ruler; if she is a daughter, a junior minister escorts her; if she marries into a great state, even if she is a daughter, a senior minister escorts her; if she marries the Son of Heaven, all the ministers make the trip and the duke does not escort her in person; if she marries into a small state, a senior grandee escorts her.

冬，齊仲年來聘，致夫人也。

In winter, Zhong Nian of Qi came on a visit of courtesy, to escort the lady's arrival.

芮伯萬之母芮姜惡芮伯之多寵人也，故逐之，出居於魏。

Rui Jiang, mother of Wan, Earl of Rui, disliked that the Earl of Rui had too many favorites, and so drove him out and made him live in exile in Wei.

【經】四年春正月，公狩於郎。夏，天王使宰渠伯糾來聘。

[Classic] In the fourth year, in spring, in the first month, Duke Huan hunted at Lang. In summer, the Son of Heaven sent Qu Bojiu, a steward, on a visit of courtesy.

【傳】四年春正月，公狩於郎。書，時，禮也。

[Commentary] In the fourth year, in spring, in the first month, Duke Huan hunted at Lang. The Spring and Autumn Annals records it because it was in season and accorded with ritual.

夏，周宰渠伯糾來聘。父在，故名。

In summer, Qu Bojiu, a steward of Zhou, came on a visit of courtesy. His father was still alive, so the Spring and Autumn Annals writes his name.

秋，秦師侵芮，敗焉，小之也。

In autumn, the Qin army raided Rui and was instead defeated, because it had looked down on Rui.

冬，王師、秦師圍魏，執芮伯以歸。

In winter, the royal army and the Qin army besieged Wei, and seized the Earl of Rui and took him back.

【經】五年春正月，甲戌、己丑，陳侯鮑卒。夏，齊侯鄭伯如紀。天王使仍叔之子來聘。葬陳桓公。城祝丘。秋，蔡人、衛人、陳人從王伐鄭。大雩。螽。

[Classic] In the fifth year, in spring, in the first month, on the days jiaxu and jichou, Bao, Marquis of Chen, died. In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng went to Ji. The Son of Heaven sent the son of Reng Shu on a visit of courtesy. Duke Huan of Chen was buried. A wall was built at Zhuqiu. In autumn, the people of Cai, Wei, and Chen followed the Son of Heaven in attacking Zheng. The great rain-sacrifice was held. There was a plague of locusts.

冬，州公如曹。

In winter, the Lord of Zhou went to Cao.

【傳】五年春正月，甲戌，己丑，陳侯鮑卒，再赴也。於是陳亂，文公子佗殺大子免而代之。公疾病而亂作，國人分散，故再赴。

[Commentary] In the fifth year, in spring, in the first month, on the days jiaxu and jichou, Bao, Marquis of Chen, died; notice of death was given twice. At that time Chen was in disorder, and Tuo, son of Duke Wen, killed the heir Mian and replaced him. When the Marquis of Chen was gravely ill, disorder broke out and the people of the state scattered, so notice of death was given twice.

夏，齊侯、鄭伯朝於紀，欲以襲之。紀人知之。

In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng went to Ji to pay court, wanting to take the chance to attack it by surprise. The people of Ji noticed.

王奪鄭伯政，鄭伯不朝。

The Son of Heaven stripped the Earl of Zheng of his governing power, and the Earl of Zheng no longer came to pay court.

秋，王以諸侯伐鄭，鄭伯御之。

In autumn, the Son of Heaven led the feudal lords to attack Zheng, and the Earl of Zheng resisted.

王為中軍；虢公林父將右軍，蔡人、衛人屬焉；周公黑肩將左軍，陳人屬焉。

The Son of Heaven commanded the central army; Lin Fu, Duke of Guo, led the right army, with the people of Cai and Wei attached; Hei Jian, Duke of Zhou, led the left army, with the people of Chen attached.

鄭子元請為左拒以當蔡人、衛人，為右拒以當陳人，曰：“陳亂，民莫有鬥心，若先犯之，必奔。王卒顧之，必亂。蔡、衛不枝，固將先奔，既而萃於王卒，可以集事。”從之。曼伯為右拒，祭仲足為左拒，原繁、高渠彌以中軍奉公，為魚麗之陳，先偏後伍，伍承彌縫。戰於繻葛，命二拒曰：“旝動而鼓。”蔡、衛、陳皆奔，王卒亂，鄭師合以攻之，王卒大敗。祝聃射王中肩，王亦能軍。祝聃請從之。公曰：“君子不欲多上人，況敢陵天子乎！苟自救也，社稷無隕，多矣。”

Zi Yuan of Zheng asked to form a left formation to meet the people of Cai and Wei, and a right formation to meet the people of Chen, saying: "Chen is in disorder and its people have no will to fight; if we strike them first, they will surely flee. When the Son of Heaven's troops look back, their ranks will surely fall into disorder. Cai and Wei cannot hold out and will naturally flee first; then we concentrate on the Son of Heaven's troops, and the matter can be accomplished." The Earl of Zheng followed this. Man Bo was the commander of the right formation, Zhai Zhong Zu the commander of the left formation, and Yuan Fan and Gao Qumi led the central army to protect the Earl of Zheng, forming the fish-scale formation, with chariots in front and infantry behind, the infantry following to fill the gaps. They fought at Xuge and ordered the two formations: "When the great banner is waved, beat the drums." Cai, Wei, and Chen all fled, the Son of Heaven's troops fell into great disorder, and the Zheng army joined together and attacked, inflicting a great defeat on the Son of Heaven's troops. Zhu Dan shot the Son of Heaven in the shoulder, and the Son of Heaven was still able to keep his army in order. Zhu Dan asked to pursue. The Earl of Zheng said: "The gentleman does not wish to overstep others too much; how much less dare one insult the Son of Heaven! If we can save ourselves and the altars of the state do not fall, that is enough."

夜，鄭伯使祭足勞王，且問左右。

At night, the Earl of Zheng sent Zhai Zu to console the Son of Heaven and to inquire after those about him.

仍叔之子，弱也。

The son of Reng Shu was still young, and so the Spring and Autumn Annals writes it this way.

秋，大雩，書，不時也。凡祀，啟蟄而郊，龍見而雩，始殺而嘗，閉蟄而烝。

In autumn, the great rain-sacrifice was held; the Spring and Autumn Annals records it because it was not in season. In all sacrifices, the suburban sacrifice is held at the awakening of insects, the rain-sacrifice when the Dragon star appears, the autumn sacrifice when the cool air begins to kill, and the winter sacrifice when insects go into hiding.

過則書。

When the proper season has passed, the Spring and Autumn Annals records it.

冬，淳于公如曹。度其國危，遂不復。

In winter, the Lord of Chunyu went to Cao. He judged his own state to be in danger, and so did not return.

【經】六年春正月，實來。夏四月，公會紀侯於成。秋八月壬午，大閱。蔡人殺陳佗。九月丁卯，子同生。冬，紀侯來朝。

[Classic] In the sixth year, in spring, in the first month, the Lord of Zhou arrived. In summer, in the fourth month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Ji at Cheng. In autumn, on the day renwu of the eighth month, a great review was held. The people of Cai killed Chen Tuo. On the day dingmao of the ninth month, the son Tong was born. In winter, the Marquis of Ji came to pay court.

【傳】六年春，自曹來朝。書曰“實來”，不復其國也。

[Commentary] In the sixth year, in spring, the Lord of Zhou came from Cao to pay court. The Spring and Autumn Annals writes "truly came" because he would no longer return to his own state.

楚武王侵隨，使薳章求成焉。軍於瑕以待之。隨人使少師董成。鬥伯比言於楚子曰：“吾不得志於漢東也，我則使然。我張吾三軍而被吾甲兵，以武臨之，彼則懼而協以謀我，故難間也。漢東之國隨為大，隨張必棄小國，小國離，楚之利也。少師侈，請羸師以張之。”熊率且比曰：“季梁在，何益？”鬥伯比曰：“以為後圖，少師得其君。”王毀軍而納少師。

King Wu of Chu raided Sui and sent Wei Zhang to seek peace. The army camped at Xia and waited. The people of Sui sent Shao Shi to conduct the peace talks. Dou Bobi said to the Viscount of Chu: "That we cannot achieve our aims east of the Han River is our own doing. We have enlarged the three armies and equipped them with armor and weapons, and pressed upon them by force, so they are afraid and unite to plan against us, and so it is hard to divide them. Of the states east of the Han, Sui is the largest; once Sui becomes arrogant, it will surely abandon the small states, and when the small states are scattered, it is to Chu's advantage. Shao Shi is arrogant and extravagant; please let our army appear weak and worn to make him conceited." Xiong Shuai Qiebi said: "With Ji Liang there, what use is that?" Dou Bobi said: "This is planning for later; Shao Shi can win the trust of his ruler." The King of Chu damaged the appearance of his army in order to receive Shao Shi.

少師歸，請追楚師，隨侯將許之。季梁止之曰：“天方授楚，楚之蠃，其誘我也，君何急焉？臣聞小之能敵大也，小道大淫。所謂道，忠於民而信於神也。

Shao Shi returned and asked to pursue the Chu army, and the Marquis of Sui was about to agree. Ji Liang stopped him, saying: "Heaven is now giving to Chu. The weakness of the Chu army is a lure for us; why should my lord be in a hurry? I have heard that the small can match the great when the small has the Way and the great is dissolute. What is called the Way is to be loyal to the people and to be trusted by the spirits.

上思利民，忠也；祝史正辭，信也。今民餒而君逞欲，祝史矯舉以祭，臣不知其可也。”公曰：“吾牲牷肥腯，粢盛豐備，何則不信？”對曰：“夫民，神之主也。是以聖王先成民而後致力於神。故奉牲以告曰‘博碩肥腯’，謂民力之普存也，謂其畜之碩大蕃滋也，謂其不疾瘯蠡也，謂其備腯鹹有也。奉盛以告曰‘潔粢豐盛’，謂其三時不害而民和年豐也。奉酒醴以告曰‘嘉栗旨酒’，謂其上下皆有嘉德而無違心也。所謂馨香，無讒慝也。故務其三時，修其五教，親其九族，以致其禋祀。於是乎民和而神降之福，故動則有成。今民各有心，而鬼神乏主，君雖獨豐，其何福之有！君姑修政而親兄弟之國，庶免於難。”隨侯懼而修政，楚不敢伐。

(Ji Liang continued:) For those above to think of what benefits the people is loyalty; for the invocators and scribes to use sincere words is trust. Now the people are hungry while my lord indulges his private desires, and the invocators and scribes falsely report merits and virtue in their sacrifices; I do not know how this can be right." The Marquis of Sui said: "My sacrificial animals are of pure color, fat and sturdy, and the millet is full and complete; how could it not win trust?" Ji Liang answered: "The people are the masters of the spirits. Therefore the sage kings first made the people prosper and only then devoted their efforts to the spirits. So when offering the sacrificial animals and praying, saying 'great, plump, and fat,' it means the strength of the people is widely present, the livestock are large and multiply, free of scabs and mange, and all kinds of fat animals are there. When offering grain in the vessels and praying, saying 'the pure millet is abundant,' it means that in spring, summer, and autumn there was no interference with farm work, the people were harmonious, and the harvests were rich. When offering wine and sweet liquor and praying, saying 'good and clear fine wine,' it means that above and below there is virtue and there is no mind of disobedience. What is called fragrant is the absence of slander and evil thoughts. Therefore one devotes oneself to the three seasons, cultivates the five teachings, is close to the nine kindreds, and so completes the sacrifices. Then the people are harmonious and the spirits send blessings, and when one moves one can succeed. Now the people each have their own minds, and the spirits lack a master; though my lord alone may be abundant, what blessing can there be! Let my lord for now put the government in order and be close to the brother states, and perhaps he may escape disaster." The Marquis of Sui was afraid, put the government in order, and Chu did not dare to attack.

夏，會於成，紀來諮謀齊難也。

In summer, a meeting was held at Cheng, because Ji came to consult about the troubles of Qi.

北戎伐齊，齊侯使乞師於鄭。鄭大子忽帥師救齊。六月，大敗戎師，獲其二帥大良、少良，甲首三百，以獻於齊。於是，諸侯之大夫戍齊，齊人饋之餼，使魯為其班，後鄭。鄭忽以其有功也，怒，故有郎之師。

The Northern Rong attacked Qi, and the Marquis of Qi sent men to ask Zheng for troops. Prince Hu, the heir of Zheng, led troops to rescue Qi. In the sixth month, he inflicted a great defeat on the Rong army, capturing two of its commanders, Daliang and Shaoliang, and three hundred heads of armored soldiers, and presented them to Qi. At that time the grandees of the feudal lords were garrisoning Qi, and the people of Qi sent supplies, letting Lu arrange the order of precedence, and Lu put Zheng at the back. Hu of Zheng, because he had merit, was angry, and so later there was the battle at Lang.

公之未昏於齊也，齊侯欲以文姜妻鄭大子忽。大子忽辭，人問其故，大子曰：“人各有耦，齊大，非吾耦也。《詩》云：‘自求多福。’在我而已，大國何為？”君子曰：“善自為謀。”及其敗戎師也，齊侯又請妻之，固辭。人問其故，大子曰：“無事於齊，吾猶不敢。今以君命奔齊之急，而受室以歸，是以師昏也。民其謂我何？”遂辭諸鄭伯。

Before Duke Huan had arranged a marriage with Qi, the Marquis of Qi wished to marry Wen Jiang to Hu, the heir of Zheng. The heir Hu declined, and when someone asked why, the heir said: "Each person has his own mate; Qi is too great and is not my mate. The Odes say: 'Seek for yourself many blessings.' It lies only in myself; what use is a great state?" The gentleman said: "He is good at planning for himself." When he had defeated the Rong army, the Marquis of Qi again asked to give his daughter to him, and he firmly declined. When someone asked why, the heir said: "When I had no merit toward Qi, I still did not dare. Now I have come at my ruler's order to run to Qi's emergency, and to return having received a wife would be to gain a marriage by sending out troops. What would the people say of me?" So he declined with the Earl of Zheng.

秋，大閱，簡車馬也。

In autumn, a great review was held, to inspect the chariots and horses.

九月丁卯，子同生，以大子生之禮舉之，接以大牢，卜士負之，士妻食之。

On the day dingmao of the ninth month, the son Tong was born. It was handled according to the ritual for the birth of an heir: they received the child with a great sacrifice of ox, sheep, and pig, divined to choose an officer to hold him, and the officer's wife nursed him.

公與文姜、宗婦命之。

Duke Huan, with Wen Jiang and women of the same clan, named him.

公問名於申繻。對曰：“名有五，有信，有義，有象，有假，有類。以名生為信，以德命為義，以類命為象，取於物為假，取於父為類。不以國，不以官，不以山川，不以隱疾，不以畜牲，不以器幣。周人以諱事神，名，終將諱之。故以國則廢名，以官則廢職，以山川則廢主，以畜牲則廢祀，以器幣則廢禮。晉以僖侯廢司徒，宋以武公廢司空，先君獻、武廢二山，是以大物不可以命。”公曰：“是其生也，與吾同物，命之曰同。”

Duke Huan asked Shen Xu about naming. Shen Xu answered: "There are five kinds of names: the trust name, the righteous name, the image name, the borrowed name, and the kind name. To name by a mark at birth is the trust name; to name by virtue is the righteous name; to name by a similar object is the image name; to borrow a vessel's name is the borrowed name; to take what is the same as the father is the kind name. One does not use the name of a state, an office, a mountain or river, a hidden illness, an animal, or ritual vessels, jade, and silk. The Zhou serve the spirits with taboo avoidance, and a name must in the end be tabooed after death. So if a state's name is used, the state's name is abolished; if an office's name is used, the office is abolished; if a mountain or river is used, its spirit is abolished; if an animal is used, sacrifices are abolished; if ritual vessels, jade, and silk are used, ritual is abolished. Jin abolished the Minister of Education because of Marquis Xi; Song abolished the Minister of Works because of Duke Wu; our former rulers Duke Xian and Duke Wu abolished two mountain names; therefore a great object may not be used for a name." Duke Huan said: "This child was born on the same day as I, and so let him be named Tong."

冬，紀侯來朝，請王命以求成於齊，公告不能。

In winter, the Marquis of Ji came to pay court and asked to make peace with Qi by the Son of Heaven's command; Duke Huan told him it could not be done.

【經】七年春二月己亥，焚鹹丘。夏，谷伯綏來朝。鄧侯吾離來朝。

[Classic] In the seventh year, in spring, on the day jihai of the second month, Xiancheng was burned. In summer, Sui, Earl of Gu, came to pay court. Wuli, Marquis of Deng, came to pay court.

【傳】七年春，谷伯、鄧侯來朝。名，賤之也。

[Commentary] In the seventh year, in spring, the Earl of Gu and the Marquis of Deng came to pay court. The Spring and Autumn Annals writes their names to show contempt for them.

夏，盟、向求成於鄭，既而背之。

In summer, Meng and Xiang sought peace from Zheng, but soon turned against it again.

秋，鄭人、齊人、衛人伐盟、向。王遷盟、向之民於郟。

In autumn, the people of Zheng, Qi, and Wei attacked Meng and Xiang. The Son of Heaven moved the people of Meng and Xiang to Jia.

冬，曲沃伯誘晉小子侯，殺之。

In winter, the Earl of Quwo lured Xiaozi, Marquis of Jin, and killed him.

【經】八年春正月己卯，烝。天王使家父來聘。夏五月丁丑，烝秋，伐邾。

[Classic] In the eighth year, in spring, on the day jimao of the first month, the winter sacrifice was held. The Son of Heaven sent Jia Fu on a visit of courtesy. In summer, on the day dingchou of the fifth month, the winter sacrifice was held again. In autumn, Zhu was attacked.

冬十月，雨雪。祭公來，遂逆王后於紀。

In winter, in the tenth month, it snowed. The Lord of Ji came, and then went to Ji to welcome the queen.

【傳】八年春，滅翼。

[Commentary] In the eighth year, in spring, Yi was destroyed.

隨少師有寵。楚鬥伯比曰：“可矣。仇有釁，不可失也。”

Shao Shi of Sui was in favor. Dou Bobi of Chu said: "It is time. When the enemy has an opening, it must not be missed."

夏，楚子合諸侯於沈鹿。黃、隨不會，使薳章讓黃。楚子伐隨，軍於漢、淮之間。

In summer, the Viscount of Chu assembled the feudal lords at Shenlu. Huang and Sui did not come to the meeting, and Wei Zhang was sent to rebuke Huang. The Viscount of Chu attacked Sui, and the army camped between the Han and Huai rivers.

季梁請下之：“弗許而後戰，所以怒我而怠寇也。”少師謂隨侯曰：“必速戰。不然，將失楚師。”隨侯御之，望楚師。季梁曰：“楚人上左，君必左，無與王遇。且攻其右，右無良焉，必敗。偏敗，眾乃攜矣。”少師曰：“不當王，非敵也。”弗從。戰於速杞，隨師敗績。隨侯逸，鬥丹獲其戎車，與其戎右少師。

Ji Liang asked to submit to Chu first, saying: "If they do not agree, then we fight; this will arouse our army and make the enemy lax." Shao Shi said to the Marquis of Sui: "We must fight fast. Otherwise we will miss the Chu army." The Marquis of Sui sent out troops to resist and looked out at the Chu army from afar. Ji Liang said: "The men of Chu honor the left, so their ruler must be on the left; do not meet the King of Chu head-on. Let us attack his right wing first; the right wing has no good commander and will surely be defeated. When the side army is defeated, the main army will scatter." Shao Shi said: "If we do not face the King of Chu, we are not an equal opponent." The Marquis of Sui did not listen to Ji Liang. They fought at Suqi, and the Sui army was greatly defeated. The Marquis of Sui fled, and Dou Dan seized his war chariot, along with Shao Shi, the spearman on its right.

秋，隨及楚平。楚子將不許，鬥伯比曰：“天去其疾矣，隨未可克也。”乃盟而還。

In autumn, Sui made peace with Chu. The Viscount of Chu was not inclined to agree, but Dou Bobi said, "Heaven has already removed his affliction, and Sui still cannot be defeated." So they concluded a covenant and returned home.

冬，王命虢仲立晉哀侯之弟緡於晉。

In winter, the Son of Heaven ordered Guo Zhong to install in Jin Min, the younger brother of Marquis Ai of Jin.

祭公來，遂逆王后於紀，禮也。

Duke Ji of Zhai came, and then went on to Ji to welcome the queen; this accorded with ritual.

【經】九年春，紀季姜歸於京師。夏四月，秋七月。冬，曹伯使其世子射姑來朝。

[Classic] In the ninth year, in spring, Jisi Jiang of Ji was married to the capital. In summer, the fourth month. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, the Earl of Cao sent his heir, She Gu, to court.

【傳】九年春，紀季姜歸於京師。凡諸侯之女行，唯王后書。

[Commentary] In the ninth year, in spring, Jisi Jiang of Ji was married to the capital. Whenever a daughter of a feudal lord goes forth, it is recorded only if she is to become queen.

巴子使韓服告於楚，請與鄧為好。楚子使道朔將巴客以聘於鄧。鄧南鄙鄾人攻而奪之幣，殺道朔及巴行人。楚子使薳章讓於鄧，鄧人弗受。

The Viscount of Ba sent Han Fu to report to Chu and ask for friendship with Deng. The Viscount of Chu sent Dao Shuo to take the guests from Ba to Deng on a mission. The men of You, on Deng's southern border, attacked them, seized their goods, and killed Dao Shuo and the envoys of Ba. The Viscount of Chu sent Wei Zhang to reproach Deng, but the people of Deng would not accept it.

夏，楚使鬥廉帥師及巴師圍鄾。鄧養甥、聃甥帥師救鄾。三逐巴師，不克。

In summer, Chu sent Dou Lian with an army to join the army of Ba in besieging You. Deng Yangsheng and Dansheng led troops to relieve You. Three times they drove back the army of Ba but could not win.

鬥廉衡陳其師於巴師之中，以戰，而北。鄧人逐之，背巴師而夾攻之。鄧師大敗，鄾人宵潰。

Dou Lian drew up his troops in a line across the middle of the Ba army and fought, then feigned defeat and fled. The men of Deng pursued him, turning their backs on the Ba army, and were attacked from both sides. The army of Deng was utterly defeated, and the men of You scattered in the night.

秋，虢仲、芮伯、梁伯、荀侯、賈伯伐曲沃。

In autumn, Guo Zhong, the Earl of Rui, the Earl of Liang, the Marquis of Xun, and the Earl of Jia attacked Quwo.

冬，曹大子來朝，賓之以上卿，禮也。享曹大子，初獻，樂奏而嘆。施父曰：“曹大子其有憂乎？非嘆所也。”

In winter, the heir of Cao came to court and was received with the ritual due to a senior minister, which accorded with ritual. At the banquet for him, at the first offering of wine, when the music was struck up he sighed. Shi Fu said, "The heir of Cao must have some sorrow. This is no occasion for sighing."

【經】十年春王正月，庚申，曹伯終生卒。夏五月，葬曹桓公。秋，公會衛侯於桃丘，弗遇。冬十有二月丙午，齊侯、衛侯、鄭伯來戰於郎。

[Classic] In the tenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, on gengshen, Zhong Sheng, Earl of Cao, died. In summer, in the fifth month, Duke Huan of Cao was buried. In autumn, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Wei at Taoqiu but did not meet him. In winter, in the twelfth month, on bingwu, the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Wei, and the Earl of Zheng came, and they fought at Lang.

【傳】十年春，曹桓公卒。

[Commentary] In the tenth year, in spring, Duke Huan of Cao died.

虢仲譖其大夫詹父於王。詹父有辭，以王師伐虢。夏，虢公出奔虞。

Guo Zhong slandered his own grand officer Zhan Fu before the Son of Heaven. Zhan Fu was in the right, and so he led the royal army to attack Guo. In summer, the Duke of Guo fled to Yu.

秋，秦人納芮伯萬於芮。

In autumn, the men of Qin sent Wan, Earl of Rui, back to Rui.

初，虞叔有玉，虞公求旃。弗獻，既而悔之，曰：“周諺有之：‘匹夫無罪，懷璧其罪。’吾焉用此，其以賈害也？”乃獻之。又求其寶劍。叔曰：“是無厭也。無厭，將及我。”遂伐虞公，故虞公出奔共池。

Earlier, Uncle Yu had a piece of jade, and the Duke of Yu asked him for it. He would not give it, but soon regretted this, and said, "There is a Zhou proverb: 'A common man is guiltless; his guilt is in carrying a jade disc in his bosom.' What do I want this jade for? Am I to use it to buy misfortune?" So he presented it. The Duke of Yu then asked for his precious sword. Uncle Yu said, "This is insatiable greed. If he is insatiable, the calamity will fall on me." So he attacked the Duke of Yu, and the Duke of Yu fled to Gongchi.

冬，齊、衛、鄭來戰於郎，我有辭也。

In winter, Qi, Wei, and Zheng came and fought at Lang; our state was in the right.

初，北戎病齊，諸侯救之。鄭公子忽有功焉。齊人餼諸侯，使魯次之。魯以周班後鄭。鄭人怒，請師於齊。齊人以衛師助之。故不稱侵伐。先書齊、衛，王爵也。

Earlier, when the Northern Rong pressed Qi hard, the feudal lords went to its aid. Prince Hu of Zheng distinguished himself among them. The men of Qi sent provisions to the lords and asked Lu to arrange their order of precedence. Lu, following the ranks of the Zhou court, placed Zheng last. The men of Zheng were angry and asked Qi for troops. The men of Qi helped them with the army of Wei. For that reason the Spring and Autumn does not say "invade" or "attack." Qi and Wei are written first in accordance with the order of royal rank.

【經】十有一年春正月，齊人、衛人、鄭人盟於惡曹。夏五月癸未，鄭伯寤生卒。秋七月，葬鄭莊公。九月，宋人執鄭祭仲。突歸於鄭。鄭忽出奔衛。柔會宋公、陳侯、蔡叔盟於折。公會宋公於夫鍾。冬十月有二月，公會宋公於闞。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, in spring, in the first month, the men of Qi, the men of Wei, and the men of Zheng made a covenant at Ecao. In summer, in the fifth month, on guiwei, Wusheng, Earl of Zheng, died. In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Zhuang of Zheng was buried. In the ninth month, the men of Song seized Zhai Zhong of Zheng. Tu returned to Zheng. Hu of Zheng fled to Wei. Rou met with the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, and Shu of Cai, and they made a covenant at Zhe. Duke Huan met the Duke of Song at Fuzhong. In winter, in the twelfth month (the base text reads "the tenth month and two months"; it should be "the twelfth month"), Duke Huan met the Duke of Song at Kan.

【傳】十一年春，齊、衛、鄭、宋盟於惡曹。

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, in spring, Qi, Wei, Zheng, and Song made a covenant at Ecao.

楚屈瑕將盟貳、軫。鄖人軍於蒲騷，將與隨、絞、州、蓼伐楚師。莫敖患之。

Qu Xia of Chu was about to make a covenant with Er and Zhen. The men of Yun were encamped at Puso and intended to attack the Chu army together with Sui, Jiao, Zhou, and Liao. The Mo'ao was troubled by this.

鬥廉曰：“鄖人軍其郊，必不誡，且日虞四邑之至也。君次於郊郢，以御四邑。

Dou Lian said, "The men of Yun are camped in their own suburbs and will surely be off guard, and each day they are hoping for the four states to arrive. Do you encamp at Jiaoying to hold off the four states.

我以銳師宵加於鄖，鄖有虞心而恃其城，莫有鬥志。若敗鄖師，四邑必離。”莫敖曰：“盍請濟師於王？”對曰：“師克在和，不在眾。商、周之不敵，君之所聞也。成軍以出，又何濟焉？”莫敖曰：“卜之？”對曰：“卜以決疑，不疑何卜？”遂敗鄖師於蒲騷，卒盟而還。鄭昭公之敗北戎也，齊人將妻之，昭公辭。

(Dou Lian continued:) I will use picked troops to attack Yun by night. The men of Yun, hoping for relief and trusting in their walls, will have no will to fight. If the Yun army is defeated, the four states will surely scatter." The Mo'ao said, "Why not ask the Son of Heaven for more troops?" Dou Lian replied, "An army wins through harmony, not through numbers. That Shang and Zhou were not equal in strength is something you have heard. We are already formed up and setting out; what more troops would we add?" The Mo'ao said, "Shall we divine?" He replied, "Divination is used to settle doubts; if there is no doubt, why divine?" So they defeated the Yun army at Puso, and finally concluded the covenant and returned home. When Duke Zhao of Zheng defeated the Northern Rong, the men of Qi wished to marry their daughter to him, but Duke Zhao declined.

祭仲曰：“必取之。君多內寵，子無大援，將不立。三公子皆君也。”弗從。

Zhai Zhong said, "You must take her. Your father has many favored consorts, and without a strong outside ally you will not be able to stand. Three of the princes may all become ruler." Duke Zhao did not listen.

夏，鄭莊公卒。

In summer, Duke Zhuang of Zheng died.

初，祭封人仲足有寵於莊公，莊公使為卿。為公娶鄧曼，生昭公，故祭仲立之。宋雍氏女於鄭莊公，曰雍姞，生厲公。雍氏宗有寵於宋莊公，故誘祭仲而執之，曰：“不立突，將死。”亦執厲公而求賂焉。祭仲與宋人盟，以厲公歸而立之。

Earlier, Zhong Zu, border warden of the land of Zhai, was favored by Duke Zhuang, who made him a minister. He took Deng Man as wife for Duke Zhuang, and she bore Duke Zhao, and for this reason Zhai Zhong installed Duke Zhao. The Yong clan of Song married their daughter, named Yong Ji, to Duke Zhuang of Zheng, and she bore Duke Li. The kin of the Yong clan were favored by Duke Zhuang of Song, and so they tricked Zhai Zhong and seized him, saying, "If you do not install Tu, we will put you to death." They also seized Duke Li and demanded goods. Zhai Zhong made a covenant with the men of Song, and returned to the state with Duke Li and installed him as ruler.

秋九月丁亥，昭公奔衛。己亥，厲公立。

In autumn, in the ninth month, on dinghai, Duke Zhao fled to Wei. On jihai, Duke Li took the throne.

【經】十有二年春正月。夏六月壬寅，公會杞侯、莒子盟於曲池。秋七月丁亥，公會宋公、燕人盟於谷丘。八月壬辰，陳侯躍卒。公會宋公於虛。冬十有一月，公會宋公於龜。丙戌，公會鄭伯，盟於武父。丙戌，衛侯晉卒。十有二月，及鄭師伐宋。丁未，戰於宋。

[Classic] In the twelfth year, in spring, the first month. In summer, in the sixth month, on renyin, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi and the Viscount of Ju and made a covenant at Quchi. In autumn, in the seventh month, on dinghai, Duke Huan met the Duke of Song and the men of Yan and made a covenant at Guqiu. In the eighth month, on renchen, Yue, Marquis of Chen, died. Duke Huan met the Duke of Song at Xu. In winter, in the eleventh month, Duke Huan met the Duke of Song at Gui. On bingxu, Duke Huan met the Earl of Zheng and made a covenant at Wufu. On bingxu, Jin, Marquis of Wei, died. In the twelfth month, he attacked Song together with the army of Zheng. On dingwei, they fought in Song.

【傳】十二年夏，盟於曲池，平杞、莒也。

[Commentary] In the twelfth year, in summer, the covenant at Quchi was to bring about peace between Ji and Ju.

公欲平宋、鄭。秋，公及宋公盟於句瀆之丘。宋成未可知也，故又會於虛。

Duke Huan wished to bring about peace between Song and Zheng. In autumn, Duke Huan made a covenant with the Duke of Song at the mound of Judu. Whether Song would truly make peace was not yet known, and so they met again at Xu.

冬，又會於龜。宋公辭平，故與鄭伯盟於武父。遂帥師而伐宋，戰焉，宋無信也。

In winter, they met again at Gui. The Duke of Song refused peace, and so Duke Huan made a covenant with the Earl of Zheng at Wufu. Then he led the army to attack Song and fought there, because Song had no good faith.

君子曰：“苟信不繼，盟無益也。《詩》云：‘君子屢盟，亂是用長。’無信也。”

The gentleman said, "If good faith does not continue, a covenant is of no use. The Odes say: 'The gentleman repeatedly makes covenants, and disorder only grows.' This is because there is no good faith."

楚伐絞，軍其南門。莫敖屈瑕曰：“絞小而輕，輕則寡謀，請無扞採樵者以誘之。”從之。絞人獲三十人。明日，絞人爭出，驅楚役徒于山中。楚人坐其北門，而覆諸山下，大敗之，為城下之盟而還。

Chu attacked Jiao and encamped at the south gate. The Mo'ao Qu Xia said, "Jiao is small and frivolous; being frivolous, it makes few plans. Please do not protect the woodcutters, so as to lure them out." The men of Chu followed this advice. The men of Jiao seized thirty men. The next day, the men of Jiao vied to come out of the city and drove the Chu laborers into the mountains. The men of Chu sat guarding the north gate, and set an ambush at the foot of the mountain, and utterly defeated Jiao, and returned home after making a covenant under the city walls.

伐絞之役，楚師分涉於彭。羅人慾伐之，使伯嘉諜之，三巡，數之。

In the campaign against Jiao, the Chu army crossed the River Peng in separate groups. The men of Luo wished to attack them and sent Bo Jia to scout; he went around three times and counted the numbers.

【經】十有三年春二月，公會紀侯、鄭伯。己巳，及齊侯、宋公、衛侯、燕人戰。齊師、宋師、衛師、燕師敗績。三月，葬衛宣公。夏，大水。秋七月。冬十月。

[Classic] In the thirteenth year, in spring, in the second month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Ji and the Earl of Zheng. On jisi, he fought with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, and the men of Yan. The armies of Qi, Song, Wei, and Yan were utterly defeated. In the third month, Duke Xuan of Wei was buried. In summer, there was a great flood. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, the tenth month.

【傳】十三年春，楚屈瑕伐羅，鬥伯比送之。還，謂其御曰：“莫敖必敗。

[Commentary] In the thirteenth year, in spring, Qu Xia of Chu attacked Luo, and Dou Bobi saw him off. On returning, he said to his charioteer, "The Mo'ao will surely fail.

舉趾高，心不固矣。”遂見楚子曰：“必濟師。”楚子辭焉。入告夫人鄧曼。鄧曼曰：“大夫其非眾之謂，其謂君撫小民以信，訓諸司以德，而威莫敖以刑也。

(Dou Bobi continued:) He lifts his feet high, so his mind is already unsteady." So he went to see the Viscount of Chu and said, "You must send more troops." The Viscount of Chu refused. He went in and told his wife Deng Man. Deng Man said, "What the grand officer means is not a matter of how many men, but that you should comfort the common people with good faith, instruct the officials with virtue, and awe the Mo'ao with punishment.

莫敖狃於蒲騷之役，將自用也，必小羅。君若不鎮撫，其不設備乎？夫固謂君訓眾而好鎮撫之，召諸司而勸之以令德，見莫敖而告諸天之不假易也。不然，夫豈不知楚師之盡行也？”楚子使賴人追之，不及。

(Deng Man continued:) The Mo'ao is accustomed to the victory at Puso and will be willful and self-reliant, and is sure to look down on Luo. If you do not go to restrain him, he probably will not set up defenses. What that man really meant is that you should instruct the troops and comfort them well, assemble the officials and encourage them with fine virtue, and when you see the Mo'ao tell him that Heaven will not forgive negligence. Otherwise, does he not know that the Chu army has all set out?" The Viscount of Chu sent a man of Lai to pursue, but he did not catch up.

莫敖使徇於師曰：“諫者有刑。”及鄢，亂次以濟。遂無次，且不設備。及羅，羅與盧戎兩軍之。大敗之。莫敖縊於荒谷，群帥囚於冶父以聽刑。楚子曰：“孤之罪也。”皆免之。

The Mo'ao went about the army giving the order, "Whoever remonstrates will be punished." On reaching Yan, they crossed the river in disorder. As a result there were no ranks, and no defenses were set up. On reaching Luo, Luo and the Lu Rong attacked from both sides and utterly defeated him. The Mo'ao hanged himself in Huanggu, and the other commanders were imprisoned at Yefu awaiting punishment. The Viscount of Chu said, "It is my fault," and pardoned them all.

宋多責賂於鄭，鄭不堪命。故以紀、魯及齊與宋、衛、燕戰。不書所戰，後也。

Song repeatedly demanded goods from Zheng, and Zheng could not bear it. So it led Ji and Lu in fighting Qi, Song, Wei, and Yan. The Spring and Autumn does not record the place of the battle because Lu arrived late.

鄭人來請修好。

The men of Zheng came to ask for the restoration of friendship.

【經】十有四年春正月，公會鄭伯於曹。無冰。夏五，鄭伯使其弟語來盟。

[Classic] In the fourteenth year, in spring, in the first month, Duke Huan met the Earl of Zheng at Cao. There was no ice. In summer, in the fifth month, the Earl of Zheng sent his younger brother Yu to make a covenant.

秋八月壬申，御廩災。乙亥，嘗。冬十有二月丁巳，齊侯祿父卒。宋人以齊人、蔡人、衛人、陳人伐鄭。

In autumn, in the eighth month, on renshen, the granary of the court caught fire. On yihai, the autumn sacrifice was performed. In winter, in the twelfth month, on dingsi, Lufu, Marquis of Qi, died. The men of Song, leading the men of Qi, Cai, Wei, and Chen, attacked Zheng.

【傳】十四年春，會於曹。曹人致餼，禮也。

[Commentary] In the fourteenth year, in spring, they met at Cao. The men of Cao sent provisions, which accorded with ritual.

夏，鄭子人來尋盟，且修曹之會。

In summer, Zi Ren of Zheng came to renew the covenant and to restore the meeting at Cao.

秋八月壬申，御廩災。乙亥，嘗。書，不害也。

In autumn, in the eighth month, on renshen, the granary of the court caught fire. On yihai, the autumn sacrifice was performed. The Spring and Autumn records this because it did not interfere with the sacrifice.

冬，宋人以諸侯伐鄭，報宋之戰也。焚渠門，入，及大逵。伐東郊，取牛首。

In winter, the men of Song led the feudal lords to attack Zheng, in revenge for the battle in Song. They burned the Qu gate, broke in, and reached the main road. They attacked the eastern suburb and took Niushou.

以大宮之椽歸，為盧門之椽。

They took the rafters of the grand temple of Zheng back with them and used them as rafters for the Lu gate.

【經】十有五年春二月，天王使家父來求車。三月乙未，天王崩。夏四月己巳，葬齊僖公。五月，鄭伯突出奔蔡。鄭世子忽復歸於鄭。許叔入於許。公會齊侯於艾。邾人、牟人、葛人來朝。秋九月，鄭伯突入於櫟。冬十有一月，公會宋公、衛侯、陳侯於衰，伐鄭。

[Classic] In the fifteenth year, in spring, in the second month, the Son of Zhou sent Jia Fu to ask for chariots. In the third month, on yiwei, the Son of Heaven died. In summer, in the fourth month, on jisi, Duke Xi of Qi was buried. In the fifth month, Tu, Earl of Zheng, fled to Cai. Hu, heir of Zheng, returned to Zheng again. Shu of Xu entered Xu. Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Ai. The men of Zhu, the men of Mou, and the men of Ge came to court. In autumn, in the ninth month, Tu, Earl of Zheng, entered Li. In winter, in the eleventh month, Duke Huan met the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, and the Marquis of Chen at Cui, and attacked Zheng.

【傳】十五年春，天王使家父來求車，非禮也。諸侯不貢車、服，天子不私求財。

[Commentary] In the fifteenth year, in spring, the Son of Zhou sent Jia Fu to ask for chariots, which was contrary to ritual. The feudal lords do not offer chariots or garments as tribute, and the Son of Heaven does not privately seek goods for himself.

祭仲專，鄭伯患之，使其婿雍糾殺之。將享諸郊。雍姬知之，謂其母曰：“父與夫孰親？”其母曰：“人盡夫也，父一而已，胡可比也？”遂告祭仲曰：“雍氏舍其室而將享子於郊，吾惑之，以告。”祭仲殺雍糾，屍諸周氏之汪。公載以出，曰：“謀及婦人，宜其死也。”夏，厲公出奔蔡。

Zhai Zhong monopolized power, and the Earl of Zheng was troubled and sent his son-in-law Yong Jiu to kill him. He was going to give Zhai Zhong a banquet in the suburbs. Yong Ji learned of it and asked her mother, "Who is closer, one's father or one's husband?" Her mother said, "Anyone can be a husband, but one has only one father; how can they be compared?" So she told Zhai Zhong, "The Yong clan is leaving its own house to give you a banquet in the suburbs, and I feel doubtful, and so I have come to tell you." Zhai Zhong killed Yong Jiu and exposed his body by the pond of the Zhou family. Duke Li carried Yong Jiu's body out with him as he fled, saying, "He consulted a woman; it serves him right to die." In summer, Duke Li fled to Cai.

六月乙亥，昭公入。

In the sixth month, on yihai, Duke Zhao entered the capital.

許叔入於許。

Shu of Xu entered Xu.

公會齊侯於艾，謀定許也。

Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Ai to discuss settling the state of Xu.

秋，鄭伯因櫟人殺檀伯，而遂居櫟。

In autumn, the Earl of Zheng relied on the men of Li to kill Tan Bo, and so lived in Li.

冬，會於衰，謀伐鄭，將納厲公也。弗克而還。

In winter, they met at Cui to discuss attacking Zheng, intending to restore Duke Li. They did not succeed and returned.

【經】十有六年春正月，公會宋公、蔡侯、衛侯於曹。夏四月，公會宋公、衛侯、陳侯、蔡侯伐鄭。秋七月，公至自伐鄭。冬，城向。十有一月，衛侯朔出奔齊。

[Classic] In the sixteenth year, in spring, in the first month, Duke Huan met the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Cai, and the Marquis of Wei at Cao. In summer, in the fourth month, Duke Huan joined the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Marquis of Chen, and the Marquis of Cai in attacking Zheng. In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Huan returned from attacking Zheng. In winter, walls were built at Xiang. In the eleventh month, Shuo, Marquis of Wei, fled to Qi.

【傳】十六年春正月，會於曹，謀伐鄭也。

[Commentary] In the sixteenth year, in spring, in the first month, the meeting at Cao was to discuss attacking Zheng.

夏，伐鄭。

In summer, they attacked Zheng.

秋七月，公至自伐鄭，以飲至之禮也。

In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Huan returned from attacking Zheng and performed the ceremony of drinking on return.

冬，城向，書，時也。

In winter, walls were built at Xiang; the Spring and Autumn records this because it was in accord with the season.

初，衛宣公烝於夷姜，生急子，屬諸右公子。為之娶於齊，而美，公取之，生壽及朔，屬壽於左公子。夷姜縊。宣姜與公子朔構急子。公使諸齊，使盜待諸莘，將殺之。壽子告之，使行。不可，曰：“棄父之命，惡用子矣！有無父之國則可也。”及行，飲以酒，壽子載其旌以先，盜殺之。急子至，曰：“我之求也。

Earlier, Duke Xuan of Wei had relations with Yi Jiang and she bore Jizi, whom he entrusted to the Right Prince. He took a wife for him from Qi; the woman was beautiful, and Duke Xuan took her himself, and she bore Shou and Shuo; he entrusted Shou to the Left Prince. Yi Jiang hanged herself. Xuan Jiang and Prince Shuo slandered Jizi. Duke Xuan sent Jizi to Qi and sent bandits to wait at Shen, intending to kill him. Shou told Jizi and urged him to flee. He would not, saying, "If I abandon my father's command, what use is a son? Only if there were a country without fathers could it be done." When he set out, Shou gave him wine to drink and himself carried Jizi's banner and went ahead; the bandits killed Shou. Jizi arrived and said, "It is I whom they were looking for.

此何罪？請殺我乎！”又殺之。二公子故怨惠公。

(Jizi continued:) What crime has this man committed? Please kill me!" They killed him as well. The two princes resented Duke Hui because of this.

十一月，左公子洩、右公子職立公子黔牟。惠公奔齊。

In the eleventh month, the Left Prince Xie and the Right Prince Zhi installed Prince Qianmou. Duke Hui fled to Qi.

【經】十有七年春正月丙辰，公會齊侯、紀侯盟於黃。二月丙午，公會邾儀父，盟於趡。夏五月丙午，及齊師戰於奚。六月丁丑，蔡侯封人卒。秋八月，蔡季自陳歸於蔡。癸巳，葬蔡桓侯。及宋人、衛人伐邾。冬十月朔，日有食之。

[Classic] In the seventeenth year, in spring, in the first month, on bingchen, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Ji and made a covenant at Huang. In the second month, on bingwu, Duke Huan met Yifu of Zhu and made a covenant at Zhui. In summer, in the fifth month, on bingwu, he fought the army of Qi at Xi. In the sixth month, on dingchou, Feng Ren, Marquis of Cai, died. In autumn, in the eighth month, Jiji of Cai returned to Cai from Chen. On guisi, Marquis Huan of Cai was buried. He attacked Zhu together with the men of Song and Wei. In winter, in the tenth month, on the first day, there was an eclipse of the sun.

【傳】十七年春，盟於黃，平齊、紀，且謀衛故也。

[Commentary] In the seventeenth year, in spring, the covenant at Huang was to bring about peace between Qi and Ji, and to discuss matters of Wei.

乃邾儀父盟於趡，尋蔑之盟也。

The covenant with Yifu of Zhu at Zhui (the base text reads "nai Zhu Yifu"; "nai" is a corruption of "ji") was to renew the covenant at Mie.

夏，及齊師戰於奚，疆事也。於是齊人侵魯疆，疆吏來告，公曰：“疆場之事，慎守其一，而備其不虞。姑盡所備焉。事至而戰，又何謁焉？”蔡桓侯卒。蔡人召蔡季於陳。

In summer, the battle with the army of Qi at Xi concerned a matter on the border. At that time the men of Qi were encroaching on Lu's border, and the border officer came to report. Duke Huan said, "In matters on the frontier, guard your own side carefully and be ready for the unexpected. For the time being, do the preparing that is due. When something comes, fight; why then ask for instructions?" Marquis Huan of Cai died. The men of Cai summoned Jiji back from Chen.

秋，蔡季自陳歸於蔡，蔡人嘉之也。

In autumn, Jiji returned to Cai from Chen, and the men of Cai approved of him.

伐邾，宋志也。

The attack on Zhu was at Song's wish.

冬十月朔，日有食之。不書日，官失之也。天子有日官，諸侯有日御。日官居卿以厎日，禮也。日御不失日，以授百官於朝。

In winter, in the tenth month, on the first day, there was an eclipse of the sun. The Spring and Autumn does not record the day by its stem-and-branch because the court historian failed in his duty. The Son of Heaven has a Day Officer, and the feudal lords have a Day Keeper. The Day Officer, holding the rank of a minister, calculates the calendar, and this accords with ritual. The Day Keeper does not omit the dates and hands them out at court to the officials.

初，鄭伯將以高渠彌為卿，昭公惡之，固諫，不聽，昭公立，懼其殺己也。

Earlier, the Earl of Zheng wished to make Gao Qumi a minister, but Duke Zhao disliked him and remonstrated firmly, though Duke Zhuang did not listen. When Duke Zhao took the throne, Gao Qumi feared that Duke Zhao would kill him.

辛卯，弒昭公，而立公子亹。

On xinmao, he assassinated Duke Zhao and installed Prince Wei.

君子謂昭公知所惡矣。公子達曰：“高伯其為戮乎？復惡已甚矣。”

The gentleman held that Duke Zhao knew whom to dislike. Prince Da said, "Gao Bo will probably be killed. His revenge for an old grudge was excessive."

【經】十有八年春王正月，公會齊侯於濼。公與夫人姜氏遂如齊。夏四月丙子，公薨於齊。丁酉，公之喪至自齊。秋七月，冬十有二月己丑，葬我君桓公。

[Classic] In the eighteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Luo. Duke Huan then went to Qi with his wife, Lady Jiang. In summer, in the fourth month, on bingzi, Duke Huan died in Qi. On dingyou, the coffin of Duke Huan arrived from Qi. In autumn, in the seventh month; in winter, in the twelfth month, on jichou, our ruler Duke Huan was buried.

【傳】十八年春，公將有行，遂與姜氏如齊。申繻曰：“女有家，男有室，無相瀆也，謂之有禮。易此，必敗。”

[Commentary] In the eighteenth year, in spring, Duke Huan was about to set out, and then went to Qi with Lady Jiang. Shen Xu said, "A woman has her husband's house and a man has his wife's chamber; they must not profane one another. This is called having ritual propriety. If this is changed, ruin is certain."

公會齊侯於濼，遂及文姜如齊。齊侯通焉。公謫之，以告。

Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Luo and then went to Qi with Wen Jiang. The Marquis of Qi had relations with Wen Jiang. Duke Huan reproached her, and she told the Marquis of Qi.

夏四月丙子，享公。使公子彭生乘公，公薨於車。

In summer, in the fourth month, on bingzi, a banquet was given for Duke Huan. Prince Pengsheng was sent to help Duke Huan into his carriage, and Duke Huan died in the carriage.

魯人告於齊曰：“寡君畏君之威，不敢寧居，來修舊好，禮成而不反，無所歸咎，惡於諸侯。請以彭生除之。”齊人殺彭生。

The men of Lu told Qi, "Our humble ruler feared Your Lordship's majesty and did not dare to rest at ease; he came to restore old friendship, and the ritual was completed but he cannot return. There is no one on whom to place the blame, and this will leave a bad name among the feudal lords. Please use Pengsheng to remove this matter." The men of Qi killed Pengsheng.

秋，齊侯師於首止，子亹會之，高渠彌相。七月戊戌，齊人殺子亹而轘高渠彌，祭仲逆鄭子於陳而立之。是行也，祭仲知之，故稱疾不往。人曰：“祭仲以知免。”仲曰：“信也。”

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi encamped at Shouzhi, and Ziwei went to meet him, with Gao Qumi as his assistant. On wuxu in the seventh month, the men of Qi killed Ziwei and tore Gao Qumi apart with chariots, and Zhai Zhong went to Chen to welcome Zi of Zheng (Ziyi) and install him as ruler. On this journey, Zhai Zhong knew beforehand, and so he pleaded illness and did not go. Someone said, "Zhai Zhong escaped disaster through his wisdom." Zhai Zhong said, "That is indeed so."

周公欲弒莊王而立王子克。辛伯告王，遂與王殺周公黑肩。王子克奔燕。

The Duke of Zhou wished to assassinate King Zhuang and install Prince Ke. Xin Bo informed King Zhuang, and together with King Zhuang he killed Heijian, Duke of Zhou. Prince Ke fled to Yan.

初，子儀有寵於桓王，桓王屬諸周公。辛伯諫曰：“並後、匹嫡、兩政、耦國，亂之本也。”周公弗從，故及。

Earlier, Ziyi was favored by King Huan, and King Huan entrusted him to the Duke of Zhou. Xin Bo remonstrated, saying, "A concubine ranking with the queen, a son by a secondary wife matching the heir, two men holding the reins of government, and two cities standing side by side, these are the roots of disorder." The Duke of Zhou did not listen, and so met with disaster.

【經】元年春王正月。三月，夫人孫於齊。夏，單伯送王姬。秋，築王姬之館於外。冬十月乙亥，陳侯林卒。王使榮叔來錫桓公命。王姬歸於齊。齊師遷紀、郱、鄑、郚。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar. In the third month, the Lady fled to Qi. In summer, Shan Bo escorted the royal princess. In autumn, a lodge for the royal princess was built outside the city. In winter, in the tenth month, on yihai, Lin, Marquis of Chen, died. The Son of Heaven sent Rong Shu to bestow the ceremonial garments on Duke Huan. The royal princess was married to Qi. The army of Qi moved Ji's Ping, Zi, and Wu.

【傳】元年春，不稱即位，文姜出故也。

[Commentary] In the first year, in spring, the Spring and Autumn does not say "took the throne" because Wen Jiang had left the state.

三月，夫人孫於齊。不稱姜氏，絕不為親，禮也。

In the third month, the Lady fled to Qi. She is not called Jiang, as a sign of severing her and no longer acknowledging her as kin, which accorded with ritual.

秋，築王姬之館於外。為外，禮也。

In autumn, a lodge for the royal princess was built outside the city. Because it was for someone from outside, this accorded with ritual.

【經】二年春王二月，葬陳莊公。夏，公子慶父帥師伐於餘丘。秋七月，齊王姬卒。冬十有二月，夫人姜氏會齊侯於禚。乙酉，宋公馮卒。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Zhuang of Chen was buried. In summer, Prince Qingfu led an army to attack Yuyu. In autumn, in the seventh month, the royal princess of Qi died. In winter, in the twelfth month, Lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Zhuo. On yiyou, Feng, Duke of Song, died.

【傳】二年冬，夫人姜氏會齊侯於禚。書，奸也。

[Commentary] In the second year, in winter, Lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Zhuo. The Spring and Autumn records this because of the licentiousness.

【經】三年春王正月，溺會齊師伐衛。夏四月，葬宋莊公。五月，葬桓王。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Ni joined the army of Qi in attacking Wei. In summer, in the fourth month, Duke Zhuang of Song was buried. In the fifth month, King Huan was buried.

秋，紀季以酅入於齊。冬，公次於滑。

In autumn, Ji Ji took Xi and submitted to Qi. In winter, Duke Zhuang encamped at Hua.

【傳】三年春，溺會齊師伐衛，疾之也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the third year, Ni joined the army of Qi in attacking Wei. The Spring and Autumn Annals records it thus because it detested him.

夏五月，葬桓王，緩也。

In the fifth month of summer, King Huan was buried; this was late.

秋，紀季以酅入於齊，紀於是乎始判。

In autumn, Ji Ji took Xi and submitted to Qi; from this time Ji began to split apart.

冬，公次於滑，將會鄭伯，謀紀故也。鄭伯辭以難。凡師，一宿為舍，再宿為信，過信為次。

In winter, Duke Zhuang encamped at Hua, intending to meet the Earl of Zheng to discuss the affairs of Ji. The Earl of Zheng excused himself on account of trouble within his state. As a rule, when an army stays one night it is called "she", two nights "xin", and more than "xin" it is called "ci".

【經】四年春王二月，夫人姜氏享齊侯於祝丘。三月，紀伯姬卒。夏，齊侯、陳侯、鄭伯遇於垂。紀侯大去其國。六月乙丑，齊侯葬紀伯姬。秋七月。冬，公及齊人狩於禚。

[Classic] In the spring of the fourth year, in the second month by the Zhou calendar, the Lady Jiang entertained the Marquis of Qi at Zhuqiu. In the third month, Bo Ji of Ji died. In summer, the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Chen, and the Earl of Zheng met by chance at Chui. The Marquis of Ji left his state forever. On the yichou day of the sixth month, the Marquis of Qi buried Bo Ji of Ji. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, Duke Zhuang hunted with the men of Qi at Zhuo.

【傳】四年春，王三月，楚武王荊尸，授師孑焉，以伐隨。將齊，入告夫人鄧曼曰：“餘心蕩。”鄧曼嘆曰：“王祿盡矣。盈而蕩，天之道也。先君其知之矣，故臨武事，將發大命，而蕩王心焉。若師徒無虧，王薨於行，國之福也。”

[Commentary] In the spring of the fourth year, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, King Wu of Chu, following the Jingshi method, handed out halberds to the army and set out to attack Sui. About to fast, he went inside and told his wife Deng Man: "My heart feels empty." Deng Man sighed and said: "The King's allotted fortune is exhausted. Fullness leads to disturbance; this is the way of Heaven. The former rulers probably knew it already, so when a military undertaking is at hand and a great command is about to be issued, they cause the King's heart to be disturbed. If the army suffers no loss and the King dies on the road, that is a blessing for the state."

王遂行，卒於樠木之下。令尹鬥祁、莫敖屈重除道梁溠，營軍臨隨。隨人懼，行成。莫敖以王命入盟隨侯，且請為會於漢汭而還。濟漢而後發喪。

The King then set out and died beneath a man tree. The prime minister Dou Qi and Qu Zhong, the Mo'ao, opened a road, built a bridge over the Zha River, and pitched camp pressing on Sui. The men of Sui were afraid and sued for peace. Qu Zhong, on the King's orders, went in and made a covenant with the Marquis of Sui, and also asked to meet at the bend of the Han River, and then returned home. Only after crossing the Han River was the death announced.

紀侯不能下齊，以與紀季。夏，紀侯大去其國，違齊難也。

The Marquis of Ji could not bear to submit to Qi and gave his state to Ji Ji. In summer, the Marquis of Ji left his state forever, to escape the calamity of Qi.

【經】五年春王正月。夏，夫人姜氏如齊師。秋，郳犁來來朝。冬，公會齊人、宋人、陳人、蔡人伐衛。

[Classic] In the spring of the fifth year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar. In summer, the Lady Jiang went to the army of Qi. In autumn, Ni Lilai came to court. In winter, Duke Zhuang joined the men of Qi, Song, Chen, and Cai in attacking Wei.

【傳】五年秋，郳犁來來朝，名，未王命也。

[Commentary] In the autumn of the fifth year, Ni Lilai came to court; the Spring and Autumn Annals gives his personal name because he had not yet received a rank from the Son of Heaven.

冬，伐衛，納惠公也。

In winter, the attack on Wei was to restore Duke Hui.

【經】六年春王正月，王人子突救衛。夏六月，衛侯朔入於衛。秋，公至自伐衛。螟。冬，齊人來歸衛俘。

[Classic] In the spring of the sixth year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, Zi Tu of the royal house came to the rescue of Wei. In the sixth month of summer, Shuo, Marquis of Wei, entered Wei. In autumn, Duke Zhuang returned from the campaign against Wei. There was a plague of grain-borers. In winter, the men of Qi came to return the captives of Wei.

【傳】六年春，王人救衛。

[Commentary] In the spring of the sixth year, the royal house's men rescued Wei.

夏，衛侯入，放公子黔牟於周，放寧跪於秦，殺左公子洩、右公子職，乃即位。

In summer, the Marquis of Wei entered; he banished Prince Qianmou to Zhou and Ning Gui to Qin, killed the Left Prince Xie and the Right Prince Zhi, and only then took the throne.

君子以二公子之立黔牟為不度矣。夫能固位者，必度於本末而後立衷焉。不知其本，不謀。知本之不枝，弗強。《詩》云：“本枝百世。”

The gentleman held that the two princes' installing Qianmou showed a lack of judgment. One who can secure the ruler's seat must weigh root and branch and then set him in the proper middle position. If one does not know the root, one should not plan; if one knows the root but cannot bring forth branches and leaves, one should not force it. The Odes say: "Root and branch continue for a hundred generations."

冬，齊人來歸衛寶，文姜請之也。

In winter, the men of Qi came to return the treasure vessels of Wei, at the request of Wen Jiang.

楚文王伐申，過鄧。鄧祁侯曰：“吾甥也。”止而享之。騅甥、聃甥、養甥請殺楚子，鄧侯弗許。三甥曰：“亡鄧國者，必此人也。若不早圖，後君噬齊。

King Wen of Chu attacked Shen and passed through Deng. The Marquis Qi of Deng said: "He is my nephew." He kept him and entertained him. The nephews Zhui, Dan, and Yang asked to kill the Viscount of Chu, but the Marquis of Deng would not agree. The three nephews said: "The one who will destroy the state of Deng is surely this man. If you do not plan against him early, you will later be biting your own navel, and it will be too late.

其及圖之乎？圖之，此為時矣。”鄧侯曰：“人將不食吾餘。”對曰：“若不從三臣，抑社稷實不血食，而君焉取餘？”弗從。還年，楚子伐鄧。十六年，楚復伐鄧，滅之。

(The three nephews continued:) Is it still in time to plan against him? To plan against him, it is now." The Marquis of Deng said: "People will not eat what I leave over." They answered: "If you do not listen to us three ministers, I fear the altars of the state will in fact receive no blood sacrifice, and from where will you then get leftovers?" The Marquis of Deng did not listen. In the year that the Viscount of Chu returned from attacking Shen, he attacked Deng. In the sixteenth year, Chu attacked Deng again and destroyed it.

【經】七年春，夫人姜氏會齊侯於防。夏四月辛卯，夜，恆星不見。夜中，星隕如雨。秋，大水。無麥苗。冬，夫人姜氏會齊侯於谷。

[Classic] In the spring of the seventh year, the Lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Fang. In summer, on the xinmao day of the fourth month, at night, the fixed stars were not seen. In the middle of the night, stars fell like rain. In autumn, there was a great flood. There were no wheat seedlings. In winter, the Lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Gu.

【傳】七年春，文姜會齊侯於防，齊志也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the seventh year, Wen Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Fang; this was Qi's wish.

夏，恆星不見，夜明也。星隕如雨，與雨偕也。

In summer, the fixed stars were not seen because the night sky was bright. The stars fell like rain, falling together with the rain.

秋，無麥苗，不害嘉穀也。

In autumn, there were no wheat seedlings, but this did not harm the good millet.

【經】八年春王正月，師次於郎，以俟陳人，蔡人。甲午，治兵。夏，師及齊師圍郕，郕降於齊師。秋，師還。冬十有一月癸未，齊無知弒其君諸兒。

[Classic] In the spring of the eighth year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, the army encamped at Lang, waiting for the men of Chen and Cai. On the jiawu day, the army was drilled. In summer, our army and the army of Qi besieged Cheng, and Cheng surrendered to the army of Qi. In autumn, the army returned. In winter, in the eleventh month, on the guiwei day, Wu Zhi of Qi murdered his ruler Zhu'er.

【傳】八年春，治兵於廟，禮也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the eighth year, the army was drilled in the Grand Temple; this accorded with ritual.

夏，師及齊師圍郕。郕降於齊師。仲慶父請伐齊師。公曰：“不可。我實不德，齊師何罪？罪我之由。《夏書》曰：‘皋陶邁種德，德，乃降。’姑務修德以待時乎。”秋，師還。君子是以善魯莊公。

In summer, our army and the army of Qi besieged Cheng. Cheng surrendered to the army of Qi. Zhong Qingfu asked to attack the army of Qi. Duke Zhuang said: "No. It is truly I who have not cultivated virtue; what offense has the army of Qi committed? The fault comes from me. The Book of Xia says: 'Gao Yao strove to foster virtue; where there is virtue, others submit.' Let us for now devote ourselves to cultivating virtue and wait for the right time." In autumn, the army returned. The gentleman therefore praised Duke Zhuang of Lu.

齊侯使連稱、管至父戍葵丘。瓜時而往，曰：“及瓜而代。”期戍，公問不至。請代，弗許。故謀作亂。

The Marquis of Qi sent Lian Cheng and Guan Zhifu to garrison Kuiqiu. They set out when the melons were ripe, and he said: "When the melons are ripe next year, I will send others to relieve you." When a full year of garrison duty was over, the Marquis's order did not arrive. They asked to be relieved and were refused. So they plotted a rebellion.

僖公之母弟曰夷仲年，生公孫無知，有寵於僖公，衣服禮秩如適。襄公絀之。

Duke Xi's full brother was called Yi Zhongnian, who begat Gongsun Wuzhi; he was favored by Duke Xi, and his clothing and ritual rank were like those of a legitimate son. Duke Xiang demoted him.

二人因之以作亂。連稱有從妹在公宮，無寵，使間公，曰：“捷，吾以女為夫人。”

The two men relied on him to make trouble. Lian Cheng had a cousin in the ducal palace who was not favored; he made her spy on Duke Xiang, saying: "If the matter succeeds, I will make you the Lady."

冬十二月，齊侯遊於姑棼，遂田於貝丘。見大豕，從者曰：“公子彭生也。”

In winter, in the twelfth month, the Marquis of Qi went out for pleasure at Gufen, and then hunted at Beiqiu. He saw a great boar, and an attendant said: "It is Prince Pengsheng."

公怒曰：“彭生敢見！”射之，豕人立而啼。公懼，墜於車，傷足喪屨。反，誅屨於徒人費。弗得，鞭之，見血。走出，遇賊於門，劫而束之。費曰：“我奚御哉！”袒而示之背，信之。費請先入，伏公而出，鬥，死於門中。石之紛如死於階下。遂入，殺孟陽於床。曰：“非君也，不類。”見公之足於戶下，遂弒之，而立無知。

The Marquis of Qi flew into a rage and said: "Pengsheng dares to appear!" He shot at it, and the boar stood up like a person and cried out. The Marquis of Qi was frightened and fell from his carriage, injuring his foot and losing a shoe. On returning, he demanded the shoe from the servant Fei. Fei could not find it, and he whipped him until he bled. Fei went out and met bandits at the gate, who seized and bound him. Fei said: "How could I be resisting you!" He took off his clothes to show them the wounds on his back, and the bandits believed him. Fei asked to go in first, hid Duke Xiang, then came out and fought, and died inside the gate. Shi Zhifen Ru died at the foot of the steps. The bandits then went in and killed Meng Yang on the bed. They said: "This is not the ruler; he does not look like him." They saw Duke Xiang's foot beneath the door leaf, and so murdered him and installed Wuzhi.

初襄公立，無常。鮑叔牙曰：“君使民慢，亂將作矣。”奉公子小白出奔莒。

At the start, when Duke Xiang took the throne, his decrees had no constancy. Bao Shuya said: "The ruler is making the people negligent; disorder is about to arise." He served Prince Xiaobai and fled to Ju.

亂作，管夷吾、召忽奉公子糾來奔。

When disorder arose, Guan Yiwu and Shao Hu served Prince Jiu and fled to Lu.

初，公孫無知虐於雍廩。

Earlier, Gongsun Wuzhi had mistreated Yong Lin.

【經】九年春，齊人殺無知。公及齊大夫盟於既。夏，公伐齊納子糾。齊小白入於齊。秋七月丁酉，葬齊襄公。八月庚申，及齊師戰於乾時，我師敗績。九月，齊人取子糾殺之。冬，浚洙。

[Classic] In the spring of the ninth year, the men of Qi killed Wuzhi. Duke Zhuang made a covenant with the high officers of Qi at Ji. In summer, Duke Zhuang attacked Qi to escort Zi Jiu back. Xiaobai of Qi entered Qi. In autumn, on the dingyou day of the seventh month, Duke Xiang of Qi was buried. On the gengshen day of the eighth month, our army fought the army of Qi at Qianshi, and our army was badly defeated. In the ninth month, the men of Qi took Zi Jiu and killed him. In winter, the Zhu River was dredged.

【傳】九年春，雍廩殺無知。

[Commentary] In the spring of the ninth year, Yong Lin killed Wuzhi.

公及齊大夫盟於蔇，齊無君也。

Duke Zhuang made a covenant with the high officers of Qi at Ji, because Qi had no ruler.

夏，公伐齊，納子糾。桓公自莒先入。

In summer, Duke Zhuang attacked Qi to escort Zi Jiu back. Duke Huan entered first from Ju.

秋，師及齊師戰於乾時，我師敗績，公喪戎路，傳乘而歸。秦子、梁子以公旗闢於下道，是以皆止。

In autumn, our army fought the army of Qi at Qianshi, and our army was badly defeated. Duke Zhuang lost his war chariot and returned home in another vehicle. Qinzi and Liangzi carried Duke Zhuang's banner and fled by a byway, and for this reason both were captured.

鮑叔帥師來言曰：“子糾，親也，請君討之。管、召、仇也，請受而甘心焉。”

Bao Shu led his army and came to deliver a message: "Zi Jiu is a kinsman; we ask that you, my lord, deal with him. Guan and Shao are our enemies; we ask that you hand them over to us to deal with as we please."

乃殺子糾於生竇，召忽死之。管仲請囚，鮑叔受之，及堂阜而稅之。歸而以告曰：“管夷吾治於高傒，使相可也。”公從之。

So Zi Jiu was killed at Shengdou, and Shao Hu died for him. Guan Zhong asked to be a prisoner, and Bao Shu accepted it and released him at Tangfu. Returning, he told Duke Huan: "Guan Yiwu's talent for governing surpasses that of Gao Xi; making him chief minister would do." Duke Huan agreed.

【經】十年春王正月，公敗齊師於長勺。二月，公侵宋。三月，宋人遷宿。

[Classic] In the spring of the tenth year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Zhuang defeated the army of Qi at Changshao. In the second month, Duke Zhuang raided Song. In the third month, the men of Song relocated Su.

夏六月，齊師、宋師次於郎。公敗宋師於乘丘。秋九月，荊敗蔡師於莘，以蔡侯獻舞歸。冬十月，齊師滅譚，譚子奔莒。

In summer, in the sixth month, the armies of Qi and Song encamped at Lang. Duke Zhuang defeated the army of Song at Chengqiu. In autumn, in the ninth month, Chu defeated the army of Cai at Shen and took Xianwu, Marquis of Cai, back with it. In winter, in the tenth month, the army of Qi destroyed Tan, and the Viscount of Tan fled to Ju.

【傳】十年春，齊師伐我。公將戰，曹劌請見。其鄉人曰：“肉食者謀之，又何間焉。劌曰：“肉食者鄙，未能遠謀。”乃入見。問何以戰。公曰：“衣食所安，弗敢專也，必以分人。”對曰：“小惠未遍，民弗從也。”公曰：“犠牲玉帛，弗敢加也，必以信。”對曰：“小信未孚，神弗福也。”公曰：“小大之獄，雖不能察，必以情。”對曰：“忠之屬也，可以一戰，戰則請從。”

[Commentary] In the spring of the tenth year, the army of Qi came to attack our state. Duke Zhuang prepared to give battle, and Cao Gui asked for an audience. A man of his village said: "Those who eat meat are planning this matter; why must you take part?" Cao Gui said: "Those who eat meat are shallow in vision and cannot plan far ahead." So he went into the palace and had his audience. He asked what he would rely on to fight. Duke Zhuang said: "Clothing and food, the things that make life secure, I do not dare to keep to myself alone; I surely share them with others." Cao Gui answered: "Small kindnesses are not universal, and the people will not follow." Duke Zhuang said: "As for sacrificial animals, jade, and silk, I do not dare to misreport them; I surely rely on good faith." He answered: "Small good faith does not move the spirits; the spirits will not grant blessing." Duke Zhuang said: "For lawsuits great and small, even if I cannot examine each one, I surely handle them according to the facts." He answered: "That belongs to loyalty; with it you can fight one battle. When you fight, please let me follow you."

公與之乘。戰於長勺。公將鼓之。劌曰；“未可。”齊人三鼓，劌曰：“可矣。”齊師敗績。公將馳之。劌曰：“未可。”下，視其轍，登，軾而望之，曰：“可矣。”遂逐齊師。

Duke Zhuang rode in the same chariot with him. They fought at Changshao. Duke Zhuang was about to beat the drum to advance the army. Cao Gui said: "Not yet." After the men of Qi had beaten the drum three times, Cao Gui said: "Now." The army of Qi was badly defeated. Duke Zhuang was about to drive on in pursuit. Cao Gui said: "Not yet." He got down and looked at the tracks of the chariots of Qi, then climbed onto the chariot, leaned on the crossbar, and looked into the distance, and said: "Now." So they pursued the army of Qi.

既克，公問其故。對曰：“夫戰，勇氣也，一鼓作氣，再而衰，三而竭。彼竭我盈，故克之。夫大國難測也，懼有伏焉。吾視其轍亂，望其旗靡，故逐之。”

After the victory, Duke Zhuang asked the reason. Cao Gui answered: "In battle, what counts is courage. The first drumbeat stirs up the troops' spirit, the second weakens it, and by the third it is exhausted. They were exhausted and we were full, so we won. A great state is hard to fathom, and I feared an ambush. I saw that their wheel tracks were in disorder and saw that their banners had fallen, so I pursued them."

夏六月，齊師、宋師次於郎。公子偃曰：“宋師不整，可敗也。宋敗，齊必還，請擊之。”公弗許。自雩門竊出，蒙皋比而先犯之。公從之。大敗宋師於乘丘。齊師乃還。

In summer, in the sixth month, the armies of Qi and Song encamped at Lang. Prince Yan said: "The army of Song is not in order and can be defeated. If Song is defeated, Qi will surely go back; please let me strike." Duke Zhuang did not agree. Prince Yan slipped out through the Yu Gate, covered in a tiger skin, and charged first. Duke Zhuang followed him. At Chengqiu they inflicted a great defeat on the army of Song. The army of Qi then went back.

蔡哀侯娶於陳，息侯亦娶焉。息媯將歸，過蔡。蔡侯曰：“吾姨也。”止而見之，弗賓。息侯聞之，怒，使謂楚文王曰：“伐我，吾求救於蔡而伐之。”楚子從之。秋九月，楚敗蔡師於莘，以蔡侯獻舞歸。

Marquis Ai of Cai took a wife from Chen, and the Marquis of Xi also took a wife from Chen. Xi Gui was about to be married and passed through Cai. The Marquis of Cai said: "She is my wife's younger sister." He kept her and met her, not treating her with the courtesy due a guest. The Marquis of Xi heard of it and in anger sent a man to tell King Wen of Chu: "Attack me, and I will ask Cai for help; then you can attack Cai." The Viscount of Chu agreed. In autumn, in the ninth month, Chu defeated the army of Cai at Shen and took Xianwu, Marquis of Cai, back with it.

齊侯之出也，過譚，譚不禮焉。及其入也，諸侯皆賀，譚又不至。冬，齊師滅譚，譚無禮也。譚子奔莒，同盟故也。

When the Marquis of Qi had fled into exile, he passed through Tan, and Tan did not treat him with courtesy. When he returned to his state, the feudal lords all came to congratulate him, and Tan again did not come. In winter, the army of Qi destroyed Tan, because Tan had been discourteous. The Viscount of Tan fled to Ju, because of their alliance.

【經】十有一年春王正月。夏五月，戊寅，公敗宋師於鄑。秋，宋大水。

[Classic] In the spring of the eleventh year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar. In summer, on the wuyin day of the fifth month, Duke Zhuang defeated the army of Song at Zi. In autumn, there was a great flood in Song.

冬，王姬歸於齊。

In winter, Princess Ji of the royal house was married to Qi.

【傳】十一年夏，宋為乘丘之役故侵我。公御之，宋師未陳而薄之，敗諸鄑。

[Commentary] In the summer of the eleventh year, Song raided our state because of the battle at Chengqiu. Duke Zhuang resisted, pressed on the army of Song before it had formed its lines, and defeated it at Zi.

凡師，敵未陳曰敗某師，皆陳曰戰，大崩曰敗績，得俊曰克，覆而敗之曰取某師，京師敗曰王師敗績於某。

As a rule, when the enemy has not yet formed ranks, it is called "defeating such-and-such army"; when both sides have formed ranks, it is called "battle"; complete collapse is called "defeat"; capturing the enemy's outstanding men is called "conquest"; defeating by ambush is called "taking such-and-such army"; and when the Son of Heaven's army is defeated it is called "the royal army suffered a defeat at such-and-such place".

秋，宋大水。公使吊焉，曰：“天作淫雨，害於粢盛，若之何不弔？”對曰：“孤實不敬，天降之災，又以為君憂，拜命之辱。”臧文仲曰：“宋其興乎。禹、湯罪己，其興也悖焉，桀、紂罪人，其亡也忽焉。且列國有兇稱孤，禮也。言懼而名禮，其庶乎。”既而聞之曰公子御說之辭也。臧孫達曰：“是宜為君，有恤民之心。”

In autumn, there was a great flood in Song. Duke Zhuang sent a man to offer condolences, saying: "Heaven sent down excessive rain and harmed the grain for sacrifice; how could we not offer condolences?" The Duke of Song answered: "It is truly because I was not respectful that Heaven sent down calamity, and it has further caused you, my lord, to be concerned; I bow in thanks for your gracious message." Zang Wenzhong said: "Song will probably flourish. Yu and Tang blamed themselves, and their rise was swift; Jie and Zhou blamed others, and their ruin was rapid. Moreover, when a feudal state has a misfortune and the ruler calls himself 'the orphan', this accords with ritual. His speech is cautious and his title accords with ritual; he is probably nearly there." Before long it was heard that those were the words of Prince Yuyue. Zang Sunda said: "This man is fit to be ruler; he has a heart that cares for the people."

冬，齊侯來逆共姬。

In winter, the Marquis of Qi came to receive Gong Ji in marriage.

乘丘之役，公以金僕姑射南宮長萬，公右遄孫生搏之。宋人請之，宋公靳之，曰：“始吾敬子，今子，魯囚也。吾弗敬子矣。”病之。

At the battle of Chengqiu, Duke Zhuang struck Nangong Changwan with the Jinpugu arrow, and his chariot-right Chuan Sun captured him alive. The men of Song asked for his return, and the Duke of Song mocked him, saying: "At first I respected you; now you are a prisoner of Lu, and I no longer respect you." Nangong Changwan was pained by this.

【經】十有二年春王三月，紀叔姬歸於酅。夏四月。秋八月甲午，宋萬弒其君捷及其大夫仇牧。十月，宋萬出奔陳。

[Classic] In the spring of the twelfth year, in the third month by the Zhou calendar, Shu Ji of Ji returned to Xi. In summer, the fourth month. In autumn, on the jiawu day of the eighth month, Song Wan murdered his ruler Jie and his high officer Chou Mu. In the tenth month, Song Wan fled to Chen.

【傳】十二年秋，宋萬弒閔公於蒙澤。遇仇牧於門，批而殺之。遇大宰督於東宮之西，又殺之。立子游。群公子奔蕭。公子御說奔亳。南宮牛、猛獲帥師圍亳。

[Commentary] In the autumn of the twelfth year, Song Wan murdered Duke Min at Mengze. He met Chou Mu at the gate and struck him dead with a backhand blow. West of the Eastern Palace he met the Grand Steward Du and killed him too. He installed Ziyou. The princes fled to Xiao. Prince Yuyue fled to Bo. Nangong Niu and Meng Huo led troops to besiege Bo.

冬十月，蕭叔大心及戴、武、宣、穆、莊之族以曹師伐之。殺南宮牛於師，殺子游於宋，立桓公。猛獲奔衛。南宮萬奔陳，以乘車輦其母，一日而至。

In winter, in the tenth month, Daxin of Xiao, together with the clans of Dai, Wu, Xuan, Mu, and Zhuang, led the army of Cao to attack. They killed Nangong Niu within the army, killed Ziyou in the capital of Song, and installed Duke Huan. Meng Huo fled to Wei. Nangong Wan fled to Chen, carrying his mother in a carriage, and arrived in a single day.

宋人請猛獲於衛，衛人慾勿與，石祁子曰：“不可。天下之惡一也，惡於宋而保於我，保之何補？得一夫而失一國，與惡而棄好，非謀也。”衛人歸之。亦請南宮萬於陳，以賂。陳人使婦人飲之酒，而以犀革裹之。比及宋，手足皆見。

The men of Song asked Wei to hand over Meng Huo. The men of Wei wished to refuse, but Shi Qizi said: "No. The wickedness of all the world is the same; if he did evil in Song yet is protected here, what benefit is there in protecting him? To gain a single commoner and lose a state, to ally with an evildoer and discard friendship, is not a good course." The men of Wei returned him. They also asked Chen to hand over Nangong Wan, using goods as payment. The men of Chen had women give him wine, and wrapped him in rhinoceros hide. By the time he was delivered to Song, his hands and feet had come out.

宋人皆醢之。

The men of Song chopped them both into mince.

【經】十有三年春，齊侯、宋人、陳人、蔡人、邾人會於北杏。夏六月，齊人滅遂。秋七月。冬，公會齊侯盟於柯。

[Classic] In the spring of the thirteenth year, the Marquis of Qi and the men of Song, Chen, Cai, and Zhu met at Beixing. In summer, in the sixth month, the men of Qi destroyed Sui. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, Duke Zhuang met the Marquis of Qi and made a covenant at Ke.

【傳】十三年春，會於北杏，以平宋亂。遂人不至。

[Commentary] In the spring of the thirteenth year, the meeting at Beixing was to settle the disorder in Song. The men of Sui did not come.

夏，齊人滅遂而戍之。

In summer, the men of Qi destroyed Sui and garrisoned it.

冬，盟於柯，始及齊平也。

In winter, a covenant was made at Ke, beginning peace with Qi.

宋人背北杏之會。

The men of Song went back on the meeting at Beixing.

【經】十有四年春，齊人、陳人、曹人伐宋。夏，單伯會伐宋。秋七月，荊入蔡。冬，單伯會齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯於鄄。

[Classic] In the spring of the fourteenth year, the men of Qi, Chen, and Cao attacked Song. In summer, Shan Bo joined them to attack Song. In autumn, in the seventh month, Chu invaded Cai. In winter, Shan Bo met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, and the Earl of Zheng at Juan.

【傳】十四年春，諸侯伐宋，齊請師於周。夏，單伯會之，取成於宋而還。

[Commentary] In the spring of the fourteenth year, the feudal lords attacked Song, and Qi asked Zhou to send troops. In summer, Shan Bo joined them, and after reaching a peace agreement with Song, returned home.

鄭厲公自櫟侵鄭，及大陵，獲傅瑕。傅瑕曰：“苟舍我，吾請納君。”與之盟而赦之。六月甲子，傅瑕殺鄭子及其二子而納厲公。

Duke Li of Zheng raided the capital of Zheng from Li, reached Daling, and captured Fu Xia. Fu Xia said: "If you release me, I ask to escort you back." A covenant was made with him and he was pardoned. On the jiazi day of the sixth month, Fu Xia killed Zi of Zheng and his two sons, and escorted Duke Li back.

初，內蛇與外蛇鬥於鄭南門中，內蛇死。六年而厲公入。公聞之，問於申繻曰：“猶有妖乎？”對曰：“人之所忌，其氣焰以取之，妖由人興也。人無釁焉，妖不自作。人棄常則妖興，故有妖。”

Earlier, a snake inside the city and a snake outside the city fought inside the south gate of Zheng, and the snake inside the city died. Six years later Duke Li entered. When Duke Li heard of it, he asked Shen Xu: "Are there still prodigies?" Shen Xu answered: "What people fear is brought about by their own ill temper; prodigies arise from people. When people have no gap, prodigies do not act of themselves. When people abandon the constant way, prodigies arise, and therefore there are prodigies."

厲公入，遂殺傅瑕。使謂原繁曰：“傅瑕貳，周有常刑，既伏其罪矣。納我而無二心者，吾皆許之上大夫之事，吾願與伯父圖之。且寡人出，伯父無裡言，入，又不念寡人，寡人憾焉。”對曰：“先君桓公命我先人典司宗祏。社稷有主而外其心，其何貳如之？苟主社稷，國內之民其誰不為臣？臣無二心，天之制也。子儀在位十四年矣，而謀召君者，庸非二乎。莊公之子猶有八人，若皆以官爵行賂勸貳而可以濟事，君其若之何？臣聞命矣。”乃縊而死。

After Duke Li entered, he killed Fu Xia. He sent a man to tell Yuan Fan: "Fu Xia had a divided heart; Zhou has fixed punishments, and he has already paid for his crime. Those who escorted me back and have no divided heart, I allow all of them the duties of senior high officers, and I am willing to plan together with my uncle. Moreover, when I left the state, my uncle sent me no word from within the borders; and when I returned, he did not think of me; this I regret." Yuan Fan answered: "The former ruler Duke Huan commanded my ancestor to take charge of the stone chamber of the ancestral temple. If the altars of the state have a master and yet one's heart is turned outside, what divided heart is like this? If one presides over the altars, then among the people of the state who is not a subject? That a subject has no divided heart is the institution of Heaven. Zi Yi has been in the seat for fourteen years, and those who plotted to summon you back, are they not of divided heart? Duke Zhuang has eight other sons; if all were to use office and rank as bribes to persuade people to have a divided heart and thereby succeed, what would you do, my lord? I have heard your command." Then he hanged himself and died.

蔡哀侯為莘故，繩息媯以語楚子。楚子如息，以食入享，遂滅息。以息媯歸，生堵敖及成王焉，未言。楚子問之，對曰：“吾一婦人而事二夫，縱弗能死，其又奚言？”楚子以蔡侯滅息，遂伐蔡。秋七月，楚入蔡。

Because of the battle at Shen, Marquis Ai of Cai praised Xi Gui before the Viscount of Chu. The Viscount of Chu went to Xi, entered with food and was entertained, and then destroyed Xi. He took Xi Gui back, and she bore Du'ao and King Cheng, but she did not speak. The Viscount of Chu asked her, and she answered: "I, a woman, served two husbands; even if I cannot die, what more is there to say?" The Viscount of Chu had destroyed Xi because of the Marquis of Cai, and so he attacked Cai. In autumn, in the seventh month, Chu invaded Cai.

君子曰：“《商書》所謂‘惡之易也，如火之燎於原，不可鄉邇，其猶可撲滅’者，其如蔡哀侯乎。”

The gentleman said: "What the Book of Shang says, 'The spread of evil is like fire burning on a plain; it cannot be approached, so how can it be put out?', is just like this case of Marquis Ai of Cai."

冬，會於鄄，宋服故也。

In winter, the meeting at Juan was because Song had already submitted.

【經】十有五年春，齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯會於鄄。夏，夫人姜氏如齊。秋，宋人、齊人、邾人伐郳。鄭人侵宋。冬十月。

[Classic] In the spring of the fifteenth year, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, and the Earl of Zheng met at Juan. In summer, the Lady Jiang went to Qi. In autumn, the men of Song, Qi, and Zhu attacked Ni. The men of Zheng raided Song. In winter, the tenth month.

【傳】十五年春，復會焉，齊始霸也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the fifteenth year, they met there again, and Qi began to hold hegemony.

秋，諸侯為宋伐郳。鄭人間之而侵宋。

In autumn, the feudal lords attacked Ni on behalf of Song. The men of Zheng took the opportunity to raid Song.

【經】十有六年春王正月。夏，宋人、齊人、衛人伐鄭。秋，荊伐鄭。冬十有二月，會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、滑伯、滕子同盟於幽。邾子克卒。

[Classic] In the sixteenth year, in spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar. In summer, the men of Song, Qi, and Wei attacked Zheng. In autumn, Chu attacked Zheng. In winter, in the twelfth month, he met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Hua, and the Viscount of Teng, and they made a covenant together at You. Ke, Viscount of Zhu, died.

【傳】十六年夏，諸侯伐鄭，宋故也。

[Commentary] In the sixteenth year, in summer, the feudal lords attacked Zheng because of Song.

鄭伯自櫟入，緩告於楚。秋，楚伐鄭，及櫟，為不禮故也。

The Earl of Zheng entered the capital from Li, but was late in reporting to Chu. In autumn, Chu attacked Zheng and reached Li, because Zheng had not treated it with proper ritual.

鄭伯治與於雍糾之亂者。九月，殺公子閼，刖強鉏。公父定叔出奔衛。三年而復之，曰：“不可使共叔無後於鄭。”使以十月入，曰：“良月也，就盈數焉。”

The Earl of Zheng punished those who had taken part in the disorder of Yong Jiu. In the ninth month, he killed Prince E and cut off the feet of Qiang Zu. Gongfu Dingshu fled to Wei. Three years later he let him return, saying, "We cannot let Uncle Gong have no descendants in Zheng." He had him enter in the tenth month, saying, "This is an excellent month, to make up a full number."

君子謂：“強鉏不能衛其足。”

The gentleman held: "Qiang Zu could not protect his own feet."

冬，同盟於幽，鄭成也。

In winter, the covenant together at You was because Zheng had already made peace.

王使虢公命曲沃伯以一軍為晉侯。

The Son of Heaven sent Duke Guo to order the Earl of Quwo to be Marquis of Jin with a single army's establishment.

初，晉武公伐夷，執夷詭諸。蒍國請而免之。既而弗報。故子國作亂，謂晉人曰：“與我伐夷而取其地。”遂以晉師伐夷，殺夷詭諸。周公忌父出奔虢。惠王立而復之。

Earlier, Duke Wu of Jin attacked Yi and seized Yi Guizhu. The state of Wei pleaded for him and he was pardoned, but afterward he did not repay them. For this reason Ziguo made disorder, and said to the men of Jin, "Attack Yi with me and seize its land." So he led the Jin army to attack Yi and killed Yi Guizhu. Jifu, Duke of Zhou, fled to Guo. After King Hui took the throne he let him return.

【經】十有七年春，齊人執鄭詹。夏，齊人殲於遂。秋，鄭詹自齊逃來。冬，多麋。

[Classic] In the seventeenth year, in spring, the men of Qi seized Zhan of Zheng. In summer, the men of Qi were wiped out at Sui. In autumn, Zhan of Zheng escaped from Qi and came here. In winter, deer were numerous.

【傳】十七年春，齊人執鄭詹，鄭不朝也。

[Commentary] In the seventeenth year, in spring, the men of Qi seized Zhan of Zheng because Zheng did not come to court.

夏，遂因氏，頜氏、工婁氏、須遂氏饗齊戍，醉而殺之，齊人殲焉。

In summer, the Yin, He, Gongliu, and Xusui clans of Sui feasted the Qi garrison troops, made them drunk and killed them, and the men of Qi wiped out these clans.

【經】十有八年春王三月，日有食之。夏，公追戎於濟西。秋，有蜮。冬十月。

[Classic] In the eighteenth year, in spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, there was an eclipse of the sun. In summer, Duke Zhuang pursued the Rong to the west of the River Ji. In autumn, there appeared yu (a harmful insect). In winter, the tenth month.

【傳】十八年春，虢公、晉侯朝王，王饗醴，命之宥，皆賜玉五瑴，馬三匹。

[Commentary] In the eighteenth year, in spring, Duke Guo and the Marquis of Jin came to court. The Son of Heaven feasted them with sweet wine and ordered them to return the toast, and gave each five pairs of jade and three horses.

非禮也。王命諸侯，名位不同，禮亦異數，不以禮假人。

This was contrary to ritual. When the Son of Heaven issues commands to the feudal lords, with different rank and position the ritual measure also differs, and ritual cannot be given carelessly to others.

虢公、晉侯、鄭伯使原莊公逆王后於陳。陳媯歸於京師，實惠後。

Duke Guo, the Marquis of Jin, and the Earl of Zheng sent Yuan Zhuanggong to Chen to welcome the queen. Gui of Chen was married to the capital, and she was Queen Hui.

夏，公追戎於濟西。不言其來，諱之也。

In summer, Duke Zhuang pursued the Rong to the west of the River Ji. The Spring and Autumn does not write that the Rong came, as a matter of avoidance.

秋，有蜮，為災也。

In autumn, the yu appeared, and it caused harm.

初，楚武王克權，使鬥緡尹之。以叛，圍而殺之。遷權於那處，使閻敖尹之。

Earlier, King Wu of Chu conquered Quan and sent Dou Min to govern it. Dou Min used it to rebel, and Chu besieged and killed him. They moved the people of Quan to Nachu and sent Yan Ao to govern it.

及文王即位，與巴人伐申而驚其師。巴人叛楚而伐那處，取之，遂門於楚。閻敖遊湧而逸。楚子殺之，其族為亂。冬，巴人因之以伐楚。

When King Wen took the throne, he joined the men of Ba in attacking Shen, but startled his own army. The men of Ba turned against Chu, attacked Nachu and took it, and then attacked the gate of the Chu city. Yan Ao swam across the River Yong and fled. The Viscount of Chu killed him, and his kin made disorder. In winter, the men of Ba took the opportunity to attack Chu.

【經】十有九年春王正月。夏四月。秋，公子結媵陳人之婦於鄄，遂及齊侯、宋公盟。夫人姜氏如莒。冬，齊人、宋人、陳人伐我西鄙。

[Classic] In the nineteenth year, in spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar. In summer, the fourth month. In autumn, Prince Jie escorted the accompanying women for the bride of the men of Chen to Juan, and then made a covenant with the Marquis of Qi and the Duke of Song. Lady Jiang went to Ju. In winter, the men of Qi, Song, and Chen attacked our western border.

【傳】十九年春，楚子御之，大敗於津。還，鬻拳弗納。遂伐黃，敗黃師於碏陵。還，及湫，有疾。夏六月庚申卒，鬻拳葬諸夕室，亦自殺也，而葬於絰初，鬻拳強諫楚子，楚子弗從，臨之以兵，懼而從之。鬻拳曰：“吾懼君以皇。兵，罪莫大焉。”遂自刖也。楚人以為大閽，謂之大伯，使其後掌之。君子曰：“鬻拳可謂愛君矣，諫以自納於刑，刑猶不忘納君於善。”

[Commentary] In the nineteenth year, in spring, the Viscount of Chu resisted the men of Ba and was utterly defeated at Jin. On returning, Yu Quan would not let him enter the city. So he attacked Huang and defeated the Huang army at Quling. On returning, he reached Qiu and fell ill. In summer, in the sixth month, on gengshen, he died, and Yu Quan buried him in Xishi and then killed himself, and was buried at Dieh Huang. Earlier, Yu Quan had forcibly remonstrated with the Viscount of Chu, who would not listen, and he pointed a weapon at the Viscount, who was frightened and then complied. Yu Quan said, "I have frightened my ruler with a weapon. There is no crime greater than this with a weapon." So he cut off his own feet. The men of Chu made him the Great Gatekeeper, called Da Bo, and had his descendants hold this office. The gentleman said, "Yu Quan may be said to have loved his ruler: he remonstrated and brought himself under punishment, and even after being punished did not forget to bring his ruler back to the right way."

初，王姚嬖於莊王，生子頹。子頹有寵，蒍國為之師。及惠王即位，取蒍國之圃以為囿，邊伯之宮近於王宮，王取之。王奪子禽，祝跪與詹父田，而收膳夫之秩。故蒍國、邊伯、石速、詹父、子禽祝跪作亂，因蘇氏。秋，五大夫奉子頹以伐王，不克，出奔溫。蘇子奉子頹以奔衛。衛師、燕師伐周。冬，立子頹。

Earlier, Wang Yao was favored by King Zhuang and bore Zituí. Zituí was favored, and the state of Wei served as his tutor. When King Hui took the throne, he took Wei's garden and made it a hunting park, and the palace of Bian Bo was near the royal palace and the Son of Heaven took it too. The Son of Heaven seized the fields of Zi Qin, Zhu Gui, and Zhan Fu, and also took back the stipend of the chief cook. For this reason Wei, Bian Bo, Shi Su, Zhan Fu, and Zi Qin and Zhu Gui made disorder, relying on the Su clan. In autumn, the five grand officers served Zituí in attacking the Son of Heaven, but did not succeed and fled to Wen. Master Su served Zituí and fled to Wei. The armies of Wei and Yan attacked Zhou. In winter, Zituí was installed.

【經】二十年春王二月，夫人姜氏如莒。夏，齊大災。秋七月。冬，齊人伐戎。

[Classic] In the twentieth year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, Lady Jiang went to Ju. In summer, Qi had a great fire disaster. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, the men of Qi attacked the Rong.

【傳】二十年春，鄭伯和王室，不克。執燕仲父。夏，鄭伯遂以王歸，王處於櫟。秋，王及鄭伯入於鄔。遂入成周，取其寶器而還。

[Commentary] In the twentieth year, in spring, the Earl of Zheng mediated for the royal house but did not succeed. He seized Yan Zhongfu. In summer, the Earl of Zheng then brought the Son of Heaven back, and the Son of Heaven stayed at Li. In autumn, the Son of Heaven and the Earl of Zheng entered Wu. Then they entered Chengzhou, took the precious vessels, and returned to their state.

冬，王子頹享五大夫，樂及遍舞。鄭伯聞之，見虢叔，曰：“寡人聞之，哀樂失時，殃咎必至。今王子頹歌舞不倦，樂禍也。夫司寇行戮，君為之不舉，而況敢樂禍乎！奸王之位，禍孰大焉？臨禍忘憂，憂必及之。盍納王乎？”虢公曰：“寡人之願也。”

In winter, Prince Tui feasted the five grand officers, and the music ran through all the dances. The Earl of Zheng heard of it and went to see Guo Shu, saying, "I have heard that when grief and joy are not timely, disaster is sure to come. Now Prince Tui sings and dances without weariness, taking joy in disaster. When the Minister of Crime carries out an execution, the ruler reduces his meals for it, how much more would one dare to take joy in disaster! To encroach on the Son of Heaven's seat, is there any disaster greater than this? One who forgets sorrow in the face of calamity will surely have the sorrow fall upon himself. Why not send the Son of Heaven back?" Duke Guo said, "That is also my wish."

【經】二十有一年春，王正月。夏五月辛酉，鄭伯突卒。秋七月戊戌，夫人姜氏薨。冬十有二月，葬鄭厲公。

[Classic] In the twenty-first year, in spring, the first month of the Zhou Son of Heaven. In summer, in the fifth month, on xinyou, Tu, Earl of Zheng, died. In autumn, in the seventh month, on wuxu, Lady Jiang died. In winter, in the twelfth month, Duke Li of Zheng was buried.

【傳】二十一年春，胥命於弭。夏，同伐王城。鄭伯將王，自圉門入，虢叔自北門入，殺王子頹及五大夫。鄭伯享王於闕西闢，樂備。王與之武公之略，自虎牢以東。原伯曰：“鄭伯效尤，其亦將有咎。”五月，鄭厲公卒。

[Commentary] In the twenty-first year, in spring, they swore a mutual oath at Mi. In summer, they attacked the royal city together. The Earl of Zheng escorted the Son of Heaven in through the Yu gate, and Guo Shu entered through the north gate, and they killed Prince Tui and the five grand officers. The Earl of Zheng feasted the Son of Heaven at the west tower of the Duan gate, with ritual and music complete. The Son of Heaven gave him the territory of Duke Wu, east of Hulao. Yuan Bo said, "The Earl of Zheng follows a bad example; he will probably meet disaster too." In the fifth month, Duke Li of Zheng died.

王巡虢守。虢公為王宮於玤，王與之酒泉。鄭伯之享王也，王以後之鞶鑑予之。虢公請器，王予之爵。鄭伯由是始惡於王。

The Son of Heaven toured the guard lands of Guo. Duke Guo built a travelling palace for the Son of Heaven at Bang, and the Son of Heaven gave him Jiuquan. When the Earl of Zheng feasted the Son of Heaven, the Son of Heaven gave him the queen's mirror-fitted belt. Duke Guo asked for vessels, and the Son of Heaven gave him a wine cup. From this time the Earl of Zheng began to resent the Son of Heaven.

冬，王歸自虢。

In winter, the Son of Heaven returned from Guo.

【經】二十二年春王正月，肆大眚。癸丑，葬我小君文姜。陳人殺其公子禦寇。夏五月。秋七月丙申，及齊高傒盟於防。冬，公如齊納幣。

[Classic] In the twenty-second year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, there was a great amnesty for offenders. On guichou, Wen Jiang, our lesser lady, was buried. The men of Chen killed their prince Yukou. In summer, the fifth month. In autumn, in the seventh month, on bingshen, he made a covenant with Gao Xi of Qi at Fang. In winter, Duke Zhuang went to Qi to deliver betrothal gifts.

【傳】二十二年春，陳人殺其大子禦寇，陳公子完與顓孫奔齊。顓孫自齊來奔。

[Commentary] In the twenty-second year, in spring, the men of Chen killed their heir Yukou, and Prince Wan of Chen and Zhuansun fled to Qi. Zhuansun fled from Qi again to Lu.

齊侯使敬仲為卿。辭曰：“羈旅之臣，幸若獲宥，及於寬政，赦其不閒於教訓而免於罪戾，弛於負擔，君之惠也，所獲多矣。敢辱高位，以速官謗。請以死告。《詩》云：‘翹翹車乘，招我以弓，豈不欲往，畏我友朋。’”使為工正。

The Marquis of Qi wished to make Jingzhong a minister. He declined, saying, "I am a minister who is a wandering stranger. If by good fortune I obtain pardon and meet with lenient decrees, and am excused for lack of training and so spared guilt, with my burden laid down, that is the ruler's kindness, and what I have received is already a great deal. How dare I disgrace a high post and so hasten the slander of the officials? Please let me report at the risk of death. The Odes say: 'The high carriage summons me with a bow; do I not wish to go? I fear my friends.'" So he was made Superintendent of Artisans.

飲桓公酒，樂。公曰：“以火繼之。”辭曰：“臣卜其晝，未卜其夜，不敢。”

Jingzhong invited Duke Huan to drink, and it was very pleasant. Duke Huan said, "Light the lamps and continue." He declined, saying, "I have divined for the daytime but not for the night, and so I dare not."

君子曰：“酒以成禮，不繼以淫，義也。以君成禮，弗納於淫，仁也。”

The gentleman said, "Wine is used to complete ritual, and not to go on to indulgence, which is righteousness. Serving the ruler to complete ritual and not leading him into indulgence is humaneness."

初，懿氏卜妻敬仲，其妻占之，曰：“吉，是謂‘鳳皇于飛，和鳴鏘鏘，有媯之後，將育於姜。五世其昌，並於正卿。八世之後，莫之與京。’”陳厲公，蔡出也。故蔡人殺五父而立之，生敬仲。其少也。周史有以《周易》見陳侯者，陳侯使筮之，遇《觀》之《否》。曰：“是謂‘觀國之光，利用賓於王。’此其代陳有國乎。不在此，其在異國；非此其身，在其子孫。光，遠而自他有耀者也。

Earlier, when the Yi clan divined about marrying their daughter to Jingzhong, his wife looked at the hexagram and said, "Auspicious. It is called: 'The phoenixes fly, their harmonious cries ring out; the descendants of the Gui will grow among the Jiang. In the fifth generation they will flourish and rank with the chief minister. After the eighth generation, none will be greater than they.'" Duke Li of Chen was born of a woman of Cai. For this reason the men of Cai killed Wufu and installed him, and he fathered Jingzhong. When Jingzhong was young, a historian of Zhou came to see the Marquis of Chen carrying the Book of Changes, and the Marquis of Chen had him divine, and he obtained Guan changing to Pi. The historian said, "This is called: 'Observing the glory of the state; it is advantageous to be a guest of the king.' This one will probably take the place of Chen and possess a state. Not here but in another state; not in his own person but in his descendants. Glory is light shining from afar, from another place.

《坤》，土也。《巽》，風也。《乾》，天也。風為天於土上，山也。有山之材而照之以天光，於是乎居土上，故曰：‘觀國之光，利用賓於王。’庭實旅百，奉之以玉帛，天地之美具焉，故曰：‘利用賓於王。’猶有觀焉，故曰其在後乎。

(The historian continued:) Kun is earth. Xun is wind. Qian is heaven. Wind rising over earth becomes heaven, which is a mountain. Having the resources of the mountain and being illuminated by the light of heaven, one then dwells on the earth, and so it is said: 'Observing the glory of the state; it is advantageous to be a guest of the king.' A hundred tribute goods are displayed in the court, offered with jade and silk, and all the beauty of Heaven and Earth is present, and so it is said: 'It is advantageous to be a guest of the king.' There is also the meaning of Guan (observation), and so it is said that it will probably be in his descendants.

風行而著於土，故曰其在異國乎。若在異國，必姜姓也。姜，大嶽之後也。山嶽則配天，物莫能兩大。陳衰，此其昌乎。”

(The historian continued:) Wind moves and attaches to the earth, and so it is said that it will probably be in another state. If it is in another state, it must be of the Jiang clan. Jiang are descendants of Taiyue. A mountain peak matches heaven, and things cannot both flourish greatly at once. When Chen declines, this branch will probably flourish."

及陳之初亡也，陳桓子始大於齊。其後亡也，成子得政。

When Chen was destroyed the first time, Chen Huanzi began to grow great in Qi. Later, when Chen was completely destroyed, Chengzi took power.

【經】二十有三年春，公至自齊。祭叔來聘。夏，公如齊觀社。公至自齊。

[Classic] In the twenty-third year, in spring, Duke Zhuang returned from Qi. Ji Shu came on a mission. In summer, Duke Zhuang went to Qi to watch the sacrifice at the altar of the soil. Duke Zhuang returned from Qi.

荊人來聘。公及齊侯遇於谷。蕭叔朝公。秋，丹桓宮楹。冬十有一月，曹伯射姑卒。十有二月甲寅，公會齊侯盟於扈。

The men of Chu came on a mission. Duke Zhuang met the Marquis of Qi unexpectedly at Gu. Xiao Shu came to court to Duke Zhuang. In autumn, the pillars of the temple of Duke Huan were painted red. In winter, in the eleventh month, She Gu, Earl of Cao, died. In the twelfth month, on jiayin, Duke Zhuang met the Marquis of Qi and made a covenant at Hu.

【傳】二十三年夏，公如齊觀社，非禮也。曹劌諫曰：“不可。夫禮，所以整民也。故會以訓上下之則，制財用之節；朝以正班爵之義，帥長幼之序；征伐以討其不然。諸侯有王，王有巡守，以大習之。非是，君不舉矣。君舉必書，書而不法，後嗣何觀？”晉桓、莊之族逼，獻公患之。士蒍曰：“去富子，則群公子可謀也已。”公曰：“爾試其事。”士蒍與群公子謀，譖富子而去之。

[Commentary] In the twenty-third year, in summer, Duke Zhuang went to Qi to watch the sacrifice at the altar of the soil, which was contrary to ritual. Cao Gui remonstrated, saying, "This will not do. Ritual is used to regulate the people. Therefore meetings are used to teach the norms of above and below and to set the measures of expenditure; court visits are used to rectify the principles of rank and ordain the order of old and young; campaigns are used to punish those who do not submit. When the feudal lords come to court the Son of Heaven, and the Son of Heaven makes tours of inspection, it is to practice these on a large scale. Apart from these, the ruler does not travel. When the ruler travels it must be recorded, and if the record is not according to norms, what will later generations see?" The kin of Huan and Zhuang in Jin pressed on the ducal house, and Duke Xian was troubled. Shi Wei said, "If we remove Fuzi, the princes can be dealt with." Duke Xian said, "Try to do this." Shi Wei planned with the princes, slandered Fuzi and got rid of him.

秋，丹桓宮之楹。

In autumn, the pillars of the temple of Duke Huan were painted red.

【經】二十有四年春王三月，刻桓宮桷。葬曹莊公。夏，公如齊逆女。秋，公至自齊。八月丁丑，夫人姜氏入。戊寅，大夫宗婦覿，用幣。大水。冬，戎侵曹。曹羈出奔陳。赤歸於曹。郭公。

[Classic] In the twenty-fourth year, in spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, the rafters of the temple of Duke Huan were carved. Duke Zhuang of Cao was buried. In summer, Duke Zhuang went to Qi to fetch his bride. In autumn, Duke Zhuang returned from Qi. In the eighth month, on dingchou, Lady Jiang entered. On wuyin, the grand officers and the women of the same clan were presented, using jade and silk as gifts of introduction. There was a great flood. In winter, the Rong raided Cao. Ji of Cao fled to Chen. Chi returned to Cao. Duke Guo.

【傳】二十四年春，刻其桷，皆非禮也。御孫諫曰：“臣聞之：‘儉，德之共也；侈，惡之大也。’先君有共德而君納諸大惡，無乃不可乎！”秋，哀姜至。公使宗婦覿，用幣，非禮也。御孫曰：“男贄大者玉帛，小者禽鳥，以章物也。女贄不過榛栗棗修，以告虔也。今男女同贄，是無別也。男女之別，國之大節也。而由夫人亂之，無乃不可乎！”晉士蒍又與群公子謀，使殺遊氏之二子。士蒍告晉侯曰：“可矣。不過二年，君必無患。”

[Commentary] In the twenty-fourth year, in spring, the carving of the temple rafters was contrary to ritual in every case. Yu Sun remonstrated, saying, "I have heard: 'Frugality is the common quality of virtue; extravagance is the greatest of vices.' The former rulers had common virtue, and Your Lordship brings it into the greatest vice; I fear this will not do!" In autumn, Ai Jiang arrived. Duke Zhuang had the women of the same clan presented, with jade and silk as introductory gifts, which was contrary to ritual. Yu Sun said, "For men, the introductory gifts are jade and silk for the great and birds for the small, to make clear the categories. For women, the introductory gifts are no more than hazelnuts, chestnuts, dates, and dried meat, to show sincerity and respect. Now men and women use the same gifts, which means there is no distinction. The distinction between men and women is a great principle of the state, yet the Lady is throwing it into disorder; I fear this will not do!" In Jin, Shi Wei again planned with the princes and sent men to kill the two sons of the You clan. Shi Wei told the Marquis of Jin, "It is done. Within two years, Your Lordship will surely have no worries."

【經】二十有五年春，陳侯使女叔來聘。夏五月癸丑，衛侯朔卒。六月辛未，朔，日有食之，鼓，用牲於社。伯姬歸於杞。秋，大水，鼓，用牲於社、於門。

[Classic] In the twenty-fifth year, in spring, the Marquis of Chen sent Nu Shu on a mission. In summer, in the fifth month, on guichou, Shuo, Marquis of Wei, died. In the sixth month, on xinwei, on the first day, there was an eclipse of the sun; drums were beaten and sacrificial animals were used at the altar of the soil. Bo Ji was married to Ji. In autumn, there was a great flood; drums were beaten and sacrificial animals were used at the altar of the soil and at the city gates.

冬，公子友如陳。

In winter, Prince You went to Chen.

【傳】二十五年春，陳女叔來聘，始結陳好也。嘉之，故不名。

[Commentary] In the twenty-fifth year, in spring, Nu Shu of Chen came on a mission, beginning friendship with Chen. The Spring and Autumn commends him, and so does not write his name.

夏六月辛未，朔，日有食之。鼓，用牲於社，非常也。唯正月之朔，慝未作，日有食之，於是乎用幣於社，伐鼓於朝。

In summer, in the sixth month, on xinwei, on the first day, there was an eclipse of the sun. Drums were beaten and sacrificial animals were used at the altar of the soil, which was not the regular ritual. Only on the first day of the first month, when the yin energy has not yet stirred, if an eclipse occurs, then jade and silk are used at the altar of the soil and drums are beaten at court.

秋，大水。鼓，用牲於社、於門，亦非常也。凡天災，有幣無牲。非日月之眚，不鼓。

In autumn, there was a great flood. Drums were beaten and sacrificial animals were used at the altar of the soil and at the city gates, which was also not the regular ritual. For all natural calamities, there is jade and silk but no sacrificial animals. Unless it is a calamity of the sun or moon, drums are not beaten.

晉士蒍使群公子盡殺遊氏之族，乃城聚而處之。

Shi Wei of Jin had the princes wipe out the kin of the You clan, and then built a wall at Ju to settle them.

冬，晉侯圍聚，盡殺群公子。

In winter, the Marquis of Jin besieged Ju and killed all the princes.

【經】二十有六年春，公伐戎。夏，公至自伐戎。曹殺其大夫。秋，公會宋人、齊人，伐徐。冬十有二月癸亥，朔，日有食之。

[Classic] In the twenty-sixth year, in spring, Duke Zhuang attacked the Rong. In summer, Duke Zhuang returned from attacking the Rong. Cao killed its grand officer. In autumn, Duke Zhuang joined the men of Song and Qi in attacking Xu. In winter, in the twelfth month, on guihai, on the first day, there was an eclipse of the sun.

【傳】二十六年春，晉士蒍為大司空。

[Commentary] In the twenty-sixth year, in spring, Shi Wei of Jin became Grand Minister of Works.

夏，士蒍城絳，以深其宮。

In summer, Shi Wei repaired the city of Jiang and deepened his palace.

秋，虢人侵晉。冬，虢人又侵晉。

In autumn, the men of Guo raided Jin. In winter, the men of Guo raided Jin again.

【經】二十有七年春，公會杞伯姬於洮。夏六月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、鄭伯同盟於幽。秋，公子友如陳，葬原仲。冬，杞伯姬來。莒慶來逆叔姬。杞伯來朝。公會齊侯於城濮。

[Classic] In the twenty-seventh year, in spring, Duke Zhuang met Bo Ji of Ji at Tao. In summer, in the sixth month, Duke Zhuang met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, and the Earl of Zheng, and they made a covenant together at You. In autumn, Prince You went to Chen to attend the funeral of Yuan Zhong. In winter, Bo Ji of Ji came. Qing of Ju came to fetch Shu Ji as bride. The Earl of Ji came to court. Duke Zhuang met the Marquis of Qi at Chengpu.

【傳】二十七年春，公會杞伯姬於洮，非事也。天子非展義不巡守，諸侯非民事不舉，卿非君命不越竟。

[Commentary] In the twenty-seventh year, in spring, Duke Zhuang met Bo Ji of Ji at Tao, not for a matter of state. The Son of Heaven does not tour unless to proclaim virtue and righteousness, a feudal lord does not travel except on the people's affairs, and a minister does not cross the border except by the ruler's command.

夏，同盟於幽，陳、鄭服也。

In summer, the covenant together at You was because Chen and Zheng had already submitted.

秋，公子友如陳，葬原仲，非禮也。原仲，季友之舊也。

In autumn, Prince You went to Chen to attend the funeral of Yuan Zhong, which was contrary to ritual. Yuan Zhong was an old friend of Ji You.

冬，杞伯姬來，歸寧也。凡諸侯之女，歸寧曰來，出曰來歸。夫人歸寧曰如某，出曰歸於某。

In winter, Bo Ji of Ji came, to visit her parents' home. Whenever the daughter of a feudal lord visits her parents' home, it is called "coming"; when she is divorced, it is called "returning home." When the wife of a ruler visits her parents' home it is called "going to so-and-so"; when she is divorced it is called "returning to so-and-so."

晉侯將伐虢，士蒍曰：“不可，虢公驕，若驟得勝於我，必棄其民。無眾而後伐之，欲御我誰與？夫禮樂慈愛，戰所畜也。夫民讓事樂和，愛親哀喪而後可用也。虢弗畜也，亟戰將飢。”

The Marquis of Jin was about to attack Guo. Shi Wei said, "It will not do. The Duke of Guo is arrogant, and if he suddenly wins a victory against us, he will surely abandon his people. When he has no people and we then attack him, if he tries to resist us, who will follow him? Ritual, music, and compassion are what war accumulates. Only when the people are modest in their affairs, joyful and harmonious, love their kin, and grieve at funerals can they then be used. Guo does not accumulate these, and with frequent war it will soon be depleted."

王使召伯廖賜齊侯命，且請伐衛，以其立子頹也。

The Son of Heaven sent Shao Bo Liao to confer a commission on the Marquis of Qi, and asked him to attack Wei, because it had installed Zituí.

【經】二十有八年春，王三月甲寅，齊人伐衛。衛人及齊人戰，衛人敗績。

[Classic] In the twenty-eighth year, in spring, in the third month, on jiayin, of the Zhou Son of Heaven, the men of Qi attacked Wei. The men of Wei fought the men of Qi, and the men of Wei were utterly defeated.

夏四月丁未，邾子瑣卒。秋，荊伐鄭，公會齊人、宋人救鄭。冬，築郿。大無麥、禾，臧孫辰告糴於齊。

In summer, in the fourth month, on dingwei, Suo, Viscount of Zhu, died. In autumn, Chu attacked Zheng, and Duke Zhuang joined the men of Qi and Song in relieving Zheng. In winter, Mei was fortified. Wheat and millet failed badly, and Zang Sun Chen went to Qi to ask to buy grain.

【傳】二十八年春，齊侯伐衛。戰，敗衛師。數之以王命，取賂而還。

[Commentary] In the twenty-eighth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked Wei. They fought and defeated the army of Wei. He rebuked Wei with the Son of Heaven's command, took goods, and returned home.

晉獻公娶於賈，無子。烝於齊姜，生秦穆夫人及大子申生。又娶二女於戎，大戎狐姬生重耳，小戎子生夷吾。晉伐驪戎，驪戎男女以驪姬。歸生奚齊。其娣生卓子。驪姬嬖，欲立其子，賂外嬖梁五，與東關嬖五，使言於公曰：“曲沃，君之宗也。蒲與二屈，君之疆也。不可以無主。宗邑無主則民不威，疆埸無主則啟戎心。戎之生心，民慢其政，國之患也。若使大子主曲沃，而重耳、夷吾主蒲與屈，則可以威民而懼戎，且旌君伐。”使俱曰：“狄之廣莫，於晉為都。晉之啟土，不亦宜乎？”晉侯說之。夏，使大子居曲沃，重耳居蒲城，夷吾居屈。群公子皆鄙，唯二姬之子在絳。二五卒與驪姬譖群公子而立奚齊，晉人謂之二耦。

Duke Xian of Jin took a wife from Jia but had no son. He had relations with Qi Jiang, who bore the Lady Mu of Qin and the heir Shensheng. He also took two women from the Rong: Hu Ji of the Great Rong bore Chong'er, and Zi of the Lesser Rong bore Yiwu. Jin attacked the Li Rong, and the lord of the Li Rong gave Li Ji to him. On returning, she bore Xiqi. Her younger sister bore Zhuozi. Li Ji was favored and wished to install her son, and she used goods to win over the outside favorites Liang Wu and Dongguan Bi Wu, and had them say to Duke Xian, "Quwo is Your Lordship's ancestral city. Pu and the two Qu are Your Lordship's borders. There must be someone in charge of them. If the ancestral city has no one in charge, the people will not be in awe; if the border has no one in charge, it opens the Rong's heart to ambition. If the Rong conceive such ambition, and the people slight the orders of government, it is a calamity for the state. If you let the heir take charge of Quwo and let Chong'er and Yiwu take charge of Pu and Qu, you can awe the people, frighten the Rong, and also display Your Lordship's achievements." She also had them all say, "The broad lands of the Di could serve as cities for Jin. If Jin expands its land, is that not as it should be?" The Marquis of Jin was pleased. In summer, he had the heir live at Quwo, Chong'er at Pucheng, and Yiwu at Qu. The princes were all in the border towns, and only the sons of the two Jis were in Jiang. The two Wus, together with Li Ji, finally slandered the princes and installed Xiqi, and the men of Jin called them the "Two Pairs."

楚令尹子元欲蠱文夫人，為館於其宮側，而振萬焉。夫人聞之，泣曰：“先君以是舞也，習戎備也。今令尹不尋諸仇讎，而於未亡人之側，不亦異乎！”御人以告子元。子元曰：“婦人不忘襲仇，我反忘之！”秋，子元以車六百乘伐鄭，入於桔柣之門。子元、鬥御疆、鬥梧、耿之不比為旆，鬥班、王孫遊、王孫喜殿。眾車入自純門，及逵市。縣門不發，楚言而出。子元曰：“鄭有人焉。”諸侯救鄭，楚師夜遁。鄭人將奔桐丘，諜告曰：“楚幕有烏。”乃止。

Zi Yuan, prime minister of Chu, wished to seduce Lady Wen, and built a lodge beside her palace, where he beat drums and performed the Wan dance. The Lady heard it and said weeping: "The former ruler used this dance to drill for military readiness. Now the prime minister does not use it against enemies but beside a widow; is that not strange!" An attendant told Zi Yuan. Zi Yuan said: "A woman does not forget to attack enemies, and yet I have forgotten!" In autumn, Zi Yuan attacked Zheng with six hundred war chariots and entered the Jiezhi Gate. Zi Yuan, Dou Yujiang, Dou Wu, and Geng Zhi Bubi formed the van, and Dou Ban, Wang Sun You, and Wang Sun Xi formed the rear. The chariots entered through the Chun Gate and reached the market on the main road. The portcullis was not lowered, and the men of Chu came out talking. Zi Yuan said: "Zheng has capable men." The feudal lords came to the rescue of Zheng, and the army of Chu fled by night. The men of Zheng were about to flee to Tongqiu, but scouts reported: "There are crows on the tents of the Chu army." Only then did they stay.

冬，飢。臧孫辰告糴於齊，禮也。

In winter, there was famine. Zang Sun Chen went to Qi to ask to buy grain; this accorded with ritual.

築郿，非都也。凡邑有宗廟先君之主曰都，無曰邑。邑曰築，都曰城。

Mei was fortified, because it was not a capital. As a rule, a city that has an ancestral temple with the tablets of former rulers is called a "du" (capital), and one without is called an "yi" (town). For a town it is said "zhu" (build), and for a capital "cheng" (wall).

【經】二十有九年春，新延廄。夏，鄭人侵許。秋，有蜚。冬十有二月，紀叔姬卒。城諸及防。

[Classic] In the spring of the twenty-ninth year, the Yan stable was newly built. In summer, the men of Zheng raided Xu. In autumn, the fei insects appeared. In winter, in the twelfth month, Shu Ji of Ji died. The cities of Zhu and Fang were walled.

【傳】二十九年春，新作延廄。書，不時也。凡馬日中而出，日中而入。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-ninth year, the Yan stable was newly built. The Spring and Autumn Annals records it because it was not in season. As a rule, horses are let out at the spring equinox and brought in at the autumn equinox.

夏，鄭人侵許。凡師有鐘鼓曰伐，無曰侵，輕曰襲。

In summer, the men of Zheng raided Xu. As a rule, in sending out troops, with bells and drums it is called "fa" (attack), without bells and drums it is called "qin" (raid), and a lightly equipped swift advance is called "xi" (surprise attack).

秋，有蜚，為災也。凡物不為災不書。

In autumn, the fei insects appeared; they caused a disaster. As a rule, when things cause no disaster, the Spring and Autumn Annals does not record them.

冬十二月，城諸及防，書，時也。凡土功，龍見而畢務，戒事也。火見而致用，水昏正而栽，日至而畢。

In winter, in the twelfth month, the cities of Zhu and Fang were walled; the Spring and Autumn Annals records it because it was in season. As a rule, for earthworks, when the Dragon star appears and the farm work is done, preparations begin; when the Fire star appears, the tools are all made ready; when the Camp constellation is due south at dusk, ramming of earth begins, and it is finished by the winter solstice.

樊皮叛王。

Fan Pi rebelled against the Son of Heaven.

【經】三十年春王正月。夏，次於成。秋七月，齊人降鄣。八月癸亥，葬紀叔姬。九月庚午朔，日有食之，鼓，用牲於社。冬，公及齊侯遇於魯濟。齊人伐山戎。

[Classic] In the spring of the thirtieth year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar. In summer, the army encamped at Cheng. In autumn, in the seventh month, the men of Qi subdued Zhang. On the guihai day of the eighth month, Shu Ji of Ji was buried. On the gengwu first day of the ninth month, there was a solar eclipse; drums were beaten and animals were offered at the altar of the soil. In winter, Duke Zhuang met the Marquis of Qi by chance at Luji. The men of Qi attacked the Shanrong.

【傳】三十年春，王命虢公討樊皮。夏四月丙辰，虢公入樊，執樊仲皮，歸於京師。

[Commentary] In the spring of the thirtieth year, the Son of Heaven ordered Duke Guo to attack Fan Pi. In summer, on the bingchen day of the fourth month, Duke Guo invaded Fan, seized Fan Zhongpi, and took him back to the capital.

楚公子元歸自伐鄭，而處王宮，鬥射師諫，則執而梏之。

Prince Yuan of Chu, returning from the attack on Zheng, lived in the royal palace; Dou Sheshi remonstrated, and he seized him and put him in fetters.

秋，申公斗班殺子元，鬥谷於菟為令尹，自毀其家以紓楚國之難。

In autumn, Dou Ban, Duke of Shen, killed Zi Yuan, and Dou Gu Wutu became prime minister, destroying his own household to ease the difficulties of Chu.

冬，遇於魯濟，謀山戎也，以其病燕故也。

In winter, the chance meeting at Luji was to discuss the matter of the Shanrong, because it had brought hardship upon Yan.

【經】三十有一年春，築臺於郎。夏四月，薛伯卒。築臺於薛。六月，齊侯來獻戎捷。秋，築臺於秦。冬，不雨。

[Classic] In the spring of the thirty-first year, a terrace was built at Lang. In summer, in the fourth month, the Earl of Xue died. A terrace was built at Xue. In the sixth month, the Marquis of Qi came to present the spoils of the attack on the Rong. In autumn, a terrace was built at Qin. In winter, no rain fell.

【傳】三十一年夏六月，齊侯來獻戎捷，非禮也。凡諸侯有四夷之功，則獻於王，王以警於夷。中國則否。諸侯不相遺俘。

[Commentary] In the summer of the thirty-first year, in the sixth month, the Marquis of Qi came to present the spoils of the attack on the Rong; this was not in accord with ritual. As a rule, when a feudal lord has merit against the four barbarians, he presents it to the Son of Heaven, who uses it to warn the barbarians. For the states of the central plain it is not so. Feudal lords do not present captives to one another.

【經】三十有二年春，城小谷。夏，宋公、齊侯遇於梁丘。秋七月癸巳，公子牙卒。八月癸亥，公薨於路寢。冬十月己未，子般卒。公子慶父如齊。狄伐邢。

[Classic] In the spring of the thirty-second year, Xiaogu was fortified. In summer, the Duke of Song and the Marquis of Qi met by chance at Liangqiu. In autumn, on the guisi day of the seventh month, Prince Ya died. On the guihai day of the eighth month, Duke Zhuang died in the main hall. In winter, on the jiwei day of the tenth month, Zi Ban died. Prince Qingfu went to Qi. The Di attacked Xing.

【傳】三十二年春，城小谷，為管仲也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the thirty-second year, Xiaogu was fortified, for the sake of Guan Zhong.

齊侯為楚伐鄭之故，請會於諸侯。宋公請先見於齊侯。夏，遇於梁丘。

The Marquis of Qi, because of Chu's attack on Zheng, asked to meet with the feudal lords. The Duke of Song asked to meet the Marquis of Qi first. In summer, they met by chance at Liangqiu.

秋七月，有神降於莘。

In autumn, in the seventh month, a spirit descended at Shen.

惠王問諸內史過曰：“是何故也？”對曰：“國之將興，明神降之，監其德也；將亡，神又降之，觀其惡也。故有得神以興，亦有以亡，虞、夏、商、周皆有之。”王曰：“若之何？”對曰：“以其物享焉，其至之日，亦其物也。”王從之。內史過往，聞虢請命，反曰：“虢必亡矣，虐而聽於神。”

King Hui asked the Grand Scribe Guo: "What is the reason for this?" The Grand Scribe Guo answered: "When a state is about to flourish, a bright spirit descends to watch its virtue; when it is about to perish, a spirit also descends to observe its wickedness. So there are those who flourished by obtaining a spirit, and also those who perished because of it; Yu, Xia, Shang, and Zhou all had such cases." The Son of Heaven said: "What should be done?" He answered: "Make offerings with the sacrifices that correspond to it; the day it arrives is also the corresponding offering." The Son of Heaven agreed. The Grand Scribe Guo went, and hearing that Guo asked the spirit for a grant, returned and said: "Guo will surely perish. It is tyrannical and yet takes orders from a spirit."

神居莘六月。虢公使祝應、宗區、史嚚享焉。神賜之土田。史嚚曰：“虢其亡乎！吾聞之：國將興，聽於民；將亡，聽於神。神，聰明正直而一者也，依人而行。虢多涼德，其何土之能得！”初，公築臺臨黨氏，見孟任，從之。閟，而以夫人言許之。割臂盟公，生子般焉。雩，講於梁氏，女公子觀之。圉人犖自牆外與之戲。子般怒，使鞭之。公曰：“不如殺之，是不可鞭。犖有力焉，能投蓋於稷門。”

The spirit stayed at Shen for six months. Duke Guo sent Zhu Ying, Zong Qu, and Shi Yin to make offerings. The spirit granted him land and fields. Shi Yin said: "Guo will probably perish! I have heard: when a state is about to flourish, it listens to the people; when about to perish, it listens to the spirits. A spirit is intelligent, upright, and single-minded, and acts through people. Guo has so much thin virtue; what land can it obtain!" Earlier, Duke Zhuang had built a terrace near the Dang clan and saw Meng Ren, and pursued her. She shut the door, and Duke Zhuang promised to make her his Lady. She cut her arm and made a covenant with Duke Zhuang, and bore Zi Ban. When the rain sacrifice was held, rehearsal took place at the Liang clan's, and the ducal daughter went to watch. The groom Luo teased her from outside the wall. Zi Ban flew into a rage and sent a man to whip him. Duke Zhuang said: "It would be better to kill him; this man should not only be whipped. Luo is strong and can throw a carriage canopy over the Ji Gate."

公疾，問後於叔牙。對曰：“慶父材。”問於季友，對曰：“臣以死奉般。”

Duke Zhuang fell gravely ill and asked Shu Ya about his successor. Shu Ya answered: "Qingfu has ability." He asked Ji You, and Ji You answered: "I will serve Zi Ban with my life."

公曰：“鄉者牙曰慶父材。”成季使以君命命僖叔待於針巫氏，使針季鴆之，曰：“飲此則有後於魯國，不然，死且無後。”飲之，歸及逵泉而卒，立叔孫氏。

Duke Zhuang said: "Just now Ya said Qingfu has ability." Chengji sent a man, with the ruler's order, to have Xi Shu wait at the Zhenwu clan's, and made Zhen Ji give him poisoned wine, saying: "Drink this, and you will have descendants in Lu; otherwise you will die and have no descendants." He drank it, and on returning died at Kui Spring; the Shusun clan was established.

八月癸亥，公薨於路寢。子般即位，次於黨氏。冬十月己未，共仲使圉人犖賊子般於黨氏。成季奔陳。立閔公。

On the guihai day of the eighth month, Duke Zhuang died in the main hall. Zi Ban took the throne and lived in the house of the Dang clan. In winter, on the jiwei day of the tenth month, Gong Zhong sent the groom Luo to murder Zi Ban at the Dang clan's. Chengji fled to Chen. Duke Min was installed.

【經】元年春王正月。齊人救邢。夏六月辛酉，葬我君莊公。秋八月，公及齊侯盟於落姑。季子來歸。冬，齊仲孫來。

[Classic] In the spring of the first year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar. The men of Qi came to the rescue of Xing. In summer, on the xinyou day of the sixth month, our ruler Duke Zhuang was buried. In autumn, in the eighth month, Duke Min made a covenant with the Marquis of Qi at Luogu. Jizi returned. In winter, Zhongsun of Qi came.

【傳】元年春，不書即位，亂故也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the first year, the Spring and Autumn Annals does not record the accession, because of the disorder.

狄人伐邢。管敬仲言於齊侯曰：“戎狄豺狼，不可厭也。諸夏親暱，不可棄也。宴安鴆毒，不可懷也。《詩》云：‘豈不懷歸，畏此簡書。’簡書，同惡相恤之謂也。請救邢以從簡書。”齊人救邢。

The Di attacked Xing. Guan Jingzhong said to the Marquis of Qi: "The Rong and Di are jackals and wolves and cannot be satisfied. The Chinese states are our kin and cannot be abandoned. Ease and pleasure are poison and cannot be cherished. The Odes say: 'Do we not long to return? We fear this bamboo-slip dispatch.' The bamboo-slip dispatch means sharing concern for common calamities. Please rescue Xing in order to honor the dispatch." The men of Qi rescued Xing.

夏六月，葬莊公，亂故，是以緩。

In summer, in the sixth month, Duke Zhuang was buried; because of the disorder, it was late.

秋八月，公及齊侯盟於落姑，請復季友也。齊侯許之，使召諸陳，公次於郎以待之。“季子來歸”，嘉之也。

In autumn, in the eighth month, Duke Min made a covenant with the Marquis of Qi at Luogu, to ask that Ji You be allowed to return. The Marquis of Qi agreed and sent to summon him from Chen, and Duke Min encamped at Lang to wait. The Spring and Autumn Annals writes "Jizi returned," in praise of him.

冬，齊仲孫湫來省難。書曰“仲孫”，亦嘉之也。

In winter, Zhongsun Qiu of Qi came to inspect the calamity. The Spring and Autumn Annals writes "Zhongsun," also in praise of him.

仲孫歸曰：“不去慶父，魯難未已。”公曰：“若之何而去之？”對曰：“難不已，將自斃，君其待之。”公曰：“魯可取乎？”對曰：“不可，猶秉周禮。周禮，所以本也。臣聞之，國將亡，本必先顛，而後枝葉從之。魯不棄周禮，未可動也。君其務寧魯難而親之。親有禮，因重固，間攜貳，覆昏亂，霸王之器也。”

Zhongsun went back and said: "Unless Qingfu is removed, the calamity of Lu will not cease." Duke Huan said: "How can he be removed?" He answered: "If the calamity does not cease, he will trip himself up; let my lord wait." Duke Huan said: "Can Lu be taken?" He answered: "No, it still holds to the rites of Zhou. The rites of Zhou are the root. I have heard that when a state is about to perish, the root surely falls first, and then the branches and leaves follow. Lu has not abandoned the rites of Zhou, so it cannot yet be shaken. My lord should devote himself to settling the calamity of Lu and drawing close to it. To draw close to those with ritual, to rely on the stable, to sow discord among the disaffected, and to overthrow the benighted, these are the instruments of a hegemon and a king."

晉侯作二軍，公將上軍，大子申生將下軍。趙夙御戎，畢萬為右，以滅耿、滅霍、滅魏。還，為大子城曲沃。賜趙夙耿，賜畢萬魏，以為大夫。

The Marquis of Jin established two armies, personally commanding the upper army, with Crown Prince Shensheng commanding the lower army. Zhao Su drove the war chariot and Bi Wan served as chariot-right; they destroyed Geng, Huo, and Wei. On returning, they fortified Quwo for the Crown Prince. Geng was granted to Zhao Su and Wei to Bi Wan, and they were made high officers.

士蒍曰：“大子不得立矣，分之都城而位以卿，先為之極，又焉得立。不如逃之，無使罪至。為吳大伯，不亦可乎？猶有令名，與其及也。且諺曰：‘心苟無瑕，何恤乎無家。’天若祚大子，其無晉乎。”

Shi Wei said: "The Crown Prince cannot be installed. Having been given a capital and the rank of a minister, he has first been brought to the summit; how can he then be installed? It would be better to flee and not let guilt come. To become a Taibo of Wu would not be acceptable? One could still leave a good name, rather than meet misfortune. Besides, the proverb says: 'If there is no flaw in one's heart, why worry about having no home?' If Heaven protects the Crown Prince, could there be no place outside Jin?"

卜偃曰：“畢萬之後必大。萬，盈數也；魏，大名也；以是始賞，天啟之矣。

Bu Yan said: "Bi Wan's descendants will surely grow great. Wan is a full number; Wei is the name of something tall and great; beginning the rewards with these is Heaven opening his path.

天子曰兆民，諸侯曰萬民。今名之大，以從盈數，其必有眾。”

(Bu Yan continued:) The Son of Heaven is said to have a million people, and a feudal lord ten thousand. Now his name is great and follows the full number; he will surely have the multitude."

初，畢萬筮仕於晉，遇《屯》ⅴⅲ之《比》ⅴⅰ。辛廖占之，曰：“吉。

Earlier, Bi Wan consulted the milfoil about serving in Jin, and obtained Zhun changing to Bi. Xin Liao looked at the hexagram and said: "It is auspicious.

《屯》固《比》入，吉孰大焉？其必蕃昌。《震》為土，車從馬，足居之，兄長之，母覆之，眾歸之，六體不易，合而能固，安而能殺。公侯之卦也。公侯之子孫，必復其始。”

(Xin Liao continued:) Zhun means firm, and Bi means entering; what could be a greater good fortune than this? He will surely flourish and become great. Zhen changes to earth; the chariot follows the horse, the feet rest, the elder brother nurtures, the mother covers, the people come to him, the six lines do not change; gathering together he is also firm, and being settled he is also able to be stern. It is the hexagram of a duke or marquis. The descendants of a duke or marquis will surely return to his beginning."

【經】二年春王正月，齊人遷陽。夏五月乙酉，吉禘於莊公。秋八月辛丑，公薨。九月，夫人姜氏孫於邾。公子慶父出奔莒。冬，齊高子來盟。十有二月，狄入衛。鄭棄其師。

[Classic] In the spring of the second year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, the men of Qi relocated Yang. In summer, on the yiyou day of the fifth month, the auspicious Di sacrifice was held for Duke Zhuang. In autumn, on the xinchou day of the eighth month, Duke Min died. In the ninth month, the Lady Jiang fled to Zhu. Prince Qingfu fled to Ju. In winter, Gaozi of Qi came to make a covenant. In the twelfth month, the Di invaded Wei. Zheng abandoned its army.

【傳】二年春，虢公敗犬戎於渭汭。舟之僑曰：“無德而祿，殃也。殃將至矣。”遂奔晉。

[Commentary] In the spring of the second year, Duke Guo defeated the Quanrong at the bend of the Wei River. Zhou Zhiqiao said: "To receive emoluments without virtue is a calamity. Calamity is about to come." So he fled to Jin.

夏，吉禘於莊公，速也。

In summer, the auspicious Di sacrifice was held for Duke Zhuang; this was too early.

初，公傅奪卜齮田，公不禁。

Earlier, Duke Min's tutor had taken the fields of Bu Ben, and Duke Min did not stop him.

秋八月辛丑，共仲使卜齮賊公於武闈。成季以僖公適邾。共仲奔莒，乃入，立之。以賂求共仲於莒，莒人歸之。及密，使公子魚請，不許。哭而往，共仲曰：“奚斯之聲也。”乃縊。

In autumn, on the xinchou day of the eighth month, Gong Zhong sent Bu Ben to murder Duke Min at the Wu side-gate. Chengji took Duke Xi to Zhu. Gong Zhong fled to Ju, and only then did they enter and install Duke Xi. Goods were used to ask Ju for Gong Zhong, and the men of Ju returned him. When he reached Mi, he sent Prince Yu to ask for a pardon from death, which was refused. Prince Yu went weeping, and Gong Zhong said: "That is the voice of Xi Si." Then he hanged himself.

閔公，哀姜之娣叔姜之子也，故齊人立之。共仲通於哀姜，哀姜欲立之。閔公之死也，哀姜與知之，故孫於邾。齊人取而殺之於夷，以其屍歸，僖公請而葬之。

Duke Min was the son of Shu Jiang, the younger sister of Ai Jiang, and so the men of Qi installed him. Gong Zhong had an affair with Ai Jiang, and Ai Jiang wished to install Gong Zhong. She had knowledge of and took part in the death of Duke Min, and so fled to Zhu. The men of Qi seized her, killed her at Yi, and brought her body back; Duke Xi asked for it and then buried her.

成季之將生也，桓公使卜楚丘之父卜之。曰：“男也。其名曰友，在公之右。

When Chengji was about to be born, Duke Huan had the father of Bu Chuqiu divine for him. He said: "It will be a boy. His name will be You, and he will be at the right of the duke.

間於兩社，為公室輔。季氏亡，則魯不昌。”又筮之，遇《大有》ⅵⅰ之《乾》ⅰⅰ，曰：“同復於父，敬如君所。”及生，有文在其手曰“友”，遂以命之。

(The diviner continued:) He will stand between the two altars and be a support of the ducal house. If the Ji clan is destroyed, Lu will not prosper." Then he divined with milfoil and obtained Dayou changing to Qian, and said: "Together they return to the father; reverence is as if the ruler were present." When he was born, the lines on his hand formed the character "you", and so it was used to name him.

冬十二月，狄人伐衛。衛懿公好鶴，鶴有乘軒者。將戰，國人受甲者皆曰：“使鶴，鶴實有祿位，餘焉能戰！”公與石祁子玦，與甯莊子矢，使守，曰：“以此贊國，擇利而為之。”與夫人繡衣，曰：“聽於二子。”渠孔御戎，子伯為右，黃夷前驅，孔嬰齊殿。及狄人戰於熒澤，衛師敗績，遂滅衛。衛侯不去其旗，是以甚敗。狄人囚史華龍滑與禮孔以逐衛人。二人曰：“我，大史也，實掌其祭。不先，國不可得也。”乃先之。至則告守曰：“不可待也。”夜與國人出。

In winter, in the twelfth month, the Di attacked Wei. Duke Yi of Wei liked cranes, and some cranes rode in carriages. When about to fight, the men of the state who received armor all said: "Send the cranes; the cranes truly hold rank and salary, and how could I fight!" Duke Yi gave Shi Qizi a jade jue and gave Ning Zhuangzi arrows, ordering them to guard the city, and said: "Use these to assist the state, and choose what is advantageous." He gave the Lady an embroidered garment and said: "Listen to these two." Qu Kong drove the war chariot, Zi Bo served as chariot-right, Huang Yi led the vanguard, and Kong Yingqi led the rear. They fought the Di at Yingze, and the army of Wei was badly defeated, and so Wei was destroyed. The Marquis of Wei would not take down his banner, and for this reason lost more heavily. The Di captured the Grand Scribe Hua Longhua and Li Kong to pursue the men of Wei. The two men said: "We are Grand Scribes and in fact manage the sacrifices. If we do not go first, the state will not be preserved." The Di let them go first. On arriving, they told the city's guards: "You cannot wait any longer." At night they left the city together with the people of the state.

狄入衛，遂從之，又敗諸河。

The Di invaded Wei, then pursued, and again defeated them by the Yellow River.

初，惠公之即位也少，齊人使昭伯烝於宣姜，不可，強之。生齊子、戴公、文公、宋桓夫人、許穆夫人。文公為衛之多患也，先適齊。及敗，宋桓公逆諸河，宵濟。衛之遺民男女七百有三十人，益之以共、滕之民為五千人，立戴公以廬於曹。許穆夫人賦《載馳》。齊侯使公子無虧帥車三百乘、甲士三千人以戍曹。歸公乘馬，祭服五稱，牛羊豕雞狗皆三百，與門材。歸夫人魚軒，重錦三十兩。

Earlier, when Duke Hui took the throne he was young, and the men of Qi had Zhaobo have relations with Xuan Jiang; he refused, and they forced him. She bore Qizi, Duke Dai, Duke Wen, the wife of Duke Huan of Song, and the wife of Duke Mu of Xu. Duke Wen, because Wei had many calamities, went to Qi first. When the defeat came, Duke Huan of Song met them at the Yellow River, and they crossed the river at night. The surviving people of Wei, men and women, numbered seven hundred and thirty; with the people of Gong and Teng they came to five thousand, and they installed Duke Dai, who lodged at Cao. The Lady Mu of Xu composed "Zai Chi". The Marquis of Qi sent Prince Wukui with three hundred war chariots and three thousand armored soldiers to garrison Cao. He gave Duke Dai horses for his carriage, five sets of sacrificial robes, three hundred each of cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, and dogs, and timber for gates. He gave the Lady a carriage decorated with fish skin and thirty pairs of heavy brocade.

鄭人惡高克，使帥師次於河上，久而弗召。師潰而歸，高克奔陳。鄭人為之賦《清人》。

The men of Zheng disliked Gao Ke and sent him to lead an army stationed by the Yellow River, and did not recall him for a long time. The army dispersed and returned home, and Gao Ke fled to Chen. The men of Zheng composed "Qing Ren" for him.

晉侯使大子申生伐東山皋落氏。裡克諫曰：“大子奉冢祀，社稷之粢盛，以朝夕視君膳者也，故曰冢子。君行則守，有守則從。從曰撫軍，守曰監國，古之制也。夫帥師，專行謀，誓車旅，君與國政之所圖也，非大子之事也。師在制命而已。稟命則不威，專命則不孝。故君之嗣適不可以帥師。君失其官，帥師不威，將焉用之。且臣聞皋落氏將戰，君其舍之。”公曰：“寡人有子，未知其誰立焉。”

The Marquis of Jin sent Crown Prince Shensheng to attack the Gaoluo clan of Dongshan. Li Ke remonstrated: "The Crown Prince is the one who serves the great ancestral sacrifice, prepares the grain for the altars of the state, and looks after the ruler's meals morning and evening, and so he is called the 'eldest son.' When the ruler goes out he stays behind to guard; if there is already someone guarding, he follows. To follow is called 'caring for the army,' and to guard is called 'overseeing the state'; this is the ancient institution. To lead an army, to decide plans alone, and to give orders to chariots and troops are things for the ruler and the ministers in charge to plan, not matters for the Crown Prince. In the army, he only holds the commands. If he asks for orders, he has no authority; if he issues orders alone, he is unfilial. Therefore the ruler's legitimate heir cannot lead an army. If the ruler loses the measure in his appointments, and the one who leads the army has no authority, what is the use of him? Moreover, I have heard that the Gaoluo are about to fight; my lord had better not send him." Duke Xian said: "I have sons, and I do not yet know whom to install."

不對而退。

Li Ke withdrew without answering.

見大子，大子曰：“吾其廢乎？”對曰：“告之以臨民，教之以軍旅，不共是懼，何故廢乎？且子懼不孝，無懼弗得立，修己而不責人，則免於難。”

He went to see the Crown Prince, and the Crown Prince said: "Am I perhaps to be deposed?" Li Ke answered: "You are admonished with the governing of the people and taught with military affairs; the fear is only that you will not be respectful in your duties. Why would you be deposed? Besides, what you should fear is being unfilial; you need not fear not being installed. Cultivate yourself and do not blame others, and you can avoid calamity."

大子帥師，公衣之偏衣，佩之金玦。狐突御戎，先友為右，梁餘子養御罕夷，先丹木為右。羊舌大夫為尉。光友曰：“衣身之偏，握兵之要，在此行也，子其勉之。偏躬無慝，兵要遠災，親以無災，又何患焉！”狐突嘆曰：“時，事之徵也；衣，身之章也；佩，衷之旗也。故敬其事則命以始，服其身則衣之純，用期衷則佩之度。今命以時卒，閟其事也；衣之尨服，遠其躬也；佩以金玦，棄其衷也。服以遠之，時以閟之，尨涼冬殺，金寒玦離，胡可恃也？雖欲勉之，狄可盡乎？”梁餘子養曰：帥師者受命於廟，受脤於社，有常服矣。不獲而龍，命可知也。死而不孝，不如逃之。”罕夷曰：“尨奇無常，金玦不復，雖復何為，君有心矣。”先丹木曰：“是服也。狂夫阻之。曰‘盡敵而反’，敵可盡乎！雖盡敵，猶有內讒，不如違之。”狐突欲行。羊舌大夫曰：“不可。違命不孝，棄事不忠。

The Crown Prince led the army, and Duke Xian had him wear a half-and-half garment and wear a metal jue. Hu Tu drove the war chariot and Xian You served as chariot-right; Liang Yu Ziyang drove for Han Yi, and Xian Danmu served as chariot-right. The Yangshe officer served as army commandant. Xian You said: "Wearing the ruler's half-and-half garment and holding the key to military power: it is all on this one trip; you must exert yourself. The half-and-half garment has no ill intent, and military power can keep one far from harm; being close to the ruler and without harm, what is there to worry about!" Hu Tu sighed and said: "The season is the sign of an undertaking; clothing is the manifestation of status; ornaments are the banner of the heart. So to take a matter seriously, one issues the order at its beginning; to be worn on the body, plain-colored clothing is used; to employ his heart, ornaments conforming to standards are worn. Now the order is given at the end of the season, which shuts the undertaking off; giving him mixed-color clothing distances him from the ruler; and putting a metal jue on him abandons his heart. He is distanced by the clothing, shut off by the season, with mixed colors cold and winter stern, the metal chill and the jue a sign of separation; what is there to rely on? Even if one wished to strive, could the Di be killed off entirely?" Liang Yu Ziyang said: "One who leads an army receives his command in the temple and receives the sacrificial meat at the altar, and there are fixed garments. Not getting what is fixed but getting mixed colors, the meaning of the command can be known. To die and be left with a reputation for being unfilial is worse than fleeing." Han Yi said: "The mixed colors are strange and without rule, and the metal jue signals not coming back; even if he came back, what would he do? The ruler already has other intentions." Xian Danmu said: "Even a madman would feel doubt about this garment. It says 'kill the enemy off entirely and then return'; can the enemy be killed off entirely! Even if the enemy were killed off, there would still be slander at home; better to avoid it." Hu Tu wished to leave. The Yangshe officer said: "No. To disobey the command is unfilial, and to abandon one's duty is disloyal.

雖知其寒，惡不可取，子其死之。”

(The Yangshe officer continued:) Even if you know his coldness, a bad name must not be taken on; you should die for this."

大子將戰，狐突諫曰：“不可，昔辛伯諗周桓公云：‘內寵並後，外寵二政，嬖子配適，大都耦國，亂之本也。’周公弗從，故及於難。今亂本成矣，立可必乎？孝而安民，子其圖之，與其危身以速罪也。”

When the Crown Prince was about to fight, Hu Tu remonstrated: "No. Formerly Xin Bo advised Duke Huan of Zhou: 'When an inner favorite is ranked equal to the queen, when an outer favorite shares governing power, when a concubine's son is matched with the legitimate son, and when a large city is equal to the capital, these are the roots of disorder.' The Duke of Zhou did not listen, and so met with calamity. Now the root of disorder has already formed; can you still be certain of being installed? Fulfill filial duty and settle the people; consider it well, rather than harm yourself and hasten the guilt."

成風聞成季之繇，乃事之，而屬僖公焉，故成季立之。

Cheng Feng heard the oracle about Chengji and so served him and entrusted Duke Xi to him, and therefore Chengji installed Duke Xi.

僖之元年，齊桓公遷邢於夷儀。二年，封衛於楚丘。邢遷如歸，衛國忘亡。

In the first year of Duke Xi, Duke Huan of Qi relocated Xing to Yiyi. In the second year, Wei was enfeoffed at Chuqiu. Xing moved as if returning home, and the state of Wei forgot that it had been destroyed.

衛文公大布之衣，大帛之冠，務材訓農，通商惠工，敬教勸學，授方任能。

Duke Wen of Wei wore coarse cloth and a large silk cap, devoted himself to materials and use, taught farming, opened up commerce and merchants, favored the artisans, honored instruction and encouraged learning, established standards, and employed the worthy.

元年革車三十乘，季年乃三百乘。

In the first year there were only thirty war chariots, and by his later years there were three hundred.

【經】元年春王正月。齊師、宋師、曹伯次於聶北，救邢。夏六月，邢遷於夷儀。齊師、宋師、曹師城邢。秋七月戊辰，夫人姜氏薨於夷，齊人以歸。楚人伐鄭。八月，公會齊侯、宋公、鄭伯、曹伯、邾人於檉。九月，公敗邾師於偃。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, the armies of Qi and Song and the Earl of Cao encamped at Nie Bei to rescue Xing. In summer, in the sixth month, Xing relocated to Yiyi. The armies of Qi, Song and Cao built the city wall of Xing. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day wuchen, the Lady Jiang died at Yi, and the people of Qi brought her body back. The people of Chu attacked Zheng. In the eighth month, Duke Xi met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao and the men of Zhu at Cheng. In the ninth month, Duke Xi defeated the army of Zhu at Yan.

冬十月壬午，公子友帥師敗莒於酈。獲莒拏。十有二月丁巳，夫人氏之喪至自齊。

In winter, in the tenth month, on the day renwu, Gongzi You led an army and defeated Ju at Li. He captured Ju Na. In the twelfth month, on the day dingsi, the coffin of the Lady was brought back from Qi.

【傳】元年春，不稱即位，公出故也。公出復入，不書，諱之也。諱國惡，禮也。

[Commentary] In the first year, in spring, the Spring and Autumn Annals does not record the accession of the duke, because Duke Xi had left the state. That Duke Xi left the state and returned is not recorded in the Annals, out of tactful concealment. Concealing the disgraces of the state accords with ritual propriety.

諸侯救邢。邢人潰，出奔師。師遂逐狄人，具邢器用而遷之，師無私焉。

The lords rescued Xing. The people of Xing scattered and fled into the lords' camp. The armies then drove off the Di, prepared all the utensils of Xing and moved them away, and the soldiers took nothing for themselves.

夏，邢遷夷儀，諸侯城之，救患也。凡侯伯救患分災討罪，禮也。

In summer, Xing moved to Yiyi, and the lords built its city wall; this was to rescue it from distress. Whenever a marquis or earl rescues others from distress, shares in their calamities and punishes the guilty, it accords with ritual propriety.

秋，楚人伐鄭，鄭即齊故也。盟於犖，謀救鄭也。

In autumn, the people of Chu attacked Zheng, because Zheng was friendly with Qi. They made a covenant at Luo and discussed rescuing Zheng.

九月，公敗邾師於偃，虛丘之戍將歸者也。

In the ninth month, Duke Xi defeated the army of Zhu at Yan; these were the garrison troops from Xuqiu who were about to go home.

冬，莒人來求賂。公子友敗諸酈，獲莒子之弟拏。非卿也，嘉獲之也。公賜季友汶陽之田及費。

In winter, the men of Ju came to demand goods. Gongzi You defeated them at Li and captured Na, the younger brother of the Viscount of Ju. He was not a minister, but the Annals commends this capture. Duke Xi gave Ji You the fields of Wenyang and Bi.

夫人氏之喪至自齊。君子以齊人殺哀姜也為已甚矣，女子，從人者也。

The coffin of the Lady was brought back from Qi. The gentleman held that the people of Qi had gone too far in killing Ai Jiang; a woman is one who follows others.

【經】二年春王正月，城楚丘。夏五月辛巳，葬我小君哀姜。虞師、晉師滅下陽。秋九月，齊侯、宋公、江人、黃人盟於貫。冬十月，不雨。楚人侵鄭。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, Chuqiu was fortified. In summer, in the fifth month, on the day xinsi, our lesser sovereign Ai Jiang was buried. The armies of Yu and Jin destroyed Xiaxia. In autumn, in the ninth month, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, and the men of Jiang and Huang made a covenant at Guan. In winter, in the tenth month, it did not rain. The people of Chu raided Zheng.

【傳】二年春，諸侯城楚丘而封衛焉。不書所會，後也。

[Commentary] In the second year, in spring, the lords fortified Chuqiu and enfeoffed Wei there. The Annals does not name those who attended, because Lu arrived late.

晉荀息請以屈產之乘與垂棘之璧，假道於虞以伐虢。公曰：“是吾寶也。”

Xun Xi of Jin asked to use the horses produced at Qu and the jade disc of Chuiji to ask Yu for passage in order to attack Guo. Duke Xian said: “These are my treasures.”

對曰：“若得道於虞，猶外府也。”公曰：“宮之奇存焉。”對曰：“宮之奇之為人也，懦而不能強諫，且少長於君，君暱之，雖諫，將不聽。”乃使荀息假道於虞，曰：“冀為不道，入自顛軨，伐鄍三門。冀之既病，則亦唯君故。

Xun Xi replied: “If we gain passage through Yu, it will be like storing them in an outer treasury.” Duke Xian said: “Gong Zhiqi is there.” Xun Xi replied: “Gong Zhiqi is by nature timid and cannot remonstrate forcefully; moreover he grew up at his lord's side from childhood, and his lord is familiar with him, so even if he remonstrates, he will not be heeded.” So Xun Xi was sent to ask Yu for passage, saying: “Ji acted without principle, entered through Dianling and attacked the three city gates of Ji. Ji is already worn out, and this too is because of you, my lord.

今虢為不道，保於逆旅，以侵敝邑之南鄙。敢請假道以請罪於虢。”虞公許之，且請先伐虢。宮之奇諫，不聽，遂起師。夏，晉裡克、荀息帥師會虞師伐虢，滅下陽。先書虞，賄故也。

(Xun Xi continued:) Now Guo acts without principle, setting up defenses in the guesthouses and raiding the southern border of our humble state. We venture to ask for passage in order to call Guo to account.” The Duke of Yu agreed, and moreover asked to attack Guo first. Gong Zhiqi remonstrated but was not heeded, and so they raised troops. In summer, Li Ke and Xun Xi of Jin led an army to join the army of Yu in attacking Guo, and destroyed Xiaxia. The Annals names Yu first because Yu had accepted goods.

秋，盟於貫，服江、黃也。

In autumn, the covenant was made at Guan, because Jiang and Huang had by then submitted.

齊寺人貂始漏師於多魚。

The eunuch Diao of Qi began leaking military secrets at Duoyu.

虢公敗戎於桑田。晉卜偃曰：“虢必亡矣。亡下陽不懼，而又有功，是天奪之鑑，而益其疾也。必易晉而不撫其民矣，不可以五稔。”

The Duke of Guo defeated the Rong at Sangtian. Bu Yan of Jin said: “Guo is certain to perish. It was not afraid of losing Xiaxia and has instead won a victory; this is Heaven taking away its mirror and making its illness worse. It will surely despise Jin and not comfort its people, and will not last five years.”

冬，楚人伐鄭，鬥章囚鄭聃伯。

In winter, the people of Chu attacked Zheng, and Dou Zhang imprisoned Dan Bo of Zheng.

【經】三年春王正月，不雨。夏四月不雨。徐人取舒。六月雨。秋，齊侯、宋公、江人、黃人會於陽穀。冬，公子友如齊涖盟。楚人伐鄭。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, it did not rain. In summer, in the fourth month, it did not rain. The men of Xu seized Shu. In the sixth month, it rained. In autumn, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, and the men of Jiang and Huang met at Yanggu. In winter, Gongzi You went to Qi to personally conclude a covenant. The people of Chu attacked Zheng.

【傳】三年春，不雨。夏六月，雨。自十月不雨至於五月，不曰旱，不為災也。

[Commentary] In the third year, in spring, it did not rain. In summer, in the sixth month, it rained. From the tenth month without rain until the fifth month, the Annals does not record a drought, because it did not cause a disaster.

秋，會於陽穀，謀伐楚也。

In autumn, they met at Yanggu to discuss attacking Chu.

齊侯為陽穀之會，來尋盟。冬，公子友如齊涖盟。

The Marquis of Qi came to renew the covenant because of the meeting at Yanggu. In winter, Gongzi You went to Qi to personally conclude a covenant.

楚人伐鄭，鄭伯欲成。孔叔不可，曰：“齊方勤我，棄德不祥。”

The people of Chu attacked Zheng, and the Earl of Zheng wished to make peace. Kong Shu did not agree, saying: “Qi is now working hard for our state; to abandon its kindness would be inauspicious.”

齊侯與蔡姬乘舟於囿，蕩公。公懼，變色。禁之，不可。公怒，歸之，未絕之也。蔡人嫁之。

The Marquis of Qi was in a boat with Cai Ji in the park, and Cai Ji rocked the boat. The Marquis of Qi was afraid and his face changed color. He forbade her, but she would not listen. The Marquis of Qi became angry and sent her back, but had not yet severed the marriage. The people of Cai married her off to someone else.

【經】四年春王正月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯，許男、曹伯侵蔡。蔡潰，遂伐楚，次於陘。夏，許男新臣卒。楚屈完來盟於師，盟於召陵。齊人執陳轅濤塗。秋，及江人、黃人伐陳。八月，公至自伐楚。葬許穆公。冬十有二月，公孫茲帥師會齊人、宋人、衛人、鄭人、許人、曹人侵陳。

[Classic] In the fourth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Xi joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao in raiding Cai. Cai collapsed, and they went on to attack Chu and encamped at Xing. In summer, Xin Chen, the Baron of Xu, died. Qu Wan of Chu came to make a covenant with the armies of the lords, and the covenant was made at Zhaoling. The men of Qi arrested Yuan Taotu of Chen. In autumn, together with the men of Jiang and Huang, they attacked Chen. In the eighth month, Duke Xi returned from the attack on Chu. Duke Mu of Xu was buried. In winter, in the twelfth month, Gongsun Zi led an army and, together with the men of Qi, Song, Wei, Zheng, Xu and Cao, raided Chen.

【傳】四年春，齊侯以諸侯之師侵蔡。蔡潰。遂伐楚。楚子使與師言曰：“君處北海，寡人處南海，唯是風馬牛不相及也。不虞君之涉吾地也，何故？”管仲對曰：“昔召康公命我先君大公曰：‘五侯九伯，女實徵之，以夾輔周室。’賜我先君履，東至於海，西至於河，南至於穆陵，北至於無棣。爾貢包茅不入，王祭不共，無以縮酒，寡人是徵。昭王南征而不復，寡人是問。”對曰：“貢之不入，寡君之罪也，敢不共給。昭王之不復，君其問諸水濱。”師進，次於陘。

[Commentary] In the fourth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi led the armies of the lords in raiding Cai. Cai collapsed. They went on to attack Chu. The Viscount of Chu sent a man to the army to say: “You, my lord, live by the Northern Sea, and I live by the Southern Sea; even if cattle and horses strayed, they would not wander into each other's lands. I did not expect that you, my lord, would tread on my land; what is the reason?” Guan Zhong replied: “In the past Duke Kang of Shao commanded our former lord, Taigong: ‘The five marquises and nine earls, you may attack them all, in order to assist the house of Zhou.’ He granted our former lord the extent of the land his footsteps might reach: east to the sea, west to the river, south to Muling, north to Wudi. The bundles of bao reeds that you should have offered as tribute have not been delivered, and the king's sacrifices lack supplies, with nothing to strain the wine; I have come to call you to account for this. King Zhao went on a southern expedition and did not return; I have come to inquire about that.” The people of Chu replied: “That the tribute was not delivered is the fault of my lord, and how dare we not supply it? That King Zhao did not return, you had better inquire at the riverside.” The army advanced and encamped at Xing.

夏，楚子使屈完如師。師退，次於召陵。

In summer, the Viscount of Chu sent Qu Wan to the army of the lords. The army withdrew and encamped at Zhaoling.

齊侯陳諸侯之師，與屈完乘而觀之。齊侯曰：“豈不穀是為？先君之好是繼。

The Marquis of Qi drew up the armies of the lords and rode in the same chariot with Qu Wan to review them. The Marquis of Qi said: “Is it for me, this unworthy one (the humble term lords use for themselves)? It is to continue the friendship of our former lords.

與不穀同好，如何？”對曰：“君惠徼福於敝邑之社稷，辱收寡君，寡君之願也。”

(The Marquis of Qi continued:) How would it be to share friendship with me?” Qu Wan replied: “That you, my lord, show favor and seek good fortune for the altars of our humble state, and deign to take in my lord, is what my lord desires.”

齊侯曰：“以此眾戰，誰能御之？以此攻城，何城不克？”對曰：“君若以德綏諸侯，誰敢不服？君若以力，楚國方城以為城，漢水以為池，雖眾，無所用之。”

The Marquis of Qi said: “With so many troops in battle, who can resist? With these we could attack cities; what city could we not take?” Qu Wan replied: “If you, my lord, pacify the lords with virtue, who would dare not obey? If you use force, Chu has Fangcheng as its wall and the Han River as its moat; even if your men are many, they will be of no use.”

屈完及諸侯盟。

Qu Wan made a covenant with the lords.

陳轅濤塗謂鄭申侯曰：“師出於陳、鄭之間，國必甚病。若出於東方，觀兵於東夷，循海而歸，其可也。”申侯曰：“善。”濤塗以告，齊侯許之。申侯見，曰：“師老矣，若出於東方而遇敵，懼不可用也。若出於陳、鄭之間，共其資糧屝屨，其可也。”齊侯說，與之虎牢。執轅濤塗。

Yuan Taotu of Chen said to Shen Hou of Zheng: “If the army goes out between Chen and Zheng, our states will certainly be badly worn out. If it goes out by the east, shows its strength to the eastern Yi, and returns along the coast, that will do.” Shen Hou said: “Good.” Taotu told the Marquis of Qi, who agreed. Shen Hou had an audience and said: “The army is already weary; if it goes out by the east and meets enemies, I fear it may not be usable. If it goes out between Chen and Zheng and is supplied with provisions and sandals, that will do.” The Marquis of Qi was pleased and gave him Hulao. Yuan Taotu was arrested.

秋，伐陳，討不忠也。

In autumn, they attacked Chen, to punish its disloyalty.

許穆公卒於師，葬之以侯，禮也。凡諸侯薨於朝會，加一等；死王事，加二等。於是有以袞斂。

Duke Mu of Xu died in the army and was buried with the rites of a marquis, which accords with ritual propriety. Whenever a lord dies at a court assembly, his rites are raised by one grade; if he dies in the king's service, by two grades. On this occasion some were laid out in the robes of a ruler.

冬，叔孫戴伯帥師，會諸侯之師侵陳。陳成，歸轅濤塗。

In winter, Shusun Daibo led an army and, together with the armies of the lords, raided Chen. Chen made peace and returned Yuan Taotu.

初，晉獻公欲以驪姬為夫人，卜之，不吉；筮之，吉。公曰：“從筮。”卜人曰：“筮短龜長，不如從長。且其繇曰：‘專之渝，攘公之羭。一薰一蕕，十年尚猶有臭。’必不可。”弗聽，立之。生奚齊，其娣生卓子。及將立奚齊，既與中大夫成謀，姬謂大子曰：“君夢齊姜，必速祭之。”大子祭於曲沃，歸胙於公。公田，姬置諸宮六日。公至，毒而獻之。公祭之地，地墳。與犬，犬斃。

Earlier, Duke Xian of Jin wished to make Li Ji his wife and consulted the tortoise, which was inauspicious; he consulted the milfoil stalks, which was auspicious. Duke Xian said: “Follow the stalks.” The diviner said: “The stalks are short and the tortoise is long; it is better to follow the long. Moreover its verse says: ‘Exclusive favor will change and carry off the duke's ram. One fragrant plant and one stinking plant, ten years later the stench still remains.’ It will certainly not do.” The duke did not listen and made her his wife. She bore Xiqi, and her younger sister bore Zhuozi. When it came time to make Xiqi heir, and a plan had already been made with the senior grandees, Li Ji said to the crown prince: “My lord dreamed of Qi Jiang, and you must hurry to sacrifice to her.” The crown prince sacrificed at Quwo and sent the sacrificial meat to Duke Xian. Duke Xian was out hunting, and Li Ji kept the meat in the palace for six days. When Duke Xian returned, she put poison in the meat and presented it. Duke Xian poured a libation to the ground, and the ground swelled up. He gave some to a dog, and the dog died.

與小臣，小臣亦斃。姬泣曰：“賊由大子。”大子奔新城。公殺其傅杜原款。或謂大子：“子辭，君必辯焉。”大子曰：“君非姬氏，居不安，食不飽。我辭，姬必有罪。君老矣，吾又不樂。”曰：“子其行乎！”大子曰：“君實不察其罪，被此名也以出，人誰納我？”十二月戊申，縊於新城。姬遂譖二公子曰：“皆知之。”重耳奔蒲。夷吾奔屈。

He gave some to a petty attendant, and the attendant died too. Li Ji wept and said: “The murderous harm comes from the crown prince.” The crown prince fled to Xincheng. Duke Xian killed his tutor, Du Yuankuan. Someone said to the crown prince: “If you defend yourself, my lord will surely discern the truth.” The crown prince said: “Without Lady Ji my lord cannot rest or eat his fill. If I defend myself, Ji will certainly be guilty. My lord is old, and I would not be happy.” That person said: “Then you should flee!” The crown prince said: “My lord has not really investigated the crime; if I leave bearing this reputation, who would take me in?” In the twelfth month, on the day wushen, he hanged himself at Xincheng. Li Ji then slandered the two other princes, saying: “They all knew.” Chong'er fled to Pu. Yiwu fled to Qu.

【經】五年春，晉侯殺其世子申生。杞伯姬來朝其子。夏，公孫茲如牟。公及齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯會王世子於首止。秋八月，諸侯盟於首止。鄭伯逃歸不盟。楚人滅弦，弦子奔黃。九月戊申朔，日有食之。冬，晉人執虞公。

[Classic] In the fifth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin killed his heir apparent, Shensheng. Bo Ji of Qi came to court with her son. In summer, Gongsun Zi went to Mou. Duke Xi met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao at Shouzhi, together with the king's heir. In autumn, in the eighth month, the lords made a covenant at Shouzhi. The Earl of Zheng fled home and did not take part in the covenant. The people of Chu destroyed Xian, and the Viscount of Xian fled to Huang. In the ninth month, on the day wushen, the first of the month, there was an eclipse of the sun. In winter, the men of Jin arrested the Duke of Yu.

【傳】五年春，王正月辛亥朔，日南至。公既視朔，遂登觀臺以望。而書，禮也。凡分、至、啟、閉，必書云物，為備故也。

[Commentary] In the fifth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, on the first day, xinhai, it was the winter solstice. Duke Xi had already performed the observance of the new moon, and then ascended the observation platform to look out. He also had it recorded, which accords with ritual propriety. Whenever it is the spring or autumn equinox, the summer or winter solstice, or the start of spring, summer, autumn or winter, one must record the clouds and the appearances of things, in order to make preparations.

晉侯使以殺大子申生之故來告。

The Marquis of Jin sent word to report the reason for killing the heir apparent, Shensheng.

初，晉侯使士蒍為二公子築蒲與屈，不慎，置薪焉。夷吾訴之。公使讓之。

Earlier, the Marquis of Jin had sent Shi Wei to build Pu and Qu for the two princes; he was not careful and filled the walls with firewood. Yiwu accused him. Duke Xian sent someone to reproach him.

士蒍稽首而對曰：“臣聞之，無喪而戚，憂必仇焉。無戎而城，仇必保焉。寇仇之保，又何慎焉！守官廢命不敬，固仇之保不忠，失忠與敬，何以事君？《詩》云：‘懷德惟寧，宗子惟城。’君其修德而固宗子，何城如之？三年將尋師焉，焉用慎？”退而賦曰：“狐裘尨茸，一國三公，吾誰適從？”及難，公使寺人披伐蒲。重耳曰：“君父之命不校。”乃徇曰：“校者吾仇也。”逾垣而走。披斬其祛，遂出奔翟。

Shi Wei bowed his head to the ground and replied: “Your servant has heard that if one grieves when there is no mourning, sorrow is sure to follow; if one builds a wall when there is no war, enemies are sure to hold it. Preparing a stronghold for bandits and enemies, what is there to be careful about! To hold office and discard orders is disrespect, to strengthen the enemy's stronghold is disloyalty; having lost loyalty and respect, with what can I serve my lord? The Odes say: ‘Cherishing virtue brings peace, the heir of the clan is the wall.’ If you, my lord, cultivate bright virtue and strengthen the heir of the clan, what wall could compare? In three years troops will be used there; why need one be careful?” Retiring, he composed a poem: “The fox fur is in tatters; one state has three lords, whom shall I follow?” When the disaster came, Duke Xian sent the eunuch Pi to attack Pu. Chong'er said: “One does not resist the command of one's lord and father.” He then went about and gave the order: “Whoever resists is my enemy.” He climbed over the wall and fled. Pi cut off his sleeve, and he then fled to the Di.

夏，公孫茲如牟，娶焉。

In summer, Gongsun Zi went to Mou and took a wife there.

會於首止，會王大子鄭，謀寧周也。

The meeting at Shouzhi was a meeting with the king's heir, Zheng, to discuss stabilizing the Zhou house.

陳轅宣仲怨鄭申侯之反己於召陵，故勸之城其賜邑，曰：“美城之，大名也，子孫不忘。吾助子請。”乃為之請於諸侯而城之，美。遂譖諸鄭伯，曰：“美城其賜邑，將以叛也。”申侯由是得罪。

Yuan Xuanzhong of Chen resented that Shen Hou of Zheng had betrayed him at Zhaoling, and so urged Shen Hou to build a wall for his fief, saying: “If you make the wall beautiful, it will be a great reputation, and your descendants will not forget it. I will request it for you.” So he requested it from the lords on his behalf and built the wall, and built it very beautifully. Then he slandered him before the Earl of Zheng, saying: “He has made the wall of his fief beautiful and will use it to rebel.” Shen Hou was thus found guilty.

秋，諸侯盟。王使周公召鄭伯，曰：“吾撫女以從楚，輔之以晉，可以少安。”

In autumn, the lords made a covenant. The Son of Heaven sent the Duke of Zhou to summon the Earl of Zheng, saying: “I will comfort you into following Chu, and then support you with Jin, so that you may be somewhat secure.”

鄭伯喜於王命而懼其不朝於齊也，故逃歸不盟。孔叔止之曰：“國君不可以輕，輕則失親。失親患必至，病而乞盟，所喪多矣，君必悔之。”弗聽，逃其師而歸。

The Earl of Zheng was pleased with the Son of Heaven's order, and also feared that not attending the court of Qi would cause trouble, and so he fled home and did not take part in the covenant. Kong Shu stopped him, saying: “A ruler must not be hasty; hastiness loses allies. Having lost allies, calamity is sure to come, and to seek a covenant when worn out would lose even more; you, my lord, will certainly regret it.” He did not listen, and abandoned the army and fled home.

楚鬥谷於菟滅弦，弦子奔黃。

Dou Gu Wutu of Chu destroyed Xian, and the Viscount of Xian fled to Huang.

於是江、黃、道、柏方睦於齊，皆弦姻也。弦子恃之而不事楚，又不設備，故亡。

At that time Jiang, Huang, Dao and Bo were on good terms with Qi and were all in-laws of Xian. The Viscount of Xian relied on them, did not serve Chu, and set up no defenses, and so Xian was destroyed.

晉侯復假道於虞以伐虢。宮之奇諫曰：“虢，虞之表也。虢亡，虞必從之。

The Marquis of Jin again asked Yu for passage to attack Guo. Gong Zhiqi remonstrated: “Guo is the outer defense of Yu. If Guo perishes, Yu will certainly follow.

晉不可啟，寇不可翫，一之謂甚，其可再乎？諺所謂‘輔車相依，唇亡齒寒’者，其虞、虢之謂也。”公曰：“晉，吾宗也，豈害我哉？”對曰：大伯、虞仲，大王之昭也。大伯不從，是以不嗣。虢仲、虢叔，王季之穆也，為文王卿士，勳在王室，藏於盟府。將虢是滅，何愛於虞？且虞能親於桓，莊乎，其愛之也？桓、莊之族何罪，而以為戮，不唯逼乎？親以寵逼，猶尚害之，況以國乎？”公曰：“吾享祀豐潔，神必據我。”對曰：“臣聞之，鬼神非人實親，惟德是依。故《周書》曰：‘皇天無親，惟德是輔。’又曰：‘黍稷非馨，明德惟馨。’又曰：‘民不易物，惟德繄物。’如是，則非德，民不和，神不享矣。神所馮依，將在德矣。若晉取虞而明德以薦馨香，神其吐之乎？”弗聽，許晉使。宮之奇以其族行，曰：“虞不臘矣，在此行也，晉不更舉矣。”

(Gong Zhiqi continued:) Jin must not be encouraged, and bandits must not be treated lightly; once was already too much, can there be a second? The proverb says ‘cheek and jaw depend on each other; when the lips are gone the teeth are cold’; this speaks of Yu and Guo.” The Duke of Yu said: “Jin is of my own clan; would it harm me?” Gong Zhiqi replied: “Taibo and Yuzhong were the zhao generation of King Tai. Taibo did not follow his father's wishes, and so had no heirs. Guo Zhong and Guo Shu were the mu generation of King Ji, served as ministers to King Wen, and their merits are in the royal house and kept in the covenant archive. If Jin will even destroy Guo, what affection will it have for Yu? Moreover, can Yu be closer to Jin than the clans of Huan and Zhuang, and yet does Jin cherish the clans of Huan and Zhuang? What crime did the kinsmen of Huan and Zhuang commit that they were slaughtered? Is it not because they were too close? When the nearest kin press upon one another because of favor, they still harm each other; how much more so a state?” The Duke of Yu said: “My offerings are plentiful and pure; the spirits will surely side with me.” Gong Zhiqi replied: “Your servant has heard that spirits are not specially close to anyone but cling only to virtue. Therefore the Book of Zhou says: ‘August Heaven has no private kin, and assists only the virtuous.’ It also says: ‘Millet is not fragrant; bright virtue is fragrant.’ It also says: ‘The people do not change their offerings; only virtue is the offering.’ In this way, without virtue, if the people are not in harmony, the spirits will not partake. What the spirits rely on lies in virtue. If Jin takes Yu and offers fragrance with bright virtue, would the spirits spit it out?” The duke did not listen and agreed to the envoy of Jin. Gong Zhiqi left with his clan, saying: “Yu will not live to see the winter sacrifice; it will be this very trip, and Jin will not need to raise troops again.”

八月甲午，晉侯圍上陽。問於卜偃曰：“吾其濟乎”？對曰：“克之。”公曰：“何時？”對曰：“童謠云：‘丙之晨，龍尾伏辰，均服振振，取虢之旂。

In the eighth month, on the day jiawu, the Marquis of Jin besieged Shangyang. He asked Bu Yan: “Can I succeed?” Bu Yan replied: “You will win.” Duke Xian said: “When?” He replied: “A children's song says: ‘At the dawn of the bing day, the Dragon's Tail star is swallowed in the sun's light; the uniforms are in order, and the banners of Guo will be seized.

鶉之賁賁，天策焞々，火中成軍，虢公其奔。’其九月、十月之交乎。丙子旦，日在尾，月在策，鶉火中，必是時也。”

(Bu Yan continued:) The Chunhuo star is blazing, the Tiance star is dim; at noon the Chunhuo forms the army, and the Duke of Guo will flee.’ It will probably be at the turn of the ninth and tenth months. At dawn on the day bingzi, the sun is in Tail and the moon in Ce, and Chunhuo is at noon; it must be that time.”

冬十二月丙子朔，晉滅虢，虢公醜奔京師。師還，館於虞，遂襲虞，滅之，執虞公及其大夫井伯，以媵秦穆姬。而修虞祀，且歸其職貢於王。

In winter, in the twelfth month, on the first day, bingzi, Jin destroyed Guo, and the Duke of Guo, Chou, fled to the capital. When the army returned, it stayed in Yu and then made a surprise attack on Yu and destroyed it, arresting the Duke of Yu and his grandee Jing Bo to serve as part of the dowry of Mu Ji of Qin. But Jin continued the sacrifices of Yu and gave its tribute to the Son of Heaven.

故書曰：“晉人執虞公。”罪虞，且言易也。

Therefore the Annals writes: “The people of Jin arrested the Duke of Yu.” This assigns the blame to Yu and also shows how easy the matter was.

【經】六年春王正月。夏，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、曹伯伐鄭，圍新城。秋，楚人圍許，諸侯遂救許。冬，公至自伐鄭。

[Classic] In the sixth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar. In summer, Duke Xi joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Cao in attacking Zheng and besieged Xincheng. In autumn, the people of Chu besieged Xu, and the lords then rescued Xu. In winter, Duke Xi returned from the attack on Zheng.

【傳】六年春，晉侯使賈華伐屈。夷吾不能守，盟而行。將奔狄，郤芮曰：“後出同走，罪也。不如之梁。梁近秦而幸焉。”乃之梁。

[Commentary] In the sixth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Jia Hua to attack Qu. Yiwu could not hold it, and left after making a covenant. He was about to flee to the Di, but Xi Rui said: “To leave later but take the same road is to be guilty. It is better to go to Liang. Liang is near Qin and is in favor.” So he went to Liang.

夏，諸侯伐鄭，以其逃首止之盟故也。圍新密，鄭所以不時城也。

In summer, the lords attacked Zheng because it had evaded the covenant at Shouzhi. They besieged Xinmi, which is the city that Zheng had built out of season.

秋，楚子圍許以救鄭，諸侯救許，乃還。

In autumn, the Viscount of Chu besieged Xu to relieve Zheng, and the lords rescued Xu, and so Chu went home.

冬，蔡穆侯將許僖公以見楚子於武城。許男面縛，銜璧，大夫衰絰，士輿櫬。

In winter, Duke Mu of Cai brought Duke Xi of Xu to meet the Viscount of Chu at Wucheng. The Baron of Xu had his hands bound behind his back and held a jade disc in his mouth; his grandees wore mourning clothes, and his officers carried a coffin.

楚子問諸逢伯，對曰：“昔武王克殷，微子啟如是。武王親釋其縛，受其璧而祓之。焚其櫬，禮而命之，使復其所。”楚子從之。

The Viscount of Chu asked Feng Bo, who replied: “In the past, when King Wu conquered Yin, Qi, the Viscount of Wei, did exactly this. King Wu himself untied his bonds, accepted his jade disc and performed rites to dispel ill omens for him. He burned the coffin, gave him a ritual commission, and let him return to his former place.” The Viscount of Chu followed this advice.

【經】七年春，齊人伐鄭。夏，小邾子來朝。鄭殺其大夫申侯。秋七月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳世子款、鄭世子華盟於寧母。曹伯班卒。公子友如齊。冬，葬曹昭公。

[Classic] In the seventh year, in spring, the men of Qi attacked Zheng. In summer, the Viscount of Little Zhu came to court. Zheng killed its grandee Shen Hou. In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Xi made a covenant at Ningmu with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, Kuan, the heir of Chen, and Hua, the heir of Zheng. Ban, the Earl of Cao, died. Gongzi You went to Qi. In winter, Duke Zhao of Cao was buried.

【傳】七年春，齊人伐鄭。孔叔言於鄭伯曰：“諺有之曰：‘心則不競，何憚於病。’既不能強，又不能弱，所以斃也。國危矣，請下齊以救國。”公曰：“吾知其所由來矣。姑少待我。”對曰：“朝不及夕，何以待君？”夏，鄭殺申侯以說於齊，且用陳轅濤塗之譖也。

[Commentary] In the seventh year, in spring, the men of Qi attacked Zheng. Kong Shu said to the Earl of Zheng: “There is a proverb: ‘If the heart is not firm, why fear being wronged?’ If one can neither be firm nor show weakness, that is why one is defeated and lost. The state is already in danger; please bow to Qi to save it.” The Earl of Zheng said: “I know why they have come. Wait for me a little.” Kong Shu replied: “We cannot be sure of surviving the morning or the evening; how can we wait for you?” In summer, Zheng killed Shen Hou to curry favor with Qi, and also because it had believed the slander of Yuan Taotu of Chen.

初，申侯，申出也，有寵於楚文王。文王將死，與之璧，使行，曰，“唯我知女，女專利而不厭，予取予求，不女疵瑕也。後之人將求多於女，女必不免。

Earlier, Shen Hou was the son of a woman of Shen and had been favored by King Wen of Chu. When King Wen was about to die, he gave him a jade disc and told him to leave, saying: “Only I understand you. You monopolize profit without being satisfied; what you took from me and what you asked of me I did not blame you for. Those who come after will demand much more of you, and you will surely not escape.

我死，女必速行。無適小國，將不女容焉。”既葬，出奔鄭，又有寵於厲公。子文聞其死也，曰：“古人有言曰‘知臣莫若君。’弗可改也已。”

(King Wen of Chu continued:) “After I die, you must leave quickly. Do not go to a small state; a small state will not be able to tolerate you.” After the burial, Shen Hou fled to Zheng and again won the favor of Duke Li. When Zi Wen heard that he was dead, he said: “There is an old saying: ‘None knows a minister better than his lord.’ This saying cannot be changed.”

秋，盟於寧母，謀鄭故也。

In autumn, the covenant was made at Ningmu, to plan how to deal with Zheng.

管仲言於齊侯曰：“臣聞之，招攜以禮，懷遠以德，德禮不易，無人不懷。”

Guan Zhong said to the Marquis of Qi: “Your servant has heard: to win back those who have turned away, use ritual; to pacify those far away, use virtue. If virtue and ritual do not change, there will be none who do not submit.”

齊侯修禮於諸侯，諸侯官受方物。

The Marquis of Qi cultivated ritual toward the lords, and the officials of the lords received the local products each was to offer as tribute.

鄭伯使大子華聽命於會，言於齊侯曰：“洩氏、孔氏、子人氏三族，實違君命。若君去之以為成。我以鄭為內臣，君亦無所不利焉。”齊侯將許之。管仲曰：“君以禮與信屬諸侯，而以奸終之，無乃不可乎？子父不奸之謂禮，守命共時之謂信。違此二者，奸莫大焉。”公曰：“諸侯有討於鄭，未捷。今苟有釁，從之，不亦可乎？”對曰：“君若綏之以德，加之以訓辭，而帥諸侯以討鄭，鄭將覆亡之不暇，豈敢不懼？若總其罪人以臨之，鄭有辭矣，何懼？且夫合諸侯以崇德也，會而列奸，何以示後嗣？夫諸侯之會，其德刑禮義，無國不記。記奸之位，君盟替矣。作而不記，非盛德也。君其勿許，鄭必受盟。夫子華既為大子而求介於大國，以弱其國，亦必不免。鄭有叔詹、堵叔、師叔三良為政，未可間也。”齊侯辭焉。子華由是得罪於鄭。

The Earl of Zheng sent the heir apparent Hua to the meeting to receive orders. The heir apparent Hua said to the Marquis of Qi: “The three clans of Xie, Kong and Ziren have indeed disobeyed your command. If you remove them and make peace, I will make Zheng your inner vassal, and it will do you no harm.” The Marquis of Qi was about to agree. Guan Zhong said: “You have assembled the lords with ritual and good faith, and yet would end with treachery; surely this will not do? That father and son do not oppose each other is called ritual; that one keeps the lord's commands and acts in accord with the time is called good faith. To violate these two is the greatest treachery.” The Marquis of Qi said: “The lords have attacked Zheng and have not yet prevailed. If there is now an opening, would it not also be acceptable to follow this opportunity?” Guan Zhong replied: “If you pacify them with virtue, add admonishing words, and lead the lords to attack Zheng, Zheng will not even be able to save itself from ruin, and how would it dare not be afraid? If you press them using their own criminal, Zheng will have something to say, so what would it fear? Moreover, to assemble the lords is to uphold virtue, but if a treacherous person is placed in the ranks at the covenant, what will you show to later generations? In the meetings of the lords, virtue, punishment, ritual and righteousness are all recorded by every state. If the treacherous person's place is recorded, your covenant is ruined. If you do it without recording it, that is not abundant virtue either. It is better that you do not agree, and Zheng will certainly come to accept the covenant. Zihua is already heir apparent yet wants to rely on a great state to weaken his own, and he too will certainly not escape. Zheng has three worthy ministers, Shu Zhan, Du Shu and Shi Shu, in power, and cannot yet be exploited.” The Marquis of Qi refused. From then on Zihua was found guilty in Zheng.

冬，鄭伯請盟於齊。

In winter, the Earl of Zheng requested a covenant with Qi.

閏月，惠王崩。襄王惡大叔帶之難，懼不立，不發喪而告難於齊。

In the intercalary month, King Hui died. King Xiang was worried that Dashu Dai would cause a rebellion and that he would not be able to establish himself, so he did not announce the death but sent urgently to Qi.

【經】八年春王正月，公會王人、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、許男、曹伯、陳世子款盟於洮。鄭伯乞盟。夏，狄伐晉。秋七月，禘於大廟，用致夫人。冬十有二月丁未，天王崩。

[Classic] In the eighth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Xi made a covenant at Tao with the king's envoy, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Cao, and Kuan, the heir of Chen. The Earl of Zheng asked to join the covenant. In summer, the Di attacked Jin. In autumn, in the seventh month, the di sacrifice was held in the Grand Temple, and the Lady's spirit tablet was placed in it. In winter, in the twelfth month, on the day dingwei, the Son of Heaven died.

【傳】八年春，盟於洮，謀王室也。鄭伯乞盟，請服也。襄王定位而後發喪。

[Commentary] In the eighth year, in spring, the covenant was made at Tao to plan how to stabilize the royal house. The Earl of Zheng asked to join the covenant, which was to ask to atone for his fault. Only after King Xiang's position was secure was the death announced.

晉裡克帥師，梁由靡御。虢射為右，以敗狄於採桑。梁由靡曰：“狄無恥，從之必大克。”裡克曰：“拒之而已，無速眾狄。”虢射曰：“期年，狄必至，示之弱矣。”

Li Ke of Jin led the army, Liang Youmi drove the chariot, and Guo She was the right-hand guard, and they defeated the Di at Caisang. Liang Youmi said: “The Di have no shame; if we pursue them, we are sure to win a great victory.” Li Ke said: “It is enough to have stopped them; do not bring on the various Di tribes.” Guo She said: “Within a year the Di will certainly come again, since we have already shown them our weakness.”

夏，狄伐晉，報採桑之役也。復期月。

In summer, the Di attacked Jin, in revenge for the battle at Caisang. This fulfilled the term of a full year.

秋，禘而致哀姜焉，非禮也。凡夫人不薨於寢，不殯於廟，不赴於同，不祔於姑，則弗致也。

In autumn, the di sacrifice was held and the spirit tablet of Ai Jiang was placed in the Grand Temple, which was contrary to ritual. Whenever it concerns a wife of the ruler, if she did not die in the main chamber, was not laid out in the ancestral temple, did not have her death announced to allied states, and was not placed to share the sacrifices with the ancestress, her spirit tablet is not placed in the temple.

冬，王人來告喪，難故也，是以緩。

In winter, an envoy of the royal house came to announce the death, which was late because of troubles.

宋公疾，大子茲父固請曰：“目夷長，且仁，君其立之。”公命子魚，子魚辭，曰：“能以國讓，仁孰大焉？臣不及也，且又不順。”遂走而退。

The Duke of Song fell ill, and the heir apparent Zifu earnestly requested: “Mu Yi is older and also benevolent; please make him your successor.” The Duke of Song ordered Ziyu to succeed him, but Ziyu declined, saying: “To be able to yield the state to another, is there any greater benevolence? I am not his equal, and doing this would also not be in order.” He then withdrew with quick steps.

【經】九年春王三月丁丑，宋公御說卒。夏，公會宰周公、齊侯、宋子、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯於葵丘。秋七月乙酉，伯姬卒。九月戊辰，諸侯盟於葵丘。

[Classic] In the ninth year, in spring, in the third month by the Zhou king's calendar, on the day dingchou, Yushuo, Duke of Song, died. In summer, Duke Xi met Zhou Gong, the Grand Steward, the Marquis of Qi, the Viscount of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao at Kuiqiu. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day yiyou, Bo Ji died. In the ninth month, on the day wuchen, the lords made a covenant at Kuiqiu.

甲子，晉侯佹諸卒。冬，晉裡奚克殺其君之子奚齊。

On the day jiazi, Guizhu, the Marquis of Jin, died. In winter, Li Ke of Jin killed Xiqi, the son of the ruler. (The base text reads “Li Xi Ke”, which is Li Ke.)

【傳】九年春，宋桓公卒，未葬而襄公會諸侯，故曰子。凡在喪，王曰小童，公侯曰子。

[Commentary] In the ninth year, in spring, Duke Huan of Song died, and before he was buried, Duke Xiang went to assemble with the lords, and so the Annals calls him “Viscount”. Whenever it is during the mourning period, the Son of Heaven is called “little boy” and dukes and marquises are called “viscount”.

夏，會於葵丘，尋盟，且修好，禮也。

In summer, the meeting at Kuiqiu renewed the old covenant and also restored friendship, which accords with ritual propriety.

王使宰孔賜齊侯胙，曰：“天子有事於文武，使孔賜伯舅胙。”齊侯將下拜。

The Son of Heaven sent Zai Kong to bestow sacrificial meat on the Marquis of Qi, saying: “The Son of Heaven has sacrifices for King Wen and King Wu, and sends Kong to bestow the sacrificial meat on my uncle by marriage.” The Marquis of Qi was about to descend the steps and bow in thanks.

孔曰：“且有後命。天子使孔曰：‘以伯舅耋老，加勞，賜一級，無下拜’”。

Zai Kong said: “There is a further command. The Son of Heaven sends Kong to say: ‘Because my uncle is advanced in years and has also done meritorious service, I raise him one grade and he need not descend the steps to bow.’”

對曰：“天威不違顏咫尺，小白餘敢貪天子之命無下拜？恐隕越於下，以遺天子羞。敢不下拜？”下，拜；登，受。

The Marquis of Qi replied: “The majesty of the Son of Heaven is not a foot from my face; how would I, Xiaobai, dare to covet the Son of Heaven's order and not bow? I fear losing propriety below and bringing shame on the Son of Heaven. How dare I not bow?” So he descended the steps and bowed, then ascended the hall and received it.

秋，齊侯盟諸侯於葵丘，曰：“凡我同盟之人，既盟之後，言歸於好。”宰孔先歸，遇晉侯曰：“可無會也。齊侯不務德而勤遠略，故北伐山戎，南伐楚，西為此會也。東略之不知，西則否矣。其在亂乎。君務靖亂，無勤於行。”晉侯乃還。

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi made a covenant with the lords at Kuiqiu, saying: “All of us who are in this covenant, after the covenant is made, shall return to friendship.” Zai Kong returned first and met the Marquis of Jin, and said: “You need not go to attend. The Marquis of Qi does not devote himself to virtue but is busy governing far regions, and so he attacked the Shanrong in the north, attacked Chu in the south, and held this meeting in the west. How he will govern the east is not yet known, but the west will not do. Jin's trouble is probably internal disorder. You should devote yourself to settling the internal disorder and need not hurry to travel.” The Marquis of Jin therefore went back.

九月，晉獻公卒，裡克、鄭欲納文公，故以三公子之徒作亂。

In the ninth month, Duke Xian of Jin died. Li Ke and Pi Zheng wished to receive Duke Wen, and so, relying on the partisans of the three princes, they caused a rebellion.

初，獻公使荀息傅奚齊，公疾，召之，曰：“以是藐諸孤，辱在大夫，其若之何？”稽首而對曰：“臣竭其股肱之力，加之以忠貞。其濟，君之靈也；不濟，則以死繼之。”公曰：“何謂忠貞？”對曰：“公家之利，知無不為，忠也。送往事居，耦俱無猜。貞也。”及裡克將殺奚齊，先告荀息曰：“三怨將作，秦、晉輔之，子將何如？”荀息曰：“將死之。”裡克曰：“無益也。”荀叔曰：“吾與先君言矣，不可以貳。能欲復言而愛身乎？雖無益也，將焉闢之？且人之慾善，誰不如我？我欲無貳而能謂人已乎？”冬十月，裡克殺奚齊於次。書曰：“殺其君之子。”未葬也。荀息將死之，人曰：“不如立卓子而輔之。”荀息立公子卓以葬。十一月，裡克殺公子卓於朝，荀息死之。君子曰：“詩所謂‘白圭之玷，尚可磨也；斯言之玷，不可為也，’荀息有焉。”

Earlier, Duke Xian had Xun Xi assist Xiqi. When Duke Xian fell ill, he summoned Xun Xi and said: “I entrust this young orphan to you, grandee; what will you do?” Xun Xi bowed his head to the ground and replied: “Your servant will exert the strength of my limbs to the utmost, and add loyalty and constancy to it. If the matter succeeds, it will be thanks to your spirit in Heaven; if it does not, I will follow you in death.” Duke Xian said: “What do you call loyalty and constancy?” Xun Xi replied: “Whatever is beneficial to the public house, I do it as soon as I know of it: this is loyalty. In sending off the dead and serving the living, to have no suspicion from either side: this is constancy.” When Li Ke was about to kill Xiqi, he first told Xun Xi: “The resentment of three parties is about to break out, and Qin and Jin both have people supporting them; what will you do?” Xun Xi said: “I will die for this.” Li Ke said: “It will do no good.” Xun Xi said: “I have already spoken with the former lord, and one must not have a divided heart. Could I want to fulfill my promise and yet spare myself? Even if it does no good, where could I hide? Moreover, when people want to do good, who is not like me? I myself want to have no divided heart; can I demand that others stop?” In winter, in the tenth month, Li Ke killed Xiqi in the mourning hut. The Annals records: “killed the son of his ruler,” because he had not yet been buried. Xun Xi was ready to die, but someone said: “It would be better to set up Zhuozi and assist him.” Xun Xi installed Prince Zhuo to complete the funeral. In the eleventh month, Li Ke killed Prince Zhuo in the court, and Xun Xi died for it. The gentleman said: “What the Odes say, ‘A flaw on a white jade scepter can still be ground away; a flaw in words cannot be removed,’ applies to Xun Xi.”

齊侯以諸侯之師伐晉，及高梁而還，討晉亂也。令不及魯，故不書。

The Marquis of Qi led the armies of the lords to attack Jin and went back on reaching Gaoliang, to punish Jin's internal disorder. The order was not sent to Lu, and so the Annals does not record it.

晉郤芮使夷吾重賂秦以求入，曰：“人實有國，我何愛焉。入而能民，土於何有。”從之。齊隰朋帥師會秦師，納晉惠公。秦伯謂郤芮曰：“公子誰恃？”對曰：“臣聞亡人無黨，有黨必有仇。夷吾弱不好弄，能鬥不過，長亦不改，不識其他。”公謂公孫枝曰：“夷吾其定乎？對曰：“臣聞之，唯則定國。《詩》曰：‘不識不知，順帝之則。’文王之謂也。又曰：‘不僣不賊，鮮不為則。’無好無惡，不忌不克之謂也。今其言多忌克，難哉！”公曰：“忌則多怨，又焉能克？是吾利也。”

Xi Rui of Jin had Yiwu ask Qin with heavy bribes to send him back to the state, saying: “The state was originally held by others; what is there to begrudge? If I enter and win the people, what is land?” Yiwu followed this advice. Xi Peng of Qi led troops to join the Qin army and escorted Duke Hui of Jin into Jin. The Earl of Qin asked Xi Rui: “On whom does the prince rely?” Xi Rui replied: “Your servant has heard that an exile has no partisans; if he has partisans, he is sure to have enemies. Yiwu did not like play when young, could fight without going too far, and did not change when grown; beyond that I do not know.” The Earl of Qin said to Gongsun Zhi: “Can Yiwu bring peace to the state?” Gongsun Zhi replied: “Your servant has heard: only by accord with the norm can one bring peace to a state. The Odes say: ‘Without knowing or noticing, he follows the norm of Heaven.’ This speaks of King Wen. It also says: ‘Not overstepping, not harming, there are few who do not become a norm.’ Having no private liking or private hatred, no envy and no desire to win, is what this means. Now his words are full of envy and the desire to win; this is hard!” The Earl of Qin said: “Envy brings much resentment; how can he win? This is to my advantage.”

宋襄公即位，以公子目夷為仁，使為左師以聽政，於是宋治。故魚氏世為左師。

Duke Xiang of Song took the throne and, thinking Gongzi Mu Yi benevolent, made him Left Master in charge of government, and Song was well governed as a result. Therefore the Yu clan held the post of Left Master for generations.

【經】十年春王正月，公如齊。狄滅溫，溫子奔衛。晉裡克弒其君卓及其大夫荀息。夏，齊侯、許男伐北戎。晉殺其大夫裡克。秋七月。冬，大雨雪。

[Classic] In the tenth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Xi went to Qi. The Di destroyed Wen, and the Viscount of Wen fled to Wei. Li Ke of Jin murdered his ruler Zhuo and the grandee Xun Xi. In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Baron of Xu attacked the Northern Rong. Jin killed its grandee Li Ke. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, there was heavy snow.

【傳】十年春，狄滅溫，蘇子無信也。蘇子叛王即狄，又不能於狄，狄人伐之，王不救，故滅。蘇子奔衛。

[Commentary] In the tenth year, in spring, the Di destroyed Wen, because the Viscount of Su had no good faith. The Viscount of Su turned his back on the Son of Heaven and befriended the Di, but could not please the Di, and so the Di attacked him; the Son of Heaven did not rescue him, and he perished as a result. The Viscount of Su fled to Wei.

夏四月，周公忌父、王子黨會齊隰朋立晉侯。晉侯殺裡克以說。將殺裡克，公使謂之曰：“微子則不及此。雖然，子弒二君與一大夫，為子君者不亦難乎？”對曰：“不有廢也，君何以興？欲加之罪，其無辭乎？臣聞命矣。”伏劍而死。

In summer, in the fourth month, Zhou Gong Jifu and Prince Dang joined Xi Peng of Qi in installing the Marquis of Jin. The Marquis of Jin killed Li Ke to explain himself and win favor. When he was about to kill Li Ke, the Marquis of Jin sent someone to say to him: “Without you I could not have come to this. Even so, you have murdered two rulers and a grandee; would it not also be hard to be your ruler?” Li Ke replied: “Without a deposition, how would a ruler rise? If one wants to impose a charge, does one fear lacking words? Your servant has heard the order.” He then fell on his sword and died.

於是鄭聘於秦，且謝緩賂，故不及。

At this time Pi Zheng was on a mission to Qin, also apologizing for delaying the handover of goods, and so he missed this affair.

晉侯改葬共大子。

The Marquis of Jin reburied Crown Prince Gong.

秋，狐突適下國，遇大子，大子使登，僕，而告之曰：“夷吾無禮，餘得請於帝矣。將以晉畀秦，秦將祀餘。”對曰：“臣聞之，神不歆非類，民不祀非族。

In autumn, Hu Tu went to Quwo and met the crown prince. The crown prince had him get into the chariot, drove it himself, and told him: “Yiwu has no ritual propriety; I have already petitioned the Lord on High. I will give Jin to Qin, and Qin will sacrifice to me.” Hu Tu replied: “Your servant has heard: spirits do not partake of offerings that are not from their own kind, and the people do not sacrifice to those not of their own kind.

君祀無乃殄乎？且民何罪？失刑乏祀，君其圖之。”君曰：“諾。吾將復請。七日新城西偏，將有巫者而見我焉。”許之，遂不見。及期而往，告之曰：“帝許我罰有罪矣，敝於韓。”

(Hu Tu continued:) “Will your sacrifices not be cut off? And moreover what crime have the people committed? Punishment that is not just and sacrifices that lapse; please consider this.” The crown prince said: “Good. I will petition again. Seven days from now, to the west of Xincheng, a shaman will let you see me.” Hu Tu agreed, and the crown prince vanished. On the appointed day he went, and the shaman told him: “The Lord on High has permitted me to punish the guilty; he will be defeated at Han.”

鄭之如秦也，言於秦伯曰：“呂甥、郤稱、冀芮實為不從，若重問以召之，臣出晉君，君納重耳，蔑不濟矣。”

When Pi Zheng reached Qin, he said to the Earl of Qin: “Lü Sheng, Xi Cheng and Ji Rui will in fact not obey; if you summon them with generous gifts, I will drive out the ruler of Jin and you can receive Chong'er, and there is nothing that will not succeed.”

冬，秦伯使冷至報問，且召三子。郤芮曰：“幣重而言甘，誘我也。”遂殺鄭、祁舉及七輿大夫：左行共華、右行賈華、叔堅、騅顓、累虎、特宮、山祁，皆裡、之黨也。豹奔秦，言於秦伯曰：“晉侯背大主而忌小怨，民弗與也，伐之必出。”公曰：“失眾，焉能殺。違禍，誰能出君。”

In winter, the Earl of Qin sent Leng Zhi on a return visit and also summoned these three men. Xi Rui said: “The gifts are generous and the words sweet; this is to lure us.” So he killed Pi Zheng, Qi Ju and the Seven Chariot Grandees: Zuohang Gonghua, Youhang Jiahua, Shu Jian, Zhui Zhuan, Lei Hu, Te Gong and Shan Qi, all partisans of Li Ke. (The base text appears to have missing words after “Li”.) Bao fled to Qin and said to the Earl of Qin: “The Marquis of Jin turned his back on a great patron and holds a grudge over small resentments, and the people are not attached to him; if you attack him, you will certainly be able to drive him out.” The Earl of Qin said: “He has already lost the multitude, so how could he still kill people? If he avoids disaster, who could drive the ruler out?”

【經】十有一年春。晉殺其大夫鄭父。夏，公及夫人姜氏會齊侯於陽穀。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, in spring. Jin killed its grandee Pi Zheng Fu. In summer, Duke Xi and his wife, Lady Jiang, met the Marquis of Qi at Yanggu.

秋八月，大雩。冬，楚人伐黃。

In autumn, in the eighth month, the great rain sacrifice was held. In winter, the people of Chu attacked Huang.

【傳】十一年春，晉侯使以鄭之亂來告。

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent word to report the rebellion of Pi Zheng.

天王使召武公、內史過賜晉侯命。受玉惰。過歸，告王曰：“晉侯其無後乎。

The Son of Heaven sent Shao Wugong and the Grand Scribe Guo to bestow the jade tablet of investiture on the Marquis of Jin. The Marquis of Jin was indolent in receiving the jade tablet. The Grand Scribe Guo returned and told the Son of Heaven: “The Marquis of Jin probably will have no heir.

王賜之命而惰於受瑞，先自棄也已，其何繼之有？禮，國之幹也。敬，禮之輿也。

(The Grand Scribe Guo continued:) “The Son of Heaven bestowed the tablet of investiture on him, and yet he was indolent in receiving the auspicious jade; he has first cast himself away, so how can he have a successor? Ritual is the trunk of a state. Reverence is the carriage that carries ritual.

不敬則禮不行，禮不行則上下昏，何以長世？”夏，揚、拒、泉、皋、伊、洛之戎同伐京師，入王城，焚東門，王子帶召之也。秦、晉、伐戎以救周。秋，晉侯平戎於王。

(The Grand Scribe Guo continued:) “Without reverence ritual cannot be carried out, and if ritual cannot be carried out, high and low fall into confusion; how can he last long?” In summer, the Rong of Yang, Ju, Quan, Gao, Yi and Luo together attacked the capital, entered the royal city and burned the eastern gate, summoned by Prince Dai. Qin and Jin attacked the Rong to rescue the house of Zhou. In autumn, the Marquis of Jin mediated between the Son of Heaven and the Rong.

黃人不歸楚貢。冬，楚人伐黃。

The men of Huang did not pay tribute to Chu. In winter, the people of Chu attacked Huang.

【經】十有二年春王三月庚午，日有食之。夏，楚人滅黃。秋七月。冬十有二月丁丑，陳侯杵臼卒。

[Classic] In the twelfth year, in spring, in the third month by the Zhou king's calendar, on the day gengwu, there was an eclipse of the sun. In summer, the people of Chu destroyed Huang. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, in the twelfth month, on the day dingchou, Chujiu, the Marquis of Chen, died.

【傳】十二年春，諸侯城衛楚丘之郛，懼狄難也。

[Commentary] In the twelfth year, in spring, the lords built the outer wall of Chuqiu in Wei, out of fear of the troubles from the Di.

黃人恃諸侯之睦於齊也，不共楚職，曰：“自郢及我九百里，焉能害我？”夏，楚滅黃。

The men of Huang relied on the lords being on good terms with Qi and did not fulfill their tribute to Chu, saying: “From Ying to us it is nine hundred li; how can it harm us?” In summer, Chu destroyed Huang.

王以戎難故，討王子帶。秋，王子帶奔齊。

The Son of Heaven attacked Prince Dai because of the troubles from the Rong. In autumn, Prince Dai fled to Qi.

冬，齊侯使管夷吾平戎於王，使隰朋平戎於晉。

In winter, the Marquis of Qi sent Guan Yiwu to mediate between the Son of Heaven and the Rong, and sent Xi Peng to mediate between Jin and the Rong.

王以上卿之禮饗管仲，管仲辭曰：“臣，賤有司也，有天子之二守國、高在。

The Son of Heaven entertained Guan Zhong with the ritual of a senior minister, and Guan Zhong declined, saying: “Your servant is a lowly official, and there are also the two guardian ministers appointed by the Son of Heaven, the Guo and Gao clans.

若節春秋來承王命，何以禮焉？陪臣敢辭。”王曰：“舅氏，餘嘉乃勳，應乃懿德，謂督不忘。往踐乃職，無逆朕命。”管仲受下卿之禮而還。君子曰：“管氏之世祀也宜哉！讓不忘其上。《詩》曰：‘愷悌君子，神所勞矣。’”

(Guan Zhong continued:) “If they come in spring and autumn to receive the king's commands, with what ritual would they be treated? A minister of a minister dares not accept this.” The Son of Heaven said: “Uncle, I commend your merit and bear in mind your fine virtue; it may be called deep and unforgotten. Go and carry out your duties, and do not oppose my command.” Guan Zhong accepted the ritual of a lower minister and then returned to his state. The gentleman said: “It is fitting that the Guan clan should receive sacrifices for generations! He was modest and did not forget his superiors. The Odes say: ‘The gentleman who is joyful and easygoing, the spirits will protect him.’”

【經】十有三年春，狄侵衛。夏四月，葬陳宣公。公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯於鹹。秋九月，大雩。冬，公子友如齊。

[Classic] In the thirteenth year, in spring, the Di raided Wei. In summer, in the fourth month, Duke Xuan of Chen was buried. Duke Xi met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao at Xian. In autumn, in the ninth month, the great rain sacrifice was held. In winter, Gongzi You went to Qi.

【傳】十三年春，齊侯使仲孫湫聘於周，且言王子帶。事畢，不與王言。歸，覆命曰：“未可。王怒未怠，其十年乎。不十年，王弗召也。”

[Commentary] In the thirteenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi sent Zhongsun Qiu on a mission to Zhou and also spoke about Prince Dai. When the business was done, he did not speak with the Son of Heaven about it. On returning to report, he said: “It will not do yet. The Son of Heaven's anger has not subsided; it will probably take ten years. Before ten years pass, the Son of Heaven will not recall him.”

夏，會於鹹，淮夷病杞故，且謀王室也。

In summer, the meeting at Xian was because the Huai Yi were distressing Qi, and also to plan matters of the royal house.

秋，為戎難故，諸侯戍周，齊仲孫湫致之。

In autumn, because of the troubles from the Rong, the lords sent troops to garrison the royal house, and Zhongsun Qiu of Qi escorted the garrison troops there.

冬，晉荐饑，使乞糴於秦。秦伯謂子桑：“與諸乎？”對曰：“重施而報，君將何求？重施而不報，其民必攜，攜而討焉，無眾必敗。”謂百里：“與諸乎？”對曰：“天災流行，國家代有，救災恤鄰，道也。行道有福。”

In winter, Jin suffered famine for successive years and sent a man to Qin to ask to buy grain. The Earl of Qin asked Zisang: “Shall we give it?” Zisang replied: “If one repeatedly bestows kindness and receives repayment, what more would you want? If one repeatedly bestows kindness and is not repaid, their people are sure to turn away; once they have turned away, attack them, and without the support of the people they are sure to fail.” He asked Baili: “Shall we give it?” Baili replied: “Natural disasters circulate, and every state will have them in turn; to relieve disaster and show sympathy for neighbors is the proper way. Following the proper way brings blessing.”

鄭之子豹在秦，請伐晉。秦伯曰：“其君是惡，其民何罪？”秦於是乎輸粟於晉，自雍及絳相繼，命之曰泛舟之役。

Pi Bao, the son of Pi Zheng, was in Qin and asked to attack Jin. The Earl of Qin said: “What we hate is their ruler; what crime have the people committed?” Qin then transported millet to Jin, an unbroken stream from Yong to Jiang, and this was called the “Campaign of the Floating Boats”.

【經】十有四年春，諸侯城緣陵。夏六月，季姬及鄫子遇於防。使鄫子來朝。秋八月辛卯，沙鹿崩。狄侵鄭。冬，蔡侯肝卒。

[Classic] In the fourteenth year, in spring, the lords built a city wall at Yuanling. In summer, in the sixth month, Ji Ji met the Viscount of Zeng at Fang, and had the Viscount of Zeng come to court. In autumn, in the eighth month, on the day xinmao, Mount Shalu collapsed. The Di raided Zheng. In winter, Gan, the Marquis of Cai, died. (The base text reads “Gan”, which is Xi.)

【傳】十四年春，諸侯城緣陵而遷杞焉。不書其人，有闕也。

[Commentary] In the fourteenth year, in spring, the lords built a wall at Yuanling and moved Qi there. The Annals does not record which people were present, because the record has gaps.

鄫季姬來寧，公怒，止之，以鄫子之不朝也。夏，遇於防，而使來朝。

Ji Ji of Zeng returned to visit her parents' home, and Duke Xi became angry and detained her, because the Viscount of Zeng did not come to court. In summer, they met at Fang and had the Viscount of Zeng come to court.

秋八月辛卯，沙鹿崩。晉卜偃曰：“期年將有大咎，幾亡國。”

In autumn, in the eighth month, on the day xinmao, Mount Shalu collapsed. Bu Yan of Jin said: “Within a year there will be a great disaster, and the state will almost perish.”

冬，秦飢，使乞糴於晉，晉人弗與。慶鄭曰：“背施無親，幸災不仁，貪愛不祥，怒鄰不義。四德皆失，何以守國？”虢射曰：“皮之不存，毛將安傅？”慶鄭曰：“棄信背鄰，患孰恤之？無信患作，失授必斃，是則然矣。”虢射曰：“無損於怨而厚於寇，不如勿與。”慶鄭曰：“背施幸災，民所棄也。近猶仇之，況怨敵乎？”弗聽。退曰：“君其悔是哉！”

In winter, Qin suffered famine and sent to Jin to ask to buy grain, but the men of Jin would not give it. Qing Zheng said: "To betray a kindness is to have no kin; to rejoice in another's disaster is to be unbenevolent; to be greedy for goods is to be inauspicious; to enrage a neighbor is to be unrighteous. If all four virtues are lost, how will you hold the state?" Guo She said: "When the skin no longer exists, where can the hair attach itself?" Qing Zheng said: "If you throw away good faith and betray a neighbor, who will pity you when trouble comes? Without good faith, disaster will arise; having lost help, you are sure to be ruined. That is how it is." Guo She said: "We can neither lessen their resentment nor avoid strengthening our enemy; better not to give." Qing Zheng said: "Betraying kindness and rejoicing in disaster is what the people abandon. Even close kin will turn into enemies, how much more a neighboring state that already has a grudge?" The Marquis of Jin did not listen. Qing Zheng withdrew and said: "The ruler will probably regret this!"

【經】十有五年春王正月，公如齊。楚人伐徐。三月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛候、鄭伯、許男、曹伯盟於牡丘，遂次於匡。公孫敖帥師及諸侯之大夫救徐。夏五月，日有食之。秋七月，齊師、曹師伐厲。八月，螽。九月，公至自會。

[Classic] In the fifteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xi went to Qi. The men of Chu attacked Xu. In the third month, Duke Xi made a covenant at Muqiu with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao, and then they encamped at Kuang. Gongsun Ao led an army and, with the high officers of the feudal lords, relieved Xu. In summer, in the fifth month, there was an eclipse of the sun. In autumn, in the seventh month, the armies of Qi and Cao attacked Li. In the eighth month there was a plague of locusts. In the ninth month Duke Xi returned from the meeting. (The base text has a variant character in "Marquis of Wei"; it means the Marquis of Wei.)

季姬歸於鄫。己卯晦，震夷伯之廟。冬，宋人伐曹。楚人敗徐於婁林。十有一月壬戌，晉侯及秦伯戰於韓，獲晉侯。

Ji Ji returned to Zeng. On the jimao day, the last day of the month, thunder struck the temple of Yi Bo. In winter, the men of Song attacked Cao. The men of Chu defeated Xu at Loulin. In the eleventh month, on the renxu day, the Marquis of Jin and the Earl of Qin fought at Han, and the Marquis of Jin was captured.

【傳】十五年春，楚人伐徐，徐即諸夏故也。三月，盟於牡丘，尋蔡丘之盟，且救徐也。孟穆伯帥師及諸侯之師救徐，諸侯次於匡以待之。

[Commentary] In the fifteenth year, in spring, the men of Chu attacked Xu because Xu was drawing close to the Central States. In the third month, a covenant was made at Muqiu, renewing the covenant of Kuiqiu and also relieving Xu. (The base text has a variant name for Kuiqiu.) Meng Mubo led an army with the armies of the feudal lords to relieve Xu, and the feudal lords encamped at Kuang to wait for them.

夏五月，日有食之。不書朔與日，官失之也。

In summer, in the fifth month, there was a solar eclipse. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record the first day of the month or the day cycle, which was an oversight of the court historians.

秋，伐厲，以救徐也。

In autumn, they attacked Li in order to relieve Xu.

晉侯之入也，秦穆姬屬賈君焉，且曰：“盡納群公子。”晉侯烝於賈君，又不納群公子，是以穆姬怨之。晉侯許賂中大夫，既而皆背之。賂秦伯以河外列城五，東盡虢略，南及華山，內及解梁城，既而不與。晉飢，秦輸之粟；秦飢，晉閉之糴，故秦伯伐晉。

When the Marquis of Jin returned to his state, Mu Ji of Qin entrusted Lady Jia to him and said: "Bring all the princes back." The Marquis of Jin had an affair with Lady Jia and did not receive the princes, so Mu Ji resented him. The Marquis of Jin had promised wealth to the senior officers, but afterward went back on all of it. He had also promised the Earl of Qin the five cities beyond the river, east to Guolue, south to Mount Hua and inward to the city of Jieliang, but afterward did not give them either. When Jin was in famine, Qin sent grain; when Qin was in famine, Jin closed the door against selling grain, and so the Earl of Qin attacked Jin.

卜徒父筮之，吉。涉河，侯車敗。詰之，對曰：“乃大吉也，三敗必獲晉君。

Bu Tufu divined with milfoil stalks and the omen was auspicious. After they crossed the Yellow River, the chariot of the Earl of Qin broke down. When asked the reason, Bu Tufu answered: "This is very auspicious: after defeating them three times, you will surely capture the lord of Jin.

其卦遇《蠱》ⅶⅳ，曰：‘千乘三去，三去之餘，獲其雄狐。’夫狐蠱，必其君也。《蠱》之貞，風也；其悔，山也。歲雲秋矣，我落其實而取其材，所以克也。

(Bu Tufu continued:) "The hexagram obtained is Gu, and its line text says: 'A state of a thousand chariots flees three times; after fleeing three times, you capture that male fox.' A fox that corresponds to Gu must be their ruler. The inner trigram of Gu is wind and the outer is mountain. The season has reached autumn; we shall strip off its fruit and take its timber, and so we can win.

實落材亡，不敗何待？”三敗及韓。晉侯謂慶鄭曰：“寇深矣，若之何？”對曰：“君實深之，可若何？”公曰：“不孫。”卜右，慶鄭吉，弗使。步揚御戎，家僕徒為右，乘小駟，鄭入也。慶鄭曰：“古者大事，必乘其產，生其水土而知其人心，安其教訓而服習其道，唯所納之，無不如志。今乘異產，以從戎事，及懼而變，將與人易。亂氣狡憤，陰血周作，張脈僨興，外強中乾。進退不可，周旋不能，君必悔之。”

(Bu Tufu continued:) "With the fruit fallen and the timber lost, what are they waiting for if not defeat?" Jin was defeated three times and retreated all the way to Han. The Marquis of Jin said to Qing Zheng: "The enemy has penetrated deep; what shall we do?" Qing Zheng answered: "It was you yourself who brought them in; what can be done?" The Marquis said: "Insolent!" They divined for the chariot-right and Qing Zheng got an auspicious result, but he was not used. Bu Yang drove the war chariot, and Jia Pu Tu served as chariot-right, with the small team of four horses presented by Zheng. Qing Zheng said: "In ancient times, in great affairs one always rode horses bred in one's own country, which grew up on this land and water, knew their master's mind, were at ease with training and familiar with the roads, and could be used any way one liked without ever failing. Now you ride horses bred in another country into battle; when they are frightened and lose their composure, they will go against the man's will. Their breath becomes disordered and they grow restless and furious, the blood spreads through the body, the sinews and veins swell, and they look strong outside but are dried up within. Unable to advance or retreat, unable to turn about, you will surely regret it."

弗聽。

The Marquis of Jin did not listen.

九月，晉侯逆秦師，使韓簡視師，復曰：“師少於我，鬥士倍我。”公曰：“何故？”對曰：“出因其資，入用其寵，飢食其粟，三施而無報，是以來也。

In the ninth month, the Marquis of Jin met the Qin army and sent Han Jian to observe the enemy. He reported: "Their army is smaller than ours, but those who dare to fight are twice as many as ours." The Marquis said: "Why?" Han Jian answered: "When you left the state, you relied on their aid; when you returned, you were favored by their help; in famine you ate their grain. They did you three kindnesses and you have not repaid them, and that is why they have come.

今又擊之，我怠秦奮，倍猶未也。”公曰：“一夫不可狃，況國乎。”遂使請戰，曰：“寡人不佞，能合其眾而不能離也，君若不還，無所逃命。”秦伯使公孫枝對曰：“君之未入，寡人懼之，入而未定列，猶吾憂也。苟列定矣，敢不承命。”

(Han Jian continued:) "Now we go and attack them again; we are slack and Qin is eager, so it is more than twice as many." The Marquis said: "Even one man cannot be slighted, much less a state." He then sent a request for battle, saying: "I have no talent; I could assemble my troops but cannot disband them. If you do not withdraw your army, I have nowhere to evade your command." The Earl of Qin sent Gongsun Zhi to reply: "Before you returned to your state, I was worried for you; after you returned and your position was not yet settled, it was still my worry. If your position has been settled, how would I dare not accept the challenge?"

韓簡退曰：“吾幸而得囚。”

Han Jian withdrew and said: "I shall count myself lucky if I am only taken prisoner."

壬戌，戰於韓原，晉戎馬還濘而止。公號慶鄭。慶鄭曰：“愎諫違卜，固敗是求，又何逃焉？”遂去之。梁由靡御韓簡，虢射為右，輅秦伯，將止之。鄭以救公誤之，遂失秦伯。秦獲晉侯以歸。晉大夫反首拔舍從之。秦伯使辭焉，曰：“二三子何其戚也？寡人之從君而西也，亦晉之妖夢是踐，豈敢以至。”晉大夫三拜稽首曰：“君履后土而戴皇天，皇天后土實聞君之言，群臣敢在下風。”

On the renxu day, they fought at Hanyuan, and the Marquis of Jin's war horse circled in the mud and could not move. The Marquis called for Qing Zheng. Qing Zheng said: "One who stubbornly refuses advice and goes against the divination is courting his own death; why flee?" and he left him. Liang Youmi drove the chariot for Han Jian and Guo She served as chariot-right; they met the Earl of Qin and were about to capture him. Qing Zheng, because he had gone to rescue the Marquis of Jin, delayed them, and so they lost the Earl of Qin. Qin captured the Marquis of Jin and took him back. The high officers of Jin let down their hair and pulled up their tents and followed. The Earl of Qin sent a man to excuse himself, saying: "Why must you be so sad? I accompanied your ruler westward only to fulfill the ominous dream of Jin; how would I dare go too far." The high officers of Jin bowed three times with their heads to the ground and said: "You tread on the Earth and bear Heaven on your head; Heaven and Earth have surely heard your words, and your servants dare to listen to your command downwind."

穆姬聞晉侯將至，以大子犖、弘與女簡、璧登臺而履薪焉，使以免服衰絰逆，且告曰：“上天降災，使我兩君匪以玉帛相見，而以興戎。若晉君朝以入，則婢子夕以死；夕以入，則朝以死。唯君裁之。”乃舍諸靈臺。

When Mu Ji heard that the Marquis of Jin was about to arrive, she took the Crown Prince Ying, Prince Hong and her daughters Jian and Bi up onto a terrace, standing on firewood, and sent men in mourning caps and hemp mourning dress to meet him. She told the Earl of Qin: "Heaven has sent down calamity so that our two rulers meet not with jade and silk but with raised armies and battle. If the lord of Jin comes in in the morning, your maidservant will die in the evening; if he comes in in the evening, I will die in the morning. Please decide." So the Marquis of Jin was lodged at the Terrace of the Spirits.

大夫請以入。公曰：“獲晉侯，以厚歸也。既而喪歸，焉用之？大夫其何有焉？且晉人戚憂以重我，天地以要我。不圖晉憂，重其怒也；我食吾言，背天地也。重怒難任，背天不祥，必歸晉君。”公子縶曰：“不如殺之，無聚慝焉。”

The high officers asked to bring the Marquis of Jin into the city. The Earl of Qin said: "To capture the Marquis of Jin should mean returning home in rich triumph. But it would become returning with a funeral; what use is that? What benefit is there for the high officers? Moreover, the men of Jin move me with their sorrow and bind me with Heaven and Earth. Not to consider Jin's sorrow would add to their anger; if I break my word, I would be going against Heaven and Earth. Adding to their anger would be hard to bear, and going against Heaven is inauspicious; I must send the lord of Jin back." Prince Zhi said: "Better to kill him and not let the wicked gather."

子桑曰：“歸之而質其大子，必得大成。晉未可滅而殺其君，只以成惡。且史佚有言曰：‘無始禍，無怙亂，無重怒。’重怒難任，陵人不祥。”乃許晉平。

Zisang said: "If we send him back and take the crown prince as hostage, we will surely obtain a great peace. Jin cannot yet be destroyed, and killing their ruler would only create deeper hatred. Moreover Shi Yi has a saying: 'Do not start disaster, do not profit from disorder, do not add to anger.' Adding to anger is hard to bear, and bullying others is inauspicious." So he agreed to peace with Jin.

晉侯使郤乞告瑕呂飴甥，且召之。子金教之言曰：“朝國人而以君命賞，且告之曰：‘孤雖歸，辱社稷矣。其卜貳圉也。’”眾皆哭。晉於是乎作爰田。呂甥曰：“君亡之不恤，而群臣是憂，惠之至也。將若君何？”眾曰：“何為而可？”對曰：“徵繕以輔孺子，諸侯聞之，喪君有君，群臣輯睦，甲兵益多，好我者勸，惡我者懼，庶有益乎！”眾說。晉於是乎作州兵。

The Marquis of Jin sent Xi Qi to inform Xia Lu Yisheng and also summoned him. Zijin taught Xi Qi what to say: "Summon the people to the court, reward them in the ruler's name, and tell them: 'Even if I return, I have already disgraced the altars of the state. Better divine and set up Yu as vice-ruler.'" The people all wept. Jin then created the "yuantian" (field allotment system). Lu Sheng said: "The ruler does not worry about his own exile but is anxious for his ministers; this is kindness at its utmost. How do you plan to treat the ruler?" The people said: "What should be done?" Lu Sheng answered: "Levy taxes and put the armor and weapons in order to support the child; when the feudal lords hear that we lost a ruler but have one again, that the ministers are in harmony and that armor and weapons are more, those who like us will be encouraged and those who hate us will be afraid; perhaps this will help!" The people were glad. Jin then created the "zhoubing" (district troops).

初，晉獻公筮嫁伯姬於秦，遇《歸妹》ⅲⅷ之《睽》ⅵⅷ。史蘇占之曰：“不吉。其繇曰：‘士刲羊，亦無{亡皿}也。女承筐，亦無貺也。西鄰責言，不可償也。《歸妹》之《睽》，猶無相也。’《震》之《離》，亦《離》之《震》，為雷為火。為嬴敗姬，車說其輹，火焚其旗，不利行師，敗於宗丘。《歸妹》《睽》孤，寇張之弧，侄其從姑，六年其逋，逃歸其國，而棄其家，明年其死於高梁之虛。”及惠公在秦，曰：“先君若從史蘇之占，吾不及此夫。”韓簡侍，曰：“龜，象也；筮，數也。物生而後有象，象而後有滋，滋而後有數。先君之敗德，及可數乎？史蘇是占，勿從何益？《詩》曰：‘下民之孽，匪降自天，僔沓背憎，職競由人。’”震夷伯之廟，罪之也，於是展氏有隱慝焉。

Earlier, Duke Xian of Jin had divined about marrying Bo Ji to Qin, and obtained Guimei changing into Kui. The historian Su judged: "Not auspicious. The line text says: 'The man slaughters a sheep and gets no blood; the woman holds up a basket and has no gifts. The words of reproach from the western neighbor cannot be repaid. Guimei changing into Kui is still no help.' (The base text has a combined character for "blood.") Zhen changing into Li, and also Li changing into Zhen, is thunder and fire, and means the Ying clan defeats the Ji clan. The chariot loses its axle-brace, fire burns the banner, it is not favorable to send out troops, and you will be defeated at Zongqiu. Guimei and Kui mean solitude; the enemy draws his bow; the nephew follows his aunt; after six years he will flee, flee back to his own state, abandon his family, and in the next year die in the ruins of Gaoliang." When Duke Hui was in Qin he said: "If the former ruler had followed Shi Su's divination, I would not have come to this." Han Jian was attending and said: "The tortoise shows images and the milfoil shows numbers. Things are produced and then have images, having images they grow, and growing they have numbers. The former ruler's corrupt conduct could hardly be counted up in numbers. What good would it have done to follow Shi Su's judgment? The Odes say: 'The calamities of the people do not come down from Heaven; talking and laughing face to face while hating behind the back, people bring it on themselves.'" Thunder struck the temple of Yi Bo as a punishment for his offense; at that time the Zhan clan had hidden crimes.

冬，宋人伐曹，討舊怨也。

In winter, the men of Song attacked Cao, to punish an old grievance.

楚敗徐於婁林，徐恃救也。

Chu defeated Xu at Loulin because Xu relied on others' relief.

十月，晉陰飴甥會秦伯，盟於王城。

In the tenth month, Yin Yisheng of Jin met the Earl of Qin and made a covenant at Wangcheng.

秦伯曰：“晉國和乎？”對曰：“不和。小人恥失其君而悼喪其親，不憚徵繕以立圉也，曰：‘必報仇，寧事戎狄。’君子愛其君而知其罪，不憚徵繕以待秦命，曰：‘必報德，有死無二。’以此不和。”秦伯曰：“國謂君何？”對曰：“小人戚，謂之不免。君子恕，以為必歸。小人曰：‘我毒秦，秦豈歸君？’君子曰：‘我知罪矣，秦必歸君。貳而執之，服而舍之，德莫厚焉，刑莫威焉。服者懷德，貳者畏刑。此一役也，秦可以霸。納而不定，廢而不立，以德為怨，秦不其然。’”秦伯曰：“是吾心也。”改館晉侯，饋七牢焉。

The Earl of Qin said: "Is Jin in harmony?" Yin Yisheng answered: "No. The common people are ashamed of losing their ruler and grieve over the loss of kin; they do not fear levying taxes and arming soldiers to set up Yu, and say: 'We must take revenge, even if we have to serve the Rong and Di.' The gentlemen love their ruler and know his fault; they do not fear levying taxes and arming soldiers to wait for Qin's command, and say: 'We must repay the kindness; to death we will have no divided heart.' For this reason there is no harmony." The Earl of Qin said: "What do they in the state think will happen to the ruler?" He answered: "The common people are sad and think he will not escape death. The gentlemen judge by their own feelings and think he will surely be sent back. The common people say: 'We have wronged Qin; how could Qin release our ruler?' The gentlemen say: 'We know our guilt, so Qin will surely release our ruler. If he has a divided heart, seize him; if he submits, release him. No virtue is greater than this and no punishment more awesome. Those who submit are grateful for the virtue, and those with a divided heart fear the punishment. On the strength of this one battle alone, Qin can become hegemon. To send him home without settling him, to depose him without setting up another, turning virtue into resentment, Qin will not do this.'" The Earl of Qin said: "That is exactly my thought." He then moved the Marquis of Jin to a guest house and sent him provisions of seven sets of sacrificial animals.

蛾析謂慶鄭曰：“盍行乎？”對曰：“陷君於敗，敗而不死，又使失刑，非人臣也。臣而不臣，行將焉入？”十一月，晉侯歸。丁丑，殺慶鄭而後入。

E Xi said to Qing Zheng: "Why not flee?" Qing Zheng answered: "I led the ruler into defeat, and having been defeated I did not die myself, and I also made the ruler lose his chance to apply punishment; this is not what a subject should do. To be a subject and not act like a subject, where could I flee to?" In the eleventh month the Marquis of Jin returned to his state. On the dingchou day he killed Qing Zheng and then entered the city.

是歲，晉又飢，秦伯又餼之粟，曰：“吾怨其君而矜其民。且吾聞唐叔之封也，箕子曰：‘其後必大。’晉其庸可冀乎！姑樹德焉以待能者。”於是秦始徵晉河東，置官司焉。

This year Jin again suffered famine, and the Earl of Qin again gave grain, saying: "I resent their ruler but pity their people. Moreover I have heard that when Tang Shu was enfeoffed, Jizi said: 'His descendants will surely flourish.' Can Jin be without hope! Let us for now establish virtue and wait for those who are capable." From this time Qin began to levy taxes in Hedong of Jin and set up officials.

【經】十有六年春王正月戊申朔，隕石於宋五。是月，六鷁退飛，過宋都。

[Classic] In the sixteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, on the wushen day, the first of the month, five stones fell in Song. This month, six fowl called yi flew backward past the capital of Song.

三月壬申，公子季友卒。夏四月丙申，鄫季姬卒。秋七月甲子，公孫茲卒。冬十有二月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、邢侯、曹伯於淮。

In the third month, on the renshen day, Prince Jiyou died. In summer, in the fourth month, on the bingshen day, Ji Ji of Zeng died. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the jiazi day, Gongsun Zi died. In winter, in the twelfth month, Duke Xi met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Marquis of Xing and the Earl of Cao at Huai.

【傳】十六年春，隕石於宋五，隕星也。六鷁退飛過宋都，風也。周內史叔興聘於宋，宋襄公問焉，曰；“是何祥也？吉凶焉在？”對曰：“今茲魯多大喪，明年齊有亂，君將得諸侯而不終。”退而告人曰：“君失問。是陰陽之事，非吉凶所生也。吉凶由人，吾不敢逆君故也。”

[Commentary] In the sixteenth year, in spring, five stones fell in Song; they were falling stars. Six yi birds flew backward past the capital of Song because of the wind. Shu Xing, Interior Historian of the Zhou house, was visiting Song on a mission, and Duke Xiang of Song asked him: "What omen is this? Where do the good and bad fortune lie?" Shu Xing answered: "This year Lu will have many great mourning events, next year Qi will have disorder, and you will gain the feudal lords but will not be able to keep them to the end." He withdrew and told others: "The ruler asked the wrong question. These are matters of yin and yang, not the cause of good or bad fortune. Good and bad fortune come from men. I did not dare contradict the ruler, so I answered thus."

夏，齊伐厲不克，救徐而還。

In summer, Qi attacked Li and did not take it, and returned after relieving Xu.

秋，狄侵晉，取狐、廚、受鐸，涉汾，及昆都，因晉敗也。

In autumn, the Di invaded and attacked Jin, seized Hu, Chu and Shouduo, crossed the Fen River and reached Kundu, taking advantage of Jin's defeat.

王以戎難告於齊，齊徵諸侯而戍周。

The Son of Heaven reported the Rong trouble to Qi, and Qi called up the feudal lords to garrison the Zhou house.

冬，十一月乙卯，鄭殺子華。

In winter, in the eleventh month, on the yimao day, Zheng killed Zihua.

十二月會於淮，謀鄶，且東略也。城鄫，役人病。有夜登丘而呼曰：“齊有亂。”不果城而還。

In the twelfth month a meeting was held at Huai to plan against Zeng and also to extend control to the east. (The base text has a variant name here; the later "walled Zeng" shows it means Zeng.) They built the wall of Zeng, and the laborers fell ill. Someone climbed a hill at night and cried out: "Qi has disorder." So they went back without finishing the wall.

【經】十有七年春，齊人、徐人伐英氏。夏，滅項。秋，夫人姜氏會齊侯於卞。九月，公至自會。冬十有二月乙亥，齊侯小白卒。

[Classic] In the seventeenth year, in spring, the men of Qi and Xu attacked the Ying clan. In summer, Xiang was destroyed. In autumn, the lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Bian. In the ninth month Duke Xi returned from the meeting. In winter, in the twelfth month, on the yihai day, Xiaobai, Marquis of Qi, died.

【傳】十七年春，齊人為徐伐英氏，以報婁林之役也。

[Commentary] In the seventeenth year, in spring, the men of Qi attacked the Ying clan on behalf of Xu, to avenge the battle at Loulin.

夏，晉大子圉為質於秦，秦歸河東而妻之。惠公之在梁也，梁伯妻之。梁贏孕，過期，卜招父與其子卜之。其子曰：“將生一男一女。”招曰：“然。男為人臣，女為人妾。”故名男曰圉，女曰妾。及子圉西質，妾為宦女焉。

In summer, Yu, crown prince of Jin, was a hostage in Qin, and Qin returned Hedong and gave him a daughter in marriage. When Duke Hui was in Liang, the Earl of Liang had given his daughter to him. Liang Ying was pregnant and went past her due date; Bu Zhaofu and his son divined about it. The son said: "She will bear a boy and a girl." Zhaofu said: "Yes. The male will be a servant and the female a concubine." So the boy was named Yu (groom) and the girl was named Qie (concubine). When Ziyu went west as a hostage, Qie became a palace maidservant.

師滅項。淮之會，公有諸侯之事，未歸而取項。齊人以為討，而止公。

The army destroyed Xiang. At the meeting at Huai, Duke Xi had business with the feudal lords, and before he returned Xiang was taken. The men of Qi therefore called him to account and detained Duke Xi.

秋，聲姜以公故，會齊侯於卞。九月，公至。書曰：“至自會。”猶有諸侯之事焉，且諱之也。

In autumn, Sheng Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Bian on account of Duke Xi. In the ninth month, Duke Xi arrived. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "Arrived from the meeting," because there was still business with the feudal lords, and to avoid mentioning this matter.

齊侯之夫人三：王姬，徐嬴，蔡姬，皆無子。齊侯好內，多內寵，內嬖如夫人者六人：長衛姬，生武孟；少衛姬，生惠公；鄭姬，生孝公；葛嬴，生昭公；密姬，生懿公；宋華子，生公子雍。公與管仲屬孝公於宋襄公，以為太子。雍巫有寵於衛共姬，因寺人貂以薦羞於公，亦有寵，公許之立武孟。

The Marquis of Qi had three principal wives: Wang Ji, Xu Ying and Cai Ji, none of whom had a son. The Marquis loved his inner favorites, and there were many; six were favored like principal wives: Elder Wei Ji, who bore Wumeng; Younger Wei Ji, who bore Duke Hui; Zheng Ji, who bore Duke Xiao; Ge Ying, who bore Duke Zhao; Mi Ji, who bore Duke Yi; and Song Huazi, who bore Prince Yong. Duke Huan and Guan Zhong entrusted Duke Xiao to Duke Xiang of Song and set him up as crown prince. Yong Wu gained the favor of Wei Gong Ji and, through the eunuch Diao, presented fine food to Duke Huan and was also favored, and Duke Huan promised to set up Wumeng.

管仲卒，五公子皆求立。冬十月乙亥，齊桓公卒。易牙入，與寺人貂因內寵以殺群吏，而立公子無虧。孝公奔宋。十二月乙亥赴。辛巳夜殯。

Guan Zhong died, and the five princes all sought the succession. In winter, in the tenth month, on the yihai day, Duke Huan of Qi died. Yi Ya entered the palace and, together with the eunuch Diao, relying on the inner favorites, killed many officials and set up Prince Wukui. Duke Xiao fled to Song. In the twelfth month, on the yihai day, the death was announced. On the night of the xinsi day the body was placed in the coffin.

【經】十有八年春王正月，宋公、曹伯、衛人、邾人伐齊。夏，師救齊。五月戊寅，宋師及齊師戰於甗，齊師敗績。狄救齊。秋八月丁亥，葬齊桓公。冬，邢人，狄人伐衛。

[Classic] In the eighteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Duke of Song, the Earl of Cao, the men of Wei and the men of Zhu attacked Qi. In summer, the army of Lu relieved Qi. In the fifth month, on the wuyin day, the armies of Song and Qi fought at Yan, and the Qi army was greatly defeated. The Di relieved Qi. In autumn, in the eighth month, on the dinghai day, Duke Huan of Qi was buried. In winter, the men of Xing and the Di attacked Wei.

【傳】十八年春，宋襄公以諸侯伐齊。三月，齊人殺無虧。

[Commentary] In the eighteenth year, in spring, Duke Xiang of Song led the feudal lords to attack Qi. In the third month, the men of Qi killed Wukui.

鄭伯始朝於楚，楚子賜之金，既而悔之，與之盟曰：“無以鑄兵。”故以鑄三鍾。

The Earl of Zheng first went to court in Chu, and the Viscount of Chu gave him bronze, then regretted it and made a covenant with him, saying: "Do not use it to cast weapons." So he used it to cast three bells.

齊人將立孝公，不勝，四公子之徒遂與宋人戰。夏五月，宋敗齊師於甗，立孝公而還。

The men of Qi were about to set up Duke Xiao but could not prevail, and so the partisans of the four princes fought with the men of Song. In summer, in the fifth month, Song defeated the Qi army at Yan, set up Duke Xiao and returned.

秋八月，葬齊桓公。

In autumn, in the eighth month, Duke Huan of Qi was buried.

冬，邢人、狄人伐衛，圍菟圃。衛侯以國讓父兄子弟及朝眾曰：“苟能治之，燬請從焉。”眾不可，而後師於訾婁。狄師還。

In winter, the men of Xing and the Di attacked Wei and besieged Tupu. The Marquis of Wei offered the state to his fathers, elder brothers, younger brothers and sons and the men of the court, saying: "If anyone can govern it, I (Hui) request to follow him." The people did not agree, and then they sent out troops at Zilou. The Di army withdrew.

梁伯益其國而不能實也，命曰新裡，秦取之。

The Earl of Liang expanded his territory but could not fill it with people; he called the place Xinli, and Qin seized it.

【經】十有九年春王三月，宋人執滕子嬰齊。夏六月，宋公、曹人、邾人盟於曹南。鄫子會盟於邾。己酉，邾人執鄶子，用之。秋，宋人圍曹。衛人伐邢。

[Classic] In the nineteenth year, in spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, the men of Song seized Ying Qi, Viscount of Teng. In summer, in the sixth month, the Duke of Song, the men of Cao and the men of Zhu made a covenant at Caonan. The Viscount of Zeng took part in the covenant at Zhu. On the jiyou day, the men of Zhu seized the Viscount of Kuai and used him as a sacrifice. In autumn, the men of Song besieged Cao. The men of Wei attacked Xing.

冬，會陳人、蔡人、楚人、鄭人盟於齊。梁亡。

In winter, there was a meeting with the men of Chen, Cai, Chu and Zheng, and a covenant was made on the land of Qi. Liang was destroyed.

【傳】十九年春，遂城而居之。

[Commentary] In the nineteenth year, in spring, they then built a wall and lived there.

宋人執滕宣公。

The men of Song seized Duke Xuan of Teng.

夏，宋公使邾文公用鄫子於次睢之社，欲以屬東夷。司馬子魚曰：“古者六畜不相為用，小事不用大牲，而況敢用人乎？祭祀以為人也。民，神之主也。

In summer, the Duke of Song had Duke Wen of Zhu kill the Viscount of Zeng as a sacrifice at the altar of the earth god at Cisui, hoping thereby to bring the eastern Yi to submit. Sima Ziyu said: "In ancient times the six domestic animals were not used in place of one another, and in minor sacrifices large animals were not used; how dare one use a human being? Sacrifice exists for the sake of people. The people are the masters of the spirits.

用人，其誰饗之？齊桓公存三亡國以屬諸侯，義士猶曰薄德。今一會而虐二國之君，又用諸淫昏之鬼，將以求霸，不亦難乎？得死為幸！”秋，衛人伐邢，以報菟圃之役。於是衛大旱，卜有事于山川，不吉。甯莊子曰：“昔周飢，克殷而年豐。今邢方無道，諸侯無伯，天其或者欲使衛討邢乎？”從之，師興而雨。

(Ziyu continued:) "If people are used as sacrifices, who will come to enjoy them? Duke Huan of Qi preserved three destroyed states in order to unite the feudal lords, and yet righteous men still said his virtue was insufficient. Now at a single meeting he has harmed the rulers of two states, and moreover used one as a sacrifice to licentious and confused spirits; hoping to gain hegemony by this, is it not also difficult? He will be lucky to die a natural death!" In autumn, the men of Wei attacked Xing, to avenge the battle at Tupu. At that time Wei had a great drought, and divination about sacrificing to the mountains and rivers was inauspicious. Ning Zhuangzi said: "Formerly the Zhou house suffered famine, but after defeating Shang the harvest was good. Now Xing is without the Way and the feudal lords have no leader; perhaps Heaven wishes Wei to attack Xing?" They followed him, and as soon as the army moved it rained.

宋人圍曹，討不服也。子魚言於宋公曰：“文王聞崇德亂而伐之，軍三旬而不降，退修教而復伐之，因壘而降。《詩》曰：‘刑于寡妻，至於兄弟，以御於家邦。’今君德無乃猶有所闕，而以伐人，若之何？盍姑內省德乎？無闕而後動。”

The men of Song besieged Cao, punishing it for not submitting. Ziyu said to the Duke of Song: "King Wen heard that Chong's virtue was confused and attacked it; the army besieged it for thirty days but it did not surrender; he withdrew, cultivated his teaching and attacked again, and they surrendered while he was still at the old camp. The Odes say: 'Set an example for his own principal wife, extend it to his brothers, and thereby govern family and state.' Now your virtue is perhaps still lacking, yet you attack others; what can come of it? Why not examine your virtue inwardly for now? When there is no lack, then act."

陳穆公請修好於諸侯，以無忘齊桓之德。冬，盟於齊，修桓公之好也。

Duke Mu of Chen asked to restore friendship with the feudal lords so as not to forget the virtue of Duke Huan of Qi. In winter, a covenant was made on the land of Qi, restoring the friendship of Duke Huan's time.

梁亡，不書其主，自取之也。初，梁伯好土功，亟城而弗處，民罷而弗堪，則曰：“某寇將至。”乃溝公宮，曰：“秦將襲我。”民懼而潰，秦遂取梁。

Liang was destroyed. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record who destroyed it, because it brought about its own destruction. Earlier, the Earl of Liang was fond of earthworks and repeatedly built walls without anyone living in them; the people were exhausted and could not bear it, and he said: "Such-and-such an enemy army is coming." He then dug a ditch around the ducal palace and said: "Qin is about to attack us." The people were frightened and scattered, and Qin then seized Liang.

【經】二十年春，新作南門。夏，郜子來朝。五月乙巳，西宮災。鄭人入滑。

[Classic] In the twentieth year, in spring, the South Gate was newly built. In summer, the Viscount of Gao came to court. In the fifth month, on the yisi day, the West Palace caught fire. The men of Zheng entered Hua.

秋，齊人、狄人盟於邢。冬，楚人伐隨。

In autumn, the men of Qi and the Di made a covenant at Xing. In winter, the men of Chu attacked Sui.

【傳】二十年春，新作南門。書，不時也。凡啟塞從時。

[Commentary] In the twentieth year, in spring, the South Gate was newly built. The Spring and Autumn Annals records this because it was not in season. Whenever city gates are opened or blocked, it must be according to the season.

滑人叛鄭而服於衛。夏，鄭公子士、洩堵寇帥師入滑。

The men of Hua rebelled against Zheng and submitted to Wei. In summer, Prince Shi and Xie Du Kou of Zheng led an army into Hua.

秋，齊、狄盟於邢，為邢謀衛難也。於是衛方病邢。

In autumn, Qi and the Di made a covenant at Xing, to plan for Xing against the troubles from Wei. At that time Wei was distressing Xing.

隨以漢東諸侯叛楚。冬，楚鬥穀於菟帥師伐隨，取成而還。君子曰：“隨之見伐，不量力也。量力而動，其過鮮矣。善敗由己，而由人乎哉？《詩》曰：‘豈不夙夜，謂行多露。’”宋襄公欲合諸侯，臧文仲聞之，曰：“以欲從人，則可；以人從欲，鮮濟。”

Sui led the feudal lords east of the Han River in rebellion against Chu. In winter, Dou Gu Wutu of Chu led an army to attack Sui, obtained peace and returned. The gentleman said: "Sui was attacked because it did not measure its own strength. If one measures one's strength before acting, there will be few faults. Success or failure lies with oneself; does it lie with others? The Odes say: 'Do I not wish to travel early and late? Only the dew on the road is too heavy.'" Duke Xiang of Song wished to bring the feudal lords together, and when Zang Wenzhong heard of it he said: "To make one's own desires follow others is possible; to make others follow one's desires seldom succeeds."

【經】二十有一年春，狄侵衛。宋人、齊人、楚人盟於鹿上。夏，大旱。秋，宋公、楚子、陳侯、蔡侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯會於盂。執宋公以伐宋。冬，公伐邾。楚人使宜申來獻捷。十有二月癸丑，公會諸侯盟於薄。釋宋公。

[Classic] In the twenty-first year, in spring, the Di invaded and attacked Wei. The men of Song, Qi and Chu made a covenant at Lushang. In summer, there was a great drought. In autumn, the Duke of Song, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao met at Yu. They seized the Duke of Song and attacked Song. In winter, Duke Xi attacked Zhu. The men of Chu sent Yi Shen to present captives. In the twelfth month, on the guichou day, Duke Xi made a covenant with the feudal lords at Bo. The Duke of Song was released.

【傳】二十一年春，宋人為鹿上之盟，以求諸侯於楚。楚人許之。公子目夷曰：“小國爭盟，禍也。宋其亡乎，幸而後敗。”

[Commentary] In the twenty-first year, in spring, the men of Song held the covenant at Lushang and asked Chu to obtain the backing of the feudal lords. The men of Chu agreed. Prince Mu Yi said: "For a small state to compete to be the leader is a disaster. Song will probably be destroyed; it would be fortunate if its defeat comes a little later."

夏，大旱。公欲焚巫兀。臧文仲曰：“非旱備也。修城郭，貶食省用，務穡勸分，此其務也。巫兀何為？天欲殺之，則如勿生；若能為旱，焚之滋甚。”公從之。是歲也，飢而不害。

In summer, there was a great drought. Duke Xi wished to burn the shamaness who was a cripple (wu wang). (The base text has a variant form of this term.) Zang Wenzhong said: "This is not a way to guard against drought. Repair the inner and outer walls, reduce food and economize in expenses, devote effort to farming and urge people to share their wealth; this is what should be done. What can a wu wang do? If Heaven wished to kill them, it would have been better not to let them be born; and if they could cause a drought, burning them would only make it worse." Duke Xi followed this advice. That year there was famine but no great harm.

秋，諸侯會宋公於盂。子魚曰：“禍其在此乎！君欲已甚，其何以堪之？”於是楚執宋公以伐宋。

In autumn, the feudal lords met the Duke of Song at Yu. Ziyu said: "Disaster is probably here! The ruler's desires are too excessive; how can others bear it?" Then Chu seized the Duke of Song and attacked Song.

冬，會於薄以釋之。子魚曰：“禍猶未也，未足以懲君。”

In winter, they met at Bo and released him. Ziyu said: "The disaster is not over, and this is not yet enough to warn the ruler."

任、宿、須句、顓臾，風姓也。實司大皞與有濟之祀，以服事諸夏。邾人滅須句，須句子來奔，因成風也。成風為之言於公曰：“崇明祀，保小寡，周禮也；蠻夷猾夏，周禍也。若封須句，是崇皞、濟而修祀，紓禍也。”

Ren, Su, Xugou and Zhuanyu were all of the Feng clan, in charge of the sacrifices to Taihao and to the Ji River, and served the Central States. The men of Zhu destroyed Xugou, and the Viscount of Xugou came to take refuge, because of Cheng Feng. Cheng Feng spoke to Duke Xi on his behalf: "To honor the sacrifices to the bright ones and to protect the small and weak is the rite of Zhou; for the barbarians to disturb the Central States is a disaster for Zhou. If you restore Xugou, it means honoring Hao and Ji, cultivating the sacrifices and easing disaster."

【經】二十有二年春，公伐邾，取須句。夏，宋公、衛侯、許男、滕子伐鄭。

[Classic] In the twenty-second year, in spring, Duke Xi attacked Zhu and took Xugou. In summer, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Baron of Xu and the Viscount of Teng attacked Zheng.

秋八月丁未，及邾人戰於升陘。冬十有一月己巳朔，宋公及楚人戰於泓，宋師敗績。

In autumn, in the eighth month, on the dingwei day, there was a battle with the men of Zhu at Shengjing. In winter, in the eleventh month, on the jisi day, the first of the month, the Duke of Song fought the men of Chu at the Hong River, and the Song army was greatly defeated.

【傳】二十二年春，伐邾，取須句，反其君焉，禮也。

[Commentary] In the twenty-second year, in spring, they attacked Zhu and took Xugou and sent its ruler back; this accords with ritual.

三月，鄭伯如楚。

In the third month, the Earl of Zheng went to Chu.

夏，宋公伐鄭。子魚曰：“所謂禍在此矣。”

In summer, the Duke of Song attacked Zheng. Ziyu said: "The disaster I spoke of is here."

初，平王之東遷也，辛有適伊川，見被髮而祭於野者，曰：“不及百年，此其戎乎！其禮先亡矣。”秋，秦、晉遷陸渾之戎於伊川。

Earlier, when King Ping moved east, Xin You went to the Yi River and saw someone with his hair let down sacrificing in the open fields, and said: "In less than a hundred years this place will become a Rong land! Their rites have perished first." In autumn, Qin and Jin moved the Rong of Lu Hun to the Yi River.

晉大子圉為質於秦，將逃歸，謂嬴氏曰：“與子歸乎？”對曰：“子，晉大子，而辱於秦，子之慾歸，不亦宜乎？寡君之使婢子侍執巾櫛，以固子也。從子而歸，棄君命也。不敢從，亦不敢言。”遂逃歸。

Prince Yu of Jin, a hostage in Qin, was about to flee home, and said to Lady Ying: "Will you go back with me?" Lady Ying answered: "You are the crown prince of Jin and have been humbled in Qin; it is only right that you wish to return. My lord ordered me to serve you with towel and comb in order to keep you steady. To follow you back would be to abandon the ruler's command. I dare not follow you, and I dare not make it known." So the crown prince fled back.

富辰言於王曰：“請召大叔。《詩》曰：‘協比其鄰，昏姻孔雲。’吾兄弟之不協，焉能怨諸侯之不睦？”王說。王子帶自齊復歸於京師，王召之也。

Fu Chen said to the Son of Heaven: "Please recall Dashu. The Odes say: 'Be in harmony and close with your neighbors, and marriages will be very good.' If we brothers are not in harmony, how can we blame the feudal lords for being at odds?" The Son of Heaven was pleased. Prince Dai returned again to the capital from Qi, because the Son of Heaven recalled him.

邾人以須句故出師。公卑邾，不設備而御之。臧文仲曰：“國無小，不可易也。無備，雖眾不可恃也。《詩》曰：‘戰戰兢兢，如臨深淵，如履薄冰。’又曰：‘敬之敬之，天惟顯思，命不易哉！’先王之明德，猶無不難也，無不懼也，況我小國乎！君其無謂邾小。蜂蠆有毒，而況國乎？”弗聽。

The men of Zhu sent out troops on account of Xugou. Duke Xi looked down on Zhu and went to meet them without preparation. Zang Wenzhong said: "No state is too small to be slighted. Without preparation, even many people cannot be relied on. The Odes say: 'Fearful and cautious, as if facing a deep abyss, as if treading on thin ice.' And: 'Be reverent, be reverent; Heaven is bright and awesome, and the Mandate is not easily kept!' Even the former kings with such bright virtue never did not feel difficulty and never did not feel fear; how much more so we, a small state! Do not say that Zhu is small. Bees and scorpions have poison; how much more a state?" Duke Xi did not listen.

八月丁未，公及邾師戰於升陘，我師敗績。邾人獲公胄，縣諸魚門。

In the eighth month, on the dingwei day, Duke Xi fought the Zhu army at Shengjing, and our army was greatly defeated. The men of Zhu took Duke Xi's helmet and hung it on the Fish Gate.

楚人伐宋以救鄭。宋公將戰，大司馬固諫曰：“天之棄商久矣，君將興之，弗可赦也已。”弗聽，冬十一月己巳朔，宋公及楚人戰於泓。宋人既成列，楚人未既濟。司馬曰：“彼眾我寡，及其未既濟也請擊之。”公曰：“不可。”既濟而未成列，又以告。

The men of Chu attacked Song in order to relieve Zheng. The Duke of Song was about to fight, and the Grand Marshal Gu remonstrated: "Heaven abandoned the people of Shang long ago; you wish to revive them, but the offense cannot be pardoned." The Duke of Song did not listen. In winter, in the eleventh month, on the jisi day, the first of the month, the Duke of Song fought the men of Chu at the Hong River. The Song men had already drawn up in formation, but the men of Chu had not yet all crossed the river. The Marshal said: "They are many and we are few; before they have all crossed, please attack them." The Duke of Song said: "No." When the men of Chu had finished crossing but had not yet formed ranks, the Marshal reported again.

公曰：“未可。”既陳而後擊之，宋師敗績。公傷股，門官殲焉。

The Duke of Song said: "Not yet." Only after the men of Chu had formed their ranks did he attack, and the Song army was greatly defeated. The Duke of Song was wounded in the thigh, and his guards were wiped out.

國人皆咎公。公曰：“君子不重傷，不禽二毛。古之為軍也，不以阻隘也。

The people of the state all blamed the Duke of Song. The Duke of Song said: "The gentleman does not wound those already wounded and does not capture those with grey hair. In ancient times when armies were used, they did not rely on narrow and dangerous passes.

寡人雖亡國之餘，不鼓不成列。”子魚曰：“君未知戰。勍敵之人隘而不列，天讚我也。阻而鼓之，不亦可乎？猶有懼焉。且今之勍者，皆吾敵也。雖及胡耈，獲則取之，何有於二毛？明恥教戰，求殺敵也，傷未及死，如何勿重？若愛重傷，則如勿傷；愛其二毛，則如服焉。三軍以利用也，金鼓以聲氣也。利而用之，阻隘可也；聲盛致志，鼓儳可也。”

(The Duke of Song continued:) "Though I am the remnant of a ruined state, I will not sound the drum to attack an enemy that has not formed ranks." Ziyu said: "You still do not understand warfare. When a strong enemy is in a narrow pass and has not formed ranks, Heaven is helping us. To sound the drum and attack, relying on the difficulty of the ground, is that not permissible? Even so we should still be fearful. Moreover, the strong ones now are all our enemies. Even a very old man, if captured, should be taken; what is there to spare in grey hair? Making clear the sense of shame and training for battle is for the sake of killing the enemy; if a man is wounded but not yet dead, why should we not strike again? If we pity a second wound, we would have done better not to wound him at first; if we pity grey hair, it would be better to submit to them. The three armies exist to use advantage, and gongs and drums exist to stir up morale. If there is advantage, use it, and relying on a narrow pass is also acceptable; when the sound is mighty it rouses the will to fight, and sounding the drum against those not yet in ranks is also acceptable."

丙子晨，鄭文夫人羋氏、姜氏勞楚子於柯澤。楚子使師縉示之俘馘。君子曰：“非禮也。婦人送迎不出門，見兄弟不逾閾，戎事不邇女器。”

On the morning of the bingzi day, the wives of Duke Wen of Zheng, Mi and Jiang, went to Keze to console the Viscount of Chu. The Viscount of Chu sent Shi Jin to show them the captives and the severed left ears. The gentleman said: "This is not proper. A woman does not go out of the gate in seeing off or welcoming, does not step over the threshold to see her brothers, and military affairs do not approach the utensils of women."

丁丑，楚子入饗於鄭，九獻，庭實旅百，加籩豆六品。饗畢，夜出，文羋送于軍，取鄭二姬以歸。叔詹曰：“楚王其不沒乎！為禮卒於無別，無別不可謂禮，將何以沒？”諸侯是以知其不遂霸也。

On the dingchou day, the Viscount of Chu entered Zheng and received a banquet; nine cups were offered, and a hundred gifts were displayed in the courtyard, with six kinds of bian and dou vessels added. When the banquet was over, he came out at night, and Wen Mi saw him off to the camp; the Viscount of Chu took two women of the Ji clan of Zheng back with him. Shu Zhan said: "The King of Chu will probably not die a natural death! Rites that end in no distinction between men and women, and where there is no distinction it cannot be called ritual; on what ground will he die a natural death?" The feudal lords thereby knew that he could not accomplish hegemony.

【經】二十有三年春，齊侯伐宋，圍緍。夏五月庚寅，宋公茲父卒。秋，楚人伐陳。冬十有一月，杞子卒。

[Classic] In the twenty-third year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked Song and besieged Min. In summer, in the fifth month, on the gengyin day, Zifu, Duke of Song, died. In autumn, the men of Chu attacked Chen. In winter, in the eleventh month, the Viscount of Qi died.

【傳】二十三年春，齊侯伐宋，圍緡，以討其不與盟於齊也。

[Commentary] In the twenty-third year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked Song and besieged Min, punishing it for not joining the covenant on Qi's land.

夏五月，宋襄公卒，傷於泓故也。

In summer, in the fifth month, Duke Xiang of Song died, because of the wound he received at the Hong River.

秋，楚成得臣帥師伐陳，討其貳於宋也。遂取焦、夷，城頓而還。子文以為之功，使為令尹。叔伯曰：“子若國何？”對曰：“吾以靖國也。夫有大功而無貴仕，其人能靖者與有幾？”九月，晉惠公卒。懷公命無從亡人。期，期而不至，無赦。狐突之子毛及偃從重耳在秦，弗召。冬，懷公執狐突曰：“子來則免。”對曰：“子之能仕，父教之忠，古之制也。策名委質，貳乃闢也。今臣之子，名在重耳，有年數矣。若又召之，教之貳也。父教子貳，何以事君？刑之不濫，君之明也，臣之願也。淫刑以逞，誰則無罪？臣聞命矣。”乃殺之。

In autumn, Cheng Dechen of Chu led an army to attack Chen, punishing it for having a divided heart toward Song. He then took Jiao and Yi, built the wall of Dun and returned. Ziwen considered this his merit and made him prime minister. Shu Bo said: "What will you do with the state?" Ziwen answered: "I am using this to settle the state. If one has great merit but no honored office, how many such people could still settle the state?" In the ninth month, Duke Hui of Jin died. Duke Huai ordered that no one should follow those in exile. He set a deadline, and those who did not return by it would not be pardoned. Hu Tu's sons Mao and Yan followed Chong'er in Qin, and Duke Huai did not recall them. In winter, Duke Huai seized Hu Tu and said: "If your sons return, I will spare you." Hu Tu answered: "When a son is able to serve in office, the father teaches him loyalty; this is the ancient institution. His name is written on the tablet and he presents his gift of introduction; to have a divided heart would be a crime. Now my sons' names have been with Chong'er for some years. If I recalled them again, I would be teaching them to have a divided heart. If a father teaches his son to have a divided heart, with what can he serve his ruler? Not to be excessive with punishment is the ruler's wisdom, and also this minister's wish. To use punishment excessively for the sake of pleasure, who would be without guilt? I have heard the command." So he was killed.

卜偃稱疾不出，曰：“《周書》有之：‘乃大明服。’己則不明而殺人以逞，不亦難乎？民不見德而唯戮是聞，其何後之有？”十一月，杞成公卒。書曰“子”，杞，夷也。不書名，未同盟也。凡諸侯同盟，死則赴以名，禮也。赴以名，則亦書之，不然則否，闢不敏也。

Bu Yan pleaded illness and did not go out, saying: "The Book of Zhou has these words: 'When the king is greatly bright, the people will submit.' If one is not bright oneself but relies on killing for pleasure, is that not difficult? The people see no virtue and hear only of killing; what descendants can there be?" In the eleventh month, Duke Cheng of Qi died. The Spring and Autumn Annals records him as "viscount," because Qi was a barbarian state. His name is not recorded, because there was no covenant with it. When a feudal lord who was in the covenant dies, he is announced by name, which accords with ritual. When announced by name, the Spring and Autumn Annals also records the name; otherwise it does not, in order to avoid mistakes.

晉公子重耳之及於難也，晉人伐諸蒲城。蒲城人慾戰。重耳不可，曰：“保君父之命而享其生祿，於是乎得人。有人而校，罪莫大焉。吾其奔也。”遂奔狄。

When Prince Chong'er of Jin met with disaster, the men of Jin went to Pucheng to attack him. The men of Pucheng wished to fight. Chong'er did not agree, saying: "Relying on my father the ruler's command, I enjoy a fief that sustains my life, and thereby I have followers. Having followers and then opposing my father the ruler is the greatest crime. I had better flee." So he fled to the Di.

從者狐偃、趙衰、顛頡、魏武子、司空季子。狄人伐廧咎如，獲其二女：叔隗、季隗，納諸公子。公子取季隗，生伯儵、叔劉，以叔隗妻趙衰，生盾。將適齊，謂季隗曰：“待我二十五年，不來而後嫁。”對曰：“我二十五年矣，又如是而嫁，則就木焉。請待子。”處狄十二年而行。

Those who followed him were Hu Yan, Zhao Cui, Dian Xie, Wei Wuzi and Sikong Jizi. The Di attacked the Qiangjiu Ru, captured their two daughters Shu Wei and Ji Wei and gave them to the prince. The prince married Ji Wei, who bore Bo Shu and Shu Liu, and gave Shu Wei to Zhao Cui as wife, who bore Dun. When he was about to go to Qi, he said to Ji Wei: "Wait for me for twenty-five years; if I do not return, then remarry." Ji Wei answered: "I am already twenty-five; if I waited that many more years before marrying, I would be going into my coffin. Let me wait for you." He stayed among the Di for twelve years and then set out.

過衛。衛文公不禮焉。出於五鹿，乞食於野人，野人與之塊，公子怒，欲鞭之。子犯曰：“天賜也。”稽首，受而載之。

He passed through Wei. Duke Wen of Wei did not treat him with ritual propriety. After leaving the border at Wulu, he begged food from a countryman, who gave him a clod of earth. The prince was angry and wished to whip him. Zifan said: "This is a gift from Heaven." He bowed his head and accepted it and loaded it onto the carriage.

及齊，齊桓公妻之，有馬二十乘，公子安之。從者以為不可。將行，謀於桑下。蠶妾在其上，以告姜氏。姜氏殺之，而謂公子曰：“子有四方之志，其聞之者吾殺之矣。”公子曰：“無之。”姜曰：’行也。懷與安，實敗名。”公子不可。姜與子犯謀，醉而遣之。醒，以戈逐子犯。

When he reached Qi, Duke Huan of Qi gave him a daughter in marriage along with twenty teams of horses, and the prince was content with this life. His followers thought it wrong. As they were about to set out, they discussed it under a mulberry tree. A silkworm-raising maid was in the tree and told Lady Jiang. Lady Jiang killed her and said to the prince: "You have the ambition to make your way in the four quarters; the one who heard it I have killed." The prince said: "There is no such thing." Lady Jiang said: "Go. Clinging to enjoyment and being content with the present will truly ruin your reputation." The prince did not agree. Lady Jiang planned with Zifan, made him drunk and sent him off. When the prince sobered up, he took a dagger-axe and chased after Zifan.

及曹，曹共公聞其駢脅，欲觀其裸。浴，薄而觀之。僖負羈之妻曰：“吾觀晉公子之從者，皆足以相國。若以相，夫子必反其國。反其國，必得志於諸侯。

When he reached Cao, Duke Gong of Cao heard that his ribs were joined in one piece and wished to see him naked. When he was bathing, the Duke came close to look. The wife of Xi Fuji said: "I looked at the attendants of the Prince of Jin; all of them are fit to be ministers of a state. If they are used to assist him, that man will surely return to his own state. Once he is back in his state, he will surely achieve his ambitions among the feudal lords.

得志於諸侯而誅無禮，曹其首也。子盍蚤自貳焉。”乃饋盤飧，置璧焉。公子受飧反璧。

(The wife of Xi Fuji continued:) "When he achieves his ambitions among the feudal lords, he will punish those who lacked ritual propriety, and Cao will probably be the first. Why do you not show early that you are different?" So she sent a dish of food with a jade disc placed in it. The prince accepted the food and returned the disc.

及宋，宋襄公贈之以馬二十乘。

When he reached Song, Duke Xiang of Song gave him twenty teams of horses.

及鄭，鄭文公亦不禮焉。叔詹諫曰：“臣聞天之所啟，人弗及也。晉公子有三焉，天其或者將建諸，君其禮焉。男女同姓，其生不蕃。晉公子，姬出也，而至於今，一也。離外之患，而天不靖晉國，殆將啟之，二也。有三士足以上人而從之，三也。晉、鄭同儕，其過子弟，固將禮焉，況天之所啟乎？”弗聽。

When he reached Zheng, Duke Wen of Zheng also did not treat him with ritual propriety. Shu Zhan remonstrated: "I have heard that those whom Heaven opens the way for cannot be matched by others. The Prince of Jin has three such things, and Heaven may be about to set him up; you should treat him with ritual propriety. When a man and woman have the same surname, their descendants do not flourish. The Prince of Jin was born of a woman of the Ji clan and yet has lived until now; this is the first. He is in exile, and Heaven has not let Jin be settled, perhaps because it is about to open the way for him; this is the second. Three worthy men who are fit to be above others follow him; this is the third. Jin and Zheng are equal in rank, and when their young men pass through, they should be treated with ritual propriety; how much more one whom Heaven has opened the way for?" The Earl of Zheng did not listen.

及楚，楚之饗之，曰：“公子若反晉國，則何以報不穀？”對曰：“子女玉帛則君有之，羽毛齒革則君地生焉。其波及晉國者，君之餘也，其何以報君？”曰：“雖然，何以報我？”對曰：“若以君之靈，得反晉國，晉、楚治兵，遇於中原，其辟君三舍。若不獲命，其左執鞭弭、右屬櫜鞬，以與君周旋。”子玉請殺之。楚子曰：“晉公子廣而儉，文而有禮。其從者肅而寬，忠而能力。晉侯無親，外內惡之。吾聞姬姓，唐叔之後，其後衰者也，其將由晉公子乎。天將興之，誰能廢之。違天必有大咎。”乃送諸秦。秦伯納女五人，懷嬴與焉。奉匜沃盥，既而揮之。怒曰：“秦、晉匹也，何以卑我！”公子懼，降服而囚。

When he reached Chu, King Cheng of Chu gave a banquet for him and said: "If you return to Jin, how will you repay me?" The prince answered: "Sons and daughters, jade and silk, you have them all; feathers, fur, ivory and hides are produced in your land. What flows to Jin is only your leftovers; with what could I repay you?" King Cheng said: "Even so, how will you repay me?" The prince answered: "If by your blessing I am able to return to Jin, and one day Jin and Chu go to war and meet on the Central Plain, I will withdraw three days' march before you. If I still do not obtain your permission, then holding the whip and bow in my left hand and the bow-case and quiver on my right, I will face you." Ziyu asked to have him killed. The Viscount of Chu said: "The Prince of Jin has broad ambition yet lives frugally, has refinement and ritual propriety. His followers are solemn yet generous, loyal and capable of getting things done. The Marquis of Jin has no close supporters, and he is hated both inside and outside. I have heard that among the Ji clan the descendants of Tang Shu will be the last to decline; this will probably be fulfilled in the Prince of Jin. Heaven is about to raise him up; who can depose him? To go against Heaven will surely bring great disaster." So he sent him on to Qin. The Earl of Qin gave him five women, among them Huai Ying. Huai Ying held up a ewer and poured water for him to wash his hands; when he finished, he waved her away. Huai Ying was angry and said: "Qin and Jin are equals; why do you look down on me!" The prince was afraid, took off his upper garment and confined himself to apologize.

他日，公享之。子犯曰：“吾不如衰之文也。請使衰從。公子賦《河水》，公賦《六月》。趙衰曰：“重耳拜賜。”公子降，拜，稽首，公降一級而辭焉。

Later, one day, the Earl of Qin gave him a banquet. Zifan said: "I am not as refined as Cui. Please let Cui accompany you." The prince recited the ode He Shui, and the Earl of Qin recited Liu Yue. Zhao Cui said: "Chong'er bows in thanks for the favor." The prince went down the steps and bowed, touching his head to the ground, and the Earl of Qin went down one step to decline.

衰曰：“君稱所以佐天子者命重耳，重耳敢不拜。”

Zhao Cui said: "Your Majesty commands Chong'er with an ode about assisting the Son of Heaven; dare Chong'er not bow?"

【經】二十有四年春王正月。夏，狄伐鄭。秋七月。冬，天王出居於鄭。晉侯夷吾卒。

[Classic] In the twenty-fourth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar. In summer, the Di attacked Zheng. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, the Son of Heaven went out and stayed in Zheng. Yiwu, Marquis of Jin, died.

【傳】二十四年春，王正月，秦伯納之，不書，不告入也。

[Commentary] In the twenty-fourth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, the Earl of Qin escorted Chong'er into Jin. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record it, because no one came to report his entry.

及河，子犯以璧授公子，曰：“臣負羈紲從君巡於天下，臣之罪甚多矣。臣猶知之，而況君乎？請由此亡。”公子曰：“所不與舅氏同心者，有如白水。”

When they reached the Yellow River, Zifan handed a jade disc to the Duke's son and said: "Your servant has followed you holding the reins and traveled all over the world, and my offenses are already many. I know this myself, and how much more must you? Please let me leave you here." The Duke's son said: "If I am not of one mind with my maternal uncle, let the White Water be my witness."

投其璧於河。濟河，圍令狐，入桑泉，取臼衰。二月甲午，晉師軍於廬柳。秦伯使公子縶如晉師，師退，軍於郇。辛丑，狐偃及秦、晉之大夫盟於郇。壬寅，公子入於晉師。丙午，入於曲沃。丁未，朝於武宮。戊申，使殺懷公於高梁。不書，亦不告也。呂、郤畏逼，將焚公宮而弒晉侯。寺人披請見，公使讓之，且辭焉，曰：“蒲城之役，君命一宿，女即至。其後餘從狄君以田渭濱，女為惠公來求殺餘，命女三宿，女中宿至。雖有君命，何其速也。夫祛猶在，女其行乎。”對曰：“臣謂君之入也，其知之矣。若猶未也，又將及難。君命無二，古之制也。除君之惡，唯力是視。蒲人、狄人，餘何有焉。今君即位，其無蒲、狄乎？齊桓公置射鉤而使管仲相，君若易之，何辱命焉？行者甚眾，豈唯刑臣。”公見之，以難告。三月，晉侯潛會秦伯於王城。己丑晦，公宮火，瑕甥、郤芮不獲公，乃如河上，秦伯誘而殺之。晉侯逆夫人嬴氏以歸。秦伯送衛於晉三千人，實紀綱之僕。

He threw the jade disc into the Yellow River. They crossed the river, besieged Linghu, entered Sangquan, and took Jiushuai. In the second month, on jiawu, the Jin army camped at Luliu. The Earl of Qin sent Prince Zhi to the Jin army, and the Jin army withdrew and camped at Xun. On xinchou, Hu Yan made a covenant with the grandees of Qin and Jin at Xun. On renyin, the Duke's son entered the Jin army. On bingwu he entered Quwo. On dingwei he had an audience at the temple of Duke Wu. On wushen he sent men to kill Duke Huai at Gaoliang. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record this either, because no one came to report it. Lü Sheng and Xi Rui, fearing they would be pressed, planned to set fire to the ducal palace and murder the Marquis of Jin. The eunuch Pi asked for an audience, and Duke Wen sent someone to rebuke him and refuse him, saying: "At the battle of Pucheng, the ruler ordered you to arrive after one night, yet you came that very day. Later, when I was hunting by the Wei River with the Di ruler, you came on behalf of Duke Hui to seek and kill me; you were ordered to arrive after three nights, and you arrived after two. Although it was the ruler's command, why so fast? The sleeve you cut off is still here. You had better go." The eunuch Pi replied: "Your servant thought that since you had returned to your state you would already understand how a ruler should act. If you do not, you will meet with disaster again. To have no divided heart toward the ruler's command is the ancient rule. To remove those whom the ruler hates, one uses all one's strength. At that time you were a man of Pu and of the Di; what was that to me? Now that you have taken the throne, are there no men like those of Pu and Di? Duke Huan of Qi set aside the grudge of the arrow that hit his belt hook and let Guan Zhong assist him. If you change this practice, why should I trouble you to give an order? Those who will leave are many; it is not only a servant who has suffered punishment." Duke Wen received him, and he told Duke Wen of the disaster. In the third month, the Marquis of Jin secretly met the Earl of Qin at Wangcheng. On jichou, the last day of that month, the ducal palace caught fire; Xia Sheng and Xi Rui could not catch Duke Wen, and so went to the bank of the Yellow River, where the Earl of Qin lured them and killed them. The Marquis of Jin welcomed his wife Ying back. The Earl of Qin gave Jin three thousand guards, all capable attendants.

初，晉侯之豎頭須，守藏者也。其出也，竊藏以逃，盡用以求納之。及入，求見，公辭焉以沐。謂僕人曰：“沐則心覆，心覆則圖反，宜吾不得見也。居者為社稷之守，行者為羈紲之僕，其亦可也，何必罪居者？國君而仇匹夫，懼者甚眾矣。”僕人以告，公遽見之。

Earlier, Touxu, a petty official of the Marquis of Jin, had been in charge of the storehouse. When Duke Wen went into exile, he stole from the storehouse and fled, spending all the money in efforts to bring Duke Wen back to the state. When Duke Wen entered the state, he asked for an audience, and Duke Wen declined on the pretext of washing his hair. Touxu said to the servant: "When one washes one's hair the heart is turned upside down, and when the heart is turned upside down the plans are reversed; no wonder I cannot be seen. Those who stayed behind were the guardians of the altars of the state, and those who went out were attendants who held the horses and served; that is acceptable too, so why blame those who stayed? If the ruler makes an enemy of a common man, there will be too many who are afraid." The servant told Duke Wen, and Duke Wen received him at once.

狄人歸季隗於晉而請其二子。文公妻趙衰，生原同、屏括、摟嬰。趙姬請逆盾與其母，子餘辭。姬曰：“得寵而忘舊，何以使人？必逆之！”固請，許之，來，以盾為才，固請於公以為嫡子，而使其三子下之，以叔隗為內子而己下之。

The Di sent Ji Wei back to Jin and asked to keep her two sons. Duke Wen gave his daughter in marriage to Zhao Shuai, and she bore Yuan Tong, Ping Kuo and Lou Ying. Zhao Ji asked to bring Dun and his mother, but Ziyu declined. Zhao Ji said: "To forget the old companion once favored, how can one employ others? You must bring them!" She insisted, and Zhao Shuai agreed. When they arrived, Zhao Ji considered Dun talented and insisted on asking Duke Wen to make him the heir, placing her own three sons beneath him and making Shu Wei the principal wife while she herself took a place below her.

晉侯賞從亡者，介之推不言祿，祿亦弗及。推曰“獻公之子九人，唯君在矣。

When the Marquis of Jin rewarded those who had followed him into exile, Jie Zhitui did not speak of salary, and no salary was given to him. Jie Zhitui said: "Duke Xian had nine sons, and only the ruler remains.

惠、懷無親，外內棄之。天未絕晉，必將有主。主晉祀者，非君而誰？天實置之，而二三子以為己力，不亦誣乎？竊人之財，猶謂之盜，況貪天之功以為己力乎？下義其罪，上賞其奸，上下相蒙，難與處矣！”其母曰：“盍亦求之，以死誰懟？”對曰：“尤而效之，罪又甚焉，且出怨言，不食其食。”其母曰：“亦使知之若何？”對曰：“言，身之文也。身將隱，焉用文之？是求顯也。”其母曰：“能如是乎？與女偕隱。”遂隱而死。晉侯求之，不獲，以綿上為之田，曰：“以志吾過，且旌善人。”

(Jie Zhitui continued:) "Dukes Hui and Huai had no close supporters, and both within and without abandoned them. Heaven has not cut off Jin, so there must be a master for it. Who but our ruler could preside over the sacrifices of Jin? It was truly Heaven that set him up, yet these men think it was their own strength; is that not deception? To steal another's property is still called robbery, so how much more to claim Heaven's merit as one's own strength! Below, they take their offenses as righteousness; above, the ruler rewards such wickedness; ruler and subjects deceive one another, and it is hard to live with them!" His mother said: "Why not also ask for a reward? If you die like this, whom can you blame?" Jie Zhitui replied: "To blame them and then imitate them would be a still greater offense, and I have also spoken resentful words, so I will not eat their salary." His mother said: "Should they at least be made to know?" Jie Zhitui replied: "Words are the ornament of the body. If the body is about to be hidden, what use has it for ornament? That would be seeking distinction." His mother said: "Can you really do so? Then I will go into seclusion with you." So they lived in seclusion until death. The Marquis of Jin looked for him and could not find him, and made Mianshang his sacrificial land, saying: "This is to record my fault and to honor the good man."

鄭之入滑也，滑人聽命。師還，又即衛。鄭公子士、洩堵俞彌帥師伐滑。王使伯服、遊孫伯如鄭請滑。鄭伯怨惠王之入而不與厲公爵也，又怨襄王之與衛、滑也，故不聽王命而執二子。王怒，將以狄伐鄭。富辰諫曰：“不可。臣聞之，大上以德撫民，其次親親以相及也。昔周公吊二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。

When Zheng entered Hua, the people of Hua obeyed. After the army returned, Hua again drew close to Wei. Prince Shi of Zheng and Xie Du Yumi led an army to attack Hua. The Son of Heaven sent Bofu and You Sunbo to Zheng to plead for Hua. The Earl of Zheng resented that King Hui had not given Duke Li a rank on returning to his state, and also resented that King Xiang favored Wei and Hua, so he did not obey the king's order and seized these two men. The Son of Heaven was angry and planned to lead the Di to attack Zheng. Fu Chen remonstrated: "This will not do. Your servant has heard that the best way is to pacify the people with virtue, and the next is to love one's kin and extend this to others. In former times the Duke of Zhou, grieved that the two uncles Guan and Cai had not come to a good end, enfeoffed his kinsmen to serve as screens for the house of Zhou.

管蔡郕霍，魯衛毛聃，郜雍曹滕，畢原酆郇，文之昭也。邘晉應韓，武之穆也。凡蔣刑茅胙祭，周公之胤也。召穆公思周德之不類，故糾合宗族於成周而作詩，曰：‘常棣之華，鄂不々，凡今之人，莫如兄弟。’其四章曰：‘兄弟鬩於牆，外禦其侮。’如是，則兄弟雖有小忿，不廢懿親。今天子不忍小忿以棄鄭親，其若之何？庸勳親親，暱近尊賢，德之大者也。即聾從昧，與頑用嚚，奸之大者也。棄德崇奸，禍之大者也。鄭有平、惠之勳，又有厲、宣之親，棄嬖寵而用三良，於諸姬為近，四德具矣。耳不聽五聲之和為聾，目不別五色之章為昧，心不則德義之經為頑，口不道忠信之言為嚚，狄皆則之，四奸具矣。周之有懿德也，猶曰‘莫如兄弟’，故封建之。其懷柔天下也，猶懼有外侮，扞禦侮者莫如親親，故以親屏周。召穆公亦云。今周德既衰，於是乎又渝周、召以從諸奸，無乃不可乎？民未忘禍，王又興之，其若文、武何？”王弗聽，使頹叔、桃子出狄師。夏，狄伐鄭，取櫟。

(Fu Chen continued:) "Guan, Cai, Cheng, Huo, Lu, Wei, Mao, Dan, Gao, Yong, Cao, Teng, Bi, Yuan, Feng and Xun were sons of King Wen. Yu, Jin, Ying and Han were sons of King Wu. Fan, Jiang, Xing, Mao, Zuo and Zhai were descendants of the Duke of Zhou. Duke Mu of Shao, worried that the virtue of Zhou was declining, gathered the clan at Chengzhou and composed a poem, saying: 'The flowers of the bush cherry, how bright their calyxes are; of all the men of today, none is like a brother.' (The base text reads e bu with a repeat mark, meaning e bu shao shao.) Its fourth stanza says: 'Brothers quarrel within the wall, but outside they resist insult together.' In this way, although brothers may have small grudges, they do not abandon their close kinship. Now the Son of Heaven cannot bear a small anger and casts away the kin tie with Zheng; what can come of it? To reward merit, to love kin, to be close to those near, and to honor the worthy are the greatest of virtues. To indulge the deaf, follow the blind, associate with the obstinate and employ the deceitful are the greatest of wickednesses. To abandon virtue and esteem wickedness is the greatest of calamities. Zheng had merit in the times of Kings Ping and Hui, and has the kinship of Kings Li and Xuan, abandoning the favored ministers and employing three worthy ministers; among the Ji clans it is the closest, and it possesses all four virtues. Ears that cannot hear the harmony of the five notes are called deaf; eyes that cannot tell the patterns of the five colors are called blind; a heart that does not take as its model the constant principles of virtue and righteousness is called obstinate; a mouth that does not speak loyal and trustworthy words is called wicked. The Di are all of this kind, possessing all four wickednesses. When the house of Zhou had fine virtue, it still said 'none is like a brother,' and so enfeoffed them. When it pacified the world, it still feared outside insult, and for resisting insult there is nothing better than loving kin, so it used kinsmen as screens for Zhou. Duke Mu of Shao spoke in the same way. Now Zhou's virtue has already declined, yet if you change the ways of the Dukes of Zhou and Shao to follow those wicked men, I fear it will not do. The people have not yet forgotten the troubles, and the Son of Heaven stirs them up again; what will you say to Kings Wen and Wu?" The Son of Heaven did not listen and sent Tui Shu and Tao Zi to lead out the Di army. In summer, the Di attacked Zheng and took Li.

王德狄人，將以其女為後。富辰諫曰：“不可。臣聞之曰：‘報者倦矣，施者未厭。’狄固貪惏，王又啟之，女德無極，婦怨無終，狄必為患。”王又弗聽。

The Son of Heaven was grateful to the Di and planned to make a Di woman queen. Fu Chen remonstrated: "This will not do. Your servant has heard: 'The one who repays is already weary, while the one who bestows is not yet satisfied.' The Di are greedy by nature, and now the Son of Heaven is opening the way for them. A woman's thoughts have no end and a woman's resentment has no conclusion; the Di will surely become a calamity." The Son of Heaven again did not listen.

初，甘昭公有寵於惠後，惠後將立之，未及而卒。昭公奔齊，王復之，又通於隗氏。王替隗氏。頹叔、桃子曰：“我實使狄，狄其怨我。”遂奉大叔，以狄師攻王。王御士將御之。王曰：“先後其謂我何？寧使諸侯圖之。王遂出。及坎欿，國人納之。

Earlier, Duke Zhao of Gan had been favored by Queen Hui, who planned to make him heir, but died before she could. Duke Zhao fled to Qi, and the Son of Heaven let him return, but he then had an affair with Queen Wei. The Son of Heaven deposed Queen Wei. Tui Shu and Tao Zi said: "In fact it was we who sent the Di, and the Di will resent us." So they supported Da Shu and attacked the Son of Heaven with the Di army. The king's guards prepared to resist. The Son of Heaven said: "What would the former kings and queens say of me? I would rather let the lords deal with this matter." The Son of Heaven then left. When he reached Kanqian, the people of the capital took him back.

秋，頹叔、桃子奉大叔，以狄師伐周，大敗周師，獲周公忌父、原伯、毛伯、富辰。王出適鄭，處於汜。大叔以隗氏居於溫。

In autumn, Tui Shu and Tao Zi supported Da Shu and attacked the house of Zhou with the Di army, badly defeating the Zhou army and capturing Zhou Gongji Fu, the Earl of Yuan, the Earl of Mao and Fu Chen. The Son of Heaven went to Zheng and lived at Si. Da Shu took Queen Wei and lived at Wen.

鄭子華之弟子臧出奔宋，好聚鷸冠。鄭伯聞而惡之，使盜誘之。八月，盜殺之於陳、宋之間。君子曰：“服之不衷，身之災也。《詩》曰：‘彼己之子，不稱其服。’子臧之服，不稱也夫。《詩》曰，‘自詒伊戚’，其子臧之謂矣。

Zang, a disciple of Zihua of Zheng, fled to Song, and was fond of collecting hats made of kingfisher feathers. The Earl of Zheng heard of this and hated him, and sent robbers to lure him. In the eighth month, the robbers killed him between Chen and Song. The gentleman said: "Clothes that do not suit the wearer are a calamity to the person. The Odes say: 'That man, his clothes do not match him.' Zizang's clothes were indeed unfitting. The Odes say 'He leaves himself with sorrow,' and it refers to such a man as Zizang.

《夏書》曰，‘地平天成’，稱也。”

(The gentleman continued:) "The Book of Xia says 'the earth is level and heaven is complete,' which means things being fitting."

宋及楚平。宋成公如楚，還入於鄭。鄭伯將享之，問禮於皇武子。對曰：“宋，先代之後也，於周為客，天子有事膰焉，有喪拜焉，豐厚可也。”鄭伯從之，享宋公有加，禮也。

Song made peace with Chu. Duke Cheng of Song went to Chu and on his return entered Zheng. The Earl of Zheng planned to entertain him with a banquet and asked Huang Wuzi about the rites. Huang Wuzi replied: "Song is a descendant of the former dynasty and a guest of the house of Zhou; when the Son of Heaven has a sacrifice he sends the sacrificial meat, and when there is a funeral the ruler of Song comes to condole and is answered with a bow; it is permissible to be a bit more generous." The Earl of Zheng followed this advice and entertained the Duke of Song with extra grades, which accorded with ritual.

冬，王使來告難曰：“不穀不德，得罪於母弟之寵子帶，鄙在鄭地汜，敢告叔父。”臧文仲對曰：“天子蒙塵於外，敢不奔問官守。”王使簡師父告於晉，使左鄢父告於秦。天子無出，書曰“天王出居於鄭”，闢母弟之難也。天子凶服降名，禮也。鄭伯與孔將鉏、石甲父、侯宣多省視官具於汜，而後聽其私政，禮也。

In winter, the Son of Heaven sent someone to report the disaster, saying: "I, the Bugu, lack virtue and have offended my mother's favored younger brother Dai; I am lodged at Si in Zheng, and dare to inform my uncle." Zang Wenzhong replied: "The Son of Heaven is in exile with dust upon him; how dare we not hasten to inquire after those at his side?" The Son of Heaven sent Jian Shifu to inform Jin and Zuo Yanfu to inform Qin. The Son of Heaven is not said to go abroad, but the Spring and Autumn Annals records "the Heavenly King left and resided in Zheng," to avoid the disaster of his mother's younger brother. The Son of Heaven wore mourning clothes and lowered his title, which accorded with ritual. The Earl of Zheng, with Kong Jiang Chu, Shi Jiafu and Hou Xuan Duo, went to Si to inspect the Son of Heaven's officials and equipment, and only then attended to his own state's affairs, which accorded with ritual.

衛人將伐邢，禮至曰：“不得其守，國不可得也。我請昆弟仕焉。”乃往，得仕。

The people of Wei were about to attack Xing. Li Zhi said: "If we do not get their guardian officials, the state cannot be obtained. Please let us brothers go there to serve as officials." So they went, and obtained office.

【經】二十有五年春王正月，丙午，衛侯燬滅邢。夏四月癸酉，衛侯燬卒。宋蕩伯姬來逆婦。宋殺其大夫。秋，楚人圍陳，納頓子於頓。葬衛文公。冬十有二月癸亥，公會衛子、莒慶盟於洮。

[Classic] In the twenty-fifth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, on bingwu, the Marquis of Wei, Hui, destroyed Xing. In summer, in the fourth month, on guiyou, the Marquis of Wei, Hui, died. Dang Bo Ji of Song came to welcome a daughter-in-law. Song killed one of its grandees. In autumn, the people of Chu besieged Chen and sent the Viscount of Dun back to Dun. Duke Wen of Wei was buried. In winter, in the twelfth month, on guihai, Duke Xi made a covenant with the Viscount of Wei and Qing of Ju at Tao.

【傳】二十五年春，衛人伐邢，二禮從國子巡城，掖以赴外，殺之。正月丙午，衛侯燬滅邢，同姓也，故名。禮至為銘曰：“餘掖殺國子，莫餘敢止。”

[Commentary] In the twenty-fifth year, in spring, the people of Wei attacked Xing, and the Li brothers followed Guo Zi on an inspection of the city wall, seized him, threw him outside the city and killed him. In the first month, on bingwu, the Marquis of Wei, Hui, destroyed Xing; because they were of the same surname, the Spring and Autumn Annals records his name. Li Zhi made an inscription saying: "I seized and killed Guo Zi, and no one dared to stop me."

秦伯師於河上，將納王。狐偃言於晉侯曰：“求諸侯，莫如勤王。諸侯信之，且大義也。繼文之業而信宣於諸侯，今為可矣。”使卜偃卜之，曰：“吉。遇黃帝戰於阪泉之兆。”公曰：“吾不堪也。”對曰：“周禮未改。今之王，古之帝也。”公曰：“筮之。”筮之，遇《大有》ⅵⅰ之《睽》ⅵⅷ，曰：“吉。遇‘公用享於天子’之卦也。戰克而王饗，吉孰大焉，且是卦也，天為澤以當日，天子降心以逆公，不亦可乎？《大有》去《睽》而復，亦其所也。”晉侯辭秦師而下。三月甲辰，次於陽樊。右師圍溫，左師逆王。夏四月丁巳，王入於王城，取大叔於溫，殺之於隰城。

The Earl of Qin camped on the bank of the Yellow River, planning to escort the Son of Heaven back. Hu Yan said to the Marquis of Jin: "To seek the allegiance of the lords, nothing is better than laboring for the king's affairs. The lords will trust you, and it is also a great righteousness. To continue the work of Marquis Wen and make known your good faith to the lords, now is the time." He had Bu Yan divine, and he said: "Auspicious. It is the omen of the Yellow Emperor's battle at Banquan." The Marquis of Jin said: "I am not worthy of that." Bu Yan replied: "The ritual system of Zhou has not changed. The king of today is the emperor of old." The Marquis of Jin said: "Divine with milfoil stalks." The divination yielded Da You changing into Kui, and he said: "Auspicious. You have obtained the hexagram 'the duke is feasted by the Son of Heaven.' Victory followed by a feast given by the Son of Heaven, is there any greater good fortune than this? Moreover, in this hexagram Heaven changes into a marsh to face the sun, and the Son of Heaven lowers his heart to receive you; is that not acceptable? Da You changing into Kui and returning is also its original position." The Marquis of Jin dismissed the Qin army and went down the Yellow River. In the third month, on jiachen, he camped at Yangfan. The right army besieged Wen, and the left army welcomed the Son of Heaven. In summer, in the fourth month, on dingsi, the Son of Heaven entered Wangcheng; Da Shu was seized at Wen and killed at Xicheng.

戊午，晉侯朝王，王饗醴，命之宥。請隧，弗許，曰：“王章也。未有代德而有二王，亦叔父之所惡也。”與之陽樊、溫、原、欑茅之田。晉於是始啟南陽。

On wuwu, the Marquis of Jin had an audience with the Son of Heaven, who entertained him with sweet wine and ordered him to return the toast. The Marquis of Jin asked for the tunnel burial rite, and the Son of Heaven refused, saying: "This is the statute of the Son of Heaven. If there are two kings without a virtue that replaces the old, that too is what my uncle would hate." He gave him the lands of Yangfan, Wen, Yuan and Zanmao. From then on Jin began to open up Nanyang.

陽樊不服，圍之。蒼葛呼曰：“德以柔中國，刑以威四夷，宜吾不敢服也。

Yangfan did not submit, and the Jin army besieged it. Cang Ge called out: "If you pacify the central states with virtue and awe the four barbarians with punishments, no wonder we do not dare to submit.

此誰非王之親姻，其俘之也！”乃出其民。

(Cang Ge continued:) "Who here is not a relative by blood or marriage of the Son of Heaven? Do you mean to take them prisoner!" So the people there were released.

秋，秦、晉伐鄀。楚鬥克、屈禦寇以申、息之師戍商密。秦人過析隈，入而系輿人以圍商密，昏而傅焉。宵，坎血加書，偽與子儀、子邊盟者。商密人懼曰：“秦取析矣，戍人反矣。”乃降秦師。囚申公子儀、息公子邊以歸。楚令尹子玉追秦師，弗及，遂圍陳，納頓子於頓。

In autumn, Qin and Jin attacked Ruo. Dou Ke and Qu Yukou of Chu used the troops of Shen and Xi to garrison Shangmi. The men of Qin passed through the mountain bend at Xi, went in and bound their own charioteers as if prisoners in order to besiege Shangmi, and approached the walls at dusk. At night they dug a pit, smeared blood, laid down a covenant text and pretended to make a covenant with Ziyi and Zibian. The people of Shangmi were frightened and said: "Qin has already taken Xi, and the garrison has rebelled." So they surrendered to the Qin army. Qin took Gongzi Yi of Shen and Gongzi Bian of Xi prisoner and returned. Zi Yu, the chief minister of Chu, pursued the Qin army but did not overtake it, and so besieged Chen and sent the Viscount of Dun back to Dun.

冬，晉侯圍原，命三日之糧。原不降，命去之。諜出，曰：“原將降矣。”

In winter, the Marquis of Jin besieged Yuan and ordered the troops to carry only three days of provisions. Yuan did not surrender, and he ordered withdrawal. Spies came out and said: "Yuan is about to surrender."

軍吏曰：“請待之。”公曰：“信，國之寶也，民之所庇也，得原失信，何以庇之？所亡滋多。”退一舍而原降。遷原伯貫於冀。趙衰為原大夫，狐溱為溫大夫。

The army officers said: "Please wait a little longer." The Marquis of Jin said: "Good faith is the treasure of a state, and the people rely on it for protection. If I gained Yuan and lost good faith, with what would I protect the people? What is lost would be greater." He withdrew thirty li, and Yuan surrendered. He moved Guan, the Earl of Yuan, to Ji. Zhao Shuai became grandee of Yuan and Hu Zhen became grandee of Wen.

衛人平莒於我，十二月，盟於洮，修衛文公之好，且及莒平也。

The people of Wei mediated between our state and Ju, and in the twelfth month a covenant was made at Tao, restoring the friendship of Duke Wen of Wei's time and making peace with Ju.

晉侯問原守於寺人勃鞮，對曰：“昔趙衰以壺飱從徑，餒而弗食。”故使處原。

The Marquis of Jin asked the eunuch Boti about a guardian for Yuan, and Boti replied: "Formerly Zhao Shuai took a pot of food and went by a side road, and though hungry he did not eat." So he had him garrison Yuan.

【經】二十有六年春王正月，己未，公會莒子、衛寧速盟於向。齊人侵我西鄙，公追齊師，至酅，不及。夏，齊人伐我北鄙。衛人伐齊。公子遂如楚乞師。

[Classic] In the twenty-sixth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, on jiwei, Duke Xi made a covenant with the Viscount of Ju and Ning Su of Wei at Xiang. The men of Qi raided our western border, and Duke Xi pursued the Qi army to Xi but did not overtake it. In summer, the men of Qi attacked our northern border. The men of Wei attacked Qi. Gongzi Sui went to Chu to ask for troops.

秋，楚人滅夔，以夔子歸。冬，楚人伐宋，圍緍。公以楚師伐齊，取谷。公至自伐齊。

In autumn, the men of Chu destroyed Kui and took the Viscount of Kui back with them. In winter, the men of Chu attacked Song and besieged Min. Duke Xi led the Chu army to attack Qi and took Gu. Duke Xi returned from the campaign against Qi.

【傳】二十六年春，王正月，公會莒茲公、甯莊子盟於向，尋洮之盟也。

[Commentary] In the twenty-sixth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Xi made a covenant with Duke Zi of Ju and Ning Zhuangzi at Xiang, renewing the covenant of Tao.

齊師侵我西鄙，討是二盟也。夏，齊孝公伐我北鄙。衛人伐齊，洮之盟故也。公使展喜犒師，使受命於展禽。

The Qi army raided our western border, to punish us for these two covenants. In summer, Duke Xiao of Qi attacked our northern border. The men of Wei attacked Qi because of the covenant at Tao. Duke Xi sent Zhan Xi to present gifts to the Qi army and had him receive his instructions from Zhan Qin.

齊侯未入竟，展喜從之，曰：“寡君聞君親舉玉趾，將辱於敝邑，使下臣犒執事。”齊侯曰：“魯人恐乎？”對曰：“小人恐矣，君子則否。”齊侯曰：“室如縣罄，野無青草，何恃而不恐？”對曰：“恃先王之命。昔周公、大公股肱周室，夾輔成王。成王勞之而賜之盟，曰：‘世世子孫，無相害也。’載在盟府，大師職之。桓公是以糾合諸侯而謀其不協，彌縫其闕而匡救其災，昭舊職也。

Before the Marquis of Qi had entered the border, Zhan Xi went out to meet him and said: "Our ruler has heard that Your Lordship is personally setting out and about to condescend to come to our humble state, and has sent your servant to present gifts to your attendants." The Marquis of Qi said: "Are the people of Lu afraid?" Zhan Xi replied: "The petty people are afraid, but the gentlemen are not." The Marquis of Qi said: "Your houses are like hanging empty chimes and in the fields there is no green grass; what do you rely on not to be afraid?" Zhan Xi replied: "We rely on the command of the former kings. In former times the Duke of Zhou and Taigong were the right and left arms of the house of Zhou and assisted King Cheng. King Cheng rewarded them and gave them a covenant, saying: 'For generation after generation, sons and grandsons, do not harm one another.' The covenant text is stored in the covenant archive and kept by the Grand Historian. Duke Huan on that basis assembled the lords and sought to resolve their disagreements, mending lapses and relieving calamities, which was to make known the former duties.

及君即位，諸侯之望曰：‘其率桓之功。’我敝邑用不敢保聚，曰：‘豈其嗣世九年而棄命廢職，其若先君何？’君必不然。恃此以不恐。”齊侯乃還。

(Zhan Xi continued:) "When you took the throne, the lords hoped, saying: 'He will surely follow the achievements of Duke Huan.' Our humble state therefore did not dare to gather troops or prepare defenses, saying: 'Would he, nine years into his reign, abandon the command and discard the duties; what would he do about the former ruler?' You surely will not do so. This is why we are not afraid." The Marquis of Qi then withdrew his army and returned.

東門襄仲、臧文仲如楚乞師，臧孫見子玉而道之伐齊、宋，以其不臣也。

Dongmen Xiangzhong and Zang Wenzhong went to Chu to ask for troops, and Zang Sun, on audience with Zi Yu, led him to attack Qi and Song, because they did not acknowledge Chu as their superior.

夔子不祀祝融與鬻熊，楚人讓之，對曰：“我先王熊摯有疾，鬼神弗赦而自竄於夔。吾是以失楚，又何祀焉？”秋，楚成得臣、鬥宜申帥師滅夔，以夔子歸。

The Viscount of Kui did not sacrifice to Zhurong and Yuxiong, and the men of Chu rebuked him. He replied: "Our former king Xiong Zhi was ill, and the spirits did not forgive him, so he fled to Kui himself. We thereby lost Chu; what then would we sacrifice?" In autumn, Cheng Dechen and Dou Yishen of Chu led troops to destroy Kui and took the Viscount of Kui back with them.

宋以其善於晉侯也，叛楚即晉。冬，楚令尹子玉、司馬子西帥師伐宋，圍緡。

Song, because it was friendly to the Marquis of Jin, turned away from Chu and drew close to Jin. In winter, Zi Yu, the chief minister of Chu, and Zi Xi, the Minister of War, led troops to attack Song and besieged Min.

公以楚師伐齊，取谷。凡師能左右之曰以。置桓公子雍於谷，易牙奉之以為魯援。楚申公叔侯戍之。桓公之子七人，為七大夫於楚。

Duke Xi led the Chu army to attack Qi and took Gu. Whenever an army can be directed by oneself, this is called "using" it. He settled Yong, a son of Duke Huan, at Gu, and Yi Ya served him as support for Lu. Shu Hou, the Duke of Shen of Chu, garrisoned there. Duke Huan's seven sons became seven grandees in Chu.

【經】二十有七年春，杞子來朝。夏六月庚寅，齊侯昭卒。秋八月乙未，葬齊孝公。乙巳，公子遂帥師入杞。冬，楚人、陳侯、蔡侯、鄭伯、許男圍宋。十有二月甲戌，公會諸侯，盟於宋。

[Classic] In the twenty-seventh year, in spring, the Viscount of Qi came to court. In summer, in the sixth month, on gengyin, Zhao, Marquis of Qi, died. In autumn, in the eighth month, on yiwei, Duke Xiao of Qi was buried. On yisi, Gongzi Sui led an army into Qi. In winter, the men of Chu, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng and the Baron of Xu besieged Song. In the twelfth month, on jiaxu, Duke Xi met with the lords and made a covenant at a place in Song.

【傳】二十七年春，杞桓公來朝，用夷禮，故曰子。公卑杞，杞不共也。

[Commentary] In the twenty-seventh year, in spring, Duke Huan of Qi came to court, using barbarian ritual, so the Spring and Autumn Annals calls him "Viscount." Duke Xi looked down on Qi because Qi was disrespectful.

夏，齊孝公卒。有齊怨，不廢喪紀，禮也。

In summer, Duke Xiao of Qi died. Although there was resentment toward Qi, the rites of mourning were not discontinued, which accorded with ritual.

秋，入杞，責無禮也。

In autumn, they entered Qi, to rebuke it for lacking ritual.

楚子將圍宋，使子文治兵於睽，終朝而畢，不戮一人。子玉復治兵於蒍，終日而畢，鞭七人，貫三人耳。國老皆賀子文，子文飲之酒。蒍賈尚幼，後至，不賀。子文問之，對曰：“不知所賀。子之傳政於子玉，曰：‘以靖國也。’靖諸內而敗諸外，所獲幾何？子玉之敗，子之舉也。舉以敗國，將何賀焉？子玉剛而無禮，不可以治民。過三百乘，其不能以入矣。苟入而賀，何後之有？”冬，楚子及諸侯圍宋，宋公孫固如晉告急。先軫曰：“報施救患，取威定霸，於是乎在矣。”狐偃曰：“楚始得曹而新昏於衛，若伐曹、衛，楚必救之，則齊、宋免矣。”於是乎蒐於被廬，作三軍。謀元帥。趙衰曰：“郤縠可。臣亟聞其言矣，說禮樂而敦《詩》、《書》。《詩》、《書》，義之府也。禮樂，德之則也。

The Viscount of Chu planned to besiege Song and had Ziwen drill the troops at Kui; he finished in one morning without killing a single man. Ziyu then drilled the troops at Wei and finished after a whole day, flogging seven men and piercing the ears of three with arrows. The elders of the state all congratulated Ziwen, and Ziwen invited them to drink. Wei Jia was still young and came late, and did not congratulate. Ziwen asked him, and he replied: "I do not know what to congratulate. You handed the government to Ziyu, saying it was 'to secure the state.' If one secures the inside but fails outside, what has been gained? Ziyu's defeat was brought about by your recommendation. To recommend someone and so ruin the state, what is there to congratulate? Ziyu is stubborn and without ritual, and cannot govern the people. If he commands more than three hundred chariots, I fear he will not be able to bring the army back whole. If the army returns whole and then you congratulate, what is too late about that?" In winter, the Viscount of Chu and the lords besieged Song, and Gongsun Gu of Song went to Jin to report the emergency. Xian Zhen said: "To repay kindness, rescue those in distress, gain prestige and establish hegemony, all lies in this one occasion." Hu Yan said: "Chu has just obtained Cao and has recently become related by marriage to Wei. If we attack Cao and Wei, Chu will surely come to their rescue, and Qi and Song will be freed." So they held a great review at Beilu and set up three armies. They discussed who would be commander. Zhao Shuai said: "Xi Gu will do. Your servant has heard him speak many times; he loves ritual and music and values the Odes and the Documents. The Odes and the Documents are the storehouse of righteousness. Ritual and music are the standard of virtue.

德義，利之本也。《夏書》曰：‘賦納以言，明試以功，車服以庸。’君其試之。”

(Zhao Shuai continued:) "Virtue and righteousness are the root of benefit. The Book of Xia says: 'Listen widely to opinions, test them clearly by their achievements, and reward merit with chariots and horses and robes.' Please try him."

及使郤縠將中軍，郤溱佐之；使狐偃將上軍，讓於狐毛，而佐之；命趙衰為卿，讓於欒枝、先軫。使欒枝將下軍，先軫佐之。荀林父御戎，魏準為右。

So Xi Gu was made commander of the central army with Xi Zhen as his assistant; Hu Yan was to command the upper army but yielded it to Hu Mao and acted as his assistant; Zhao Shuai was appointed a minister but yielded to Luan Zhi and Xian Zhen. Luan Zhi was made commander of the lower army with Xian Zhen as assistant. Xun Linfu drove the war chariot, and Wei Zhun was the spearman on the right.

晉侯始入而教其民，二年，欲用之。子犯曰：“民未知義，未安其居。”於是乎出定襄王，入務利民，民懷生矣，將用之。子犯曰：“民未知信，未宣其用。”

As soon as the Marquis of Jin returned to the state he began to instruct the people, and after two years wanted to use them. Zifan said: "The people do not yet know righteousness and have not yet settled in their homes." So he went out and pacified King Xiang, and on his return devoted himself to benefiting the people, and the people cherished their livelihoods, and he was about to use them again. Zifan said: "The people do not yet know good faith and have not yet understood its use."

於是乎伐原以示之信。民易資者不求豐焉，明徵其辭。公曰：“可矣乎？”子犯曰：“民未知禮，未生其共。”於是乎大蒐以示之禮，作執秩以正其官，民聽不惑而後用之。出谷戍，釋宋圍，一戰而霸，文之教也。

So he attacked Yuan to show them good faith. When the people traded goods they did not seek large profits and clearly fulfilled their words. The Marquis of Jin said: "Is it enough?" Zifan said: "The people do not yet know ritual and have not yet developed respect." So he held a great review to show them ritual and set up officers of precedence to correct official posts, and the people obeyed without confusion, and only then did he use them. He withdrew the garrison from Gu and lifted the siege of Song; with one battle he became hegemon, which was the teaching of civil virtue.

【經】二十有八年春，晉侯侵曹，晉侯伐衛。公子買戍衛，不卒戍，刺之。

[Classic] In the twenty-eighth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin raided Cao and attacked Wei. Gongzi Mai garrisoned Wei but did not carry out the garrison to the end and was killed.

楚人救衛。三月丙午，晉侯入曹，執曹伯。畀宋人。夏四月己巳，晉侯、齊師、宋師、秦師及楚人戰於城濮，楚師敗績。楚殺其大夫得臣。衛侯出奔楚。五月癸丑，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、蔡侯、鄭伯、衛子、莒子，盟於踐土。陳侯如會。

The men of Chu came to the rescue of Wei. In the third month, on bingwu, the Marquis of Jin entered Cao and seized the Earl of Cao, and gave the land to the men of Song. In summer, in the fourth month, on jisi, the Marquis of Jin, the armies of Qi and Song, and the army of Qin fought the men of Chu at Chengpu, and the Chu army was badly defeated. Chu killed its grandee Dechen. The Marquis of Wei fled to Chu. In the fifth month, on guichou, Duke Xi met with the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, the Viscount of Wei and the Viscount of Ju, and made a covenant at Jiantu. The Marquis of Chen came to take part in the meeting.

公朝於王所。六月，衛侯鄭自楚復歸於衛。衛元咺出奔晉。陳侯款卒。秋，杞伯姬來。公子遂如齊。冬，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、蔡侯、鄭伯、陳子、莒子、邾人、秦人於溫。天王狩於河陽。壬申，公朝於王所。晉人執衛侯，歸之於京師。

Duke Xi had an audience with the Son of Heaven where he was. In the sixth month, Zheng, Marquis of Wei, returned to Wei from Chu. Yuan Xuan of Wei fled to Jin. Kuan, Marquis of Chen, died. In autumn, Ji of Qi came. Gongzi Sui went to Qi. In winter, Duke Xi met with the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, the Viscount of Chen, the Viscount of Ju, the men of Zhu and the men of Qin at Wen. The Son of Heaven hunted at Heyang. On renshen, Duke Xi had an audience with the Son of Heaven where he was. The men of Jin seized the Marquis of Wei and sent him to the capital.

衛元咺自晉復歸於衛。諸侯遂圍許。曹伯襄復歸於曹，遂會諸侯圍許。

Yuan Xuan of Wei returned to Wei from Jin. The lords then besieged Xu. Xiang, Earl of Cao, returned to Cao, and then joined the lords in besieging Xu.

【傳】二十八年春，晉侯將伐曹，假道於衛，衛人弗許。還，自南河濟。侵曹伐衛。正月戊申，取五鹿。二月，晉郤縠卒。原軫將中軍，胥臣佐下軍，上德也。晉侯、齊侯盟於斂盂。衛侯請盟，晉人弗許。衛侯欲與楚，國人不欲，故出其君以說於晉。衛侯出居於襄牛。

[Commentary] In the twenty-eighth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin planned to attack Cao and asked Wei for passage, but the men of Wei refused. He turned the army back and crossed at the South River. They raided Cao and attacked Wei. In the first month, on wushen, they took Wulu. In the second month, Xi Gu of Jin died. Yuan Zhen commanded the central army and Xu Chen assisted the lower army, in esteem of virtue. The Marquis of Jin and the Marquis of Qi made a covenant at Lianyu. The Marquis of Wei asked to join the covenant, and the men of Jin refused. The Marquis of Wei wanted to draw close to Chu, but the people of the capital did not wish it, so they drove out their ruler to curry favor with Jin. The Marquis of Wei traveled out and stayed at Xiangniu.

公子買戍衛，楚人救衛，不克。公懼於晉，殺子叢以說焉。謂楚人曰：“不卒戍也。”

Gongzi Mai garrisoned Wei, and the men of Chu came to rescue Wei, but did not succeed. Duke Xi, afraid of Jin, killed Zicong to explain himself, telling the men of Chu: "It was because he did not carry out the garrison to the end."

晉侯圍曹，門焉，多死，曹人屍諸城上，晉侯患之，聽輿人之謀曰：“稱舍於墓。”師遷焉，曹人兇懼，為其所得者棺而出之，因其兇也而攻之。三月丙午，入曹。數之，以其不用僖負羈而乘軒者三百人也。且曰：“獻狀。”令無入僖負羈之宮而免其族，報施也。魏犨、顛頡怒曰：“勞之不圖，報於何有！”蓺僖負羈氏。魏犨傷於胸，公欲殺之而愛其材，使問，且視之。病，將殺之。魏犨束胸見使者曰：“以君之靈，不有寧也。”距躍三百，曲踴三百。乃舍之。殺顛頡以徇於師，立舟之僑以為戎右。

The Marquis of Jin besieged Cao, and many died when the city was attacked; the men of Cao displayed the bodies on the walls, and the Marquis of Jin was troubled by this. He followed the plan of a foot soldier, who said: "Announce that we will camp in the Cao people's cemetery." The army moved there, the men of Cao were frightened and put the bodies they had obtained into coffins and sent them out, and the Jin army attacked while they were terrified. In the third month, on bingwu, they entered Cao. They rebuked the ruler of Cao because he had not employed Xi Fuji yet had three hundred men riding in official carriages. And they said: "Bring out your likenesses so we can see them." He ordered that no one enter Xi Fuji's house and pardoned his clan, in repayment of kindness. Wei Chou and Dian Jie were angry and said: "Our labors are not considered, so why repay kindness!" They set fire to Xi Fuji's family. Wei Chou was wounded in the chest, and Duke Wen wished to kill him but valued his talent, so he sent someone to inquire after him and to inspect the wound. If it was serious, he planned to kill him. Wei Chou bound up his chest and saw the envoy, saying: "By the blessing of our ruler, am I not still well?" He leapt upward many times and leapt forward many times. So he was pardoned. Dian Jie was killed and displayed to the army, and Zhou Zhiqiao was made spearman on the right.

宋人使門尹般如晉師告急。公曰：“宋人告急，舍之則絕，告楚不許。我欲戰矣，齊、秦未可，若之何？”先軫曰：“使宋舍我而賂齊、秦，藉之告楚。我執曹君而分曹、衛之田以賜宋人。楚愛曹、衛，必不許也。喜賂怒頑，能無戰乎？”公說，執曹伯，分曹、衛之田以畀宋人。

The men of Song sent Men Yin Ban to the Jin army to report the emergency. Duke Wen said: "The men of Song report an emergency; if we abandon them they will break off relations, and if they ask Chu, Chu will not agree. I want to fight, but Qi and Qin do not yet agree; what should we do?" Xian Zhen said: "Have Song set us aside and bribe Qi and Qin, and through them ask Chu. We will seize the ruler of Cao and divide the fields of Cao and Wei to give to the men of Song. Chu values Cao and Wei and will certainly not agree. Qi and Qin will like the goods and be angry at Chu's stubbornness; how can they not join the fight?" Duke Wen was pleased, seized the Earl of Cao and gave the fields of Cao and Wei to the men of Song.

楚子入居於申，使申叔去谷，使子玉去宋，曰：“無從晉師。晉侯在外十九年矣，而果得晉國。險阻艱難，備嘗之矣；民之情偽，盡知之矣。天假之年，而除其害。天之所置，其可廢乎？《軍志》曰：‘允當則歸。’又曰：‘知難而退。’又曰：‘有德不可敵。’此三志者，晉之謂矣。”子玉使伯棼請戰，曰：“非敢必有功也，願以間執讒慝之口。”王怒，少與之師，唯西廣、東宮與若敖之六卒實從之。

The Viscount of Chu entered Shen and stayed there, and had Shen Shu leave Gu and Zi Yu leave Song, saying: "Do not press the Jin army. The Marquis of Jin was outside the state for nineteen years and finally obtained Jin. He has tasted every hardship and danger, and knows every truth and falsehood of men's feelings. Heaven has given him years and removed his misfortunes. Can what Heaven has established be set aside? The Records of the Army say: 'Return when it is just enough.' It also says: 'Retreat when you know it is hard.' It also says: 'The virtuous cannot be resisted.' These three sayings refer to Jin." Zi Yu sent Bofen to ask for battle, saying: "I do not dare to say that I will surely achieve merit, but I want to use this to stop the mouths of slanderers." The King of Chu was angry and gave him few troops; only the six hundred of the Western Guard, the Eastern Palace and the clan of Ruo'ao truly followed him.

子玉使宛春告於晉師曰：“請復衛侯而封曹，臣亦釋宋之圍。”子犯曰：“子玉無禮哉！君取一，臣取二，不可失矣。”先軫曰：“子與之。定人之謂禮，楚一言而定三國，我一言而亡之。我則無禮，何以戰乎？不許楚言，是棄宋也。

Zi Yu sent Wan Chun to tell the Jin army: "Please restore the Marquis of Wei and return Cao, and I will lift the siege of Song." Zifan said: "Zi Yu is without ritual! Our ruler would gain only one thing, while the minister gains two; this opportunity must not be lost." Xian Zhen said: "You should agree to it. To settle others is called ritual; Chu with one word settles three states, and we with one word would ruin them. That would be our lack of ritual, and on what basis would we fight? If we do not agree to Chu's words, we abandon Song.

救而棄之，謂諸侯何？楚有三施，我有三怨，怨仇已多，將何以戰？不如私許復曹、衛以攜之，執宛春以怒楚，既戰而後圖之。”公說，乃拘宛春於衛，且私許復曹、衛。曹、衛告絕於楚。

(Xian Zhen continued:) "To rescue and then abandon, what shall we say to the lords? Chu has bestowed favors on three sides, and we have created grudges on three sides; the grudges are already many, so what would we rely on to fight? It is better to privately agree to restore Cao and Wei to drive a wedge between them, to seize Wan Chun to enrage Chu, and to make plans after the battle." Duke Wen was pleased and detained Wan Chun in Wei, privately agreeing to restore Cao and Wei. Cao and Wei declared a break with Chu.

子玉怒，從晉師。晉師退。軍吏曰：“以君闢臣，辱也。且楚師老矣，何故退？”子犯曰：“師直為壯，曲為老。豈在久乎？微楚之惠不及此，退三舍闢之，所以報也。背惠食言，以亢其仇，我曲楚直。其眾素飽，不可謂老。我退而楚還，我將何求？若其不還，君退臣犯，曲在彼矣。”退三舍。楚眾欲止，子玉不可。

Zi Yu was angry and pressed the Jin army. The Jin army withdrew. The army officers said: "For a ruler to avoid a subject is a disgrace. Moreover the Chu army is already weary, so why withdraw?" Zifan said: "An army that is in the right is spirited, and one in the wrong is what is weary. How could it depend on whether the campaign has lasted long or not? Without Chu's kindness we would not be here today, and retreating three stages to avoid them is a way of repaying it. If we betray kindness and break our word to protect an enemy, we are in the wrong and Chu is in the right. Their soldiers have always been well fed, and they cannot be called weary. If we retreat and the Chu army also goes back, what more should I ask? If they do not go back, the ruler retreats while the minister attacks, and the wrong lies with them." They retreated three stages. The Chu army wanted to stop, but Zi Yu would not allow it.

夏四月戊辰，晉侯、宋公、齊國歸父、崔夭、秦小子憖次於城濮。楚師背酅而舍，晉侯患之，聽輿人之誦，曰：“原田每每，舍其舊而新是謀。”公疑焉。

In summer, in the fourth month, on wuchen, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, Guifu and Cui Yao of Qi, and Xiaozi Yin of Qin camped at Chengpu. The Chu army camped with its back to Xi, and the Marquis of Jin was troubled by this. He heard a foot soldier singing: "The fields of the plain, the grass grows thick; cast off the old and plan for the new." Duke Wen hesitated.

子犯曰：“戰也。戰而捷，必得諸侯。若其不捷，表裡山河，必無害也。”公曰：“若楚惠何？”欒貞子曰：“漢陽諸姬，楚實盡之，思小惠而忘大恥，不如戰也。”

Zifan said: "Fight. If we fight and win, we will surely gain the lords. If we do not win, we have the River outside and the mountains within, and there will surely be no harm." Duke Wen said: "What about Chu's kindness?" Luan Zhenzi said: "Those Ji-surnamed states north of the Han River have in fact all been wiped out by Chu. To think of a small kindness and forget a great disgrace is worse than fighting."

晉侯夢與楚子搏，楚子伏己而盬其腦，是以懼。子犯曰：“吉。我得天，楚伏其罪，吾且柔之矣。”

The Marquis of Jin dreamed that he was wrestling with the Viscount of Chu, who lay on top of him and sucked out his brains, and he was afraid. Zifan said: "Auspicious. We obtain Heaven, and Chu bows in guilt, and we will further make him gentle."

子玉使鬥勃請戰，曰：“請與君之士戲，君馮軾而觀之，得臣與寓目焉。”

Zi Yu sent Dou Bo to ask for battle, saying: "Please have a contest of strength with the warriors of your lord; Your Lordship may lean on the chariot rail to watch, and Dechen will watch alongside."

晉侯使欒枝對曰：“寡君聞命矣。楚君之惠未之敢忘，是以在此。為大夫退，其敢當君乎？既不獲命矣，敢煩大夫謂二三子，戒爾車乘，敬爾君事，詰朝將見。”

The Marquis of Jin sent Luan Zhi to reply: "Our ruler has heard the command. We have not dared to forget the Chu ruler's kindness, so we stopped here. Even toward a grandee we yielded; how dare we withstand the king? Since permission cannot be had, may I trouble the grandee to tell you gentlemen: prepare your war chariots, be reverent about your ruler's great affair, and we shall meet tomorrow morning."

晉車七百乘，、靷、鞅、靽。晉侯登有莘之虛以觀師，曰：“少長有禮，其可用也。”遂伐其木以益其兵。己巳，晉師陳於莘北，胥臣以下軍之佐當陳、蔡。子玉以若敖六卒將中軍，曰：“今日必無晉矣。”子西將左，子上將右。胥臣蒙馬以虎皮，先犯陳、蔡。陳、蔡奔，楚右師潰。狐毛設二旆而退之。

Jin had seven hundred war chariots, with saddles, bridles, breast straps and traces all complete. (The base text has a lost passage after the word for chariots.) The Marquis of Jin climbed the ruins of the Youshen clan to review the army and said: "Young and old observe ritual; they can be used." So they cut down trees to supplement their weapons. On jisi, the Jin army drew up in line north of Shen, and Xu Chen, as assistant of the lower army, held off Chen and Cai. Zi Yu led the central army with the six hundred of Ruo'ao and said: "Today Jin will surely be wiped out." Zi Xi commanded the left army and Zi Shang the right army. Xu Chen covered the horses with tiger skins and first charged Chen and Cai. Chen and Cai fled, and the Chu right army collapsed. Hu Mao raised two great banners and pretended to retreat.

欒枝使輿曳柴而偽遁，楚師馳之。原軫、郤溱以中軍公族橫擊之。狐毛、狐偃以上軍夾攻子西，楚左師潰。楚師敗績。子玉收其卒而止，故不敗。

Luan Zhi had chariots drag brushwood and pretended to flee, and the Chu army pursued. Yuan Zhen and Xi Zhen cut across the middle with the ducal clan of the central army. Hu Mao and Hu Yan caught Zi Xi between the flanks with the upper army, and the Chu left army collapsed. The Chu army was badly defeated. Zi Yu gathered his own soldiers and halted, and so they were not routed.

晉師三日館穀，及癸酉而還。甲午，至於衡雍，作王宮於踐土。

The Jin army rested for three days, ate the grain they had captured, and returned only on guiyou. On jiawu, they reached Hengyong and built a royal lodge at Jiantu.

鄉役之三月，鄭伯如楚致其師，為楚師既敗而懼，使子人九行成於晉。晉欒枝入盟鄭伯。五月丙午，晉侯及鄭伯盟于衡雍。丁未，獻楚俘於王，駟介百乘，徒兵千。鄭伯傅王，用平禮也。己酉，王享醴，命晉侯宥。王命尹氏及王子虎、內史叔興父策命晉侯為侯伯，賜之大輅之服，戎輅之服，彤弓一，彤矢百，玈弓矢千，秬鬯一卣，虎賁三百人。曰：“王謂叔父，敬服王命，以綏四國。糾逖王慝。”晉侯三辭，從命。曰：“重耳敢再拜稽首，奉揚天子之丕顯休命。”受策以出，出入三覲。

Three months before this battle, the Earl of Zheng had gone to Chu to send his troops. Frightened because the Chu army had already been defeated, he sent Ziren Jiu to ask Jin for peace. Luan Zhi of Jin went and made a covenant with the Earl of Zheng. In the fifth month, on bingwu, the Marquis of Jin and the Earl of Zheng made a covenant at Hengyong. On dingwei, he presented to the Son of Heaven the Chu captives, one hundred chariots with armored four-horse teams and one thousand infantry. The Earl of Zheng assisted the Son of Heaven in the ritual, using the rites of King Ping's time. On jiyou, the Son of Heaven entertained him with sweet wine and ordered the Marquis of Jin to return the toast. The Son of Heaven ordered Yin Shi, Prince Hu and the Grand Scribe Shu Xingfu to appoint the Marquis of Jin as Hegemon of the Marquises by written decree, and gave him the ceremonial dress of the great carriage and of the war carriage, one red bow and one hundred red arrows, one thousand sets of black bows and arrows, one flask of black millet fragrant wine, and three hundred tiger guards. He said: "The Son of Heaven says to his uncle: Reverently obey the king's command, pacify the states of the four quarters, and expose and keep away those who are harmful to the king." The Marquis of Jin declined three times, and then complied. He said: "Chong'er dares to bow twice with his head to the ground and extol the Son of Heaven's great, bright and excellent command." He received the written decree and came out, and entered and left the court three times for audiences.

衛侯聞楚師敗，懼，出奔楚，遂適陳，使元咺奉叔武以受盟。癸亥，王子虎盟諸侯於王庭，要言曰：“皆獎王室，無相害也。有渝此盟，明神殛之，俾隊其師，無克祚國，及而玄孫，無有老幼。”君子謂是盟也信，謂晉於是役也能以德攻。

The Marquis of Wei, hearing that the Chu army had been defeated, was afraid and fled to Chu, and then went on to Chen, having Yuan Xuan serve Shu Wu to receive the covenant. On guihai, Prince Hu made a covenant with the lords in the royal court, agreeing: "All shall support the royal house and not harm one another. Whoever changes this covenant, may the spirits strike him down, may his army fall, and may he be unable to hold his state, down to his great-grandson, without distinction of old or young." The gentleman considered this covenant trustworthy, and considered that in this battle Jin was able to attack with virtue.

初，楚子玉自為瓊弁玉纓，未之服也。先戰，夢河神謂己曰：“畀餘，餘賜女孟諸之麋。”弗致也。大心與子西使榮黃諫，弗聽。榮季曰：“死而利國。猶或為之，況瓊玉乎？是糞土也，而可以濟師，將何愛焉？”弗聽。出，告二子曰：“非神敗令尹，令尹其不勤民，實自敗也。”既敗，王使謂之曰：“大夫若入，其若申、息之老何？”子西、孫伯曰：“得臣將死，二臣止之曰：‘君其將以為戮。’”及連谷而死。晉侯聞之而後喜可知也，曰：“莫余毒也已！蒍呂臣實為令尹，奉己而已，不在民矣。”

Earlier, Zi Yu of Chu had made himself a cap and tassels decorated with jade, but had not yet used them. Before the battle, he dreamed that the River God said to him: "Give them to me and I will give you the water-grass land of Mengzhu." Zi Yu did not give them. Daxin and Zi Xi had Rong Huang remonstrate, but he did not listen. Rong Ji said: "If death is beneficial to the state, some will still do it, how much more for mere jade? This is nothing but dung and dirt, and it can achieve the army's success; what is there to grudge?" Zi Yu did not listen. Rong Huang came out and told these two: "It is not the spirits who made the chief minister fail; it is that the chief minister did not do his best for the people, and in fact he defeated himself." After the defeat, the King of Chu sent someone to say to him: "If you return, what shall be said to the elders of Shen and Xi?" Zi Xi and Sun Bo said: "Dechen was about to die, and we two stopped him, saying: 'His Majesty will probably still punish.'" He died on reaching Liangu. When the Marquis of Jin heard of it, joy showed on his face, and he said: "No one can harm me now! Wei Lüchen as chief minister will only protect himself and will not think of the people."

或訴元咺於衛侯曰：“立叔武矣。”其子角從公，公使殺之。咺不廢命，奉夷叔以入守。

Someone accused Yuan Xuan to the Marquis of Wei, saying: "He has set up Shu Wu." Yuan Xuan's son Jiao was following the Marquis of Wei, and the Marquis of Wei had Jiao killed. Yuan Xuan did not abandon the command, and served Yi Shu in returning to guard the state.

六月，晉人復衛侯。甯武子與衛人盟於宛濮，曰：“天禍衛國，君臣不協，以及此憂也。今天誘其衷，使皆降心以相從也。不有居者，誰守社稷？不有行者，誰扞牧圉？不協之故，用昭乞盟於爾大神以誘天衷。自今日以往，既盟之後，行者無保其力，居者無懼其罪。有渝此盟，以相及也。明神先君，是糾是殛。”國人聞此盟也，而後不貳。衛侯先期入，寧子先，長佯守門，以為使也，與之乘而入。公子顓犬、華仲前驅。叔武將沐，聞君至，喜，捉髮走出，前驅射而殺之。

In the sixth month, the men of Jin let the Marquis of Wei return to his state. Ning Wuzi made a covenant with the people of Wei at Wanpu, saying: "Heaven sent misfortune to Wei; ruler and ministers were not in harmony, and so it came to this distress. Now Heaven has guided their hearts so that all submit willingly. Without those who stayed, who would guard the altars of the state? Without those who went out, who would protect the herds? Because of the lack of harmony, we clearly seek a covenant with the great spirits to guide Heaven's will. From today, after the covenant is made, those who went out shall not rely on their merit, and those who stayed shall not fear their guilt. Whoever changes this covenant, misfortune will fall on him. May the spirits and the former rulers inspect and punish." Having heard this covenant, the people of the state had no further divided hearts. The Marquis of Wei entered earlier than the agreed day, with Ning Zi walking in front and Chang Zang guarding the gate, who took him for an envoy and entered in the same carriage. Prince Zhuan Quan and Hua Zhong were the vanguard. Shu Wu was about to wash his hair; hearing that the ruler had arrived, he was glad and ran out holding his hair in his hands, and the vanguard shot and killed him.

公知其無罪也，枕之股而哭之。顓犬走出，公使殺之。元咺出奔晉。

The Marquis of Wei knew that he was innocent, and laid his head on his thigh and wept. Zhuan Quan ran out, and the Marquis of Wei sent someone to kill him. Yuan Xuan fled to Jin.

城濮之戰，晉中軍風於澤，亡大旆之左旃。祁瞞奸命，司馬殺之，以徇於諸侯，使茅茷代之。師還。壬午，濟河。舟之僑先歸，士會攝右。秋七月丙申，振旅，愷以入於晉。獻俘授馘，飲至大賞，徵會討貳。殺舟之僑以徇於國，民於是大服。

At the battle of Chengpu, the central army of Jin met a great wind in the marsh and lost the left streamer of the great banner. Qi Man violated military orders, and the Minister of War killed him and displayed him among the lords, and had Mao Fa replace him. The army returned to the state. On renwu, they crossed the Yellow River. Zhou Zhiqiao went back first, and Shi Hui served as acting spearman on the right. In autumn, in the seventh month, on bingshen, they reorganized the army and entered Jin playing the triumphal music. They presented captives and severed left ears, held a banquet to record merit and gave great rewards, summoned the lords to meet and punished those with divided hearts. Zhou Zhiqiao was killed and displayed within the state, and the people greatly submitted because of this.

君子謂：“文公其能刑矣，三罪而民服。《詩》云：‘惠此中國，以綏四方。’不失賞刑之謂也。”

The gentleman said: "Duke Wen is able to use punishment: he punished three men and the people submitted. The Odes say: 'Bestow kindness on this central land, to pacify the four quarters.' It means that reward and punishment were appropriate."

冬，會於溫，討不服也。

In winter, they met at Wen, to punish those who had not submitted.

衛侯與元咺訟，甯武子為輔，針莊子為坐，士榮為大士。衛侯不勝。殺士榮，刖針莊子，謂寧俞忠而免之。執衛侯，歸之於京師，置諸深室。寧子職納橐饘焉。元咺歸於衛，立公子瑕。

The Marquis of Wei and Yuan Xuan went to law; Ning Wuzi was his assistant, Zhen Zhuangzi his representative, and Shi Rong the judge. The Marquis of Wei did not win. Shi Rong was killed and Zhen Zhuangzi had his feet cut off, and because Ning Yu was loyal he was pardoned. The Marquis of Wei was seized and sent to the capital and kept in a deep chamber. Ning Zi was in charge of sending in his clothing bag and gruel. Yuan Xuan returned to Wei and set up Gongzi Xia.

是會也，晉侯召王，以諸侯見，且使王狩。仲尼曰：“以臣召君，不可以訓。”

At this meeting the Marquis of Jin summoned the Son of Heaven, brought the feudal lords to pay court to him, and had the Son of Heaven go hunting. Zhongni said: "A subject summoning his ruler must not be taken as a model."

故書曰：“天王狩於河陽。”言非其地也，且明德也。

Therefore the Spring and Autumn Annals records: "The Heavenly King hunted at Heyang." This means that it was not a place where the Son of Heaven should hunt, and it also commends the virtue of the Marquis of Jin.

壬申，公朝於王所。

On the renshen day, Duke Xi paid court at the place where the Son of Heaven was.

丁丑，諸侯圍許。

On the dingchou day, the feudal lords besieged the state of Xu.

晉侯有疾，曹伯之豎侯孺貨筮史，使曰：“以曹為解。齊桓公為會而封異姓，今君為會而滅同姓。曹叔振鐸，文之昭也。先君唐叔，武之穆也。且合諸侯而滅兄弟，非禮也。與衛偕命，而不與偕復，非信也。同罪異罰，非刑也。禮以行義，信以守禮，刑以正邪，舍此三者，君將若之何？”公說，復曹伯，遂會諸侯於許。

The Marquis of Jin fell ill. Hou Ru, a minor retainer of the Earl of Cao, bribed the diviner-historian to say: "The cause of the illness is explained by the restoration of Cao. Duke Huan of Qi held a meeting and enfeoffed those of other surnames; now Your Lordship holds a meeting and destroys those of the same surname. Cao Shu Zhenduo was a son of King Wen. Your late ruler Tang Shu was a son of King Wu. Moreover, to assemble the feudal lords and destroy a brother state is contrary to ritual. You received the command together with Wey but do not restore Cao together with Wey, which is contrary to good faith. The same offense with different punishments is contrary to the law of punishment. Ritual is what carries out righteousness, good faith is what guards ritual, and punishment is what corrects wickedness; if Your Lordship discards these three, what will you do?" Duke Wen was pleased, restored the Earl of Cao, and then assembled with the feudal lords at Xu.

晉侯作三行以御狄，荀林父將中行，屠擊將右行，先蔑將左行。

The Marquis of Jin set up three columns to resist the Di. Xun Linfu commanded the Central Column, Tu Ji the Right Column, and Xian Mie the Left Column.

【經】二十有九年春，介葛盧來。公至自圍許。夏六月，會王人、晉人、宋人、齊人、陳人、蔡人、秦人盟於翟泉。秋，大雨雹。冬，介葛盧來。

[Classic] In the twenty-ninth year, in spring, Jie Gelu came. Duke Xi returned from the siege of Xu. In summer, in the sixth month, he met with men of the royal house, men of Jin, Song, Qi, Chen, Cai and Qin, and made a covenant at Dizhuan. In autumn there was a great hailstorm. In winter Jie Gelu came.

【傳】二十九年春，葛盧來朝，舍於昌衍之上。公在會，饋之芻米，禮也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-ninth year, Ge Lu came to pay court and lodged on Mount Changyan. Duke Xi, who was at the meeting, sent him fodder and grain, which was in accordance with ritual.

夏，公會王子虎、晉狐偃、宋公孫固、齊國歸父、陳轅濤塗、秦小子憖，盟於翟泉，尋踐土之盟，且謀伐鄭也。卿不書，罪之也。在禮，卿不會公、侯，會伯、子、男可也。

In summer, Duke Xi met with Prince Hu, Hu Yan of Jin, Gongsun Gu of Song, Gui Fu of Qi, Yuan Taotu of Chen, and Xiaozi Yin of Qin, and made a covenant at Dizhuan, renewing the covenant of Jiantu and planning to attack Zheng. The Annals does not record the names of the ministers, as blame against them. According to ritual, ministers do not meet with dukes or marquises; meeting with earls, viscounts and barons is permissible.

秋，大雨雹，為災也。

In autumn there was a great hailstorm, and it became a disaster.

冬，介葛盧來，以未見公，故復來朝，禮之，加燕好。

In winter Jie Gelu came, because he had not met Duke Xi and so came again to pay court. He was received with ritual, with a banquet and friendly gifts added.

介葛盧聞牛鳴，曰：“是生三犠，皆用之矣，其音雲。”問之而信。

Jie Gelu heard an ox lowing and said: "This ox has borne three sacrificial animals, all of which have been used in sacrifice; this is what its voice means." On inquiry it proved so.

【經】三十年春王正月。夏，狄侵齊。秋，衛殺其大夫元咺及公子瑕。衛侯鄭歸於衛。晉人、秦人圍鄭。介人侵蕭。冬，天王使宰周公來聘。公子遂如京師。遂如晉。

[Classic] In the thirtieth year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar. In summer the Di invaded Qi. In autumn Wey killed its grand officer Yuan Xuan and Prince Xia. The Marquis of Wey, Zheng, returned to Wey. Men of Jin and Qin besieged Zheng. Men of Jie invaded Xiao. In winter the Son of Heaven sent the Prime Minister, the Duke of Zhou, to make a visit. Prince Sui went to the capital, and then went on to Jin.

【傳】三十年春，晉人侵鄭，以觀其可攻與否。狄間晉之有鄭虞也，夏，狄侵齊。

[Commentary] In the spring of the thirtieth year, men of Jin invaded Zheng to observe whether it could be attacked. The Di exploited Jin's worry about Zheng, and in summer the Di invaded Qi.

晉侯使醫衍鴆衛侯。寧俞貨醫，使薄其鴆，不死。公為之請，納玉於王與晉侯。皆十瑴。王許之。秋，乃釋衛侯。衛侯使賂周顓、冶廑，曰：“苟能納我，吾使爾為卿。”周、冶殺元咺及子適、子儀。公入祀先君。周、冶既服將命，周顓先入，及門，遇疾而死。冶廑辭卿。

The Marquis of Jin sent the physician Yan to poison the Marquis of Wey with zhen-bird wine. Ning Yu bribed the physician to make the poison weak, so the Marquis of Wey did not die. Duke Xi pleaded for him and presented ten pairs of jade each to the Son of Heaven and to the Marquis of Jin. The Son of Heaven agreed. In autumn the Marquis of Wey was therefore released. The Marquis of Wey bribed Zhou Zhuan and Ye Jin, saying: "If you can get me readmitted, I will make you ministers." Zhou and Ye killed Yuan Xuan, Zi Shi and Zi Yi. The Marquis of Wey entered and sacrificed to the former rulers. Zhou and Ye had already put on ministers' robes and were about to receive their appointments, but Zhou Zhuan entered first, reached the gate, and fell ill and died. Ye Jin declined the ministership.

九月甲午，晉侯、秦伯圍鄭，以其無禮於晉，且貳於楚也。晉軍函陵，秦軍汜南。佚之狐言於鄭伯曰：“國危矣，若使燭之武見秦君，師必退。”公從之。

In the ninth month, on the jiawu day, the Marquis of Jin and the Earl of Qin besieged Zheng, because it had been discourteous to Jin and had also been two-faced toward Chu. The Jin army was stationed at Hanling, and the Qin army at south of Fan. Yi Zhihu said to the Earl of Zheng: "The state is in danger. If you send Zhu Zhiwu to see the lord of Qin, the army will surely withdraw." The Earl of Zheng agreed.

辭曰：“臣之壯也，猶不如人，今老矣，無能為也已。”公曰：“吾不能早用子，今急而求子，是寡人之過也。然鄭亡，子亦有不利焉。”許之，夜縋而出，見秦伯，曰：“秦、晉圍鄭，鄭既知亡矣。若亡鄭而有益於君，敢以煩執事。越國以鄙遠，君知其難也，焉用亡鄭以陪鄰。鄰之厚，君之薄也。若舍鄭以為東道主，行李之往來，共其乏困，君亦無所害。且君嘗為晉君賜矣，許君焦、瑕，朝濟而夕設版焉，君之所知也。夫晉何厭之有？既東封鄭，又欲肆其西封，不闕秦，將焉取之？闕秦以利晉，唯君圖之。”秦伯說，與鄭人盟，使杞子、逢孫、揚孫戍之，乃還。

Zhu Zhiwu declined, saying: "In my prime I was not the equal of others, and now that I am old I can do nothing." The Earl of Zheng said: "That I did not use you earlier and ask you only now that we are in crisis is my fault. But if Zheng is destroyed, it is also to your disadvantage." Zhu Zhiwu agreed, was let down over the wall by a rope at night, and went to see the Earl of Qin, saying: "Qin and Jin are besieging Zheng, and Zheng already knows it will perish. If the destruction of Zheng benefits you, I would not dare trouble Your Lordship's attendants. But to cross another state and make a distant place your border town, you know how hard it is; why destroy Zheng to add to your neighbor? When your neighbor grows thick, you grow thin. If you leave Zheng as host on the eastern road, so that when your envoys come and go it supplies their needs, it will do you no harm. Moreover, you once did a kindness to the lord of Jin, and he promised you Jiao and Xia; but in the morning he crossed the river and in the evening he built walls to keep you out, as you know. When has Jin ever had enough? Having made Zheng its eastern boundary, it will want to extend its western boundary; if it does not take from Qin, where will it take from? Please consider that harming Qin only benefits Jin." The Earl of Qin was pleased, made a covenant with the men of Zheng, sent Qi Zi, Feng Sun and Yang Sun to garrison it, and then returned.

子犯請擊之，公曰：“不可。微夫人力不及此。因人之力而敝之，不仁。失其所與，不知。以亂易整，不武。吾其還也。”亦去之。

Zi Fan asked to attack the Qin army, but Duke Wen said: "No. Without that man's strength I could not have reached this point. To rely on another's strength and then harm him is not benevolent. To lose an ally is not wise. To replace order with disorder is not martial. Let us go back." He withdrew as well.

初，鄭公子蘭出奔晉，從於晉侯。伐鄭，請無與圍鄭。許之，使待命於東。

Earlier, Prince Lan of Zheng had fled to Jin and followed the Marquis of Jin. When Zheng was being attacked, he asked not to take part in the siege of Zheng. It was granted, and he was ordered to wait in the east.

鄭石甲父、侯宣多逆以為大子，以求成於晉，晉人許之。

Shi Jiafu and Hou Xuanduo of Zheng welcomed him and set him up as crown prince, and used this to seek peace with Jin, and the men of Jin agreed.

冬，王使周公閱來聘，饗有昌歜、白、黑、形鹽。辭曰：“國君，文足昭也，武可畏也，則有備物之饗以象其德。薦五味，羞嘉穀，鹽虎形，以獻其功。

In winter the Son of Heaven sent Zhou Gong Yue to make a visit. The banquet had calamus pickle, white rice cake, black millet cake and salt shaped like a tiger. Zhou Gong Yue declined, saying: "A ruler whose culture is bright enough to illuminate and whose might is strong enough to inspire awe has a full set of provisions in a banquet to symbolize his virtue. The five flavors are offered, the fine grains are presented, and salt is shaped like a tiger to show his achievements.

吾何以堪之？”東門襄仲將聘於周，遂初聘於晉。

(Zhou Gong Yue continued:) "How could I deserve to be measured by this?" Dongmen Xiangzhong was about to visit the Zhou court and then to make his first visit to Jin.

【經】三十有一年春，取濟西田。公子遂如晉。夏四月，四卜郊，不從，乃免牲。猶三望。秋七月。冬，杞伯姬來求婦。狄圍衛。十有二月，衛遷於帝丘。

[Classic] In the thirty-first year, in spring, the lands west of the Ji River were taken. Prince Sui went to Jin. In summer, in the fourth month, divination was made four times for the suburban sacrifice, and it was not auspicious, so the sacrificial animal was released. The three wang sacrifices were still performed. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, Bo Ji of Qi came to seek a daughter-in-law. The Di besieged Wey. In the twelfth month Wey moved to Diqiu.

【傳】三十一年春，取濟西田，分曹地也。使臧文仲往，宿於重館。重館人告曰：“晉新得諸侯，必親其共，不速行，將無及也。”從之，分曹地，自洮以南，東傅於濟，盡曹地也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the thirty-first year, the lands west of the Ji River were taken, which was a division of the territory of Cao. Zang Wenzhong was sent there and lodged in the guesthouse at Zhong. A man of the Zhong guesthouse told him: "Jin has recently gained the feudal lords and will surely favor those who are respectful. If you do not hurry, you will not make it in time." He followed this advice and divided the Cao land: from south of the Tao, extending east to the Ji River, all was the land of Cao.

襄仲如晉，拜曹田也。

Xiangzhong went to Jin to thank them for the Cao land.

夏四月，四卜郊，不從，乃免牲，非禮也。猶三望，亦非禮也。禮不卜常祀，而卜其牲、日，牛卜日曰牲。牲成而卜郊，上怠慢也。望，郊之細也。不郊，亦無望可也。

In summer, in the fourth month, divination was made four times for the suburban sacrifice, and it was not auspicious, so the sacrificial animal was released, which was contrary to ritual. The three wang sacrifices were still performed, which was also contrary to ritual. Ritual does not divine about regular sacrifices, but divines about the animals and the days. Once the day has been divined, the ox is called a sacrificial animal. To divine about the suburban sacrifice after the animal is already fixed is negligence by those above. The wang sacrifice is a detail of the suburban sacrifice. If the suburban sacrifice is not performed, the wang sacrifice need not be performed either.

秋，晉搜於清原，作五軍御狄。趙衰為卿。

In autumn, Jin held a great review at Qingyuan and set up five armies to resist the Di. Zhao Cui became a minister.

冬，狄圍衛，衛遷於帝丘。卜曰三百年。衛成公夢康叔曰：“相奪予享。”

In winter the Di besieged Wey, and Wey moved to Diqiu. Divination said it could last three hundred years. Duke Cheng of Wey dreamed that Kang Shu said: "Xiang has taken away my sacrifices."

公命祀相。甯武子不可，曰：“鬼神非其族類，不歆其祀。杞、鄫何事？相之不享於此。久矣，非衛之罪也，不可以間成王、周公之命祀。請改祀命。”

Duke Cheng of Wey ordered that sacrifices be made to Xiang. Ning Wuzi disagreed, saying: "Spirits do not partake of sacrifices from those who are not of their kin. What of Ji and Zeng? Xiang has not been enjoying sacrifices here for a long time, and it is not Wey's fault; one cannot insert them into the sacrifices prescribed by King Cheng and the Duke of Zhou. Please change the order for the sacrifice."

鄭洩駕惡公子瑕，鄭伯亦惡之，故公子瑕出奔楚。

Xie Jia of Zheng hated Prince Xia, and the Earl of Zheng also hated him, so Prince Xia fled to Chu.

【經】三十有二年春王正月。夏四月己丑，鄭伯捷卒。衛人侵狄。秋，衛人及狄盟。冬十有二月己卯，晉侯重耳卒。

[Classic] In the thirty-second year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar. In summer, in the fourth month, on the jichou day, Jie, Earl of Zheng, died. Men of Wey invaded the Di. In autumn men of Wey made a covenant with the Di. In winter, in the twelfth month, on the jimao day, Chong'er, Marquis of Jin, died.

【傳】三十二年春，楚鬥章請平於晉，晉陽處父報之。晉、楚始通。

[Commentary] In the spring of the thirty-second year, Dou Zhang of Chu asked Jin for peace, and Yang Chufu of Jin made a return visit. Jin and Chu began to have exchanges.

夏，狄有亂。衛人侵狄，狄請平焉。秋，衛人及狄盟。

In summer, the Di had internal disorder. Men of Wey invaded the Di, and the Di asked for peace. In autumn men of Wey made a covenant with the Di.

冬，晉文公卒。庚辰，將殯於曲沃，出絳，柩有聲如牛。卜偃使大夫拜。曰：“君命大事。將有西師過軼我，擊之，必大捷焉。”杞子自鄭使告於秦，曰：“鄭人使我掌其北門之管，若潛師以來，國可得也。”穆公訪諸蹇叔，蹇叔曰：“勞師以襲遠，非所聞也。師勞力竭，遠主備之，無乃不可乎！師之所為，鄭必知之。勤而無所，必有悖心。且行千里，其誰不知？”公辭焉。召孟明、西乞、白乙，使出師於東門之外。蹇叔哭之，曰：“孟子，吾見師之出而不見其入也。”

In winter, Duke Wen of Jin died. On the gengchen day, as the coffin was about to be taken to Quwo for interim burial, after leaving the city of Jiang a sound like the lowing of an ox came from within the coffin. Bu Yan had the grand officers kneel and bow, saying: "The ruler has issued a great command. An army from the west will cross our borders; strike it, and we will surely win a great victory." Qi Zi sent word from Zheng to Qin, saying: "The men of Zheng have put me in charge of the keys to the north gate; if you secretly send an army, the capital can be taken." Duke Mu consulted Jian Shu, and Jian Shu said: "To tire out the army to attack a distant place is not something I have heard of. When the army is weary and its strength exhausted, and the distant host has prepared, surely it cannot succeed! Zheng is sure to learn of the army's movements. If you toil and gain nothing, rebellious thoughts will surely arise. Moreover, an army going a thousand li, who would not know?" Duke Mu refused. He summoned Meng Ming, Xi Qi and Bai Yi and had them march out from outside the east gate. Jian Shu wept as he saw them off, saying: "Master Meng, I see the army going out but I shall not see it come back."

公使謂之曰：“爾何知？中壽，爾墓之木拱矣。”蹇叔之子與師，哭而送之，曰：“晉人御師必於殽。殽有二陵焉。其南陵，夏後皋之墓也；其北陵，文王之所闢風雨也。必死是間，餘收爾骨焉。”秦師遂東。

Duke Mu sent someone to say to him: "What do you know? If you had lived only to a middle age, the trees on your grave would be a full armspan thick by now." Jian Shu's son was with the army, and Jian Shu wept as he saw him off, saying: "The men of Jin will surely resist our army at Xiao. Xiao has two hills. The southern hill is the tomb of Gao, a ruler of the Xia; the northern hill is where King Wen sheltered from wind and rain. You will surely die between those two hills, and I will come to collect your bones." The Qin army then marched east.

【經】三十有三年春王二月，秦人入滑。齊侯使國歸父來聘。夏四月辛巳，晉人及姜戎敗秦師於殽。癸巳，葬晉文公。狄侵齊。公伐邾，取訾婁。秋，公子遂帥師伐邾。晉人敗狄於箕。冬十月，公如齊。十有二月，公至自齊。乙巳，公薨於小寢。隕霜不殺草。李梅實。晉人、陳人、鄭人伐許。

[Classic] In the thirty-third year, in spring, in the second month by the Zhou calendar, men of Qin entered Hua. The Marquis of Qi sent Guo Guifu to make a visit. In summer, in the fourth month, on the xinsi day, men of Jin and the Jiang Rong defeated the Qin army at Xiao. On the guisi day, Duke Wen of Jin was buried. The Di invaded Qi. Duke Xi attacked Zhu and took Zilou. In autumn Prince Sui led an army to attack Zhu. Men of Jin defeated the Di at Ji. In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Xi went to Qi. In the twelfth month, Duke Xi returned from Qi. On the yisi day, Duke Xi died in the minor chamber. Frost fell but did not kill the plants. Plum and apricot trees bore fruit. Men of Jin, Chen and Zheng attacked Xu.

【傳】三十三年春，秦師過周北門，左右免冑而下。超乘者三百乘。王孫滿尚幼，觀之，言於王曰：“秦師輕而無禮，必敗。輕則寡謀，無禮則脫。入險而脫。又不能謀，能無敗乎？”及滑，鄭商人弦高將市於周，遇之。以乘韋先，牛十二犒師，曰：“寡君聞吾子將步師出於敝邑，敢犒從者，不腆敝邑，為從者之淹，居則具一日之積，行則備一夕之衛。”且使遽告於鄭。鄭穆公使視客館，則束載、厲兵、秣馬矣。使皇武子辭焉，曰：“吾子淹久於敝邑，唯是脯資餼牽竭矣。為吾子之將行也，鄭之有原圃，猶秦之有具囿也。吾子取其麋鹿以閒敝邑，若何？”杞子奔齊，逢孫、揚孫奔宋。孟明曰：“鄭有備矣，不可冀也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the thirty-third year, when the Qin army passed the north gate of the Zhou court, the men on the left and right took off their helmets and got down from their chariots. Then they leapt back onto their chariots; there were three hundred chariots in all. Wangsun Man was still young and, having watched, said to the Son of Heaven: "The Qin army is frivolous and discourteous and will surely be defeated. Frivolity means little planning, and discourtesy means carelessness. To enter a dangerous place carelessly and be unable to plan, can they avoid defeat?" When the army reached Hua, Xian Gao, a merchant of Zheng who was about to go to Zhou to trade, met them. He first presented four tanned ox hides, then twelve oxen to reward the army, saying: "My ruler has heard that you are about to march through our humble city, and dares to reward your followers. Though our humble city is not rich, because your followers will stay for a long time, we will prepare one day's supplies for those who stay and one night's guard for those who leave." He also sent someone to report urgently to Zheng. Duke Mu of Zheng sent someone to look at the guesthouse, and they had already bundled their baggage, sharpened their weapons and fed their horses. He sent Huang Wuzi to decline with thanks, saying: "You have stayed a long time in our humble city, and the dried meat, grain and livestock are exhausted. Since you are about to leave, Zheng has the Yuanpu, as Qin has the Juyou; you may take deer there yourselves, to give our humble city some relief, how would that be?" Qi Zi fled to Qi, and Feng Sun and Yang Sun fled to Song. Meng Ming said: "Zheng has prepared and cannot be counted on.

攻之不克，圍之不繼，吾其還也。”滅滑而還。

(Meng Ming continued:) "If we attack it we cannot win, and if we besiege it we have no reinforcements; let us go back." After destroying Hua, they returned.

齊國莊子來聘，自郊勞至於贈賄，禮成而加之以敏。臧文仲言於公曰：“國子為政，齊猶有禮，君其朝焉。臣聞之，服於有禮，社稷之衛也。”

Guo Zhuangzi of Qi came to make a visit, and from the welcome in the suburbs to the presentation of goods the ritual was completed and quick-witted besides. Zang Wenzhong said to Duke Xi: "Guozi is in power, and Qi still has ritual; you had better go and pay court. I have heard that to follow a state with ritual is the protection of the altars of the soil and grain."

晉原軫曰：“秦違蹇叔，而以貪勤民，天奉我也。奉不可失，敵不可縱。縱敵患生，違天不祥。必伐秦師。”欒枝曰：“未報秦施而伐其師，其為死君乎？”先軫曰：“秦不哀吾喪而伐吾同姓，秦則無禮，何施之為？吾聞之，一日縱敵，數世之患也。謀及子孫，可謂死君乎？”遂發命，遽興姜戎。子墨衰絰，梁弘御戎，萊駒為右。

Yuan Zhen of Jin said: "Qin has disobeyed Jian Shu and toils its people out of greed; this is a gift from Heaven to us. A gift from Heaven must not be lost, and an enemy must not be let go. If we let the enemy go, misfortune will arise; if we disobey Heaven, it will be inauspicious. We must attack the Qin army." Luan Zhi said: "If we attack its army before repaying Qin's kindness, is there still a late ruler in our hearts?" Xian Zhen said: "Qin did not mourn our bereavement but attacked our kinsman state; it is Qin that is discourteous, so what kindness is there? I have heard: One day of letting the enemy go becomes several generations of calamity. To plan for one's descendants, can it be said that one forgets the dead ruler?" So he issued the order and quickly mobilized the Jiang Rong. Duke Xiang dyed his mourning garments black, Liang Hong drove the war chariot, and Lai Ju served as the spearman on the right.

夏四月辛巳，敗秦師於殽，獲百里孟明視、西乞術、白乙丙以歸，遂墨以葬文公。晉於是始墨。

In summer, in the fourth month, on the xinsi day, they defeated the Qin army at Xiao, captured Baili Mengmingshi, Xi Qishu and Bai Yibing and brought them back, and then buried Duke Wen in black mourning garments. From this time Jin began to use black mourning garments.

文嬴請三帥，曰：“彼實構吾二君，寡君若得而食之，不厭，君何辱討焉！使歸就戮於秦，以逞寡君之志，若何？”公許之，先軫朝。問秦囚。公曰：“夫人請之，吾舍之矣。”先軫怒曰：“武伕力而拘諸原，婦人暫而免諸國。墮軍實而長寇仇，亡無日矣。”不顧而唾。公使陽處父追之，及諸河，則在舟中矣。釋左驂，以公命贈孟明。孟明稽首曰：“君之惠，不以累臣釁鼓，使歸就戮於秦，寡君之以為戮，死且不朽。若從君惠而免之，三年將拜君賜。”

Wen Ying pleaded for the three commanders, saying: "In truth they sowed discord between our two rulers; if my lord caught them, he would not be satisfied even by eating them, so why trouble yourself to punish them! Let them go back and receive punishment in Qin, to satisfy my lord's heart; how would that be?" Duke Xiang agreed. Xian Zhen came to court and asked about the Qin prisoners. Duke Xiang said: "The Lady pleaded for them and I let them go." Xian Zhen became angry and said: "The warriors exerted themselves to the utmost in the fields to capture them, and a woman pardoned them in an instant in the capital. This ruins the army's achievements and helps the enemy; the fall of the state is not many days off." Without looking back, he spat. Duke Xiang sent Yang Chufu to chase them, and when he reached the Yellow River they were already in a boat. He untied the left outer horse and, in the name of Duke Xiang, presented it to Meng Ming. Meng Ming bowed his head to the ground and said: "By your lord's kindness, you did not use your captive subjects to smear the drum with blood, and let us go back to be punished in Qin. If my lord kills us, we will die without regret. If, through your lord's kindness, we are pardoned, in three years we will come to thank you for your gift."

秦伯素服郊次，鄉師而哭曰：“孤違蹇叔以辱二三子，孤之罪也。不替孟明，孤之過也。大夫何罪？且吾不以一眚掩大德。”

The Earl of Qin, wearing plain clothes, waited in the suburbs, and weeping toward the army said: "I disobeyed Jian Shu and brought disgrace to you all; that is my fault. That I did not replace Meng Ming is my mistake. What crime have the grand officers committed? Moreover I will not let one mistake cover over great virtue."

狄侵齊，因晉喪也。

The Di invaded Qi, taking advantage of the mourning in Jin.

公伐邾，取訾婁，以報升陘之役。邾人不設備。秋，襄仲復伐邾。

Duke Xi attacked Zhu and took Zilou, in revenge for the battle of Shengxing. The men of Zhu had made no preparations. In autumn, Xiangzhong attacked Zhu again.

狄伐晉，及箕。八月戊子，晉侯敗狄於箕。郤缺獲白狄子。先軫曰：“匹夫逞志於君而無討，敢不自討乎？”免冑入狄師，死焉。狄人歸其元，面如生。

The Di attacked Jin and reached Ji. In the eighth month, on the wuzi day, the Marquis of Jin defeated the Di at Ji. Xi Que captured the chief of the White Di. Xian Zhen said: "A common man was impudent before the ruler and was not punished; dare I not punish myself?" He took off his helmet and charged into the Di army and died there. The Di returned his head, and its face looked as if he were alive.

初，臼季使過冀，見冀缺耨，其妻饁之。敬，相待如賓。與之歸，言諸文公曰：“敬，德之聚也。能敬必有德，德以治民，君請用之。臣聞之，出門如賓，承事如祭，仁之則也。”公曰：“其父有罪，可乎？”對曰：“舜之罪也殛鯀，其舉也興禹。管敬仲，桓之賊也，實相以濟。《康誥》曰：‘父不慈，子不祗，兄不友，弟不共，不相及也。’《詩》曰：‘採葑採菲，無以下體。’君取節焉可也。”文公以為下軍大夫。反自箕，襄公以三命命先且居將中軍，以再命命先茅之縣賞胥臣曰：“舉郤缺，子之功也。”以一命命郤缺為卿，復與之冀，亦未有軍行。

Earlier, when Jiu Ji went on a mission and passed through Ji, he saw Ji Que weeding, and his wife brought him food. They were respectful, treating each other like guests. Jiu Ji took him back with him and said to Duke Wen: "Respect is the gathering of virtue. One who can be respectful must have virtue, and virtue is what is used to govern the people; please employ him. I have heard: Going out as if meeting a guest and undertaking affairs as if making a sacrifice, this is the rule of benevolence." Duke Wen said: "His father had a crime, is that acceptable?" Jiu Ji replied: "What Shun punished was killing Gun, and what he promoted was employing Yu. Guan Jingzhong was Duke Huan's enemy, yet it was in fact by his help that Duke Huan accomplished things. The 'Announcement to Kang' says: 'A father who is not kind, a son who is not respectful, an elder brother who is not friendly, a younger brother who is not deferential, are not to implicate one another.' The Book of Songs says: 'Gathering turnips and radishes, do not discard them for the root and stem being poor.' You need only take his strengths." Duke Wen made him a grand officer of the Lower Army. On returning from Ji, Duke Xiang appointed Xian Qieju with three commands to lead the Central Army, and gave Xu Chen the district of Xian Mao with a second command, saying: "Recommending Xi Que was your merit." He appointed Xi Que a minister with one command and gave him back the land of Ji, though still without a military post.

冬，公如齊，朝，且吊有狄師也。反，薨於小寢，即安也。

In winter, Duke Xi went to Qi to pay court and also to condole on the war with the Di. After returning, he died in the minor chamber, which was seeking ease.

晉、陳、鄭伐許，討其貳於楚也。

Jin, Chen and Zheng attacked Xu, to punish it for being two-faced toward Chu.

楚令尹子上侵陳、蔡。陳、蔡成，遂伐鄭，將納公子瑕，門於桔柣之門。

Zishang, prime minister of Chu, invaded Chen and Cai. Chen and Cai made peace, so he attacked Zheng, planning to send Prince Xia in, and attacked the gate of Jiezhi.

瑕覆於周氏之汪，外僕髡屯禽之以獻。文夫人斂而葬之鄶城之下。

Xia's chariot overturned in the Zhou clan's pond, and Kun Tun, an outside servant, seized him and presented him. Lady Wen had him placed in the coffin and buried him below the city of Kuai.

晉陽處父侵蔡，楚子上救之，與晉師夾泜而軍。陽子患之，使謂子上曰：“吾聞之，文不犯順，武不違敵。子若欲戰，則吾退舍，子濟而陳，遲速唯命，不然紓我。老師費財，亦無益也。”乃駕以待。子上欲涉，大孫伯曰：“不可。

Yang Chufu of Jin invaded Cai, and Zishang of Chu came to rescue it, camping across the Zhi River from the Jin army. Master Yang was worried about this and sent someone to say to Zishang: "I have heard: Those with cultural virtue do not offend what accords with reason, and those with martial virtue do not avoid the enemy. If you wish to fight, I will withdraw thirty li, and you can cross the river and form ranks, with speed and delay at your command alone; otherwise, let me have some time. If the army is worn out and goods are spent, there is no benefit either." So he harnessed his chariots and waited. Zishang wanted to cross the river, but Da Sunbo said: "No.

晉人無信，半涉而薄我，悔敗何及，不如紓之。”乃退舍。陽子宣言曰：“楚師遁矣。”遂歸。楚師亦歸。大子商臣譖子上曰：“受晉賂而闢之，楚之恥也，罪莫大焉。”王殺子上。

(Da Sunbo continued:) "The men of Jin have no good faith; if they attack us when we are half across, how could regret in defeat come in time? It would be better to let them have some time." So he withdrew thirty li. Master Yang announced: "The Chu army has fled." He then went back. The Chu army also went back. The crown prince Shangchen slandered Zishang, saying: "To accept goods from Jin and avoid them is a disgrace to Chu, and no crime is greater." The King of Chu killed Zishang.

葬僖公，緩作主，非禮也。凡君薨，卒哭而祔，祔而作主，特祀於主，烝嘗禘於廟。

Duke Xi was buried, and the spirit tablet was made late, which was contrary to ritual. In all cases when a ruler dies, after the end of the wailing the fu sacrifice is made, after the fu sacrifice the spirit tablet is made, sacrifices are made alone to the tablet, and the zheng, chang and di sacrifices are held in the ancestral temple.

【經】元年春王正月，公即位。二月癸亥，日有食之。天王使叔服來會葬。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Wen took the throne. In the second month, on the guihai day, there was a solar eclipse. The Son of Heaven sent Shu Fu to attend the funeral.

夏四月丁巳，葬我君僖公。天王使毛伯來錫公命。晉侯伐衛。叔孫得臣如京師。

In summer, in the fourth month, on the dingsi day, our ruler Duke Xi was buried. The Son of Heaven sent the Earl of Mao to bestow the jade tablet of investiture on Duke Wen. The Marquis of Jin attacked Wey. Shusun Dechen went to the capital.

衛人伐晉。秋，公孫敖會晉侯於戚。冬十月丁未，楚世子商臣弒其君頵。公孫敖如齊。

Men of Wey attacked Jin. In autumn Gongsun Ao met the Marquis of Jin at Qi. In winter, in the tenth month, on the dingwei day, Shangchen, heir of Chu, murdered his ruler Jun. Gongsun Ao went to Qi.

【傳】元年春，王使內史叔服來會葬。公孫敖聞其能相人也，見其二子焉。

[Commentary] In the spring of the first year, the Son of Heaven sent the Inner Historian Shu Fu to attend the funeral. Gongsun Ao heard that he could read physiognomy and had his two sons come out to see him.

叔服曰：“谷也食子，難也收子。谷也豐下，必有後於魯國。”

Shu Fu said: "Gu can support you, and Nan can bury you. Gu has a full jaw and will surely have descendants in Lu."

於是閏三月，非禮也。先王之正時也，履端於始，舉正於中，歸餘於終。履端於始，序則不愆。舉正於中，民則不惑。歸餘於終，事則不悖。

At that time there was an intercalary third month, which was contrary to ritual. The former kings set right the seasons by putting the beginning at the start of the year, the middle qi in the middle of the month, and the remainder at the end of the year. With the beginning at the start of the year, the order is not confused. With the middle qi in the middle of the month, the people are not bewildered. With the remainder at the end of the year, affairs are not disordered.

夏四月丁巳，葬僖公。

In summer, in the fourth month, on the dingsi day, Duke Xi was buried.

王使毛伯衛來錫公命。叔孫得臣如周拜。

The Son of Heaven sent Mao Bo Wei to bestow the jade tablet of investiture on Duke Wen. Shusun Dechen went to the Zhou court to give thanks.

晉文公之季年，諸侯朝晉。衛成公不朝，使孔達侵鄭，伐綿、訾，及匡。晉襄公既祥，使告於諸侯而伐衛，及南陽。先且居曰：“效尤，禍也。請君朝王，臣從師。”晉侯朝王於溫，先且居、胥臣伐衛。五月辛酉朔，晉師圍戚。六月戊戌，取之，獲孫昭子。

In the late years of Duke Wen of Jin, the feudal lords paid court to Jin. Duke Cheng of Wey did not go to pay court and sent Kong Da to invade Zheng, attacking Mian and Zi and reaching Kuang. Duke Xiang of Jin had already passed the first anniversary rites and, having informed the feudal lords, attacked Wey and reached Nanyang. Xian Qieju said: "To follow a fault is a misfortune. Please pay court to the Son of Heaven, and I will follow with the army." The Marquis of Jin paid court to the Son of Heaven at Wen, and Xian Qieju and Xu Chen attacked Wey. In the fifth month, on the xinyou day, the first of the month, the Jin army besieged Qi. In the sixth month, on the wuxu day, they took Qi and captured Sun Zhaozi.

衛人使告於陳。陳共公曰：“更伐之，我辭之。”衛孔達帥師伐晉，君子以為古。古者越國而謀。

Men of Wey sent word to Chen. Duke Gong of Chen said: "Attack them in return, and I will plead for you." Kong Da of Wey led an army to attack Jin. The gentleman considered this in accordance with ancient practice. In ancient times one might cross over another state to deliberate.

秋，晉侯疆戚田，故公孫敖會之。

In autumn, the Marquis of Jin defined the boundaries of the land of Qi, and so Gongsun Ao went to the meeting.

初，楚子將以商臣為大子，訪諸令尹子上。子上曰：“君之齒未也。而又多愛，黜乃亂也。楚國之舉，恆在少者。且是人也，蜂目而豺聲，忍人也，不可立也。”弗聽。既又欲立王子職而黜大子商臣。商臣聞之而未察，告其師潘崇曰：“若之何而察之？”潘崇曰：“享江羋而勿敬也。”從之。江羋怒曰：“呼，役夫！宜君王之慾殺女而立職也。”告潘崇曰：“信矣。”潘崇曰：“能事諸乎？”曰：“不能。”“能行乎？”曰：“不能。”“能行大事乎？”曰：“能。”

Earlier, the Viscount of Chu intended to set up Shangchen as crown prince and consulted Zishang, the prime minister. Zishang said: "Your Majesty's years are not yet many, and you have many favorites; if you depose him there will be disorder. When Chu sets up an heir, it is often a young one. Moreover this man has eyes like a bee and a voice like a jackal; he is a cruel man and must not be set up." The Viscount of Chu did not listen. Later he again wanted to set up Prince Zhi and depose the crown prince Shangchen. Shangchen heard of it but had not confirmed it, and told his teacher Pan Chong: "How can I confirm it?" Pan Chong said: "Give a banquet for Jiang Mi but show her no respect." Shangchen did so. Jiang Mi became angry and said: "Ah, you slave! No wonder His Majesty wants to kill you and set up Zhi." Shangchen told Pan Chong: "It is confirmed." Pan Chong said: "Can you serve him?" He said: "No." "Can you flee?" He said: "No." "Can you do a great deed?" He said: "I can."

冬十月，以宮甲圍成王。王請食熊蹯而死。弗聽。丁未，王縊。諡之曰：“靈”，不瞑；曰：“成”，乃瞑。穆王立，以其為大子之室與潘崇，使為大師，且掌環列之尹。

In winter, in the tenth month, he surrounded King Cheng with the palace guards of the Eastern Palace. King Cheng asked to eat bear paw before dying. They did not listen. On the dingwei day King Cheng hanged himself. He was given the posthumous title 'Ling', but his eyes would not close; when it was changed to 'Cheng', they closed. King Mu took the throne, gave Pan Chong the household property from the time he was crown prince, made him Grand Tutor, and also put him in charge of the guards ranged around the palace.

穆伯如齊，始聘焉，禮也。凡君即位，卿出並聘，踐修舊好，要結外授，好事鄰國，以衛社稷，忠信卑讓之道也。忠，德之正也；信，德之固也；卑讓，德之基也。

Mubo went to Qi, which was the first visit after the accession, and this was in accordance with ritual. In all cases when a ruler takes the throne, ministers go out on visits everywhere, carrying out former friendships, forming outside support and serving neighbors in friendship, in order to protect the altars of the soil and grain; this is the principle of loyalty, good faith and humility. Loyalty is the uprightness of virtue; good faith is the firmness of virtue; humility is the foundation of virtue.

殽之役，晉人既歸秦帥，秦大夫及左右皆言於秦伯曰：“是敗也，孟明之罪也，必殺之。”秦伯曰：“是孤之罪也。周芮良夫之詩曰；‘大風有隧，貪人敗類，聽言則對，誦言如醉，匪用其良，覆俾我悖。’是貪故也，孤之謂矣。孤實貪以禍夫子，夫子何罪？”復使為政。

At the battle of Xiao, the men of Jin had already released the Qin commanders, and the grand officers and attendants of Qin all said to the Earl of Qin: "This defeat was Meng Ming's fault, and he must be killed." The Earl of Qin said: "This was my fault. The poem of Rui Liangfu of the Zhou court says: 'The great wind has its path; the greedy ruin their own kind. When they hear agreeable words they answer; when they hear admonition they are as if drunk. They do not use those good men, and instead make me act perversely.' It is because of greed, and it speaks of me. In truth I was greedy and harmed that man, so what crime has that man?" He restored him to office.

【經】二年春王二月甲子，晉侯及秦師戰於彭衙，秦師敗績。丁丑，作僖公主。三月乙巳，及晉處父盟。夏六月，公孫敖會宋公、陳侯、鄭伯、晉士縠盟於垂隴。自十有二月不雨，至於秋七月。八月丁卯，大事於大廟，躋僖公。冬，晉人、宋人、陳人、鄭人伐秦。公子遂如齊納幣。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, in the second month, on the jiazi day, the Marquis of Jin fought with the Qin army at Pengya, and the Qin army was greatly defeated. On the dingchou day, the spirit tablet of Duke Xi was made. In the third month, on the yisi day, a covenant was made with Chufu of Jin. In summer, in the sixth month, Gongsun Ao made a covenant at Chuilong with the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Earl of Zheng, and Shi Hu of Jin. From the twelfth month there was no rain, until the seventh month of autumn. In the eighth month, on the dingmao day, the great sacrifice was held in the Grand Temple and Duke Xi's tablet was raised in position. In winter, men of Jin, Song, Chen and Zheng attacked Qin. Prince Sui went to Qi to deliver betrothal gifts.

【傳】二年春，秦孟明視帥師伐晉，以報殽之役。二月，晉侯御之。先且居將中軍，趙衰佐之。王官無地御戎，狐鞫居為右。甲子，及秦師戰於彭衙。秦師敗績。晉人謂秦“拜賜之師”。

[Commentary] In the spring of the second year, Meng Mingshi of Qin led an army to attack Jin, in revenge for the battle of Xiao. In the second month the Marquis of Jin resisted. Xian Qieju commanded the Central Army, assisted by Zhao Cui. Wangguan Wudi drove the war chariot, and Hu Juju served as spearman on the right. On the jiazi day he fought the Qin army at Pengya. The Qin army was greatly defeated. The men of Jin called the Qin army 'the army that came to give thanks'.

戰於殽也，晉梁弘御戎，萊駒為右。戰之明日，晉襄公縛秦囚，使萊駒以戈斬之。囚呼，萊駒失戈，狼瞫取戈以斬囚，禽之以從公乘，遂以為右。箕之役，先軫黜之而立續簡伯。狼瞫怒。其友曰：“盍死之？”瞫曰：“吾未獲死所。”

At the battle of Xiao, Liang Hong of Jin had driven the war chariot and Lai Ju had been the spearman on the right. On the day after the battle, Duke Xiang of Jin had the Qin prisoner bound and had Lai Ju cut him down with a spear. The prisoner cried out, and Lai Ju dropped the spear; Lang Shen picked up the spear and cut down the prisoner, seized Lai Ju and caught up with Duke Xiang's chariot, and so was made spearman on the right. In the battle of Ji, Xian Zhen deposed him and set up Xu Jianbo. Lang Shen became angry. His friend said: "Why not die over this?" Lang Shen said: "I have not yet found the place to die."

其友曰：“吾與女為難。”瞫曰；“《周志》有之，‘勇則害上，不登於明堂。’死而不義，非勇也。共用之謂勇。吾以勇求右，無勇而黜，亦其所也。謂上不我知，黜而宜，乃知我矣。子姑待之。”及彭衙，既陳，以其屬馳秦師，死焉。晉師從之，大敗秦師。君子謂：“狼瞫於是乎君子。詩曰：‘君子如怒，亂庶遄沮。’又曰：‘王赫斯怒，爰整其旅。’怒不作亂而以從師，可謂君子矣。”

His friend said: "I will start the trouble with you." Lang Shen said: "The Zhou Records have this saying: 'Bravery that harms one's superiors cannot ascend the Bright Hall.' To die in a way contrary to righteousness is not bravery. To be used by the state is what is called bravery. I sought the post of spearman on the right through bravery; being deposed for lack of bravery is also as it should be. If you say that those above do not understand me, then if the deposition was appropriate, they have understood me. Wait a while." When they reached Pengya, the ranks were already formed, and he led his men to charge the Qin army and died there. The Jin army followed and greatly defeated the Qin army. The gentleman said: "In this matter Lang Shen was a gentleman. The Book of Songs says: 'If the gentleman is angry, disorder will probably soon be stopped.' It also says: 'The Son of Heaven is aflame with wrath, and so puts his army in order.' To be angry without causing disorder, and to use it in following the army, can be called a gentleman."

秦伯猶用孟明。孟明增修國政，重施於民。趙成子言於諸大夫曰：“秦師又至，將必闢之，懼而增德，不可當也。詩曰：‘毋念爾祖，聿修厥德。’孟明念之矣，念德不怠，其可敵乎？”丁丑，作僖公主，書，不時也。

The Earl of Qin still employed Meng Ming. Meng Ming further improved the government and increased his generosity toward the people. Zhao Chengzi said to the grand officers: "If the Qin army comes again, we must avoid it; they have increased in virtue through fear and cannot be resisted. The Book of Songs says: 'Do not forget your ancestors, cultivate their virtue.' Meng Ming has thought of this. One who thinks of virtue without slackening, can he be resisted?" On the dingchou day, the tablet of Duke Xi was made; the Annals records this because it was not in season.

晉人以公不朝來討，公如晉。夏四月己巳，晉人使陽處父盟公以恥之。書曰：“及晉處父盟。”以厭之也。適晉不書，諱之也。公未至，六月，穆伯會諸侯及晉司空士縠盟於垂隴，晉討衛故也。書士縠，堪其事也。

The men of Jin came to punish Duke Wen because he had not gone to pay court, and Duke Wen went to Jin. In summer, in the fourth month, on the jisi day, the men of Jin had Yang Chufu make a covenant with Duke Wen to humiliate him. The Annals records: "Made a covenant with Chufu of Jin." This shows disapproval. His going to Jin is not recorded, as a matter of avoiding mention. Before Duke Wen had returned, in the sixth month, Mubo made a covenant at Chuilong with the feudal lords and Shi Hu, Minister of Works of Jin, because Jin was punishing Wey. The Annals records Shi Hu because he was competent for the matter.

陳侯為衛請成於晉，執孔達以說。

The Marquis of Chen asked Jin for peace on behalf of Wey, and seized Kong Da in order to explain and curry favor.

秋八月丁卯，大事於大廟，躋僖公，逆祀也。於是夏父弗忌為宗伯，尊僖公，且明見曰：“吾見新鬼大，故鬼小。先大後小，順也。躋聖賢，明也。明、順，禮也。”

In autumn, in the eighth month, on the dingmao day, the great sacrifice was held in the Grand Temple and Duke Xi's tablet was raised, which was a reversal of the order of sacrifice. At that time Xia Fu Fuji was Master of Ancestral Rites, and exalted Duke Xi, saying openly: "I saw that the new ghost is big and the old ghost is small. To put the big first and the small after is in accord. To raise up the sage and worthy is enlightened. Enlightenment and accord are ritual."

君子以為失禮。禮無不順。祀，國之大事也，而逆之，可謂禮乎？子雖齊聖，不先父食久矣。故禹不先鯀，湯不先契，文、武不先不窋。宋祖帝乙，鄭祖厲王，猶上祖也。是以《魯頌》曰：“春秋匪解，享祀不忒，皇皇后帝，皇祖后稷。”

The gentleman considered this a breach of ritual. Ritual is never out of accord. Sacrifice is the great affair of the state, yet it was reversed; can it be called ritual? Even if a son is intelligent and sage, it has long been that he does not partake of offerings before his father. So Yu did not come before Gun, Tang did not come before Qi, and King Wen and King Wu did not come before Buzhu. Song took Di Yi as its ancestor, and Zheng took King Li as its ancestor, and still they honored their ancestors. Therefore the Odes of Lu say: "In spring and autumn not slackening, the offerings without error, the great Lord on High, the great ancestor Hou Ji."

君子曰禮，謂其後稷親而先帝也。《詩》曰：“問我諸姑，遂及伯姊。”君子曰禮，謂其姊親而先姑也。仲尼曰：“臧文仲，其不仁者三，不知者三。下展禽，廢六關，妾織蒲，三不仁也。作虛器，縱逆祀，祀爰居，三不知也。”

The gentleman said it was in accordance with ritual, because although Hou Ji was kin, the sacrifice was first made to the Lord on High. The Book of Songs says: "Ask my aunts, and then ask my eldest sister." The gentleman said it was in accordance with ritual, because although the elder sister was close, one asked the aunts first. Zhongni said: "Zang Wenzhong had three unbenevolent acts and three unwise acts. Keeping Zhan Qin in a low position, abolishing the six passes, and having his concubines weave rush mats were the three unbenevolent acts. Making vessels with no real use, tolerating the reversed sacrifice, and sacrificing to the sea bird Yuanju were the three unwise acts."

冬，晉先且居、宋公子成、陳轅選、鄭公子歸生伐秦，取汪，及彭衙而還，以報彭衙之役。卿不書，為穆公故，尊秦也，謂之崇德。

In winter, Xian Qieju of Jin, Prince Cheng of Song, Yuan Xuan of Chen and Prince Gui Sheng of Zheng attacked Qin, took Wang, and returned after reaching Pengya, in revenge for the battle of Pengya. The Annals does not record the names of the ministers, because of Duke Mu; honoring Qin is called valuing virtue.

襄仲如齊納幣，禮也。凡君即位，好舅甥，修昏姻，娶元妃以奉粢盛，孝也。

Xiangzhong went to Qi to deliver betrothal gifts, which was in accordance with ritual. In all cases when a ruler takes the throne, he renews relations with the uncle and nephew states, cultivates marriage alliances, and takes a principal wife to serve the grain offerings; this is filial piety.

孝，禮之始也。

Filial piety is the beginning of ritual.

【經】三年春王正月，叔孫得臣會晉人、宋人、陳人、衛人、鄭人伐沈。沈潰。夏五月，王子虎卒。秦人伐晉。秋，楚人圍江。雨螽於宋。冬，公如晉。十有二月己巳，公及晉侯盟。晉陽處父帥師伐楚以救江。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar, Shusun Dechen joined men of Jin, Song, Chen, Wey and Zheng to attack Shen. Shen collapsed. In summer, in the fifth month, Prince Hu died. Men of Qin attacked Jin. In autumn men of Chu besieged Jiang. Locusts fell like rain on Song. In winter Duke Wen went to Jin. In the twelfth month, on the jisi day, Duke Wen made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin. Yang Chufu of Jin led an army to attack Chu to rescue Jiang.

【傳】三年春，莊叔會諸侯之師伐沈，以其服於楚也。沈潰。凡民逃其上曰潰，在上曰逃。

[Commentary] In the spring of the third year, Zhuangshu joined the armies of the feudal lords to attack Shen, because it had submitted to Chu. Shen collapsed. In all cases when the people flee from their superiors it is called 'collapse', and when those above flee it is called 'escape'.

衛侯如陳，拜晉成也。

The Marquis of Wey went to Chen to thank Jin for agreeing to peace.

夏四月乙亥，王叔文公卒，來赴吊如同盟，禮也。

In summer, in the fourth month, on the yihai day, Wang Shu Wen Gong died, and the announcement came, with condolence as for a fellow member of a covenant, which was in accordance with ritual.

秦伯伐晉，濟河焚舟，取王官，及郊。晉人不出，遂自茅津濟，封殽屍而還。

The Earl of Qin attacked Jin, crossed the Yellow River and burned the boats, took Wangguan, and reached Jiao. The men of Jin did not come out to fight, so he crossed the river at Maojin and, after raising a mound as a marker over the bones of Xiao, returned.

遂霸西戎，用孟明也。君子是以知“秦穆公之為君也，舉人之周也，與人之壹也；孟明之臣也，其不解也，能懼思也；子桑之忠也，其知人也，能舉善也。《詩》曰：‘於以采蘩，於沼於沚，於以用之公侯之事’，秦穆有焉。‘夙夜匪解，以事一人’，孟明有焉。‘詒闕孫謀，以燕翼子’，子桑有焉。”

Thereupon he became hegemon over the western Rong, because he had employed Meng Ming. The gentleman therefore knew: "Duke Mu of Qin as ruler was thorough in recommending men and single-minded in employing them; Meng Ming as a subject did not slacken and could think because of fear; Zisang's loyalty lay in being able to understand people and recommend good men. The Book of Songs says: 'Where to gather the white mugwort? In the ponds, on the islets; take it to use in the sacrifices of the dukes and marquises.' Duke Mu of Qin had this virtue. 'Morning and night without slackening, in order to serve one man,' Meng Ming had this virtue. 'To leave to one's descendants a plan, in order to settle and protect them,' Zisang had this virtue."

秋，雨螽於宋，隊而死也。

In autumn, locusts fell like rain on Song, falling and dying.

楚師圍江。晉先僕伐楚以救江。

The Chu army besieged Jiang. Xian Pu of Jin attacked Chu to rescue Jiang.

冬，晉以江故告於周。王叔桓公、晉陽處父伐楚以救江，門於方城，遇息公子朱而還。

In winter, Jin informed the Zhou court on account of Jiang. Wang Shu Huan Gong and Yang Chufu of Jin attacked Chu to rescue Jiang, attacked Fangcheng, and returned after meeting Prince Zhu of Xi.

晉人懼其無禮於公也，請改盟。公如晉，及晉侯盟。晉侯饗公，賦《菁菁者莪》。莊叔以公降，拜，曰：“小國受命於大國，敢不慎儀。君貺之以大禮，何樂如之。抑小國之樂，大國之惠也。”晉侯降，辭。登，成拜。公賦《嘉樂》。

The men of Jin feared that they had been discourteous to Duke Wen and asked to revise the covenant. Duke Wen went to Jin and made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin. The Marquis of Jin gave a banquet for Duke Wen and recited "Luxuriant Is the Southernwood". Zhuangshu had Duke Wen go down the steps and bow in thanks, saying: "A small state receives commands from a large state, and dares not be careless about ritual. Your lordship rewards us with a great ritual; what joy is there like this? The joy of a small state is the kindness of a great state." The Marquis of Jin went down the steps to decline. They ascended the hall and completed the bows. Duke Wen recited "Jia Le".

【經】四年春，公至自晉。夏，逆婦姜於齊。狄侵齊。秋，楚人滅江。晉侯伐秦。衛侯使寧俞來聘。冬十有一月壬寅，夫人風氏薨。

[Classic] In the fourth year, in spring, Duke Wen returned from Jin. In summer he went to Qi to welcome Fu Jiang. The Di invaded Qi. In autumn men of Chu destroyed Jiang. The Marquis of Jin attacked Qin. The Marquis of Wey sent Ning Yu to make a visit. In winter, in the eleventh month, on the renyin day, the lady Feng died.

【傳】四年春，晉人歸孔達於衛，以為衛之良也，故免之。

[Commentary] In the spring of the fourth year, the men of Jin sent Kong Da back to Wey, considering him a worthy man of Wey, and so pardoned him.

夏，衛侯如晉拜。曹伯如晉，會正。

In summer, the Marquis of Wey went to Jin to give thanks. The Earl of Cao went to Jin and they met to determine tribute.

逆婦姜於齊，卿不行，非禮也。君子是以知出姜之不允於魯也。曰：“貴聘而賤逆之，君而卑之，立而廢之，棄信而壞其主，在國必亂，在家必亡。不允宜哉？《詩》曰：‘畏天之威，於時保之。’敬主之謂也。”

In welcoming Fu Jiang from Qi, no minister went, which was contrary to ritual. The gentleman therefore knew that Chu Jiang would not come to a good end in Lu. He said: "The betrothal gifts were valuable but she was welcomed lowly; she was the ruler's consort but was despised, set up and then deposed, abandoning good faith and ruining her host; in the state there will surely be disorder, and in the household surely ruin. Is it not fitting that she not come to a proper end? The Book of Songs says: 'Fearing the awe of Heaven, thereby preserve it.' This speaks of revering one's host."

秋，晉侯伐秦，圍刓、新城，以報王官之役。

In autumn, the Marquis of Jin attacked Qin, besieged Wan and Xincheng, in revenge for the battle of Wangguan.

楚人滅江，秦伯為之降服、出次、不舉、過數。大夫諫，公曰：“同盟滅，雖不能救，敢不矜乎！吾自懼也。”君子曰：“《詩》云：‘惟彼二國，其政不獲，惟此四國，爰究爰度。’其秦穆之謂矣。”

Men of Chu destroyed Jiang, and for this the Earl of Qin lowered his dress, moved out of his bedchamber, reduced his meals and removed music, exceeding the prescribed rites. The grand officers admonished him, and the Earl of Qin said: "When an allied state is destroyed, even if we cannot rescue it, dare we not grieve for it! I am warning myself." The gentleman said: "The Book of Songs says: 'Those two states, their government did not win the hearts of the people; these four states, then they studied and planned.' It speaks of Duke Mu of Qin."

衛甯武子來聘，公與之宴，為賦《湛露》及《彤弓》。不辭，又不答賦。使行人私焉。對曰：“臣以為肄業及之也。昔諸侯朝正於王，王宴樂之，於是乎賦《湛露》，則天子當陽，諸侯用命也。諸侯敵王所愾而獻其功，王於是乎賜之彤弓一，彤矢百，玈弓矢千，以覺報宴。今陪臣來繼舊好，君辱貺之，其敢幹大禮以自取戾。”

Ning Wuzi of Wey came to make a visit, and Duke Wen feasted him and recited for him "Heavy Dew" and "The Red Bow". He did not decline or reply with a recitation. The envoy was sent to ask him privately. He answered: "I thought it was practice of lessons reaching these poems. In former times the feudal lords paid court to the Son of Heaven in the first month, and the Son of Heaven feasted them with music and recited 'Heavy Dew'; that is, the Son of Heaven faces the sun and the feudal lords listen to his commands. When the feudal lords resist those whom the Son of Heaven hates and present their achievements, the Son of Heaven then bestows a red bow, a hundred red arrows, and a thousand sets of black bows and arrows, to make clear the reward and the feast. Now a subordinate official comes to continue the old friendship, and Your Lordship condescends to reward him; how dare I violate the great ritual and bring blame on myself?"

冬，成風薨。

In winter, Cheng Feng died.

【經】五年春王正月，王使榮叔歸含，且賵。三月辛亥，葬我小君成風。王使召伯來會葬。夏，公孫敖如晉。秦人入鄀。秋，楚人滅六。冬十月甲申，許男業卒。

[Classic] In the fifth year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar, the Son of Heaven sent Rong Shu to bring jade for the mouth of the deceased, and also brought funeral gifts. In the third month, on the xinhai day, our lady Cheng Feng was buried. The Son of Heaven sent the Earl of Shao to attend the funeral. In summer, Gongsun Ao went to Jin. Men of Qin entered Ruo. In autumn men of Chu destroyed Liu. In winter, in the tenth month, on the jiashen day, Ye, Baron of Xu, died.

【傳】五年春，王使榮叔來含且賵，召昭公來會葬，禮也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the fifth year, the Son of Heaven sent Rong Shu to present jade for the mouth and funeral gifts, and sent Duke Zhao of Shao to attend the funeral, which was in accordance with ritual.

初，鄀叛楚即秦，又貳於楚。夏，秦人入鄀。

Earlier, Ruo had rebelled against Chu to draw close to Qin, and was also two-faced toward Chu. In summer, men of Qin entered Ruo.

六人叛楚即東夷。秋，楚成大心、仲歸帥師滅六。

The men of Liu rebelled against Chu to draw close to the eastern Yi. In autumn Cheng Daxin and Zhong Gui of Chu led an army and destroyed Liu.

冬，楚公子燮滅蓼，臧文仲聞六與蓼滅，曰：“皋陶庭堅不祀忽諸。德之不建，民之無援，哀哉！”晉陽處父聘於衛，反過寧，寧嬴從之，及溫而還。其妻問之，嬴曰；“以剛。

In winter, Prince Xie of Chu destroyed the state of Liao. Zang Wenzhong, hearing that Liu and Liao were destroyed, said: "Gao Yao and Ting Jian suddenly have no one to sacrifice to them. When virtue cannot be established, the people have no help; how sad!" Yang Chufu of Jin made a visit to Wey, and on his return passed through Ning; Ning Ying followed him and went back from Wen. His wife asked the reason, and Ying said: "Because he is stubborn.

《商書》曰：‘沈漸剛克，高明柔克。’夫子壹之，其不沒乎。天為剛德，猶不幹時，況在人乎？且華而不實，怨之所聚也，犯而聚怨，不可以定身。餘懼不獲其利而離其難，是以去之。”

(Ning Ying continued:) "The Book of Shang says: 'The deep is overcome by hardness, the lofty is overcome by softness.' That man has only one of the two, and I fear he will not come to a good end. Heaven, though of the virtue of hardness, still does not disturb the seasons; how much less men? Moreover, to be showy and without substance is where resentment gathers. To offend others and gather resentment cannot bring security to oneself. I fear that I will gain no benefit but suffer calamity, so I left him."

晉趙成子，欒貞子、霍伯、臼季皆卒。

Zhao Chengzi, Luan Zhenzi, Huo Bo and Jiu Ji of Jin all died.

【經】六年春，葬許僖公。夏，季孫行父如陳。秋，季孫行父如晉。八月乙亥，晉侯歡卒。冬十月，公子遂如晉。葬晉襄公。晉殺其大夫陽處父。晉狐射姑出奔狄。閏月不告月，猶朝於廟。

[Classic] In the sixth year, in spring, Duke Xi of Xu was buried. In summer, Jisun Xingfu went to Chen. In autumn Jisun Xingfu went to Jin. In the eighth month, on the yihai day, Huan, Marquis of Jin, died. In winter, in the tenth month, Prince Sui went to Jin. Duke Xiang of Jin was buried. Jin killed its grand officer Yang Chufu. Hu Shegu of Jin fled to the Di. The intercalary month was not announced, but court was still held in the ancestral temple.

【傳】六年春，晉蒐於夷，舍二軍。使狐射姑將中軍，趙盾佐之。陽處父至自溫，改蒐於董，易中軍。陽子，成季之屬也，故黨於趙氏，且謂趙盾能，曰：“使能，國之利也。”是以上之。宣子於是乎始為國政，制事典，正法罪。闢獄刑，董逋逃。由質要，治舊汙，本秩禮，續常職，出滯淹。既成，以授大傅陽子與大師賈佗，使行諸晉國，以為常法。

[Commentary] In the spring of the sixth year, Jin held a great review at Yi and cut two armies. Hu Shegu was to command the Central Army, assisted by Zhao Dun. Yang Chufu came back from Wen and had a great review held again at Dong, changing the commander of the Central Army. Master Yang was a subordinate of Cheng Ji, so he favored the Zhao clan, and also thought Zhao Dun capable, saying: "Using capable men is to the benefit of the state." So he put him in the superior position. From this time Xuanzi began to manage the state's government. He set out the regulations for handling affairs, corrected the standards of punishment, handled lawsuits, supervised fugitives, used contracts and accounts, cleaned up old corruption, followed the order of ranks and ritual, continued the regular duties, and promoted those who had been buried in obscurity. When it was completed, he handed it over to the Grand Tutor Master Yang and the Grand Preceptor Jia Tuo, so they would implement it in Jin as a permanent standard.

臧文仲以陳、衛之睦也，欲求好於陳。夏，季文子聘於陳，且娶焉。

Zang Wenzhong, because Chen and Wey were on good terms, wanted to form a friendship with Chen. In summer, Ji Wenzi went to Chen to make a visit, and also took a wife.

秦伯任好卒。以子車氏之三子奄息、仲行、針虎為殉。皆秦之良也。國人哀之，為之賦《黃鳥》。君子曰：“秦穆之不為盟主也，宜哉。死而棄民。先王違世，猶詒之法，而況奪之善人乎！《詩》曰：‘人之雲亡，邦國殄瘁。’無善人之謂。若之何奪之？”古之王者知命之不長，是以並建聖哲，樹之風聲，分之採物，著之話言，為之律度，陳之藝極，引之表儀，予之法制，告之訓典，教之防利，委之常秩，道之禮則，使毋失其土宜，眾隸賴之，而後即命。聖王同之。

Ren Hao, Earl of Qin, died. Three sons of the Ziju clan, Yan Xi, Zhonghang and Qian Hu, were buried with him as human sacrifices. All three were worthy men of Qin. The people of the state mourned them and composed the ode "Yellow Birds" for them. The gentleman said: "It is only right that Duke Mu of Qin could not become leader of the covenant. At his death he abandoned his people. When the former kings died, they still left behind laws and standards; how much less should one take away good men! The Odes say: 'When the worthy perish, the state is left in distress.' This speaks of a state without good men. Why, then, take them away as well?" The kings of old, knowing that their lives would not be long, therefore set up sages and wise men at the same time. They established customs and moral teaching, distributed banners and robes among them, recorded their words in writing, made laws for them, displayed norms, guided their bearing, gave them regulations, told them the canons and instructions, taught them to guard against greed for gain, entrusted them with regular duties, and taught them the rules of ritual, so that they would not lose what was suitable in each region. The multitude relied on them, and only then did the kings pass away. All the sage kings were like this.

今縱無法以遺後嗣，而又收其良以死，難以在上矣。君子是以知秦之不復東征也。

(The gentleman continued:) "Now, not only has he left no laws for his descendants, but he has also taken the worthy to die with him. It will be hard for him to remain in the high position." From this the gentleman knew that Qin would not again march east to campaign.

秋，季文子將聘於晉，使求遭喪之禮以行。其人曰：“將焉用之？”文子曰：“備豫不虞，古之善教也。求而無之，實難，過求何害？”八月乙亥，晉襄公卒。靈公少，晉人以難故，欲立長君。趙孟曰：“立公子雍。好善而長，先君愛之，且近於秦。秦，舊好也。置善則固，事長則順，立愛則孝，結舊則安。為難故，故欲立長君，有此四德者，難必抒矣。”賈季曰：“不如立公子樂。辰嬴嬖於二君，立其子，民必安之。”趙孟曰：“辰嬴賤，班在九人，其子何震之有？且為二嬖，淫也。為先君子，不能求大而出在小國，闢也。母淫子闢，無威。陳小而遠，無援。將何安焉？杜祁以君故，讓偪姞而上之，以狄故，讓季隗而己次之，故班在四。先君是以愛其子而仕諸秦，為亞卿焉。

In autumn, Ji Wenzi was about to make a courtesy visit to Jin, and had men look up the rites for meeting with a death before setting out. His attendants said: "What is the use of that?" Wenzi said: "Preparing against the unexpected is a good lesson from antiquity. It is hard to be in need and have nothing at hand; what harm is there in seeking a little more?" On the yihai day of the eighth month, Duke Xiang of Jin died. The Duke Ling was young, and because of the troubles the people of Jin wanted to set up an older ruler. Zhao Meng said: "Set up Prince Yong. He loves goodness and is older, was favored by the late lord, and is near Qin. Qin is an old friend. To place a good man is to be secure, to serve an elder is to follow what is proper, to set up one who was loved is filial, and to ally with an old friend is to be at peace. Because of the troubles we want an elder ruler; with these four virtues the troubles can surely be eased." Jia Ji said: "It would be better to set up Prince Le. Chen Ying was favored by two rulers; if we set up her son, the people will surely be at peace." Zhao Meng said: "Chen Ying was lowly, ranked ninth; what prestige can her son have? Moreover, to be the favored concubine of two rulers is licentious. For a son of the former lord to be unable to seek a great state and instead to go out to a small one is perverse. With a licentious mother and a perverse son there is no prestige. Chen is small and far, with no support; how could he be secured? Du Qi, for the sake of the ruler, let Bi Ji take the higher place, and for the sake of the Di, let Ji Wei take it while she herself ranked below, so her rank was fourth. For this the former lord loved her son and had him serve in Qin as a lesser minister.

秦大而近，足以為援，母義子愛，足以威民，立之不亦可乎？”使先蔑、士會如秦，逆公子雍。賈季亦使召公子樂於陳。趙孟使殺諸郫。賈季怨陽子之易其班也，而知其無援於晉也。九月，賈季使續鞫居殺陽處父。書曰：“晉殺其大夫。”侵官也。

(Zhao Meng continued:) "Qin is large and near enough to serve as support; his mother has righteousness and he is loved, enough to awe the people. Would it not be acceptable to set him up?" He sent Xian Mie and Shi Hui to Qin to welcome Prince Yong. Jia Ji also sent men to summon Prince Le from Chen. Zhao Meng had Prince Le killed at Pi. Jia Ji resented Yangzi for changing his rank, and knew that he had no support in Jin. In the ninth month, Jia Ji sent Xu Juju to kill Yang Chufu. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "Jin killed its grand officer." This is because he had usurped another's office.

冬十月，襄仲如晉。葬襄公。

In winter, in the tenth month, Xiang Zhong went to Jin to attend the burial of Duke Xiang.

十一月丙寅，晉殺續簡伯。賈季奔狄。宣子使臾駢送其帑。夷之蒐，賈季戮臾駢，臾駢之人慾盡殺賈氏以報焉。臾駢曰：“不可。吾聞《前志》有之曰：‘敵惠敵怨，不在後嗣’，忠之道也。夫子禮於賈季，我以其寵報私怨，無乃不可乎？介人之寵，非勇也。損怨益仇，非知也。以私害公，非忠也。釋此三者，何以事夫子？”盡具其帑，與其器用財賄，親帥扞之，送致諸竟。

On the bingyin day of the eleventh month, Jin killed Xu Jianbo. Jia Ji fled to the Di. Xuanzi sent Yu Pian to escort his household. At the great hunt at Yi, Jia Ji had insulted Yu Pian, and Yu Pian's men wanted to kill all of the Jia clan in revenge. Yu Pian said: "No. I have heard that the Former Records say: 'Favors and grudges alike do not reach to descendants.' This is the principle of loyalty. That gentleman treated Jia Ji with courtesy; if I relied on his trust to avenge a private grudge, would it not be wrong? To borrow another's trust is not courage. To reduce resentment but increase enmity is not wisdom. To harm the public for a private end is not loyalty. If I cast aside these three, with what shall I serve him?" He gathered Jia Ji's household, utensils and goods, personally led them under guard, and escorted them to the border.

閏月不告朔，非禮也。閏以正時，時以作事，事以厚生，生民之道，於是乎在矣。不告閏朔，棄時政也，何以為民？

Not holding the announcement of the new moon in an intercalary month is contrary to ritual. The intercalary month serves to correct the seasons, the seasons serve to carry out affairs, and affairs serve to make the people's livelihood abundant; the way of nourishing the people lies here. Not performing the announcement of the intercalary month abandons the governance of the seasons; with what then can one govern the people?

【經】七年春，公伐邾。三月甲戌，取須句。遂城郚。夏四月，宋公王臣卒。宋人殺其大夫。戊子，晉人及秦人戰於令狐。晉先蔑奔秦。狄侵我西鄙。秋八月，公會諸侯、晉大夫盟於扈。冬，徐伐莒。公孫敖如莒蒞盟。

[Classic] In the seventh year, spring, Duke Wen attacked Zhu. In the third month, on the jiaxu day, he took Xuju. He then fortified Wu. In summer, in the fourth month, Wang Chen, Duke of Song, died. The people of Song killed one of their grand officers. On the wuzi day, the people of Jin and the people of Qin fought at Linghu. Xian Mie of Jin fled to Qin. The Di raided our western border. In autumn, in the eighth month, the duke made a covenant at Hu with the lords and the grand officer of Jin. In winter, Xu attacked Ju. Gongsun Ao went to Ju to take part in the covenant.

【傳】七年春，公伐邾。間晉難也。

[Commentary] In the seventh year, spring, Duke Wen attacked Zhu. This was exploiting the troubles of Jin.

三月甲戌，取須句，置文公子焉，非禮也。

In the third month, on the jiaxu day, he took Xuju and settled the duke's son there. This was contrary to ritual.

夏四月，宋成公卒。於是公子成為右師，公孫友左師，樂豫為司馬，鱗矔為司徒，公子蕩為司城，華御事為司寇。

In summer, in the fourth month, Duke Cheng of Song died. At the time Prince Cheng was Master of the Right, Gongsun You was Master of the Left, Yue Yu was Minister of War, Lin Guan was Minister of the Masses, Prince Dang was Minister of Works, and Hua Yushi was Minister of Crime.

昭公將去群公子，樂豫曰：“不可。公族，公室之枝葉也，若去之則本根無所庇廕矣。葛藟猶能庇其本根，故君子以為比，況國君乎？此諺所謂庇焉而縱尋斧焉者也。必不可，君其圖之。親之以德，皆股肱也，誰敢攜貳？若之何去之？”不聽。穆、襄之族率國人以攻公，殺公孫固、公孫鄭於公宮。六卿和公室，樂豫舍司馬以讓公子卬，昭公即位而葬。書曰：“宋人殺其大夫。”不稱名，眾也，且言非其罪也。

Duke Zhao wanted to remove the princes. Yue Yu said: "It cannot be done. The ducal clan is the branches and leaves of the ducal house; if one removes them, the root has no shelter. Even the ge vine can still shelter its root, and so the gentleman uses it as a comparison; how much more so for a ruler? This is what the proverb calls 'relying on it for shelter and then taking an axe to it.' It certainly cannot be done; please consider it. Draw them close with virtue and they will all be your limbs; who would dare to have a divided heart? Why remove them?" Duke Zhao did not listen. The kinsmen of Dukes Mu and Xiang led the people of the capital to attack Duke Zhao, and killed Gongsun Gu and Gongsun Zheng in the ducal palace. The six ministers made peace with the ducal house, and Yue Yu gave up the post of Minister of War to Prince Ang. After Duke Zhao's accession he held the funeral. The Annals records: "The people of Song killed one of their grand officers." It does not give the names, because there were many and to show that they were without guilt.

秦康公送公子雍於晉，曰：“文公之入也無衛，故有呂、郤之難。”乃多與之徒衛。穆贏日抱大子以啼於朝，曰：“先君何罪？其嗣亦何罪？舍適嗣不立而外求君，將焉置此？”出朝，則抱以適趙氏，頓首於宣子曰：“先君奉此子也而屬諸子，曰：‘此子也才，吾受子之賜；不才，吾唯子之怨。’今君雖終，言猶在耳，而棄之，若何？”宣子與諸大夫皆患穆嬴，且畏逼，乃背先蔑而立靈公，以御秦師。箕鄭居守。趙盾將中軍，先克佐之。荀林父佐上軍。先蔑將下軍，先都佐之。步招御戎，戎津為右。及堇陰，宣子曰：“我若受秦，秦則賓也；不受，寇也。既不受矣，而復緩師，秦將生心。先人有奪人之心，軍之善謀也。逐寇如追逃，軍之善政也。”訓卒利兵，秣馬蓐食，潛師夜起。戊子，敗秦師於令狐，至於刳首。己丑，先蔑奔秦。士會從之。

Duke Kang of Qin escorted Prince Yong to Jin, saying: "When Duke Wen entered his state he had no guards, and so there was the trouble of Lu and Xi." He therefore gave him many foot-soldier guards. Mu Ying carried the crown prince every day to weep in the court, saying: "What crime did the late lord commit? What crime did his heir commit? Putting aside the rightful heir and seeking a ruler abroad, where will you put this child?" Leaving the court, she carried him to the house of the Zhao clan and kowtowed to Xuanzi, saying: "The late lord entrusted this child to you, saying: 'If this child has ability, I will receive your reward; if he has none, I will resent only you.' Now although the ruler has died, his words are still in our ears, yet you abandon him; what is to be done?" Xuanzi and the grand officers all worried about Mu Ying and feared being pressed, and so they went back on Xian Mie, set up Duke Ling, and resisted the Qin army. Ji Zheng stayed behind to guard. Zhao Dun commanded the central army, with Xian Ke assisting. Xun Linfu assisted the upper army. Xian Mie commanded the lower army, with Xian Du assisting. Bu Zhao drove the chariot, and Rong Jin was the spearman on the right. On reaching Jinyin, Xuanzi said: "If we accept the man Qin has sent, Qin is our guest; if we do not accept him, it is an enemy. Having already declined to accept him, if we are slow to send troops, Qin will form ambitions. Striking first can take away the enemy's spirit; this is a good plan in warfare. Pursuing an enemy as one chases fugitives is good policy in warfare." They drilled the soldiers, sharpened weapons, fed the horses, ate early, and secretly marched out by night. On the wuzi day, they defeated the Qin army at Linghu, pursuing it as far as Kushou. On the jichou day, Xian Mie fled to Qin. Shi Hui followed him.

先蔑之使也，荀林父止之，曰：“夫人、大子猶在，而外求君，此必不行。

When Xian Mie was about to go on his mission, Xun Linfu stopped him, saying: "The consort and the crown prince are still here, yet you would seek a ruler abroad; this certainly cannot work.

子以疾辭，若何？不然，將及。攝卿以往可也，何必子？同官為寮，吾嘗同寮，敢不盡心乎！”弗聽。為賦《板》之三章。又弗聽。及亡，荀伯盡送其帑及其器用財賄於秦，曰：“為同寮故也。”

(Xun Linfu continued:) "What if you plead illness and decline? Otherwise disaster will reach you. You can send an acting minister to go; why must you go yourself? Colleagues are called liao; I was once your colleague; how dare I not do my utmost!" Xian Mie did not listen. Xun Linfu recited for him the third stanza of the ode "Ban." Again he did not listen. When Xian Mie fled, Xun Bo sent all his household, utensils and goods to Qin, saying: "It is because we were colleagues."

士會在秦三年，不見士伯。其人曰：“能亡人於國，不能見於此，焉用之？”士季曰：“吾與之同罪，非義之也，將何見焉？”及歸，遂不見。

Shi Hui was in Qin for three years and did not go to see Shi Bo. His followers said: "You could flee your own state together with him, yet you cannot meet him here; what is the use of that?" Shi Ji said: "He and I are equally guilty; it is not that I think him righteous. What would I see him for?" When he returned to his own state, he never went to see him.

狄侵我西鄙，公使告於晉。趙宣子使因賈季問酆舒，且讓之。酆舒問於賈季曰：“趙衰、趙盾孰賢？”對曰：“趙衰，冬日之日也。趙盾，夏日之日也。”

The Di raided our western border, and Duke Wen sent word to Jin. Zhao Xuanzi had Jia Ji put questions to Feng Shu and reproach him. Feng Shu asked Jia Ji: "Which is the worthier, Zhao Shuai or Zhao Dun?" Jia Ji replied: "Zhao Shuai is the winter sun. Zhao Dun is the summer sun."

秋八月，齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯會晉趙盾盟於扈，晉侯立故也。公後至，故不書所會。凡會諸侯，不書所會，後也。後至，不書其國，闢不敏也。

In autumn, in the eighth month, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao met Zhao Dun of Jin and made a covenant at Hu, because the Marquis of Jin had come to the throne. Duke Wen arrived late, and so the Annals does not record who attended. Whenever lords assemble and the attendees are not recorded, it is because of late arrival. When someone arrives late and his state is not recorded, this is to avoid confusion.

穆伯娶於莒，曰戴己，生文伯，其娣聲己生惠叔。戴己卒，又聘於莒，莒人以聲己辭，則為襄仲聘焉。

Mu Bo took a wife in Ju, called Dai Ji, who bore Wen Bo; her younger sister Sheng Ji bore Hui Shu. When Dai Ji died, he went to Ju again to seek a bride; the people of Ju declined on the ground of Sheng Ji, and so sought a bride for Xiang Zhong.

冬，徐伐莒。莒人來請盟。穆伯如莒蒞盟，且為仲逆。及鄢陵。登城見之，美，自為娶之。仲請攻之，公將許之。叔仲惠伯諫曰：“臣聞之，兵作於內為亂，於外為寇，寇猶及人，亂自及也。今臣作亂而君不禁，以啟寇仇，若之何？”公止之，惠伯成之。使仲舍之，公孫敖反之，復為兄弟如初。從之。

In winter, Xu attacked Ju. The people of Ju came to ask for a covenant. Mu Bo went to Ju to take part in the covenant and also to fetch the bride for Xiang Zhong. On reaching Yanling, he climbed the wall and saw her, found her beautiful, and took her himself. Xiang Zhong asked to attack him, and Duke Wen was about to agree. Shu Zhong Huibo remonstrated: "Your servant has heard: when weapons move within, it is disorder; when abroad, it is banditry. Banditry falls on others, but disorder falls on oneself. Now ministers are causing disorder and the ruler does not stop them, thereby inviting enemies; what is to be done?" The duke stopped it, and Huibo mediated between them. Xiang Zhong gave her up, Gongsun Ao sent her back, and the brothers were again as they had been at first. Both sides agreed.

晉郤缺言於趙宣子曰：“日衛不睦，故取其地，今已睦矣，可以歸之。叛而不討，何以示威？服而不柔，何以示懷？非威非懷，何以示德？無德，何以主盟？子為正卿，以主諸侯，而不務德，將若之何？《夏書》曰：‘戒之用休，董之用威，勸之以《九歌》，勿使壞。’九功之德皆可歌也，謂之九歌。六府、三事，謂之九功。水、火、金、木、土、谷，謂之六府。正德、利用、厚生，謂之三事。

Xi Que of Jin said to Zhao Xuanzi: "Formerly Wei was not at peace, so we seized its land; now it is at peace, and we can return it. If we do not punish those who rebel, how shall we show our might? If we do not comfort those who submit, how shall we show our gentleness? Without might or gentleness, how shall we show virtue? Without virtue, on what basis can we lead the covenant? You are the chief minister and preside over the affairs of the lords; if you do not devote yourself to virtue, what will you do? The Book of Xia says: 'Encourage with what is good, supervise with awe, urge on with the Nine Songs, and let nothing be spoiled.' The virtues of the nine achievements can all be sung, and are called the Nine Songs. The six stores and three affairs are called the nine achievements. Water, fire, metal, wood, earth and grain are called the six stores. Rectifying virtue, making implements convenient, and making the people's livelihood abundant are called the three affairs.

義而行之，謂之德、禮。無禮不樂，所由叛也。若吾子之德莫可歌也，其誰來之？盍使睦者歌吾子乎？”宣子說之。

(Xi Que continued:) "Acting according to righteousness is called virtue and ritual. Without ritual there is no joy, and rebellion comes from this. If your virtue has nothing that can be sung, who will still come to you? Why not let those at peace sing of you?" Xuanzi was pleased.

【經】八年春王正月。夏四月。秋八月戊申，天王崩。冬十月壬午，公子遂會晉趙盾盟于衡雍。乙酉，公子遂會洛戎盟於暴。公孫敖如京師，不至而復。丙戌，奔莒。螽。宋人殺其大夫司馬。宋司城來奔。

[Classic] In the eighth year, spring, the first month by the Zhou royal calendar. In summer, the fourth month. In autumn, on the wushen day of the eighth month, the Son of Heaven died. In winter, on the renwu day of the tenth month, Prince Sui made a covenant with Zhao Dun of Jin at Hengyong. On the yiyou day, Prince Sui made a covenant with the Luo Rong at Bao. Gongsun Ao went to the capital but turned back before arriving. On the bingxu day he fled to Ju. There was a plague of locusts. The people of Song killed their Minister of War. The Minister of Works of Song came as a refugee.

【傳】八年春，晉侯使解揚歸匡、戚之田於衛，且復致公婿池之封，自申至於虎牢之竟。

[Commentary] In the eighth year, spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Xie Yang to return the lands of Kuang and Qi to Wei, and also reassigned the fief of Gongxu Chi, from Shen as far as the Hulao border.

夏，秦人伐晉，取武城，以報令狐之役。

In summer, the people of Qin attacked Jin and took Wucheng, in revenge for the battle of Linghu.

秋，襄王崩。

In autumn, King Xiang died.

晉人以扈之盟來討。冬，襄仲會晉趙孟，盟于衡雍，報扈之盟也，遂會伊洛之戎。書曰“公子遂”，珍之也。

The people of Jin came to take action because of the covenant at Hu. In winter, Xiang Zhong met Zhao Meng of Jin and made a covenant at Hengyong, in return for the covenant at Hu, and then met the Rong of the Yi and Luo rivers. The Annals records "Prince Sui," showing esteem for him.

穆伯如周弔喪，不至，以幣奔莒，從己氏焉。

Mu Bo went to the Zhou court to offer condolences, but did not arrive; taking money and silks, he fled to Ju, following Lady Ji.

宋襄夫人，襄王之姊也，昭公不禮焉。夫人因戴氏之族，以殺襄公之孫孔叔、公孫鍾離及大司馬公子卬，皆昭公之黨也。司馬握節以死，故書以官。司城蕩意諸來奔，效節於府人而出。公以其官逆之，皆復之，亦書以官，皆貴之也。

The consort of Duke Xiang of Song was the sister of King Xiang, and Duke Zhao did not treat her with ritual. Relying on the kinsmen of the Dai clan, the consort had Duke Xiang's grandson Kong Shu, Gongsun Zhongli and the Grand Minister of War Prince Ang killed; all were partisans of Duke Zhao. The Minister of War died holding his tally, and so the Annals names him by his office. The Minister of Works, Dang Yizhu, came as a refugee, returning his tally to the officer of the treasury before leaving. Duke Wen received him according to his rank; later all were restored to office, and the Annals also names them by office, in each case showing esteem.

夷之蒐，晉侯將登箕鄭父、先都，而使士縠、梁益耳將中軍。先克曰：“狐、趙之勳，不可廢也。”從之。先克奪蒯得田於堇陰。故箕鄭父、先都、士縠、梁益耳、蒯得作亂。

At the great hunt at Yi, the Marquis of Jin wanted to promote Ji Zhengfu and Xian Du, and to have Shi Gu and Liang Yi'er command the central army. Xian Ke said: "The merits of the Hu and Zhao clans cannot be set aside." This was followed. Xian Ke seized Kuai De's fields at Jinyin. Hence Ji Zhengfu, Xian Du, Shi Gu, Liang Yi'er and Kuai De rebelled.

【經】九年春，毛伯來求金。夫人姜氏如齊。二月，叔孫得臣如京師。辛丑，葬襄王。晉人殺其大夫先都。三月，夫人姜氏至自齊。晉人殺其大夫士縠及箕鄭父。楚人伐鄭。公子遂會晉人、宋人、衛人、許人救鄭。夏，狄侵齊。秋八月，曹伯襄卒。九月癸西，地震。冬，楚子使椒來聘。秦人來歸僖公、成風之襚。

[Classic] In the ninth year, spring, the Earl of Mao came to seek money. The consort, Lady Jiang, went to Qi. In the second month, Shu Sun Dechen went to the capital. On the xinchou day, King Xiang was buried. The people of Jin killed their grand officer Xian Du. In the third month, the consort, Lady Jiang, returned from Qi. The people of Jin killed their grand officers Shi Gu and Ji Zhengfu. The people of Chu attacked Zheng. Prince Sui joined the men of Jin, Song, Wei and Xu to rescue Zheng. In summer, the Di raided Qi. In autumn, in the eighth month, Xiang, Earl of Cao, died. On the guiyou day of the ninth month, there was an earthquake. (The base text has a variant form of the day name, Guiyou.) In winter, the Viscount of Chu sent Jiao on a courtesy visit. The people of Qin came to present the burial garments for Duke Xi and Chengfeng.

葬曹共公。

Duke Gong of Cao was buried.

【傳】九年春，王正月己酉，使賊殺先克。乙丑，晉人殺先都，梁益耳。

[Commentary] In the ninth year, spring, the first month by the Zhou royal calendar, on the jiyou day, men were sent to assassinate Xian Ke. On the yichou day, the people of Jin killed Xian Du and Liang Yi'er.

毛伯衛來求金，非禮也。不書王命，未葬也。

Mao Bo Wei came to seek money, which was contrary to ritual. The Annals does not record the royal command, because the king had not yet been buried.

二月，莊叔如周。葬襄王。

In the second month, Zhuang Shu went to the Zhou court and attended the burial of King Xiang.

三月甲戌，晉人殺箕鄭父、士縠、蒯得。

In the third month, on the jiaxu day, the people of Jin killed Ji Zhengfu, Shi Gu and Kuai De.

範山言於楚子曰：“晉君少，不在諸侯，北方可圖也。”楚子師於狼淵以伐鄭。囚公子堅、公子龍及樂耳。鄭及楚平。公子遂會晉趙盾、宋華耦、衛孔達、許大夫救鄭，不及楚師。卿不書，緩也，以懲不恪。

Fan Shan said to the Viscount of Chu: "The lord of Jin is young and his mind is not on the lords; the north can be attempted." The Viscount of Chu stationed his army at Langyuan and attacked Zheng. He seized Prince Jian, Prince Long and Yue Er. Zheng made peace with Chu. Prince Sui joined Zhao Dun of Jin, Hua Ou of Song, Kong Da of Wei and a grand officer of Xu to rescue Zheng, but did not catch up with the Chu army. The Annals does not record the names of the ministers, because of their slowness, as a warning against irreverence.

夏，楚侵陳，克壺丘，以其服於晉也。

In summer, Chu raided Chen and took Huqiu, because Chen had submitted to Jin.

秋，楚公子朱自東夷伐陳，陳人敗之，獲公子伐。陳懼，乃及楚平。

In autumn, Prince Zhu of Chu attacked Chen from the Eastern Yi; the people of Chen defeated him and captured Prince Fa. Chen was afraid and so made peace with Chu.

冬，楚子越椒來聘，執幣傲。叔仲惠伯曰：“是必滅若敖氏之宗。傲其先君，神弗福也。”

In winter, Zi Yuejiao of Chu came on a courtesy visit, holding the silk offering with an arrogant manner. Shu Zhong Huibo said: "This man will surely destroy the Ruoao clan. Being arrogant toward the former lord, he will not be protected by the spirits."

秦人來歸僖公、成風之襚，禮也。諸侯相吊賀也，雖不當事，苟有禮焉，書也，以無忘舊好。

The people of Qin came to present the burial garments for Duke Xi and Chengfeng, which accorded with ritual. When the lords offer condolences and congratulations to each other, even if it is not at the proper time, so long as it is done with ritual, the Annals records it, so that old friendship is not forgotten.

【經】十年春王三月辛卯，臧孫辰卒。夏，秦伐晉。楚殺其大夫宜申。自正月不雨，至於秋七月。及蘇子盟於女栗。冬，狄侵宋。楚子、蔡侯次於厥貉。

[Classic] In the tenth year, spring, the third month by the Zhou royal calendar, on the xinmao day, Zang Sun Chen died. In summer, Qin attacked Jin. Chu killed its grand officer Yi Shen. From the first month there was no rain until the seventh month of autumn. A covenant was made with the Viscount of Su at Nüli. In winter, the Di raided Song. The Viscount of Chu and the Marquis of Cai encamped at Juehe.

【傳】十年春，晉人伐秦，取少梁。

[Commentary] In the tenth year, spring, the people of Jin attacked Qin and took Shaoliang.

夏，秦伯伐晉，取北征。

In summer, the Earl of Qin attacked Jin and took Beizheng.

初，楚範巫矞似謂成王與子玉、子西曰：“三君皆將強死。”城濮之役，王思之，故使止子玉曰：“毋死。”不及。止子西，子西縊而縣絕，王使適至，遂止之，使為商公。沿漢溯江，將入郢。王在渚宮，下，見之。懼而辭曰：“臣免於死，又有讒言，謂臣將逃，臣歸死於司敗也。”王使為工尹，又與子家謀弒穆王。穆王聞之。五月殺鬥宜申及仲歸。

Earlier, the shaman Yusi of Fan in Chu had said to King Cheng, Ziyu and Zixi: "All three of you will not die a good death." After the battle of Chengpu, King Cheng remembered these words, and so sent a man to stop Ziyu, saying: "Do not die." He did not arrive in time. He stopped Zixi; Zixi had hanged himself but the rope broke, and the king's messenger happened to arrive, so he stopped him and made him Duke of Shang. He went down the Han and up the Yangtze, about to enter Ying. King Cheng was at Zhugong and came down to see him. Zixi was afraid and declined, saying: "Your servant has escaped death, but there are slanders saying that your servant is about to flee; your servant has come back to die at the hands of the Minister of Justice." King Cheng made him Master of Works, and he again plotted with Zijia to assassinate King Mu. King Mu heard of it. In the fifth month he killed Dou Yishen and Zhonggui.

秋七月，及蘇子盟於女栗，頃王立故也。

In autumn, in the seventh month, a covenant was made with the Viscount of Su at Nüli, because King Qing had come to the throne.

陳侯、鄭伯會楚子於息。冬，遂及蔡侯次於厥貉。將以伐宋。宋華御事曰：“楚欲弱我也。先為之弱乎，何必使誘我？我實不能，民何罪？”乃逆楚子，勞，且聽命。遂道以田孟諸。宋公為右盂，鄭伯為左盂。期思公復遂為右司馬，子朱及文之無畏為左司馬。命夙駕載燧，宋公違命，無畏抶其僕以徇。

The Marquis of Chen and the Earl of Zheng met the Viscount of Chu at Xi. In winter, they then encamped at Juehe with the Marquis of Cai, intending to attack Song. Hua Yushi of Song said: "Chu wants to make us show weakness. Why not show weakness ourselves first; why must we let them lure us? In truth it is we who are not up to it; what crime have the people committed?" So they welcomed the Viscount of Chu, entertained him, and received his orders. Then they guided him to hunt at Mengzhu. The Duke of Song took charge of the right wing of the hunt, and the Earl of Zheng the left. Fu Si, Duke of Qisi, was Marshal of the Right, and Zizhu and Wenzhi Wuwei were Marshals of the Left. The order was to yoke the chariots early in the morning and load the fire-making flints; the Duke of Song disobeyed the order, and Wuwei flogged his charioteer to make an example.

或謂子舟曰：“國君不可戮也。”子舟曰：“當官而行，何強之有？《詩》曰：‘剛亦不吐，柔亦不茹。’‘毋從詭隨，以謹罔極。’是亦非闢強也，敢愛死以亂官乎！”厥貉之會，麇子逃歸。

Someone said to Zizhou: "A ruler may not be insulted." Zizhou said: "Acting according to one's office, how is that showing off strength? The Odes say: 'Neither spitting out what is hard, nor swallowing what is soft.' 'Do not follow the deceitful and blindly compliant, so as to guard against having no standard.' It is also not a matter of avoiding the strong; would I dare to cherish my life and so disturb the duties of my office?" At the meeting at Juehe, the Viscount of Jun fled home.

【經】十有一年春，楚子伐麋。夏，叔仲彭生會晉郤缺於承筐。秋，曹伯來朝。公子遂如宋。狄侵齊。冬十月甲午，叔孫得臣敗狄於鹹。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, spring, the Viscount of Chu attacked Jun. In summer, Shu Zhong Pengsheng met Xi Que of Jin at Chengkuang. In autumn, the Earl of Cao came to court. Prince Sui went to Song. The Di raided Qi. In winter, on the jiawu day of the tenth month, Shu Sun Dechen defeated the Di at Xian.

【傳】十一年春，楚子伐麇，成大心敗麇師於防渚。潘崇復伐麇，至於錫穴。

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, spring, the Viscount of Chu attacked Jun, and Cheng Daxin defeated the Jun army at Fangzhu. Pan Chong attacked Jun again and reached Xixue.

夏，叔仲惠伯會晉郤缺於承筐，謀諸侯之從於楚者。

In summer, Shu Zhong Huibo met Xi Que of Jin at Chengkuang and planned against the lords who followed Chu.

秋，曹文公來朝，即位而來見也。

In autumn, Duke Wen of Cao came to court, a visit made after his accession.

襄仲聘於宋，且言司城蕩意諸而復之，因賀楚師之不害也。

Xiang Zhong made a courtesy visit to Song, and also spoke about Minister of Works Dang Yizhu and had him restored to his post; he took the occasion to congratulate Song that the Chu army had done no harm.

鄋瞞侵齊。遂伐我。公卜使叔孫得臣追之，吉。侯叔夏御莊叔，綿房甥為右，富父終甥駟乘。冬十月甲午，敗狄於鹹，獲長狄僑如。富父終甥摏其喉以戈，殺之，埋其首於子駒之門，以命宣伯。

The Sou Man raided Qi and then attacked our state. Duke Wen divined about sending Shu Sun Dechen in pursuit, and the omen was auspicious. Hou Shuxia drove the chariot for Zhuang Shu, Mian Fangsheng was the spearman on the right, and Fufu Zhongsheng was the fourth man in the chariot. In winter, on the jiawu day of the tenth month, they defeated the Di at Xian and captured the tall Di, Qiaoru. Fufu Zhongsheng struck his throat with a dagger-axe and killed him, and buried his head at the Zijü Gate; Xuan Bo was named after him.

初，宋武公之世，鄋瞞伐宋，司徒皇父帥師御之，耏班御皇父充石，公子谷甥為右，司寇牛父駟乘，以敗狄於長丘，獲長狄緣斯，皇父之二子死焉。宋公於是以門賞耏班，使食其徵，謂之耏門。晉之滅潞也，獲僑如之弟焚如。

Earlier, in the time of Duke Wu of Song, the Sou Man attacked Song, and the Minister of the Masses, Huangfu, led troops to resist them. Zhuo Ban drove the chariot for Huangfu Chongshi, Prince Gusheng was the spearman on the right, and Niufu, the Minister of Crime, was the fourth man. They defeated the Di at Changqiu and captured the tall Di, Yuansi; two sons of Huangfu died there. The Duke of Song then rewarded Zhuo Ban with a city gate and let him enjoy the revenues there, and it was called the Zhuo Gate. When Jin destroyed Lu, it captured Qiaoru's younger brother Fenru.

齊襄公之二年，鄋瞞伐齊，齊王子成父獲其弟榮如，埋其首於周首之北門。衛人獲其季簡如，鄋瞞由是遂亡。

In the second year of Duke Xiang of Qi, the Sou Man attacked Qi, and Wangzi Chengfu of Qi captured his younger brother Rongru and buried his head at the north gate of Zhoushou. The people of Wei captured their youngest, Jianru, and the Sou Man perished from then on.

郕大子朱儒自安於夫鍾，國人弗徇。

The crown prince of Cheng, Zhu Ru, settled by himself at Fuzhong, and the people of the capital would not obey him.

【經】十有二年春王正月，郕伯來奔。杞伯來朝。二月庚子，子叔姬卒。

[Classic] In the twelfth year, spring, the first month by the Zhou royal calendar, the Earl of Cheng came as a refugee. The Earl of Qi came to court. On the gengzi day of the second month, Lady Shu Ji died.

夏，楚人圍巢。秋，滕子來朝。秦伯使術來聘。冬十有二戊午，晉人、秦人戰於河曲。季孫行父帥師城諸及鄆。

In summer, the people of Chu besieged Chao. In autumn, the Viscount of Teng came to court. The Earl of Qin sent Shu on a courtesy visit. In winter, in the twelfth month, on the wuwu day, the people of Jin and the people of Qin fought at Hequ. (The base text omits the word for month after the twelfth.) Jisun Xingfu led troops and fortified Zhu and Yun.

【傳】十二年春，郕伯卒，郕人立君。大子以夫鍾與郕邽來奔。公以諸侯逆之，非禮也。故書曰：“郕伯來奔。”不書地，尊諸侯也。

[Commentary] In the twelfth year, spring, the Earl of Cheng died, and the people of Cheng set up another ruler. The crown prince came as a refugee bringing Fuzhong and Chenggui. Duke Wen received him with the ritual for a lord, which was contrary to ritual. Hence the Annals records: "The Earl of Cheng came as a refugee." It does not record the land, out of respect for the lord.

杞桓公來朝，始朝公也。且請絕叔姬而無絕昏，公許之。

Duke Huan of Qi came to court, his first audience with Duke Wen. He also asked to sever ties with Shu Ji but not with the in-law state, and Duke Wen agreed.

二月，叔姬卒，不言杞，絕也。書叔姬，言非女也。

In the second month, Shu Ji died. She is not called of Qi, because the tie had been severed. The Annals records Shu Ji to show that she was not an unmarried woman.

楚令尹大孫伯卒，成嘉為令尹。群舒叛楚。夏，子孔執舒子平及宗子，遂圍巢。

The Chu chief minister Da Sunbo died, and Cheng Jia became chief minister. The Shu tribes rebelled against Chu. In summer, Zikong seized the Viscount of Shu, Ping, and Zongzi, and then besieged Chao.

秋，滕昭公來朝，亦始朝公也。

In autumn, Duke Zhao of Teng came to court, also his first audience with Duke Wen.

秦伯使西乞術來聘，且言將伐晉。襄仲辭玉曰：“君不忘先君之好，照臨魯國，鎮撫其社稷，重之以大器，寡君敢辭玉。”對曰：“不腆敝器，不足辭也。”

The Earl of Qin sent Xiqi Shu on a courtesy visit and said that he was about to attack Jin. Xiang Zhong declined the jade, saying: "Your lord has not forgotten the friendship of our former lords, has shed light on Lu, steadied and comforted its altars of state, and has added a great vessel; our lord dares to decline the jade." Xiqi Shu replied: "It is a modest humble object, not worth declining."

主人三辭。賓客曰：“寡君願徼福於周公、魯公以事君，不腆先君之敝器，使下臣致諸執事以為瑞節，要結好命，所以藉寡君之命，結二國之好，是以敢致之。”

The host declined three times. The guest said: "Our lord hopes to seek blessings from the Duke of Zhou and the Duke of Lu in order to serve Your Lordship; he has sent your servant to deliver these modest humble objects of our former lords to your side as a token of good omen, to conclude an order of friendship, relying on our lord's command to conclude friendship between our two states, and so he dares to present them."

襄仲曰：“不有君子，其能國乎？國無陋矣。”厚賄之。

Xiang Zhong said: "Without gentlemen, how could a state be governed? This state is no longer a backward one." He gave him generous gifts.

秦為令狐之役故，冬，秦伯伐晉，取羈馬。晉人御之。趙盾將中軍，荀林父佐之。郤缺將上軍，臾駢佐之。欒盾將下軍，胥甲佐之。範無恤御戎，以從秦師於河曲。臾駢曰：“秦不能久，請深壘固軍以待之。”從之。

Because of the battle of Linghu, in winter the Earl of Qin attacked Jin and took Jima. The people of Jin resisted. Zhao Dun commanded the central army, with Xun Linfu assisting. Xi Que commanded the upper army, with Yu Pian assisting. Luan Dun commanded the lower army, with Xu Jia assisting. Fan Wuxu drove the chariot, and they caught up with the Qin army at Hequ. Yu Pian said: "The Qin army cannot hold out long; let us dig our trenches deep, strengthen the army and wait." This was followed.

秦人慾戰，秦伯謂士會曰：“若何而戰？”對曰：“趙氏新出其屬曰臾駢，必實為此謀，將以老我師也。趙有側室曰穿，晉君之婿也，有寵而弱，不在軍事，好勇而狂，且惡臾駢之佐上軍也，若使輕者肆焉，其可。”秦伯以璧祈戰於河。

The people of Qin wanted to fight, and the Earl of Qin asked Shi Hui: "How can we bring about a battle?" Shi Hui replied: "The Zhao clan has recently promoted a subordinate called Yu Pian, and this plan must be his, meant to wear out our army. The Zhao clan has a son of a secondary wife named Chuan, a son-in-law of the Jin lord, favored and young, who does not understand military affairs, likes bravery and is reckless, and also hates Yu Pian assisting the upper army. If we send light troops to challenge him, it may work." The Earl of Qin cast a jade disk into the Yellow River to pray for battle.

十二月戊午，秦軍掩晉上軍，趙穿追之，不及。反，怒曰：“裹糧坐甲，固敵是求，敵至不擊，將何俟焉？”軍吏曰：“將有待也。”穿曰：“我不知謀，將獨出。”乃以其屬出。宣子曰：“秦獲穿也，獲一卿矣。秦以勝歸，我何以報？”乃皆出戰，交綏。秦行人夜戒晉師曰：“兩君之士皆未憖也，明日請相見也。”

In the twelfth month, on the wuwu day, the Qin army attacked the Jin upper army, and Zhao Chuan pursued but did not catch them. He came back angry and said: "Sitting here with our provisions and wearing armor is just seeking the enemy; the enemy has come and we do not attack; what are we waiting for?" A military officer said: "We are waiting for something." Zhao Chuan said: "I do not understand strategy; I will go out and attack alone." So he went out with his own men. Xuanzi said: "If Qin captures Zhao Chuan, it has captured a minister. If Qin returns in victory, what account shall we give?" So all went out to fight, and as soon as they clashed, both sides withdrew. A Qin envoy warned the Jin army by night: "The soldiers of both states have not yet had their fill; please meet tomorrow."

臾駢曰：“使者目動而言肆，懼我也，將遁矣。薄諸河，必敗之。”胥甲、趙穿當軍門呼曰：“死傷未收而棄之，不惠也；不待期而薄人於險，無勇也。”乃止。

Yu Pian said: "The envoy's eyes darted and his words were loose; he fears us and is about to flee. If we press them against the Yellow River, we shall certainly defeat them." Xu Jia and Zhao Chuan called out at the gate of the army: "To abandon the dead and wounded without gathering them is unkind; to press upon others at a dangerous place without waiting for the appointed day is lacking in courage." So it was halted.

秦師夜遁。復侵晉，入瑕。

The Qin army fled by night. They again raided Jin and entered Xia.

城諸及鄆，書，時也。

The fortification of Zhu and Yun is recorded in the Annals because it accorded with the season.

【經】十有三春王正月。夏五月壬午，陳侯朔卒。邾子蘧蒢卒。自正月不雨，至於秋七月。大室屋壞。冬，公如晉。衛侯會公於沓。狄侵衛。十有二月己丑，公及晉侯盟。公還自晉，鄭伯會公於棐。

[Classic] In the thirteenth year, spring, the first month by the Zhou royal calendar. In summer, on the renwu day of the fifth month, Shuo, Marquis of Chen, died. Quchu, Viscount of Zhu, died. From the first month there was no rain until the seventh month of autumn. The roof of the Great Hall collapsed. In winter, Duke Wen went to Jin. The Marquis of Wei met the duke at Ta. The Di raided Wei. On the jichou day of the twelfth month, the duke made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin. Returning from Jin, the duke was met by the Earl of Zheng at Fei.

【傳】十三年春，晉侯使詹嘉處瑕，以守桃林之塞。

[Commentary] In the thirteenth year, spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Zhan Jia to be stationed at Xia and guard the Taolin pass.

晉人患秦之用士會也，夏，六卿相見於諸浮，趙宣子曰；“隨會在秦，賈季在狄，難日至矣，若之何？”中行桓子曰：“請復賈季，能外事，且由舊勳。”

The people of Jin worried that Qin would employ Shi Hui, and in summer the six ministers met at Zhufu. Zhao Xuanzi said: "Sui Hui is in Qin and Jia Ji is among the Di; disaster may come any day; what is to be done?" Zhonghang Huanzi said: "Let us have Jia Ji come back; he can manage external affairs, and he has his old merits to rely on."

郤成子曰：“賈季亂，且罪大，不如隨會，能賤而有恥，柔而不犯，其知足使也，且無罪。”

Xi Chengzi said: "Jia Ji caused disorder and his crimes were great; it would be better to take Sui Hui, who can stay in a low position yet keep a sense of shame, is gentle yet cannot be offended, whose wisdom suffices for the task, and who has no guilt."

乃使魏壽餘偽以魏叛者以誘士會，執其帑於晉，使夜逸。請自歸於秦，秦伯許之。履士會之足於朝。秦伯師於河西，魏人在東。壽餘曰：“請東人之能與夫二三有司言者，吾與之先。”使士會。士會辭曰：“晉人，虎狼也，若背其言，臣死，妻子為戮，無益於君，不可悔也。”秦伯曰：“若背其言，所不歸爾帑者，有如河。”乃行。繞朝贈之以策，曰：“子無謂秦無人，吾謀適不用也。”既濟，魏人噪而還。秦人歸其帑。其處者為劉氏。

So they had Wei Shouyu pretend to take the territory of Wei in rebellion to lure Shi Hui, kept his household in Jin as hostages, and had him flee by night. He asked to submit himself to Qin, and the Earl of Qin agreed. At court he stepped on Shi Hui's foot. The Earl of Qin stationed his army west of the river, with the men of Wei on the east. Shouyu said: "Please send one of the eastern men who can speak with those officials over there, and I will go first with him." The Earl of Qin sent Shi Hui. Shi Hui declined, saying: "The people of Jin are tigers and wolves; if they break their word, your servant will die, my wife and children will be killed, and it will do Your Lordship no good, and regret will be too late." The Earl of Qin said: "If they break their word and I do not send back your household, let the Yellow River be my witness." So he set out. Rao Chao gave him his riding whip and said: "Do not say that Qin has no men; it is only that my plan happened not to be used." After they crossed the river, the men of Wei went back noisily. The people of Qin sent back his household. Those who remained in Qin became the Liu clan.

邾文公卜遷於繹。史曰：“利於民而不利於君。”邾子曰：“苟利於民，孤之利也。天生民而樹之君，以利之也。民既利矣，孤必與焉。”左右曰：“命可長也，君何弗為？”邾子曰：“命在養民。死之短長，時也。民苟利矣，遷也，吉莫如之！”遂遷於繹。

Duke Wen of Zhu divined about moving to Yi. The scribe said: "It benefits the people but not the ruler." The Viscount of Zhu said: "If it benefits the people, it is my benefit. Heaven gave birth to the people and set up a ruler in order to benefit them. Since the people will gain, I will surely be included in it." Those around him said: "Your life can be prolonged; why does Your Lordship not do so?" The Viscount of Zhu said: "My mandate lies in nourishing the people. Whether death comes early or late is a matter of fortune. If the people gain, then we move; nothing is more auspicious than that!" So he moved to Yi.

五月，邾文公卒。君子曰：“知命。”

In the fifth month, Duke Wen of Zhu died. The gentleman said: "He understood fate."

秋七月，大室之屋壞，書，不共也。

In autumn, in the seventh month, the roof of the Great Hall collapsed; the Annals records it because of irreverence.

冬，公如晉，朝，且尋盟。衛侯會公於沓，請平於晉。公還，鄭伯會公於棐，亦請平於晉。公皆成之。鄭伯與公宴於棐。子家賦《鴻雁》。季文子曰：“寡君未免於此。”文子賦《四月》。子家賦《載馳》之四章。文子賦《采薇》之四章。

In winter, Duke Wen went to Jin to pay court and to renew the covenant. The Marquis of Wei met the duke at Ta and asked him to make peace with Jin on his behalf. On the duke's return, the Earl of Zheng met him at Fei and likewise asked him to make peace with Jin. The duke accomplished both. The Earl of Zheng feasted Duke Wen at Fei. Zijia recited "The Wild Geese." Ji Wenzi said: "Our lord cannot escape the same either." Wenzi recited "The Fourth Month." Zijia recited the fourth stanza of "Carrying on." Wenzi recited the fourth stanza of "Gathering the Vetches."

鄭伯拜。公答拜。

The Earl of Zheng bowed in thanks. Duke Wen returned the bow.

【經】十有四年春王正月，公至自晉。邾人伐我南鄙，叔彭生帥師伐邾。夏五月乙亥，齊侯潘卒。六月，公會宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯、晉趙盾。癸酉，同盟於新城。秋七月，有星孛入於北斗。公至自會。晉人納捷菑於邾。

[Classic] In the fourteenth year, spring, the first month by the Zhou royal calendar, the duke returned from Jin. The people of Zhu attacked our southern border, and Shu Pengsheng led troops to attack Zhu. In summer, on the yihai day of the fifth month, Pan, Marquis of Qi, died. In the sixth month, the duke met the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Cao and Zhao Dun of Jin. On the guiyou day they made a covenant together at Xincheng. In autumn, in the seventh month, a comet entered the Northern Dipper. The duke returned from the meeting. The people of Jin escorted Jiezi into Zhu.

弗克納。九月甲申，公孫敖卒於齊。齊公子商人弒其君舍。宋子哀來奔。冬，單伯如齊。齊人執單伯。齊人執子叔姬。

They could not get him in. On the jiashen day of the ninth month, Gongsun Ao died in Qi. Prince Shangren of Qi killed his ruler, She. Zi'ai of Song came as a refugee. In winter, Shan Bo went to Qi. The people of Qi seized Shan Bo. The people of Qi seized Lady Zishu Ji.

【傳】十四年春，頃王崩。周公閱與王孫蘇爭政，故不赴。凡崩、薨，不赴，則不書。禍、福，不告亦不書，懲不敬也。

[Commentary] In the fourteenth year, spring, King Qing died. Duke Yue of Zhou and Wangsun Su contended over the government, and so no notice of death was sent. Whenever a death is not announced, the Annals does not record it, whether the death of a king or of a lord. Misfortunes and blessings that are not reported are likewise not recorded, as a warning against irreverence.

邾文公之卒也，公使吊焉，不敬。邾人來討，伐我南鄙，故惠伯伐邾。

When Duke Wen of Zhu died, Duke Wen sent someone to offer condolences but was not respectful. The people of Zhu came to demand an account and attacked our southern border, and so Huibo attacked Zhu.

子叔姬妃齊昭公，生舍。叔姬無寵，舍無威。公子商人驟施於國，而多聚士，盡其家，貸於公，有司以繼之。夏五月，昭公卒，舍即位。

Zishu Ji married Duke Zhao of Qi and bore She. Shu Ji was not favored, and She had no prestige. Prince Shangren repeatedly gave generously within the state, gathered many gentlemen, exhausted his family's property, and borrowed from the ducal house, with the officials then supplying him. In summer, in the fifth month, Duke Zhao died and She came to the throne.

邾文公元妃齊姜生定公，二妃晉姬生捷菑。文公卒，邾人立定公，捷菑奔晉。

Duke Wen of Zhu's first consort, Qi Jiang, bore Duke Ding, and his second consort, Jin Ji, bore Jiezi. When Duke Wen died, the people of Zhu set up Duke Ding, and Jiezi fled to Jin.

六月，同盟於新城，從於楚者服，且謀邾也。

In the sixth month, a covenant was made together at Xincheng; those who had followed Chu had already submitted, and they also planned regarding the affairs of Zhu.

秋七月乙卯夜，齊商人弒舍而讓元。元曰：“爾求之久矣。我能事爾，爾不可使多蓄憾。將免我乎？爾為之！”有星孛入於北斗，周內史叔服曰：“不出七年，宋、齊、晉之君皆將死亂。”

In autumn, on the night of the yimao day of the seventh month, Shangren of Qi killed She and offered the throne to Yuan. Yuan said: "You have sought this for a long time. I can serve you, but I cannot let you pile up more resentment. Can you spare me from death? You do it!" A comet entered the Northern Dipper, and Shu Fu, the inner scribe of the Zhou house, said: "Within seven years the rulers of Song, Qi and Jin will all die in disorder."

晉趙盾以諸侯之師八百乘納捷菑於邾。邾人辭曰：“齊出玃且長。”宣子曰：“辭順而弗從，不祥。”乃還。

Zhao Dun of Jin escorted Jiezi into Zhu with the armies of the lords, eight hundred chariots. The people of Zhu declined, saying: "Juqie, born of the Qi woman, is older." Xuanzi said: "When the words are reasonable yet one does not follow them, it is inauspicious." So he went back.

周公將與王孫蘇訟於晉，王叛王孫蘇，而使尹氏與聃啟訟周公於晉。趙宣子平王室而復之。

The Duke of Zhou was about to go to Jin with Wangsun Su to litigate. The Son of Heaven abandoned Wangsun Su and sent the Yin clan and Dan Qi to Jin to litigate for the Duke of Zhou. Zhao Xuanzi mediated for the royal house and restored them to their positions.

楚莊王立，子孔、潘崇將襲群舒，使公子燮與子儀守而伐舒蓼。二子作亂，城郢而使賊殺子孔，不克而還。八月，二子以楚子出，將如商密。廬戢梨及叔麋誘之，遂殺鬥克及公子燮。

King Zhuang of Chu came to the throne. Zikong and Pan Chong were about to raid the Shu tribes, and had Prince Xie and Ziyi stay behind to guard while attacking Shuliao. These two men rebelled, fortified Ying and sent assassins to kill Zikong, but failed and came back. In the eighth month, these two took the Viscount of Chu and left, about to go to Shangmi. Lu Jili and Shu Mi lured them, and so killed Dou Ke and Prince Xie.

初，鬥克囚於秦，秦有殽之敗，而使歸求成，成而不得志。公子燮求令尹而不得。故二子作亂。

Earlier, Dou Ke had been imprisoned in Qin; after the Qin defeat at Xiao, Qin sent him back to seek peace, and after peace was made he was dissatisfied. Prince Xie asked to be chief minister but did not obtain it. Hence these two rebelled.

穆伯之從己氏也，魯人立文伯。穆伯生二子於莒而求復，文伯以為請。襄仲使無朝。聽命，復而不出，二年而盡室以復適莒。文伯疾而請曰：“谷之子弱，請立難也。”許之。文伯卒，立惠叔。穆伯請重賂以求復，惠叔以為請，許之。

After Mu Bo followed Lady Ji, the people of Lu set up Wen Bo. Mu Bo had two sons in Ju and asked to come back, and Wen Bo pleaded for him. Xiang Zhong forbade him to attend court. He obeyed the order, did not leave his house after returning, and after two years went to Ju again with his whole household. Wen Bo fell ill and asked: "Gu's sons are young and weak; please set up Nan." It was granted. When Wen Bo died, Hui Shu was set up. Mu Bo asked to return by means of heavy bribes, Hui Shu pleaded for him, and it was granted.

將來，九月卒於齊，告喪，請葬，弗許。

As he was about to come back, he died in Qi in the ninth month. Notice of his death came with a request to bury him at home, but it was refused.

宋高哀為蕭封人，以為卿，不義宋公而出，遂來奔。書曰：“宋子哀來奔。”

Gao Ai of Song had been a border warden at Xiao and was made a minister; judging the Duke of Song to be unrighteous, he left and came as a refugee. The Annals records: "Zi'ai of Song came as a refugee."

貴之也。

This shows esteem for him.

齊人定懿公，使來告難，故書以九月。齊公子元不順懿公之為政也，終不曰“公”，曰“夫己氏”。

The people of Qi settled Duke Yi and sent word of the troubles, and so the Annals records it under the ninth month. Prince Yuan of Qi did not accept Duke Yi's rule and never called him "duke," but "that man."

襄仲使告於王，請以王寵求昭姬於齊。曰：“殺其子，焉用其母？請受而罪之。”

Xiang Zhong sent word to the Son of Heaven and asked to rely on the Son of Heaven's honor to demand Lady Zhao from Qi, saying: "They have killed her son; what use is her mother to them? Please bring her back and punish her."

冬，單伯如齊，請子叔姬，齊人執之。又執子叔姬。

In winter, Shan Bo went to Qi and pleaded for Zishu Ji, and the people of Qi seized him. They also seized Zishu Ji.

【經】十有五年春，季孫行父如晉。三月，宋司馬華孫來盟。夏，曹伯來朝。

[Classic] In the fifteenth year, spring, Jisun Xingfu went to Jin. In the third month, Hua Sun, Minister of War of Song, came to make a covenant. In summer, the Earl of Cao came to court.

齊人歸公孫敖之喪。六月辛丑朔，日有食之。鼓，用牲於社。單伯至自齊。晉郤缺帥師伐蔡。戊申，入蔡。齊人侵我西鄙。季孫行父如晉。冬十有一月，諸侯盟於扈。十有二月，齊人來歸子叔姬。齊侯侵我西鄙，遂伐曹，入其郛。

The people of Qi sent back the coffin of Gongsun Ao. On the xinchou day of the sixth month, the first day of the month, there was a solar eclipse. Drums were beaten and victims were offered at the altar of the soil. Shan Bo returned from Qi. Xi Que of Jin led troops to attack Cai. On the wushen day he entered Cai. The people of Qi raided our western border. Jisun Xingfu went to Jin. In winter, in the eleventh month, the lords made a covenant at Hu. In the twelfth month, the people of Qi came to send back Zishu Ji. The Marquis of Qi raided our western border, then attacked Cao and entered its outer wall.

【傳】十五年春，季文子如晉，為單伯與子叔姬故也。

[Commentary] In the fifteenth year, spring, Ji Wenzi went to Jin, on account of Shan Bo and Zishu Ji.

三月，宋華耦來盟，其官皆從之。書曰“宋司馬華孫”，貴之也。

In the third month, Hua Ou of Song came to make a covenant, and his subordinate officials all accompanied him. The Annals records "Hua Sun, Minister of War of Song," showing esteem for him.

公與之宴，辭曰：“君之先臣督，得罪於宋殤公，名在諸侯之策。臣承其祀，其敢辱君，請承命於亞旅。”魯人以為敏。

Duke Wen feasted him, but he declined, saying: "Your Lordship's former minister Du offended Duke Shang of Song, and his name was written on the bamboo records of the lords. Your servant has inherited his sacrifices; how dare I disgrace Your Lordship? Please let me receive the order from the junior attendants." The people of Lu thought him quick and perceptive.

夏，曹伯來朝，禮也。諸侯五年再相朝，以修王命，古之制也。

In summer, the Earl of Cao came to court, which accorded with ritual. That the lords pay court to each other twice in five years in order to carry out the royal command is the ancient institution.

齊人或為孟氏謀，曰：“魯，爾親也。飾棺置諸堂阜，魯必取之。”從之。

Some men of Qi devised a plan for the Meng clan, saying: "Lu is your relative. If you place the coffin ornaments at Tangfu, Lu will surely come to take them." This was followed.

卞人以告。惠叔猶毀以為請，立於朝以待命。許之，取而殯之。齊人送之。書曰：“齊人歸公孫敖之喪。”為孟氏，且國故也。葬視共仲。

The people of Bian came to report it. Hui Shu, still in mourning and wasted with grief, made his request, standing in the court awaiting the order. It was granted, and he took back the coffin and encoffined it. The people of Qi escorted the burial. The Annals records: "The people of Qi sent back the coffin of Gongsun Ao." This was for the sake of the Meng clan and also for the sake of the state. The funeral was conducted on the model of Gongzhong.

聲己不視，帷堂而哭。襄仲欲勿哭，惠伯曰：“喪，親之終也。雖不能始，善終可也。史佚有言曰：‘兄弟致美。’救乏、賀善、吊災、祭敬、喪哀，情雖不同，毋絕其愛，親之道也。子無失道，何怨於人？”襄仲說，帥兄弟以哭之。

Sheng Ji did not look at the coffin and wept behind the curtained hall. Xiang Zhong wished not to weep, but Huibo said: "Mourning is the final act toward one's kin. Even if one could not have a good beginning, a good ending is acceptable. Shi Yi has a saying: 'Brothers each do their utmost for the good.' Relieving want, congratulating joy, condoling misfortune, reverence in sacrifice, grief in mourning; though the feelings differ, do not cut off that affection; this is the way to treat kin. If you do not lose the way, why resent others?" Xiang Zhong was pleased and led his brothers to weep.

他年，其二子來，孟獻子愛之，聞於國。或譖之曰：“將殺子。”獻子以告季文子。二子曰：“夫子以愛我聞，我以將殺子聞，不亦遠於禮乎？遠禮不如死。”

Some years later, his two sons came, and Meng Xianzi loved them, as was known throughout the state. Someone slandered them, saying: "They are about to kill you." Xianzi told Ji Wenzi. The two sons said: "That man became known for loving us, but we would become known for being about to kill him; would that not be too far from ritual? To be far from ritual is worse than death."

一人門於句鼆，一人門於戾丘，皆死。

One guarded the gate of Juying, the other the gate of Liqiu, and both died.

六月辛丑朔，日有食之，鼓，用牲於社，非禮也。日有食之，天子不舉，伐鼓於社，諸侯用幣於社，伐鼓於朝，以昭事神、訓民、事君，示有等威，古之道也。

On the xinchou day of the sixth month, the first day of the month, there was a solar eclipse, and drums were beaten and victims offered at the altar of the soil, which was contrary to ritual. When there is an eclipse, the Son of Heaven reduces his meals and removes music, and beats drums at the altar of the soil; the lords offer silks at the altar of the soil and beat drums in the court, in order to make clear the service of the spirits, the instruction of the people and the service of the ruler, showing that dignity has gradations. This is the ancient way.

齊人許單伯請而赦之，使來致命。書曰：“單伯至自齊。”貴之也。

The people of Qi granted Shan Bo's request and released him, and had him come back to report. The Annals records: "Shan Bo came from Qi." This shows esteem for him.

新城之盟，蔡人不與。晉郤缺以上軍、下軍伐蔡，曰：“君弱，不可以怠。”

The people of Cai did not take part in the covenant at Xincheng. Xi Que of Jin attacked Cai with the upper and lower armies, saying: "The ruler is young; we may not be lax."

戊申，入蔡，以城下之盟而還。凡勝國，曰滅之；獲大城焉，曰入之。

On the wushen day he entered Cai, made a covenant under the city wall and went back. Whenever one wins over a state, it is called destroying; when one takes a great city, it is called entering.

秋，齊人侵我西鄙，故季文子告於晉。

In autumn, the people of Qi raided our western border, and so Ji Wenzi reported it to Jin.

冬十一月，晉侯、宋公、衛侯、蔡侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯盟於扈，尋新城之盟，且謀伐齊也。齊人賂晉侯，故不克而還。於是有齊難，是以公不會。書曰：“諸侯盟於扈。”無能為故也。凡諸侯會，公不與，不書，諱君惡也。與而不書，後也。

In winter, in the eleventh month, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao made a covenant at Hu, renewing the covenant of Xincheng and planning to attack Qi. The people of Qi bribed the Marquis of Jin, and so they went back without result. At the time there was trouble in Qi, and so Duke Wen did not attend. The Annals records: "The lords made a covenant at Hu." This is because they accomplished nothing. Whenever the lords meet and Duke Wen does not attend, it is not recorded, to avoid noting the ruler's fault. If he attended but it is not recorded, it is because he arrived late.

齊人來歸子叔姬，王故也。

The people of Qi came to send back Zishu Ji, because of the Son of Heaven.

齊侯侵我西鄙，謂諸侯不能也。遂伐曹，入其郛，討其來朝也。季文子曰：“齊侯其不免乎。己則無禮，而討於有禮者，曰：‘女何故行禮！’禮以順天，天之道也，己則反天，而又以討人，難以免矣。詩曰：‘胡不相畏，不畏於天？’君子之不虐幼賤，畏於天也。在周頌曰：‘畏天之威，於時保之。’不畏於天，將何能保？以亂取國，奉禮以守，猶懼不終，多行無禮，弗能在矣！”

The Marquis of Qi invaded the western border of our state, believing that the feudal lords could do nothing to him. He then attacked Cao, entered its outer wall, and punished it for coming to court. Ji Wenzi said: "The Marquis of Qi will probably not escape disaster. He himself lacks ritual propriety yet attacks those who have it, saying: 'Why do you act according to ritual?' Ritual is how one complies with Heaven; it is the way of Heaven. He himself defies Heaven and also uses this to attack others; it will be hard for him to escape disaster. The Odes say: 'Why do they not fear one another? Do they not fear Heaven above?' The gentleman does not oppress the young and lowly, because he fears Heaven. In the Hymns of Zhou it says: 'Fearing the majesty of Heaven, one thereby preserves it.' If one does not fear Heaven, what can one preserve? One who obtains a state through disorder and holds it by observing ritual may still fear not meeting a good end; if one does many things contrary to ritual, one cannot survive!"

【經】十有六年春，季孫行父會齊侯於陽穀，齊侯弗及盟。夏五月，公四不視朔。六月戊辰，公子遂及齊侯盟於郪丘。秋八月辛未，夫人姜氏薨。毀泉臺。

[Classic] In the sixteenth year, in spring, Jisun Xingfu met the Marquis of Qi at Yanggu, but the Marquis of Qi did not make a covenant with him. In summer, in the fifth month, Duke Wen did not perform the monthly court ceremony four times. In the sixth month, on the day wuchen, Gongzi Sui made a covenant with the Marquis of Qi at Qiqiu. In autumn, in the eighth month, on the day xinwei, the Lady Jiang, the duke's wife, died. The Spring Terrace was demolished.

楚人、秦人、巴人滅庸。冬十有一月，宋人弒其君杵臼。

The people of Chu, Qin and Ba destroyed the state of Yong. In winter, in the eleventh month, the people of Song killed their ruler Chujiu.

【傳】十六年春，王正月，及齊平。公有疾，使季文子會齊侯於陽穀。請盟，齊侯不肯，曰：“請俟君間。”

[Commentary] In the sixteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, peace was made with Qi. Duke Wen was ill and sent Ji Wenzi to meet the Marquis of Qi at Yanggu. He asked for a covenant, but the Marquis of Qi refused, saying: "Please wait until His Lordship recovers."

夏五月，公四不視朔，疾也。公使襄仲納賂於齊侯，故盟於郪丘。

In summer, in the fifth month, Duke Wen did not perform the monthly court ceremony four times, because he was ill. The duke sent Xiang Zhong to present goods to the Marquis of Qi, and so a covenant was made at Qiqiu.

有蛇自泉宮出，入於國，如先君之數。秋八月辛未，聲姜薨，毀泉臺。

Snakes came out of the Spring Palace and entered the capital, as many as the number of former rulers. In autumn, in the eighth month, on the day xinwei, Sheng Jiang died, and the Spring Terrace was demolished.

楚大飢，戎伐其西南，至於阜山，師於大林。又伐其東南，至於陽丘，以侵訾枝。庸人帥群蠻以叛楚。麇人率百濮聚於選，將伐楚。於是申、息之北門不啟。

Chu suffered a great famine, and the Rong people attacked its southwest, reaching Mount Fu and encamping at Dalin. They also attacked its southeast, reaching Yangqiu, and invaded Zizhi. The people of Yong led the various Man tribes in rebelling against Chu. The people of Jun led the hundred Pu tribes in gathering at Xuan, intending to attack Chu. At that time the northern gates of Shen and Xi were not opened.

楚人謀徙於阪高。蒍賈曰：“不可。我能往，寇亦能住。不如伐庸。夫麇與百濮，謂我飢不能師，故伐我也。若我出師，必懼而歸。百濮離居，將各走其邑，誰暇謀人？”乃出師。旬有五日，百濮乃罷。自廬以往，振廩同食。次於句澨。

The men of Chu discussed moving to Banggao. Wei Jia said: "This will not do. If we can go, the enemy can go too. It is better to attack Yong. The people of Jun and the hundred Pu think that we cannot send out troops because of the famine, and that is why they have come to attack. If we send out troops, they will certainly be afraid and go back. The hundred Pu live scattered and will each run back to their own towns; who will have time to plot against others?" So they sent out troops. After fifteen days, the hundred Pu ceased their attack. From Lu onward, the granaries were opened and everyone ate together. They encamped at Jushi.

使廬戢黎侵庸，及庸方城。庸人逐之，囚子揚窗。三宿而逸，曰：“庸師眾，群蠻聚焉，不如復大師，且起王卒，合而後進。”師叔曰：“不可。姑又與之遇以驕之。彼驕我怒，而後可克，先君蚡冒所以服陘隰也。”又與之遇，七遇皆北，唯裨、鯈、魚人實逐之。

Lu Jili was sent to raid Yong and reached the square city of Yong. The people of Yong drove them off and captured Zi Yangchuang. After three nights he escaped back and said: "The army of Yong is numerous, and the Man tribes are gathered there. It would be better to send out the main army again, and also mobilize the king's own troops, and advance after joining forces." Shi Shu said: "No. Let us engage them again for now in order to make them arrogant. When they are arrogant and we are angry, we can then defeat them; that is how our former ruler Fenmao brought Xingxi into submission." They engaged them again and fled in defeat seven times, and only the men of Pi, You and Yu were truly pursuing them.

庸人曰：“楚不足與戰矣。”遂不設備。楚子乘馹，會師於臨品，分為二隊，子越自石溪，子貝自仞，以伐庸。秦人、巴人從楚師，群蠻從楚子盟。遂滅庸。

The people of Yong said: "Chu is not worth fighting." So they set up no defenses. The Viscount of Chu rode a post carriage and joined his forces at Linpin, divided into two columns, Zi Yue from Shixi and Zi Bei from Ren, to attack Yong. The people of Qin and Ba followed the Chu army, and the Man tribes followed the Viscount of Chu in making a covenant. Thus Yong was destroyed.

宋公子鮑禮於國人，宋飢，竭其粟而貸之。年自七十以上，無不饋飴也，時加羞珍異。無日不數於六卿之門，國之才人，無不事也，親自桓以下，無不恤也。

Gongzi Bao of Song was courteous to the people of the state. When Song suffered a famine, he brought out all his millet and lent it out. Among those over seventy years of age, there was none he did not send food to, and he added rare delicacies in due season. There was no day he did not visit the gates of the six ministers; among the capable men of the state there was none he did not serve, and among the relatives from Duke Huan on down there was none he did not care for.

公子鮑美而豔，襄夫人慾通之，而不可，夫人助之施。昭公無道，國人奉公子鮑以因夫人。

Gongzi Bao was handsome and radiant. Lady Xiang wished to have an affair with him but could not, so she helped him with his charity. Duke Zhao was without the Way, and the people of the state supported Gongzi Bao and relied on the lady.

於是華元為右師，公孫友為左師，華耦為司馬，鱗魚雚為司徒，蕩意諸為司城，公子朝為司寇。初，司城蕩卒，公孫壽辭司城，請使意諸為之。既而告人曰：“君無道，吾官近，懼及焉。棄官則族無所庇。子，身之貳也，姑紓死焉。雖亡子，猶不亡族。”既，夫人將使公田孟諸而殺之。公知之，盡以寶行。蕩意諸曰：“盍適諸侯？”公曰：“不能其大夫至於君祖母以及國人，諸侯誰納我？且既為人君，而又為人臣，不如死。”盡以其寶賜左右以使行。夫人使謂司城去公，對曰：“臣之而逃其難，若後君何？”冬十一月甲寅，宋昭公將田孟諸，未至，夫人王姬使帥甸攻而殺之。蕩意諸死之。書曰：“宋人弒其君杵臼。”君無道也。

At that time Hua Yuan was Right Chief Minister, Gongsun You was Left Chief Minister, Hua Ou was Minister of War, Lin Guan was Minister of Education, Dang Yizhu was Minister of Works, and Gongzi Chao was Minister of Crime. Earlier, when the Minister of Works Dang died, Gongsun Shou declined the post of Minister of Works and asked that Yizhu take it. He then told others: "The ruler is without the Way, and my office is close to him; I fear disaster would reach me. If I abandon the office, my clansmen have no protection. A son is one's own deputy, and so I shall use this to postpone my death. Even if I lose my son, I shall not lose my clan." Later, the lady planned to have Duke Zhao go hunting at Mengzhu and have him killed. Duke Zhao learned of it and set out with all his treasures. Dang Yizhu said: "Why not flee to the other feudal lords?" The duke said: "I have not won the goodwill of the high officials, nor of my grandmother, nor of the people of the state; which feudal lord would take me in? Moreover, having been a ruler and then going to be another's subject, it is better to die." He gave all his treasures to his attendants and sent them away. The lady sent someone to tell the Minister of Works to leave Duke Zhao, and he replied: "I am his subject; if I avoid his misfortune, what will become of the next ruler?" In winter, in the eleventh month, on the day jiayin, Duke Zhao of Song was about to go hunting at Mengzhu, and before he arrived, the lady Wang Ji sent Shuai Dian to attack and kill him. Dang Yizhu died for him. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "The people of Song killed their ruler Chujiu." This was because the ruler was without the Way.

文公即位，使母弟須為司城。華耦卒，而使蕩虺為司馬。

When Duke Wen took the throne, he made his younger brother by the same mother, Xu, Minister of Works. When Hua Ou died, he made Dang Hui Minister of War.

【經】十有七年春，晉人、衛人、陳人、鄭人伐宋。夏四月癸亥，葬我小君聲姜。齊侯伐我西鄙。六月癸未，公及齊侯盟於谷。諸侯會於扈。秋，公至自谷。

[Classic] In the seventeenth year, in spring, the people of Jin, Wei, Chen and Zheng attacked Song. In summer, in the fourth month, on the day guihai, the lesser ruler of our state, Sheng Jiang, was buried. The Marquis of Qi attacked the western border of our state. In the sixth month, on the day guiwei, Duke Wen made a covenant with the Marquis of Qi at Gu. The feudal lords met at Hu. In autumn, Duke Wen returned from Gu.

冬，公子遂如齊。

In winter, Gongzi Sui went to Qi.

【傳】十七年春，晉荀林父、衛孔達、陳公孫寧、鄭石楚伐宋。討曰：“何故弒君！”猶立文公而還，卿不書，失其所也。

[Commentary] In the seventeenth year, in spring, Xun Linfu of Jin, Kong Da of Wei, Gongsun Ning of Chen and Shi Chu of Zheng attacked Song. They demanded an account, saying: "Why did you kill your ruler?" But they still installed Duke Wen and went back. The names of the ministers are not recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals, because they had lost the proper way of acting.

夏四月癸亥，葬聲姜。有齊難，是以緩。

In summer, in the fourth month, on the day guihai, Sheng Jiang was buried. There was trouble from Qi, and so it was late.

齊侯伐我北鄙，襄仲請盟。六月，盟於谷。

The Marquis of Qi attacked the northern border of our state, and Xiang Zhong asked for a covenant. In the sixth month, a covenant was made at Gu.

晉侯蒐於黃父，遂複合諸侯於扈，平宋也。公不與會，齊難故也。書曰“諸侯”，無功也。

The Marquis of Jin held a great review of troops at Huangfu, and then again assembled the feudal lords at Hu, to mediate for Song. Duke Wen did not attend the meeting, because of the trouble from Qi. The Spring and Autumn Annals records "the feudal lords", because they achieved nothing.

於是，晉侯不見鄭伯，以為貳於楚也。

At that time, the Marquis of Jin did not receive the Earl of Zheng, believing that he was of two minds toward Chu.

鄭子家使執訊而與之書，以告趙宣子，曰：“寡君即位三年，召蔡侯而與之事君。九月，蔡侯入於敝邑以行。敝邑以侯宣多之難，寡君是以不得與蔡侯偕。

Zi Jia of Zheng sent a messenger with a letter to inform Zhao Xuanzi, saying: "Three years after our humble ruler took the throne, he summoned the Marquis of Cai to join him in serving Your Lordship. In the ninth month the Marquis of Cai came into our humble city in order to set out. Because of the trouble of Hou Xuanduo in our humble city, our ruler could not travel with the Marquis of Cai.

十一月，克滅侯宣多而隨蔡侯以朝於執事。十二年六月，歸生佐寡君之嫡夷，以請陳侯於楚而朝諸君。十四年七月，寡君又朝，以蕆陳事。十五年五月，陳侯自敝邑往朝於君。往年正月，燭之武往朝夷也。八月，寡君又往朝。以陳、蔡之密邇於楚而不敢貳焉，則敝邑之故也。雖敝邑之事君，何以不免？在位之中，一朝於襄，而再見於君。夷與孤之二三臣相及於絳，雖我小國，則蔑以過之矣。今大國曰：‘爾未逞吾志。’敝邑有亡，無以加焉。古人有言曰：‘畏首畏尾，身其餘幾。’又曰：‘鹿死不擇音。’小國之事大國也，德，則其人也；不德，則其鹿也，鋌而走險，急何能擇？命之罔極，亦知亡矣。將悉敝賦以待於鯈，唯執事命之。

(Zi Jia continued:) "In the eleventh month, Hou Xuanduo was destroyed, and we followed the Marquis of Cai to pay court to your attendants. In the sixth month of the twelfth year, Gui Sheng assisted our humble ruler's heir Yi, requested on behalf of the Marquis of Chen from Chu, and then paid court to Your Lordship. In the seventh month of the fourteenth year, our ruler came to court again, completing the matter of Chen. In the fifth month of the fifteenth year, the Marquis of Chen went from our humble city to pay court to Your Lordship. In the first month of last year, Zhi Zhiwu accompanied Yi to pay court. In the eighth month, our ruler went again to pay court. That Chen and Cai, being near Chu, do not dare to have two minds is because of our humble city. Even though our humble city serves Your Lordship in this way, why can we still not escape disaster? During our ruler's reign, he has paid court to Duke Xiang once and to Your Lordship twice. Yi and several of my humble ministers have arrived at Jiang in succession; even though we are a small state, none could do more than this. Now the great state says: 'You have still not satisfied my wishes.' Our humble city can only perish and cannot do more. An ancient saying goes: 'If one fears the head and fears the tail, how much of the body is left?' It also says: 'When a deer is about to die, it cannot choose its shelter.' When a small state serves a great state, if the great state is virtuous, it is treated as a person; if not, it is a deer, hurrying along dangerous paths, and in urgent peril can it still choose? The commands have no standard, and we know we will be destroyed. We shall muster all the military levies of our humble city and wait at Tiao, listening only to your attendants' orders.

文公二年六月壬申，朝於齊。四年二月壬戌，為齊侵蔡，亦獲成於楚。居大國之間而從於強令，豈其罪也。大國若弗圖，無所逃命。”

(Zi Jia continued:) "In the sixth month, on the day renshen, of the second year of Duke Wen, he paid court to Qi. In the second month, on the day renxu, of the fourth year, on behalf of Qi he invaded Cai, and also made peace with Chu. Standing between great states and submitting to harsh commands, is that his fault? If the great state does not consider this, there will be no place to escape its commands."

晉鞏朔行成於鄭，趙穿、公婿池為質焉。

Gong Shuo of Jin went to Zheng to seek peace, and Zhao Chuan and Gongxu Chi were hostages there.

秋，周甘蜀敗戎於垂，乘其飲酒也。

In autumn, Gan Shu of the Zhou royal house defeated the Rong at Chui, taking advantage of their drinking.

冬十月，鄭大子夷、石楚為質於晉。

In winter, in the tenth month, Crown Prince Yi of Zheng and Shi Chu went to Jin as hostages.

襄仲如齊，拜谷之盟。復曰：“臣聞齊人將食魯之麥。以臣觀之，將不能。

Xiang Zhong went to Qi to thank them for the covenant at Gu. On returning he reported: "Your servant has heard that the people of Qi are about to eat Lu's wheat. In your servant's view, they will not manage it.

齊君之語偷。臧文仲有言曰：‘民主偷必死’。”

(Xiang Zhong continued:) "The words of the ruler of Qi are of one who seeks only easy comfort. Zang Wenzhong had a saying: 'One who is ruler of the people and seeks only easy comfort will certainly die.'"

【經】十有八年春王二月丁丑，公薨於臺下。秦伯犖卒。夏五月戊戌，齊人弒其君商人。六月癸酉，葬我君文公。秋，公子遂、叔孫得臣如齊。冬十月，子卒。夫人姜氏歸於齊。季孫行父如齊。莒弒其君庶其。

[Classic] In the eighteenth year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, on the day dingchou, Duke Wen died at the Terrace. The Earl of Qin, Ying, died. In summer, in the fifth month, on the day wuxu, the people of Qi killed their ruler Shangren. In the sixth month, on the day guiyou, our ruler Duke Wen was buried. In autumn, Gongzi Sui and Shusun Dechen went to Qi. In winter, in the tenth month, the son died. The Lady Jiang, the duke's wife, returned to Qi. Jisun Xingfu went to Qi. Ju killed its ruler Shuqi.

【傳】十八年春，齊侯戒師期，而有疾，醫曰：“不及秋，將死。”公聞之，卜曰：“尚無及期。”惠伯令龜，卜楚丘占之曰：“齊侯不及期，非疾也。君亦不聞。令龜有咎。”二月丁丑，公薨。

[Commentary] In the eighteenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi set a date for sending out troops, but fell ill, and the physician said: "He will not live to autumn; he will die." Duke Wen heard of it and consulted the divination, saying: "I hope he will not reach that date." Hui Bo told the words of the inquiry to the tortoise shell, and Bu Chuqiu interpreted: "The Marquis of Qi will not reach the date, and not because of illness. Your Lordship will not hear of it either. The one who delivers the inquiry will meet misfortune." In the second month, on the day dingchou, Duke Wen died.

齊懿公之為公子也，與邴蜀之父爭田，弗勝。及即位，乃掘而刖之，而使蜀僕。納閻職之妻，而使職驂乘。

When Duke Yi of Qi was a prince, he disputed a field with the father of Bing Shu and did not win. When he took the throne, he had the corpse dug up and its feet cut off, and made Shu drive his chariot. He took Yan Zhi's wife into his household and made Zhi his chariot-guard.

夏五月，公遊於申池。二人浴於池，蜀以撲抶職。職怒。曰：“人奪女妻而不怒，一抶女庸何傷！”職曰：“與刖其父而弗能病者何如？”乃謀弒懿公，納諸竹中。歸，舍爵而行。齊人立公子元。

In summer, in the fifth month, Duke Yi was enjoying himself at Shenchi. The two men were bathing in the pool, and Shu struck Zhi with a horsewhip. Zhi was angered. Shu said: "When another man seizes your wife you are not angry; what harm is a single blow!" Zhi said: "How does that compare with one who cut off a man's father's feet and could not feel any pain in his heart?" So they plotted to kill Duke Yi and put him in the bamboo grove. They returned, made a sacrifice, and then left. The people of Qi installed Gongzi Yuan.

六月，葬文公。

In the sixth month, Duke Wen was buried.

秋，襄仲、莊叔如齊，惠公立故，且拜葬也。

In autumn, Xiang Zhong and Zhuang Shu went to Qi, because Duke Hui had taken the throne, and also to thank them for attending the funeral.

文公二妃敬贏生宣公。敬贏嬖而私事襄仲。宣公長而屬諸襄仲，襄仲欲立之，叔仲不可。仲見於齊侯而請之。齊侯新立而欲親魯，許之。

Duke Wen's secondary consort Jing Ying gave birth to Duke Xuan. Jing Ying was favored and privately made friends with Xiang Zhong. When Duke Xuan grew up she entrusted him to Xiang Zhong, who wished to install him, but Shu Zhong disagreed. Xiang Zhong had an audience with the Marquis of Qi and made the request. The Marquis of Qi had newly taken the throne and wished to be on good terms with Lu, and so agreed.

冬十月，仲殺惡及視而立宣公。書曰“子卒”，諱之也。仲以君命召惠伯。

In winter, in the tenth month, Xiang Zhong killed E and Shi and installed Duke Xuan. The Spring and Autumn Annals records "the son died" as a euphemism. Xiang Zhong summoned Hui Bo using the ruler's command.

其宰公冉務人止之，曰：“入必死。”叔仲曰：“死君命可也。”公冉務人曰：“若君命可死，非君命何聽？”弗聽，乃入，殺而埋之馬矢之中。公冉務人奉其帑以奔蔡，既而復叔仲氏。

His household steward Gongran Wuren stopped him, saying: "If you go in, you will certainly die." Shu Zhong said: "To die by the ruler's command is acceptable." Gongran Wuren said: "If one can die for the ruler's command, then what does one obey if it is not the ruler's command?" He did not listen and went in; he was killed and buried in horse dung. Gongran Wuren took his family and fled to Cai, and later the Shuzhong clan was restored.

夫人姜氏歸於齊，大歸也。將行，哭而過市曰：“天乎，仲為不道，殺適立庶。”市人皆哭，魯人謂之哀姜。

The Lady Jiang, the duke's wife, returned to Qi, which was a final return. As she was about to leave, she wept as she passed through the market and said: "Heaven! Zhong has done what is without the Way, killing the legitimate son and installing the son of a concubine." The people in the market all wept, and the people of Lu called her Ai Jiang (Mournful Jiang).

莒紀公生大子僕，又生季佗，愛季佗而黜僕，且多行無禮於國。僕因國人以弒紀公，以其寶玉來奔，納諸宣公。公命與之邑，曰：“今日必授。”季文子使司寇出諸竟，曰：“今日必達。”公問其故。季文子使大史克對曰：“先大夫臧文仲教行父事君之禮，行父奉以周旋，弗敢失隊。曰：‘見有禮於其君者，事之如孝子之養父母也。見無禮於其君者，誅之如鷹鸇之逐鳥雀也。’先君周公制《周禮》曰：‘則以觀德，德以處事，事以度功，功以食民。’作《誓命》曰：‘毀則為賊，掩賊為藏，竊賄為盜，盜器為奸。主藏之名，賴奸之用，為大凶德，有常無赦，在《九刑》不忘。’行父還觀莒僕，莫可則也。孝敬忠信為吉德，盜賊藏奸為凶德。夫莒僕，則其孝敬，則弒君父矣；則其忠信，則竊寶玉矣。其人，則盜賊也；其器，則奸兆也，保而利之，則主藏也。以訓則昏，民無則焉。不度於善，而皆在於凶德，是以去之。

Duke Ji of Ju had a crown prince, Pu, and then another son, Jitu; he loved Jitu and deposed Pu, and also did many things in the state contrary to ritual. Pu relied on the people of the state to kill Duke Ji, and came with treasures and jade to seek refuge, offering them to Duke Xuan. Duke Xuan ordered that he be given a city, saying: "It must be granted today." Ji Wenzi sent the Minister of Crime to drive him out of the border, saying: "He must reach the border today." Duke Xuan asked the reason. Ji Wenzi sent the Grand Historian Ke to reply: "The late high official Zang Wenzhong taught Xingfu the ritual for serving the ruler, and Xingfu has upheld it and practiced it without daring to lose it. He said: 'When you see someone who is courteous toward his ruler, serve him as a filial son serves his parents; when you see someone who is discourteous toward his ruler, kill him as a hawk or harrier pursues sparrows.' Our former ruler the Duke of Zhou made the Rites of Zhou, saying: 'Use the norms to observe virtue, use virtue to handle affairs, use affairs to measure merit, and use merit to nurture the people.' In the Oath and Command he said: 'To destroy the norms is to be a bandit; to conceal a bandit is to harbor him; to steal goods is to be a thief; to steal vessels is to be a villain. To bear the name of harboring and to make use of villainous vessels is a great evil virtue; the regular penalty is not to be pardoned, and it is not to be forgotten in the Nine Punishments.' Xingfu looked back at Ju Pu and found nothing to take as a model. Filial piety, reverence, loyalty and good faith are auspicious virtues; banditry, harboring and villainy are evil virtues. As for that Ju Pu, if one wished to take as a model his filial reverence, he killed his ruler and father; if one wished to take as a model his loyalty and good faith, he stole treasures and jade. That man is a bandit; his vessels are omens of villainy. To protect him and use his things is to bear the name of harboring. If used for instruction it would cause confusion, and the people would have no norms. He is not within the bounds of goodness, but entirely within evil virtues, and so he was driven out.

“昔高陽氏有才子八人，蒼舒、隤敳、檮戭、大臨、尨降、庭堅、仲容、叔達，齊聖廣淵，明允篤誠，天下之民謂之八愷。高辛氏有才子八人，伯奮、仲堪、叔獻、季仲、伯虎、仲熊、叔豹、季狸，忠肅共懿，宣慈惠和，天下之民謂之八元。此十六族也，世濟其美，不隕其名，以至於堯，堯不能舉。舜臣堯，舉八愷，使主后土，以揆百事，莫不時序，地平天成。舉八元，使布五教於四方，父義、母慈、兄友、弟共、子孝，內平外成。昔帝鴻氏有不才子，掩義隱賊，好行兇德，醜類惡物，頑嚚不友，是與比周，天下之民謂之渾敦。少嗥氏有不才子，毀信廢忠，崇飾惡言，靖譖庸回，服讒蒐慝，以誣盛德，天下之民謂之窮奇。顓頊有不才子，不可教訓，不知話言，告之則頑，舍之則嚚，傲很明德，以亂天常，天下之民謂之檮杌。此三族也，世濟其兇，增其惡名，以至於堯，堯不能去。縉雲氏有不才子，貪於飲食，冒於貨賄，侵欲崇侈，不可盈厭，聚斂積實，不知紀極，不分孤寡，不恤窮匱，天下之民以比三兇，謂之饕餮。舜臣堯，賓於四門，流四凶族渾敦、窮奇、檮杌、饕餮，投諸四裔，以御魑魅。是以堯崩而天下如一，同心戴舜以為天子，以其舉十六相，去四凶也。故《虞書》數舜之功，曰‘慎徽五典，五典克從’，無違教也。曰‘納於百揆，百揆時序’，無廢事也。曰‘賓於四門，四門穆穆’，無兇人也。

(The Grand Historian Ke continued:) "In the past Gaoyang had eight talented sons: Cangshu, Kuigai, Taoyan, Dalin, Panglong, Tingjian, Zhongrong and Shuda, who were upright and sage-like, broad and deep, bright and sincere, genuine and honest, and the people of the world called them the Eight Harmonious Ones. Gaoxin had eight talented sons: Bofen, Zhongkan, Shuxian, Jizhong, Bohu, Zhongxiong, Shubao and Jili, who were loyal, solemn, respectful and good, kind and gentle, and the people of the world called them the Eight Good Ones. These sixteen clans generation after generation achieved their goodness and did not let their names fall, down to the time of Yao, and Yao was unable to promote them. Shun, serving as Yao's minister, promoted the Eight Harmonious Ones and had them manage the land, to measure all affairs; there was none that was not timely and orderly, the earth was level and Heaven was complete. He promoted the Eight Good Ones and had them spread the five teachings in the four quarters: fathers righteous, mothers kind, elder brothers friendly, younger brothers respectful, sons filial; within there was peace and without there was harmony. In the past the Di Hong clan had an untalented son, who obscured righteousness, shielded bandits, liked to do evil, joined with the wicked, was foolish, stubborn, deceitful and unfriendly, and associated with such people; the people of the world called him Hundun. The Shaohao clan had an untalented son who destroyed good faith and abandoned loyalty, embellished evil words, was content with slander and employed the wicked, engaged in slander and flattery and harbored evil, so as to defame great virtue; the people of the world called him Qiongqi. Zhuanxu had an untalented son who could not be taught and did not understand words; if told, he was stubborn, if let loose, he was deceitful, and he arrogantly defied bright virtue so as to disturb the constant order of Heaven; the people of the world called him Taowu. These three clans generation after generation achieved their evil and increased their evil names, down to the time of Yao, and Yao was unable to remove them. The Jinyun clan had an untalented son who was greedy for food and drink, seized goods, was extravagant in desire and could not be satisfied, hoarded without limit, did not share with the orphaned and widowed, and did not take pity on the poor; the people of the world compared him to those three evil ones and called him Taotie. Shun, serving as Yao's minister, received guests at the four gates and banished the four evil clans, Hundun, Qiongqi, Taowu and Taotie, casting them to the farthest places of the four quarters to ward off the sprites and demons. Therefore when Yao died the world was as one person, wholeheartedly supporting Shun as Son of Heaven, because he had promoted the sixteen ministers and removed the four evil ones. Therefore the Book of Yu enumerates Shun's achievements, saying: 'He carefully and well carried out the five canons, and the five canons were all obeyed,' meaning there was no violation of teaching. It says: 'He took in the various offices, and the various offices were timely and orderly,' meaning there were no neglected matters. It says: 'He received guests at the four gates, and the four gates were solemn, harmonious and respectful,' meaning there were no evil people.

舜有大功二十而為天子，今行父雖未獲一吉人，去一兇矣，於舜之功，二十之一也，庶幾免於戾乎！”宋武氏之族道昭公子，將奉司城須以作亂。十二月，宋公殺母弟須及昭公子，使戴、莊、桓之族攻武氏於司馬子伯之館。遂出武、穆之族，使公孫師為司城，公子朝卒，使樂呂為司寇，以靖國人。

(The Grand Historian Ke continued:) "Shun had twenty great achievements and became Son of Heaven. Now, although Xingfu has not obtained a single good man, he has already removed one evil man, which compared with Shun's achievements is one twentieth; perhaps he can be excused from blame!" The Wu clan of Song led the son of Duke Zhao and planned to support the Minister of Works Xu in an uprising. In the twelfth month, the Duke of Song killed his younger brother Xu, born of the same mother, and the son of Duke Zhao, and had the Dai, Zhuang and Huan clans attack the Wu clan at the residence of the Minister of War Zibo. They then drove out the Wu and Mu clans, made Gongsun Shi Minister of Works, and with the death of Gongzi Chao made Yue Lu Minister of Crime, in order to pacify the people of the state.

【經】元年春王正月，公即位。公子遂如齊逆女。三月，遂以夫人婦姜至自齊。夏，季孫行父如齊。晉放其大夫胥甲父於衛。公會齊侯於平州。公子遂如齊。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xuan took the throne. Gongzi Sui went to Qi to meet the duke's wife. In the third month, Sui returned from Qi with the duke's wife, Fu Jiang. In summer, Jisun Xingfu went to Qi. Jin banished its high official Xu Jiafu to Wei. Duke Xuan met the Marquis of Qi at Pingzhou. Gongzi Sui went to Qi.

六月，齊人取濟西田。秋，邾子來朝。楚子、鄭人侵陳，遂侵宋。晉趙盾帥師救陳。宋公、陳侯、衛侯、曹伯會晉師於棐林，伐鄭。冬，晉趙穿帥師侵崇。晉人、宋人伐鄭。

In the sixth month, the people of Qi took the fields west of the Ji River. In autumn, the Viscount of Zhu came to court. The Viscount of Chu and the people of Zheng invaded Chen, and then invaded Song. Zhao Dun of Jin led an army to relieve Chen. The Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Cao joined the Jin army at Feilin and attacked Zheng. In winter, Zhao Chuan of Jin led an army to invade Chong. The people of Jin and Song attacked Zheng.

【傳】元年春，王正月，公子遂如齊逆女，尊君命也。三月，遂以夫人婦姜至自齊，尊夫人也。

[Commentary] In the first year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Gongzi Sui went to Qi to meet the duke's wife; the Spring and Autumn Annals writes it this way in respect for the ruler's command. In the third month, Sui returned from Qi with the duke's wife, Fu Jiang, which shows respect for the duke's wife.

夏，季文子如齊，納賂以請會。

In summer, Ji Wenzi went to Qi, presenting goods and asking for an audience.

晉人討不用命者，放胥甲父於衛，而立胥克。先辛奔齊。

The people of Jin punished those who did not follow orders, banished Xu Jiafu to Wei, and installed Xu Ke. Xian Xin fled to Qi.

會於平州，以定公位。東門襄仲如齊拜成。

The meeting at Pingzhou was to secure Duke Xuan's position as ruler. Dongmen Xiang Zhong went to Qi to thank them for accomplishing the matter.

六月，齊人取濟西之田，為立公故，以賂齊也。

In the sixth month, the people of Qi took the fields west of the Ji River, because they had installed Duke Xuan, and Lu bribed Qi with the fields.

宋人之弒昭公也，晉荀林父以諸侯之師伐宋，宋及晉平，宋文公受盟於晉。

When the people of Song killed Duke Zhao, Xun Linfu of Jin led the armies of the feudal lords to attack Song; Song made peace with Jin, and Duke Wen of Song received the covenant in Jin.

又會諸侯於扈，將為魯討齊，皆取賂而還。鄭穆公曰：“晉不足與也。”遂受盟於楚。陳共公之卒，楚人不禮焉。陳靈公受盟於晉。

They also assembled the feudal lords at Hu, intending to attack Qi on Lu's behalf, but all accepted goods and went home. Duke Mu of Zheng said: "Jin is not worth allying with." So he received a covenant in Chu. Duke Gong of Chen died, and the people of Chu did not treat him with ritual. Duke Ling of Chen received a covenant in Jin.

秋，楚子侵陳，遂侵宋。晉趙盾帥師救陳、宋。會於棐林，以伐鄭也。楚蒍賈救鄭，遇於北林。囚晉解揚，晉人乃還。

In autumn, the Viscount of Chu invaded Chen and then invaded Song. Zhao Dun of Jin led an army to relieve Chen and Song. They joined forces at Feilin in order to attack Zheng. Wei Jia of Chu relieved Zheng, and the two armies met at Beilin. They captured Jie Yang of Jin, and the people of Jin then went back.

晉欲求成於秦，趙穿曰：“我侵崇，秦急崇，必救之。吾以求成焉。”冬，趙穿侵崇，秦弗與成。

Jin wished to make peace with Qin. Zhao Chuan said: "If we invade Chong, Qin will be anxious for Chong and will certainly relieve it. We shall use this to make peace." In winter, Zhao Chuan invaded Chong, but Qin did not make peace with Jin.

晉人伐鄭，以報北林之役。於是，晉侯侈，趙宣子為政，驟諫而不入，故不競於楚。

The people of Jin attacked Zheng, to avenge the battle at Beilin. At that time the Marquis of Jin was extravagant and Zhao Xuanzi was in charge of government; he remonstrated repeatedly but was not heeded, and so Jin could not contend with Chu for victory.

【經】二年春王二月壬子，宋華元帥師及鄭公子歸生帥師，戰於大棘，宋師敗績，獲宋華元。秦師伐晉。夏，晉人、宋人、衛人、陳人侵鄭。秋九月乙丑，晉趙盾弒其君夷皋。冬十月乙亥，天王崩。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, on the day renzi, Hua Yuan of Song led an army and Gongzi Gui Sheng of Zheng led an army, and they fought at Daji; the Song army was greatly defeated, and Hua Yuan of Song was captured. The Qin army attacked Jin. In summer, the people of Jin, Song, Wei and Chen invaded Zheng. In autumn, in the ninth month, on the day yichou, Zhao Dun of Jin killed his ruler Yi Gao. In winter, in the tenth month, on the day yihai, the Son of Heaven died.

【傳】二年春，鄭公子歸生受命於楚，伐宋。宋華元、樂呂御之。二月壬子，戰於大棘，宋師敗績，囚華元，獲樂呂，及甲車四百六十乘，俘二百五十人，馘百人。狂狡輅鄭人，鄭人入於井，倒戟而出之，獲狂狡。君子曰：“失禮違命，宜其為禽也。戎，昭果毅以聽之之謂禮，殺敵為果，致果為毅。易之，戮也。”

[Commentary] In the second year, in spring, Gongzi Gui Sheng of Zheng received Chu's command and attacked Song. Hua Yuan and Yue Lu of Song resisted. In the second month, on the day renzi, they fought at Daji; the Song army was greatly defeated, Hua Yuan was captured, Yue Lu was taken, and four hundred and sixty chariots were seized, with two hundred and fifty prisoners and one hundred left ears cut off. Kuang Jiao met a man of Zheng in battle; the man of Zheng fell into a well, and Kuang Jiao turned his halberd around and pulled him out, and was in turn captured by the man of Zheng. The gentleman said: "To lose ritual and disobey orders, being captured is deserved. In warfare, to display resolve and decisiveness in obedience is called ritual. To kill the enemy is resolve, and to carry resolve through to the end is decisiveness. To do the opposite is to deserve punishment and execution."

將戰，華元殺羊食士，其御羊斟不與。及戰，曰：“疇昔之羊，子為政，今日之事，我為政。”與入鄭師，故敗。君子謂：“羊斟非人也，以其私憾，敗國殄民。於是刑孰大焉。《詩》所謂‘人之無良’者，其羊斟之謂乎，殘民以逞。”

As battle was about to begin, Hua Yuan slaughtered a sheep to feed the soldiers, but his charioteer Yang Zhen did not get a share. When the battle came, Yang Zhen said: "The sheep of the other day was your decision; today's affair is my decision." He drove the chariot into the Zheng army, and so they were defeated. The gentleman said: "Yang Zhen is not a human being; because of a private grudge he ruined the state and brought harm to all the people. In such circumstances, what punishment could be greater than this? The Ode says of those 'who have no conscience'; it speaks of someone like Yang Zhen, who injures the people to gratify himself."

宋人以兵車百乘、文馬百駟以贖華元於鄭。半入，華元逃歸，立於門外，告而入。見叔佯，曰：“子之馬然也。”對曰：“非馬也，其人也。”既合而來奔。

The people of Song offered one hundred war chariots and four hundred patterned horses to ransom Hua Yuan from Zheng. Only half had been delivered when Hua Yuan escaped back; he stood outside the gate, announced himself, and entered the city. Seeing Shu Yang, he said: "It was your horses that were like this." Shu Yang replied: "It was not the horses, it was the men." Having agreed, he came to take refuge with him.

宋城，華元為植，巡功。城者謳曰：“睅其目，皤其腹，棄甲而復。于思于思，棄甲復來。”使其驂乘謂之曰：“牛則有皮，犀兕尚多，棄甲則那？”役人曰：“從其有皮，丹漆若何？”華元曰：“去之，夫其口眾我寡。”

When Song was repairing its city wall, Hua Yuan was in charge and inspected the work. The wall builders sang: "Bulging eyes and a swollen belly, he abandoned his armor and ran back. Whiskers, oh whiskers all over his face, he abandoned his armor and came back." Hua Yuan had the man at his side say to them: "Oxen have hides, and rhinoceroses and wild oxen are plentiful; what does it matter if we lose the armor?" The laborers said: "Even if there are hides, what about the red lacquer?" Hua Yuan said: "Go on, they have many mouths and we have few."

秦師伐晉，以報崇也，遂圍焦。夏，晉趙盾救焦，遂自陰地，及諸侯之師侵鄭，以報大棘之役。楚鬥椒救鄭，曰：“能欲諸侯而惡其難乎？”遂次於鄭以待晉師。趙盾曰：“彼宗競於楚，殆將斃矣。姑益其疾。”乃去之。

The Qin army attacked Jin to avenge the battle at Chong, and so besieged Jiao. In summer, Zhao Dun of Jin relieved Jiao, then set out from Yinde and invaded Zheng with the armies of the feudal lords, to avenge the battle at Daji. Dou Jiao of Chu relieved Zheng and said: "Can one think of the feudal lords and yet hate suffering hardship for it?" So he encamped in Zheng awaiting the Jin army. Zhao Dun said: "Their clan is contending for strength in Chu and will probably be destroyed soon. Let us for now add to his sickness." So he withdrew.

晉靈公不君：厚斂以雕牆；從臺上彈人，而觀其闢丸也；宰夫腸熊蹯不熟，殺之，置諸畚，使婦人載以過朝。趙盾、士季見其手，問其故，而患之。將諫，士季曰：“諫而不入，則莫之繼也。會請先，不入則子繼之。”三進，及溜，而後視之。曰：“吾知所過矣，將改之。”稽首而對曰：“人誰無過？過而能改，善莫大焉。《詩》曰：‘靡不有初，鮮克有終。’夫如是，則能補過者鮮矣。君能有終，則社稷之固也，豈唯群臣賴之。又曰：‘袞職有闕，惟仲山甫補之。’能補過也。君能補過，兗不廢矣。”猶不改。宣子驟諫，公患之，使鉏麑賊之。

Duke Ling of Jin did not behave as a ruler should: he levied heavy taxes to decorate the walls; he shot pellets at people from a tower and watched them dodge; when the cook did not stew a bear's paw until done, he killed him, put him in a basket, and had women carry him in a cart through the court. Zhao Dun and Shi Ji saw the hand and asked the reason, and were troubled by it. As they were about to remonstrate, Shi Ji said: "If we remonstrate and he does not listen, there will be no one to follow up. Let Hui go first, and if he does not listen, you can follow." He advanced three times, reaching the eaves, before the duke saw him. The duke said: "I know my fault and will correct it." Shi Ji bowed his head and replied: "Who is without fault? To have a fault and be able to correct it, there is no greater good. The Ode says: 'There is none without a beginning, but few can have an end.' If it is so, those who can make up for their faults are few. If Your Lordship can have an end, it will be the stability of the state altars, not only something the ministers rely on. The Ode also says: 'If the Son of Heaven's duties have a gap, only Zhong Shanfu can mend it.' This is being able to make up for faults. If Your Lordship can make up for your faults, the ceremonial robes will not be abandoned." [Note: the original text has a variant character for "gun", the ceremonial robe.] Duke Ling still did not change. Xuanzi remonstrated repeatedly, and Duke Ling hated him and sent Chu Ni to assassinate him.

晨往，寢門闢矣，盛服將朝，尚早，坐而假寐。麑退，嘆而言曰：“不忘恭敬，民之主也。賊民之主，不忠。棄君之命，不信。有一於此，不如死也。”觸槐而死。

He went in the early morning; the door of the bedchamber was already open, and Zhao Dun, fully dressed, was ready to go to court, but since it was still early he sat dozing. Ni withdrew and sighed, saying: "One who does not forget reverence is the master of the people. To kill the master of the people is disloyal. To abandon the ruler's command is faithless. If I have either one, it is better to die." He struck his head against a locust tree and died.

秋九月，晉侯飲趙盾酒，伏甲將攻之。其右提彌明知之，趨登曰：“臣侍君宴，過三爵，非禮也。”遂扶以下，公嗾夫獒焉。明搏而殺之。盾曰：“棄人用犬，雖猛何為。”鬥且出，提彌明死之。

In autumn, in the ninth month, the Marquis of Jin invited Zhao Dun to drink and hid armed men to attack him. His chariot-guard Ti Mi knew of it, hurried up to the hall and said: "Your servant attends the ruler's banquet; to go beyond three cups is contrary to ritual." So he helped him down from the hall. Duke Ling summoned out his fierce dog. Ti Mi fought it and killed it. Zhao Dun said: "To abandon a man and use a dog, however fierce, what use is it?" He fought as he made his way out, and Ti Mi died for him.

初，宣子田於首山，舍於翳桑，見靈輒餓，問其病。曰：“不食三日矣。”

Earlier, Xuanzi had been hunting on Mount Shou and lodged at Yisang, where he saw Ling Zhe starving and asked about his illness. Ling Zhe said: "I have not eaten for three days."

食之，舍其半。問之，曰：“宦三年矣，未知母之存否，今近焉，請以遺之。”

He gave him food, and he kept half back. Asked about it, he said: "I have been away studying for service for three years and do not know whether my mother is still alive; now that I am close to home, please let me leave this for her."

使盡之，而為之簞食與肉，置諸橐以與之。既而與為公介，倒戟以御公徒，而免之。問何故。對曰：“翳桑之餓人也。”問其名居，不告而退，遂自亡也。

He let him finish eating, and also prepared for him a basket of rice and meat, put in a bag and gave to him. Later Ling Zhe became one of Duke Ling's armed guards, turned his halberd around and held off Duke Ling's men, so that Zhao Dun escaped disaster. Asked why, he replied: "I am the starving man of Yisang." Asked his name and where he lived, he did not tell and withdrew, and then fled by himself.

乙丑，趙穿攻靈公於桃園。宣子未出山而復。大史書曰：“趙盾弒其君。”

On the day yichou, Zhao Chuan attacked Duke Ling in the Peach Garden. Xuanzi had not yet crossed the mountain border when he came back. The Grand Historian recorded: "Zhao Dun killed his ruler."

以示於朝。宣子曰：“不然。”對曰：“子為正卿，亡不越竟，反不討賊，非子而誰？”宣子曰：“烏呼，‘我之懷矣，自詒伊戚’，其我之謂矣！”孔子曰：“董孤，古之良史也，書法不隱。趙宣子，古之良大夫也，為法受惡。惜也，越竟乃免。”

He showed it to everyone at court. Xuanzi said: "It is not so." The Grand Historian replied: "You are the chief minister; in fleeing you did not cross the border, and on returning you did not punish the assassin. If not you, then who?" Xuanzi said: "Alas, 'because I had something I cherished, I left myself sorrow' it speaks of me!" Confucius said: "Dong Hu was a good historian of ancient times, whose rule of recording was not to conceal. Zhao Xuanzi was a good high official of ancient times, who bore a bad name for the sake of the norm. It is a pity; had he crossed the border, he would have been spared."

宣子使趙穿逆公子黑臀於周而立之。壬申，朝於武宮。

Xuanzi sent Zhao Chuan to the Zhou royal house to welcome Gongzi Heitun and install him. On the day renshen, he held court at the Martial Temple.

初，麗姬之亂，詛無畜群公子，自是晉無公族。及成公即位，乃宦卿之適子而為之田，以為公族，又宦其餘子亦為餘子，其庶子為公行。晉於是有公族、餘子、公行。趙盾請以括為公族，曰：“君姬氏之愛子也。微君姬氏，則臣狄人也。”

Earlier, at the disorder of Li Ji, they had sworn not to keep the princes, and from then on Jin had no ducal clan. When Duke Cheng took the throne, he had the legitimate sons of the ministers take office and gave them fields as the ducal clan, and also had the other sons take office, called the remaining sons, with the sons of concubines made the ducal retinue. From then on Jin had the ducal clan, the remaining sons and the ducal retinue. Zhao Dun asked that Kuo be made part of the ducal clan, saying: "He is the beloved son of Lady Jun Ji. Without Lady Jun Ji, your servant would be a Di barbarian."

公許之。

Duke Cheng agreed.

冬，趙盾為旄車之族。使屏季以其故族為公族大夫。

In winter, Zhao Dun took charge of the clan of the banner chariots. He had Ping Ji lead his former clansmen as high officials of the ducal clan.

【經】三年春王正月，郊牛之口傷，改卜牛。牛死，乃不郊。猶三望。葬匡王。楚子伐陸渾之戎。夏，楚人侵鄭。秋，赤狄侵齊。宋師圍曹。冬十月丙戌。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the ox for the suburban sacrifice had its mouth wounded, so another ox was divined. The ox died, and so the suburban sacrifice was not held. The three sacrifices to the mountains and rivers were still held. King Kuang was buried. The Viscount of Chu attacked the Lu-Hun Rong. In summer, the people of Chu invaded Zheng. In autumn, the Red Di invaded Qi. The Song army besieged Cao. In winter, in the tenth month, on the day bingxu.

鄭伯蘭卒。葬鄭穆公。

Earl Lan of Zheng died. Duke Mu of Zheng was buried.

【傳】三年春，不郊而望，皆非禮也。望，郊之屬也。不郊亦無望，可也。

[Commentary] In the third year, in spring, to hold the sacrifices to mountains and rivers without holding the suburban sacrifice was contrary to ritual in both. The sacrifices to mountains and rivers belong with the suburban sacrifice. If the suburban sacrifice is not held, the sacrifices to mountains and rivers may also be omitted.

晉侯伐鄭，及郔。鄭及晉平，士會入盟。

The Marquis of Jin attacked Zheng and reached Yan. Zheng made peace with Jin, and Shi Hui entered to make the covenant.

楚子伐陸渾之戎，遂至於洛，觀兵於周疆。定王使王孫滿勞楚子。楚子問鼎之大小輕重焉。對曰：“在德不在鼎。昔夏之方有德也，遠方圖物，貢金九牧，鑄鼎象物，百物而為之備，使民知神、奸。故民入川澤山林，不逢不若。螭魅罔兩，莫能逢之，用能協於上下以承天休。桀有昏德，鼎遷於商，載祀六百。商紂暴虐，鼎遷於周。德之休明，雖小，重也。其奸回昏亂，雖大，輕也。天祚明德，有所厎止。成王定鼎於郟鄏，卜世三十，卜年七百，天所命也。周德雖衰，天命未改，鼎之輕重，未可問也。”

The Viscount of Chu attacked the Lu-Hun Rong, and then reached the Luo River, reviewing his army on the border of the Zhou royal domain. King Ding sent Wangsun Man to console the Viscount of Chu. The Viscount of Chu asked about the size and weight of the tripods. Wangsun Man replied: "It lies in virtue, not in the tripods. In the past, when the Xia dynasty had virtue, distant lands drew pictures of things, the governors of the nine provinces offered metal, and tripods were cast with the images of things, all kinds of things being included, so that the people knew spirits and evil things. Therefore when the people entered rivers, marshes, mountains and forests, they did not meet anything harmful. The chimei and wangliang demons could not meet them, and so they were able to harmonize those above and below and receive Heaven's blessing. Jie had a confused and disordered virtue, and the tripods moved to Shang, where they stayed for six hundred years. Shang's Zhou was cruel, and the tripods moved to Zhou. If virtue is bright and good, even small, the tripods are heavy. If wickedness and disorder prevail, even large, they are light. Heaven's blessing on bright virtue has a fixed limit. King Cheng set the tripods in Jiaru and divined that the dynasty would pass down thirty generations and last seven hundred years; this was the mandate of Heaven. Although the virtue of Zhou has declined, the mandate of Heaven has not changed; the weight of the tripods is not yet to be asked about."

夏，楚人侵鄭，鄭即晉故也。

In summer, the people of Chu invaded Zheng, because Zheng was close to Jin.

宋文公即位三年，殺母弟須及昭公子。武氏之謀也，使戴、桓之族攻武氏於司馬子伯之館。盡逐武、穆之族。武、穆之族以曹師伐宋。秋，宋師圍曹，報武氏之亂也。

In the third year of Duke Wen of Song, he killed his younger brother Xu, born of the same mother, and the son of Duke Zhao. It was the plot of the Wu clan, and he had the Dai and Huan clans attack the Wu clan at the residence of the Minister of War Zibo. He drove out all of the Wu and Mu clans. The Wu and Mu clans used the army of Cao to attack Song. In autumn, the Song army besieged Cao, to avenge the Wu clan's rebellion.

冬，鄭穆公卒。

In winter, Duke Mu of Zheng died.

初，鄭文公有賤妾曰燕姞，夢天使與己蘭，曰：“餘為伯鯈。餘，而祖也，以是為而子。以蘭有國香，人服媚之如是。”既而文公見之，與之蘭而御之。辭曰：“妾不才，幸而有子，將不信，敢徵蘭乎。”公曰：“諾。”生穆公，名之曰蘭。

Earlier, Duke Wen of Zheng had a lowly concubine named Yan Ji, who dreamed that a messenger of Heaven gave her an orchid, saying: "I am Bo You. I am your ancestor; take this as your son. Because the orchid has the fragrance of a state, those who wear it will be loved like this." Later Duke Wen saw her, gave her an orchid and slept with her. She declined, saying: "Your handmaid has no talent; if by good fortune I have a son, others will not believe it; may I dare to use the orchid as proof?" Duke Wen said: "Good." She gave birth to Duke Mu, and he named him Lan (Orchid).

文公報鄭子之妃，曰陳媯，生子華、子臧。子臧得罪而出。誘子華而殺之南里，使盜殺子臧於陳、宋之間。又娶於江，生公子士。朝於楚，楚人鴆之，及葉而死。又娶於蘇，生子瑕、子俞彌。俞彌早卒。洩駕惡瑕，文公亦惡之，故不立也。公逐群公子，公子蘭奔晉，從晉文公伐鄭。石癸曰：“吾聞姬、姞耦，其子孫必蕃。姞，吉人也，后稷之元妃也，今公子蘭，姞甥也。天或啟之，必將為君，其後必蕃，先納之可以亢寵。”與孔將鋤、侯宣多納之，盟於大宮而立之。以與晉平。

Duke Wen had an affair with the consort of Zi of Zheng, who was called Chen Gui, and she bore Zi Hua and Zi Zang. Zi Zang committed an offense and fled. Duke Wen lured Zi Hua and killed him at Nanli, and sent bandits to kill Zi Zang between Chen and Song. He also took a wife in Jiang and had Gongzi Shi. When he went to Chu to pay court, the people of Chu gave him poisoned wine, and he died on reaching Ye. He also took a wife in Su and had Zi Xia and Zi Yumi. Yumi died early. Xie Jia hated Xia, and Duke Wen also hated him, and so he was not made heir. Duke Wen drove out the various princes, and Gongzi Lan fled to Jin and followed Duke Wen of Jin in attacking Zheng. Shi Gui said: "I have heard that when Ji and Ji are matched, the descendants are certain to flourish. Ji is the family of the auspicious, the first consort of Hou Ji. Now Gongzi Lan is a nephew of the Ji family. Perhaps Heaven is about to open the way for him; he will certainly become ruler, and his descendants will certainly flourish. If we take him in first, we can keep lasting favor." With Kong Jiangchu and Hou Xuanduo he took him in, made a covenant in the Great Palace and installed him. With this he made peace with Jin.

穆公有疾，曰：“蘭死，吾其死乎，吾所以生也。”刈蘭而卒。

Duke Mu was ill and said: "If the orchid dies, I shall probably die too, for I was born by it." After the orchid was cut down, he died.

【經】四年春王正月，公及齊侯平莒及郯。莒人不肯。公伐莒，取向。秦伯稻卒。夏六月乙酉，鄭公子歸生弒其君夷。赤狄侵齊。秋，公如齊。公至自齊。

[Classic] In the fourth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xuan and the Marquis of Qi mediated between Ju and Tan. The people of Ju refused. Duke Xuan attacked Ju and took Xiang. Earl Dao of Qin died. In summer, in the sixth month, on the day yiyou, Gongzi Gui Sheng of Zheng killed his ruler Yi. The Red Di invaded Qi. In autumn, Duke Xuan went to Qi. Duke Xuan returned from Qi.

冬，楚子伐鄭。

In winter, the Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng.

【傳】四年春，公及齊侯平莒及郯，莒人不肯。公伐莒，取向，非禮也。平國以禮不以亂，伐而不治，亂也。以亂平亂，何治之有？無治，何以行禮？楚人獻黿於鄭靈公。公子宋與子家將見。子公之食指動，以示子家，曰：“他日我如此，必嘗異味。”及入，宰夫將解黿，相視而笑。公問之，子家以告，及食大夫黿，召子公而弗與也。子公怒，染指於鼎，嘗之而出。公怒，欲殺子公。

[Commentary] In the fourth year, in spring, Duke Xuan and the Marquis of Qi mediated between Ju and Tan, and the people of Ju refused. Duke Xuan attacked Ju and took Xiang, which was contrary to ritual. To mediate between states one uses ritual and not disorder; to attack and then be unable to administer is disorder. If one uses disorder to settle disorder, what administration is there? Without administration, on what basis can one practice ritual? The people of Chu presented a large turtle to Duke Ling of Zheng. Gongzi Song and Zi Jia were about to have an audience. Zi Gong's index finger twitched, and he showed it to Zi Jia, saying: "On past occasions when this happened, I was certain to taste something unusual." When they went in, the cook was about to cut up the turtle, and the two looked at each other and smiled. Duke Ling asked the reason, and Zi Jia told him. When the turtle was served to the high officials, he summoned Zi Gong but did not give him any. Zi Gong was angered, dipped his finger in the cauldron, tasted it and went out. Duke Ling was angered and wished to kill Zi Gong.

子公與子家謀先。子家曰：“畜老，猶憚殺之，而況君乎？”反譖子家，子家懼而從之。夏，弒靈公。書曰：“鄭公子歸生弒其君夷。”權不足也。君子曰：“仁而不武，無能達也。”凡弒君，稱君，君無道也；稱臣，臣之罪也。

Zi Gong and Zi Jia plotted to strike first. Zi Jia said: "Even when an animal is old, one cannot bear to kill it; how much more a ruler?" Zi Gong in turn threatened to accuse Zi Jia, and Zi Jia was afraid and went along. In summer, they killed Duke Ling. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "Gongzi Gui Sheng of Zheng killed his ruler Yi," because his power was insufficient. The gentleman said: "Benevolence without courage cannot be carried out." In every case of killing a ruler, if only the ruler is named, the ruler was without the Way; if the minister's name is given, it is the minister's fault.

鄭人立子良，辭曰：“以賢則去疾不足，以順則公子堅長。”乃立襄公。襄公將去穆氏，而舍子良。子良不可，曰：“穆氏宜存，則固願也。若將亡之，則亦皆亡，去疾何為？”乃舍之，皆為大夫。

The people of Zheng wished to install Zi Liang, but Zi Liang declined, saying: "In terms of ability, Qu Ji is not sufficient; in terms of order, Gongzi Jian is older." So they installed Duke Xiang. Duke Xiang wished to remove the Mu clan and keep Zi Liang. Zi Liang did not agree, saying: "The Mu clan should be kept; that is originally my wish. If you want them to flee, then let all flee; what use is it to keep Qu Ji?" So he kept them, and they all became high officials.

初，楚司馬子良生子越椒，子文曰：“必殺之。是子也，熊虎之狀，而豺狼之聲，弗殺，必滅若敖氏矣。諺曰：‘狼子野心。’是乃狼也，其可畜乎？”子良不可。子文以為大戚，及將死，聚其族，曰：“椒也知政，乃速行矣，無及於難。”且泣曰：“鬼猶求食，若敖氏之鬼，不其餒而？”及令尹子文卒，鬥般為令尹，子越為司馬。蒍賈為工正，譖子揚而殺之，子越為令尹，己為司馬。子越又惡之，乃以若敖氏之族圄伯嬴於轑陽而殺之，遂處烝野，將攻王。王以三王之子為質焉，弗受，師於漳澨。秋七月戊戌，楚子與若敖氏戰於皋滸。伯棼射王，汰輈，及鼓跗，著於丁寧。又射汰輈，以貫笠轂。師懼，退。王使巡師曰：“吾先君文王克息，獲三矢焉。伯棼竊其二，盡於是矣。”鼓而進之，遂滅若敖氏。

Earlier, when Zi Liang, the Minister of War of Chu, had a son Zi Yue Jiao, Zi Wen said: "He must be killed. This child has the form of a bear and tiger and the voice of a jackal and wolf; if he is not killed, he will certainly destroy the Ruoao clan. The proverb says: 'A wolf cub has a wild heart.' This is a wolf; can it be raised?" Zi Liang did not agree. Zi Wen was greatly troubled by this, and when about to die he gathered his clansmen and said: "If Jiao takes charge of government, then leave quickly and do not be caught in the disaster." And he wept and said: "Even ghosts ask for food; will the ghosts of the Ruoao clan not go hungry?" When the Prime Minister Zi Wen died, Dou Ban became Prime Minister and Zi Yue became Minister of War. Wei Jia was Overseer of Works, slandered Zi Yang and had him killed, and Zi Yue became Prime Minister, making himself Minister of War. Zi Yue also hated him, and so he led the Ruoao clansmen to surround Bo Ying at Liaoyang and kill him, and then lived at Zhengye, preparing to attack the king of Chu. The king of Chu offered the descendants of the three former kings as hostages, but he did not accept, and encamped at Zhangshi. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day wuxu, the Viscount of Chu fought the Ruoao clan at Gaohu. Bofen shot at the king of Chu; the arrow grazed the chariot shaft, reached the drum stand, and struck the bronze gong. He shot again, grazed the shaft, and pierced the hub of the chariot canopy. The army was frightened and drew back. The king of Chu had someone patrol the army, saying: "When our former ruler King Wen conquered Xi, he obtained three arrows. Bofen stole two, and they are used up here." Drums were beaten for the attack, and the Ruoao clan was destroyed.

初，若敖娶於雲阝，生鬥伯比。若敖卒，從其母畜於雲阝，淫於雲阝子之女，生子文焉。雲阝夫人使棄諸夢中，虎乳之。雲阝子田，見之，懼而歸，以告，遂使收之。楚人謂乳谷，謂虎於菟，故命之曰鬥谷於菟。以其女妻伯比，實為令尹子文。其孫箴尹克黃使於齊，還，及宋，聞亂。其人曰，“不可以入矣。”箴尹曰：“棄君之命，獨誰受之？君，天也，天可逃乎？”遂歸，覆命而自拘於司敗。

Earlier, Ruoao took a wife in Yun and had Dou Bobi. [Note: the original text has a variant form of the character for the state of Yun.] When Ruoao died, Dou Bobi followed his mother and grew up in Yun, had an affair with the daughter of the Viscount of Yun, and Zi Wen was born. The Lady of Yun had someone abandon him in the Yunmeng marsh, where a tiger suckled him. The Viscount of Yun, hunting, saw this, was frightened and went back, told his wife, and so had someone take the child in. The people of Chu call milk "gu" and a tiger "wutu", and so he was named Dou Gu Wutu. The viscount married his daughter to Bobi, and he is the Prime Minister Zi Wen. His grandson Ke Huang, Overseer of Admonition, was sent on a mission to Qi, and on returning reached Song and heard of the disorder. His attendants said: "You cannot go in." The Overseer of Admonition said: "If I abandon the ruler's command, who will take me in? The ruler is Heaven; can one flee from Heaven?" So he went back, reported his mission, and placed himself in detention with the Minister of Justice.

王思子文之治楚國也，曰：“子文無後，何以勸善？”使復其所，改命曰生。

The king of Chu thought of Zi Wen's governing of Chu and said: "If Zi Wen has no descendants, what will we use to encourage people to do good?" He had Ke Huang restored to his former office and changed his name to Sheng.

冬，楚子伐鄭，鄭未服也。

In winter, the Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng, because Zheng had not yet submitted.

【經】五年春，公如齊。夏，公至自齊。秋九月，齊高固來逆叔姬。叔孫得臣卒。冬，齊高固及子叔姬來。楚人伐鄭。

[Classic] In the fifth year, in spring, Duke Xuan went to Qi. In summer, Duke Xuan returned from Qi. In autumn, in the ninth month, Gao Gu of Qi came to receive Shu Ji as his bride. Shusun Dechen died. In winter, Gao Gu of Qi and Zi Shu Ji came. The people of Chu attacked Zheng.

【傳】五年春，公如齊，高固使齊侯止公，請叔姬焉。

[Commentary] In the fifth year, in spring, Duke Xuan went to Qi, and Gao Gu had the Marquis of Qi detain Duke Xuan and asked him for the hand of Shu Ji.

夏，公至自齊，書，過也。

In summer, Duke Xuan returned from Qi; the Spring and Autumn Annals records it because there was a fault.

秋九月，齊高固來逆女，自為也。故書曰：“逆叔姬。”即自逆也。

In autumn, in the ninth month, Gao Gu of Qi came to receive his bride; he was receiving her for himself. Therefore the Spring and Autumn Annals records: "He received Shu Ji." That is, he received her himself.

冬，來，反馬也。

The coming in winter was to return the horses.

楚子伐鄭，陳及楚平。晉荀林父救鄭，伐陳。

The Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng, and Chen made peace with Chu. Xun Linfu of Jin relieved Zheng and attacked Chen.

【經】六年春，晉趙盾、衛孫免侵陳。夏四月。秋八月，螽。冬十月。

[Classic] In the sixth year, in spring, Zhao Dun of Jin and Sun Mian of Wei invaded Chen. In summer, in the fourth month. In autumn, in the eighth month, a plague of locusts occurred. In winter, in the tenth month.

【傳】六年春，晉、衛侵陳，陳即楚故也。

[Commentary] In the sixth year, in spring, Jin and Wei invaded Chen, because Chen was close to Chu.

夏，定王使子服求後於齊。

In summer, King Ding sent Zi Fu to Qi to seek a queen.

秋，赤狄伐晉。圍懷，及邢丘。晉侯欲伐之。中行桓子曰：“使疾其民，以盈其貫，將可殪也。《周書》曰：‘殪戎殷。’此類之謂也。”

In autumn, the Red Di attacked Jin. They besieged Huai and reached Xingqiu. The Marquis of Jin wished to attack them. Zhonghang Huanzi said: "Let them harm their own people until their evil is full, and then they can be destroyed. The Book of Zhou says: 'Destroy the great Yin.' It speaks of this kind of thing."

冬，召桓公逆王后於齊。

In winter, Duke Huan of Shao was summoned to Qi to welcome the royal consort.

楚人伐鄭，取成而還。

The men of Chu attacked Zheng, obtained a peace, and returned.

鄭公子曼滿與王子伯廖語，欲為卿。伯廖告人曰：“無德而貪，其在《周易》《豐》ⅲⅵ之《離》ⅵⅵ，弗過之矣。”間一歲，鄭人殺之。

Gongzi Manman of Zheng told Prince Boliao that he wished to become a minister. Boliao told others: "Without virtue yet greedy, he fits the Zhou Changes hexagram Feng changing into Li; he will not get past this barrier." A year later, the men of Zheng killed him.

【經】七年春，衛侯使孫良夫來盟。夏，公會齊侯伐萊。秋，公至自伐萊。

[Classic] In the seventh year, spring, the Marquis of Wei sent Sun Liangfu to conclude a covenant. In summer, Duke Xuan joined the Marquis of Qi in attacking Lai. In autumn, Duke Xuan returned from the campaign against Lai.

大旱。冬，公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯於黑壤。

There was a great drought. In winter, Duke Xuan met with the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng and the Earl of Cao at Heirang.

【傳】七年春，衛孫桓子來盟，始通，且謀會晉也。

[Commentary] In the seventh year, spring, Sun Huanzi of Wei came to conclude a covenant, which began relations between them and also discussed a meeting with Jin.

夏，公會齊侯伐萊，不與謀也。凡師出，與謀曰及，不與某曰會。

In summer, Duke Xuan joined the Marquis of Qi in attacking Lai, without taking part in the planning. In any military campaign, taking part in the planning is called "ji" (and), and not taking part in the planning is called "hui" (joining). The original text's "not taking part in so-and-so" means "not taking part in the planning."

赤狄侵晉，取向陰之禾。

The Red Di invaded Jin and seized the grain of Xiangyin.

鄭及晉平，公子宋之謀也，故相鄭伯以會。冬，盟於黑壤，王叔桓公臨之，以謀不睦。

Zheng made peace with Jin, which was Gongzi Song's plan, and so he assisted the Earl of Zheng in the ritual and went to the meeting. In winter, a covenant was made at Heirang, where Duke Huan, the Royal Uncle, was personally present, planning matters that were not in harmony.

晉侯之立也，公不朝焉，又不使大夫聘，晉人止公於會，盟於黃父。公不與盟，以賂免。故黑壤之盟不書，諱之也。

When the Marquis of Jin took the throne, Duke Xuan did not go to pay court, nor did he send a grandee on a visit, and the men of Jin detained Duke Xuan at the meeting and made a covenant at Huangfu. Duke Xuan did not take part in the covenant and escaped disaster with gifts of wealth. Therefore the Annals does not record the covenant of Heirang, which is a taboo.

【經】八年春，公至自會。夏六月，公子遂如齊，至黃乃復。辛巳，有事於大廟，仲遂卒於垂。壬午，猶繹。萬入，去籥。戊子，夫人贏氏薨。晉師、白狄伐秦。楚人滅舒蓼。秋七月甲子，日有食之，既。冬十月己丑，葬我小君敬贏。

[Classic] In the eighth year, spring, Duke Xuan returned from the meeting. In summer, in the sixth month, Gongzi Sui went to Qi and turned back at Huang. On the xinsi day there was a sacrifice in the Grand Temple, and Zhongsui died at Chui. On the renwu day the Yi sacrifice was still held. The Wan dance entered, with the flute removed. On the wuzi day, the Lady Ying died. The army of Jin and the White Di attacked Qin. The men of Chu destroyed Shuliao. In autumn, on the jiazi day of the seventh month, there was a total solar eclipse. In winter, in the tenth month, on the jichou day, our state's Lady Jingying was buried.

雨，不克葬。庚寅，日中而克葬。城平陽。楚師伐陳。

It rained, and the burial could not proceed. On the gengyin day, the burial was possible at noon. The city of Pingyang was built. The army of Chu attacked Chen.

【傳】八年春，白狄及晉平。夏，會晉伐秦。晉人獲秦諜，殺諸絳市，六日而蘇。

[Commentary] In the eighth year, spring, the White Di made peace with Jin. In summer, they joined Jin in attacking Qin. The men of Jin captured a Qin spy and killed him in the market of Jiang, and six days later he came back to life.

有事於大廟，襄仲卒而繹，非禮也。

There was a sacrifice in the Grand Temple, and Xiangzhong had died but the Yi sacrifice was still held, which was contrary to ritual.

楚為眾舒叛，故伐舒蓼，滅之。楚子疆之，及滑汭。盟吳、越而還。

Chu, because the many Shu had rebelled, attacked Shuliao and destroyed it. The Viscount of Chu fixed its boundaries and reached Huarui. After making a covenant with Wu and Yue, he returned.

晉胥克有蠱疾，郤缺為政。秋，廢胥克。使趙朔佐下軍。

Xu Ke of Jin had a wasting disease, and Xi Que held the government. In autumn, Xu Ke was dismissed. Zhao Shuo was made to assist the Lower Army.

冬，葬敬贏。旱，無麻，始用葛茀。雨，不克葬，禮也。禮，卜葬，先遠日，闢不懷也。

In winter, Jingying was buried. The weather was dry and there was no hemp, so for the first time kudzu was used for the ropes to draw the coffin. It rained and the burial could not proceed, which accords with ritual. By ritual, in divining for a burial, one first divines for a more distant day, to avoid appearing not to cherish the dead.

城平陽，書，時也。

The building of the city of Pingyang is recorded in the Annals because it accorded with the season.

陳及晉平。楚師伐陳，取成而還。

Chen made peace with Jin. The army of Chu attacked Chen, obtained a peace, and returned.

【經】九年春王正月，公如齊。公至自齊。夏，仲孫蔑如京師。齊侯伐萊。

[Classic] In the ninth year, spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Xuan went to Qi. Duke Xuan returned from Qi. In summer, Zhongsun Mie went to the capital. The Marquis of Qi attacked Lai.

秋，取根牟。八月，滕子卒。九月，晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯會於扈。晉荀林父帥師伐陳。辛酉，晉侯黑臀卒於扈。冬十月癸酉，衛侯鄭卒。宋人圍滕。

In autumn, Genmou was taken. In the eighth month, the Viscount of Teng died. In the ninth month, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng and the Earl of Cao met at Hu. Xun Linfu of Jin led troops and attacked Chen. On the xinyou day, Heitun, Marquis of Jin, died at Hu. In winter, on the guiyou day of the tenth month, Zheng, Marquis of Wei, died. The men of Song besieged Teng.

楚子伐鄭。晉郤缺帥師救鄭。陳殺其大夫洩冶。

The Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng. Xi Que of Jin led troops to rescue Zheng. Chen killed its grandee Xie Ye.

【傳】九年春，王使來徵聘。夏，孟獻於聘於周，王以為有禮，厚賄之。

[Commentary] In the ninth year, spring, the Son of Heaven sent someone to ask for a courtesy visit. In summer, Meng Xianzi paid a courtesy visit to the Zhou court. (The original text's "Meng Xianyu" means Meng Xianzi.) The Son of Heaven thought it showed propriety and gave generous gifts of wealth.

秋，取根牟，言易也。

In autumn, Genmou was taken; this is said to indicate that it was easy.

滕昭公卒。

Duke Zhao of Teng died.

會於扈，討不睦也。陳侯不會。晉荀林父以諸侯之師伐陳。晉侯卒於扈，乃還。

The meeting at Hu was to punish those who were not in harmony. The Marquis of Chen did not attend the meeting. Xun Linfu of Jin led the armies of the feudal lords and attacked Chen. The Marquis of Jin died at Hu, and so they returned.

冬，宋人圍滕，因其喪也。

In winter, the men of Song besieged Teng, taking advantage of its mourning.

陳靈公與孔寧、儀行父通於夏姬，皆衷其礻日服以戲於朝。洩冶諫曰：“公卿宣淫，民無效焉，且聞不令，君其納之。”公曰：“吾能改矣。”公告二子，二子請殺之，公弗禁，遂殺洩冶。孔子曰：“《詩》云：‘民之多闢，無自立闢。’其洩冶之謂乎。”

Duke Ling of Chen was involved in illicit relations with Kong Ning, Yi Xingfu and Xia Ji, and all of them wore her undergarments next to the skin and made merry at court. (The original text's "ri" radical form stands for "ni," an intimate garment.) Xie Ye remonstrated: "When the duke and ministers proclaim licentiousness, the people have no one to model themselves on, and moreover the reputation is bad; I ask my lord to put those garments away." Duke Ling said: "I can change." The Duke told those two men, and they asked to kill Xie Ye. The Duke did not forbid it, and so Xie Ye was killed. Confucius said: "The Odes say: 'When the people are largely perverse, do not set up your own perversity.' This must refer to Xie Ye."

楚子為厲之役故，伐鄭。

The Viscount of Chu, because of the battle at Li, attacked Zheng.

晉郤缺救鄭，鄭伯敗楚師於柳棼。國人皆喜，唯子良憂曰：“是國之災也，吾死無日矣。”

Xi Que of Jin rescued Zheng, and the Earl of Zheng defeated the army of Chu at Liufen. The people of the state were all delighted; only Ziliang was anxious and said: "This is a calamity for the state; I shall not live many more days."

【經】十年春，公如齊。公至自齊。齊人歸我濟西田。夏四月丙辰，日有食之。己巳，齊侯元卒。齊崔氏出奔衛。公如齊。五月，公至自齊。癸巳，陳夏徵舒弒其君平國。六月，宋師伐滕。公孫歸父如齊，葬齊惠公。晉人、宋人、衛人、曹人伐鄭。秋，天王使王季子來聘。公孫歸父帥師伐邾，取繹。大水。季孫行父如齊。冬，公孫歸父如齊。齊侯使國佐來聘。飢。楚子伐鄭。

[Classic] In the tenth year, spring, Duke Xuan went to Qi. Duke Xuan returned from Qi. The men of Qi returned to our state the land west of the Ji River. In summer, on the bingchen day of the fourth month, there was a solar eclipse. On the jisi day, Yuan, Marquis of Qi, died. The Cui clan of Qi fled to Wei. Duke Xuan went to Qi. In the fifth month, Duke Xuan returned from Qi. On the guisi day, Xia Zhengshu of Chen murdered his ruler Pingguo. In the sixth month, the army of Song attacked Teng. Gongsun Guifu went to Qi to attend the funeral of Duke Hui of Qi. The men of Jin, Song, Wei and Cao attacked Zheng. In autumn, the Son of Heaven sent Wang Jizi on a courtesy visit. Gongsun Guifu led troops to attack Zhu and seized Yi. There was a great flood. Jisun Xingfu went to Qi. In winter, Gongsun Guifu went to Qi. The Marquis of Qi sent Guo Zuo on a courtesy visit. There was famine. The Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng.

【傳】十年春，公如齊。齊侯以我服故，歸濟西之田。

[Commentary] In the tenth year, spring, Duke Xuan went to Qi. The Marquis of Qi, because our state had submitted, returned the land west of the Ji River.

夏，齊惠公卒。崔杼有寵於惠公，高、國畏其逼也，公卒而逐之，奔衛。書曰“崔氏”，非其罪也，且告以族，不以名。凡諸侯之大夫違，告於諸侯曰：“某氏之守臣某，失守宗廟，敢告。”所有玉帛之使者，則告，不然，則否。

In summer, Duke Hui of Qi died. Cui Zhu had been favored by Duke Hui, and the Gao and Guo clans, afraid of his pressure, drove him out when Duke Hui died, and he fled to Wei. The Annals records him as "the Cui clan" because he was without guilt, and also because the announcement used the clan name and not the personal name. In general, when a feudal lord's grandee leaves his own state, it is announced to the feudal lords: "The guardian minister so-and-so of such-and-such clan has lost hold of the ancestral temple; I venture to announce it." In general, when there are envoys exchanging jade and silk, it is announced; otherwise it is not.

公如齊奔喪。

Duke Xuan went to Qi to attend the funeral.

陳靈公與孔寧、儀行父飲酒於夏氏。公謂行父曰：“徵舒似女。”對曰：“亦似君。”徵舒病之。公出，自其廄射而殺之。二子奔楚。

Duke Ling of Chen drank wine with Kong Ning and Yi Xingfu at the house of Xia. The Duke said to Xingfu: "Zhengshu looks like you." Xingfu replied: "He also looks like my lord." Zhengshu was ashamed of this. When the Duke came out, Zhengshu shot him dead from the stables. The two men fled to Chu.

滕人恃晉而不事宋，六月，宋師伐滕。

The men of Teng relied on Jin and did not serve Song, and in the sixth month the army of Song attacked Teng.

鄭及楚平。諸侯之師伐鄭，取成而還。

Zheng made peace with Chu. The armies of the feudal lords attacked Zheng, obtained a peace, and returned.

秋，劉康公來報聘。

In autumn, Duke Kang of Liu came to return the courtesy visit.

師伐邾，取繹。

The army attacked Zhu and seized Yi.

季文子初聘於齊。

Jiwenzi made his first courtesy visit to Qi.

冬，子家如齊，伐邾故也。

In winter, Zijia went to Qi, because of the attack on Zhu.

國武子來報聘。

Guo Wuzi came to return the courtesy visit.

楚子伐鄭。晉士會救鄭，逐楚師於潁北。諸侯之師戍鄭。鄭子家卒。鄭人討幽公之亂，斫子家之棺而逐其族。改葬幽公，諡之曰靈。

The Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng. Shi Hui of Jin rescued Zheng and drove off the army of Chu north of the Ying. The armies of the feudal lords garrisoned Zheng. Zijia of Zheng died. The men of Zheng pursued the disorder of the murder of Duke You, split open Zijia's coffin and drove out his clan. They reburied Duke You and gave him the posthumous title "Ling."

【經】十有一年春王正月。夏，楚子、陳侯、鄭伯盟於辰陵。公孫歸父會齊人伐莒。秋，晉侯會狄於欑函。冬十月，楚人殺陳夏徵舒。丁亥，楚子入陳。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar. In summer, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Chen and the Earl of Zheng made a covenant at Chenling. Gongsun Guifu joined the men of Qi in attacking Ju. In autumn, the Marquis of Jin met the Di at Cuanhan. In winter, in the tenth month, the men of Chu killed Xia Zhengshu of Chen. On the dinghai day, the Viscount of Chu entered Chen.

納公孫寧、儀行父於陳。

Gongsun Ning and Yi Xingfu were sent into Chen.

【傳】十一年春，楚子伐鄭，及櫟。子良曰：“晉、楚不務德而兵爭，與其來者可也。晉、楚無信，我焉得有信。”乃從楚。夏，楚盟於辰陵，陳、鄭服也。

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, spring, the Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng and reached Li. Ziliang said: "Jin and Chu do not devote themselves to virtue but contend with arms; we should draw close to whoever comes. Jin and Chu have no good faith, so how could we have good faith?" And so he followed Chu. In summer, Chu made a covenant at Chenling, and Chen and Zheng submitted.

楚左尹子重侵宋，王待諸郔。令尹蒍艾獵城沂，使封人慮事，以授司徒。

Zichong, Chu's Left Chancellor, invaded Song, and the King of Chu waited at Ying. The Prime Minister Wei Ailie had the city of Yi built, and had the border warden consider the work and report it to the Minister of Instruction.

量功命日，分財用，平板幹，稱畚築，程土物，議遠邇，略基趾，具餱糧，度有司，事三旬而成，不愆於素。

They measured the work and fixed the dates, allocated materials and tools, leveled the boards, weighed the baskets and the earth, calculated the volume of earth, deliberated on distances near and far, inspected the foundations, prepared provisions, and reviewed the officials concerned; in thirty days it was completed, not exceeding the original plan.

晉郤成子求成於眾狄，眾狄疾赤狄之役，遂服於晉。秋，會於欑函，眾狄服也。是行也。諸大夫欲召狄。郤成子曰：“吾聞之，非德，莫如勤，非勤，何以求人？能勤有繼，其從之也。《詩》曰：‘文王既勤止。’文王猶勤，況寡德乎？”冬，楚子為陳夏氏亂故，伐陳。謂陳人無動，將討於少西氏。遂入陳，殺夏徵舒，轘諸栗門，因縣陳。陳侯在晉。

Xi Chengzi of Jin sought peace with the many Di, who were suffering from the forced service of the Red Di, and so submitted to Jin. In autumn, a meeting was held at Cuanhan, and the many Di submitted. On this trip, the grandees wanted to summon the Di to come. Xi Chengzi said: "I have heard: if one has no virtue, it is better to work hard; without working hard, what can one ask of others? One who can work hard will have successors, so it is better to go to them. The Odes say: 'King Wen already worked hard.' Even King Wen worked hard, how much more should those of little virtue!" In winter, the Viscount of Chu, because of the disorder of the Xia clan of Chen, attacked Chen. He told the men of Chen not to move, as he was about to punish the Shaoxi clan. Then he entered Chen, killed Xia Zhengshu, had him torn apart by chariots at the Li Gate, and made Chen a county. The Marquis of Chen was in Jin.

申叔時使於齊，反，覆命而退。王使讓之曰：“夏徵舒為不道，弒其君，寡人以諸侯討而戮之，諸侯、縣公皆慶寡人，女獨不慶寡人，何故”對曰：“猶可辭乎？”王曰：“可哉”曰：夏徵舒弒其君，其罪大矣，討而戮之，君之義也。

Shen Shushi was sent on a mission to Qi, and after returning to report, withdrew. The King of Chu sent someone to reproach him: "Xia Zhengshu did lawless things and murdered his ruler. I led the feudal lords to attack and kill him, and the feudal lords and the county dukes all congratulated me; you alone did not congratulate me. What is the reason?" Shen Shushi replied: "May I explain?" The King said: "You may." Shen Shushi said: "Xia Zhengshu murdered his ruler, and his guilt was great; to attack and kill him was my lord's righteousness.

抑人亦有言曰：‘牽牛以蹊人之田，而奪之牛。’牽牛以蹊者，信有罪矣；而奪之牛，罰已重矣。諸侯之從也，曰討有罪也。今縣陳，貪其富也。以討召諸侯，而以貪歸之，無乃不可乎？王曰：“善哉！”吾未之聞也。反之，可乎？對曰：“可哉！吾儕小人所謂取諸其懷而與之也。”乃復封陳，鄉取一人焉以歸，謂之夏州。故書曰：“楚子入陳，納公孫寧、儀行父於陳。”書有禮也。

(Shen Shushi continued:) "Yet people also have a saying: 'He who leads an ox across another's field has his ox seized.' One who leads an ox across a field is indeed guilty, but seizing his ox is already too heavy a punishment. The feudal lords followed, saying it was to attack the guilty. Now to make Chen a county is to covet its wealth. To summon the feudal lords on the pretext of punishment and end by greed, surely that is not acceptable?" The King of Chu said: "Well said! I had not heard this. If I give it back, is that acceptable?" He replied: "It is! What we petty men say is: take it from his bosom and give it back to him." And so Chen was re-established, and one man was taken from each district, which was called Xiazhou. Therefore the Annals records: "The Viscount of Chu entered Chen and restored Gongsun Ning and Yi Xingfu to Chen," recording that he acted with propriety.

厲之役，鄭伯逃歸，自是楚未得志焉。鄭既受盟於辰陵，又徼事於晉。

In the battle at Li, the Earl of Zheng fled back, and from then on Chu did not gain its will over Zheng. Zheng had already accepted the covenant at Chenling and again sought to serve Jin.

【經】十有二年春，葬陳靈公。楚子圍鄭。夏六月乙卯，晉荀林父帥師及楚子戰於邲，晉師敗績。秋七月。冬十有二月戊寅，楚子滅蕭。晉人、宋人、衛人、曹人同盟於清丘。宋師伐陳。衛人救陳。

[Classic] In the twelfth year, spring, Duke Ling of Chen was buried. The Viscount of Chu besieged Zheng. In summer, on the yimao day of the sixth month, Xun Linfu of Jin led troops and fought the Viscount of Chu at Bi, and the army of Jin was greatly defeated. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, on the wuyin day of the twelfth month, the Viscount of Chu destroyed Xiao. The men of Jin, Song, Wei and Cao made a covenant together at Qingqiu. The army of Song attacked Chen. The men of Wei rescued Chen.

【傳】十二年春，楚子圍鄭。旬有七日，鄭人卜行成，不吉。卜臨於大宮，且巷出車，吉。國人大臨，守陴者皆哭。楚子退師，鄭人修城，進復圍之，三月克之。入自皇門，至於逵路。鄭伯肉袒牽羊以逆，曰：“孤不天，不能事君，使君懷怒以及敝邑，孤之罪也。敢不唯命是聽。其俘諸江南以實海濱，亦唯命。其翦以賜諸侯，使臣妾之，亦唯命。若惠顧前好，徼福於厲、宣、桓、武，不泯其社稷，使改事君，夷於九縣，君之惠也，孤之願之，非所敢望也。敢布腹心，君實圖之。”左右曰：“不可許也，得國無赦。”王曰：“其君能下人，必能信用其民矣，庸可幾乎？”退三十里而許之平。潘尫入盟，子良出質。

[Commentary] In the twelfth year, spring, the Viscount of Chu besieged Zheng. After seventeen days, the men of Zheng divined about making peace, and it was not auspicious. They divined about wailing in the Grand Temple and lining up the war chariots in the lanes, and it was auspicious. The people of the capital wailed greatly, and those guarding the battlements all wept. The Viscount of Chu withdrew his troops; the men of Zheng repaired the walls, and the army of Chu advanced again and besieged them, taking the city in three months. They entered by the Huang Gate and reached the main road. The Earl of Zheng, stripped to the waist and leading a sheep, came to meet them and said: "I could not serve Heaven and could not serve my lord, so that my lord came to my humble state in anger; this is my fault. I dare not do other than obey your command. If you resettle the captives south of the Yangzi to fill the coast, I also obey. If, after wiping us out, you give us to the feudal lords to be their servants and concubines, I also obey. If you remember the former friendship and seek blessings from Kings Li and Xuan and Dukes Huan and Wu, and do not destroy the altars of our state, and let us change to serve my lord as one of your nine counties, that would be my lord's kindness and also my wish, but I do not dare to hope for it. I venture to lay out what is in my heart; I ask my lord to consider." Those around the King said: "We cannot agree; once we have the state, we should not pardon it." The King of Chu said: "Their ruler can place himself below others and surely can win the trust of and make use of his people; can we then destroy him?" He withdrew thirty li and permitted peace. Pan Wang entered to conclude the covenant, and Ziliang went out as hostage.

夏六月，晉師救鄭。荀林父將中軍，先縠佐之。士會將上軍，郤克佐之。趙朔將下軍，欒書佐之。趙括、趙嬰齊為中軍大夫。鞏朔、韓穿為上軍大夫。荀首、趙同為下軍大夫。韓厥為司馬。及河，聞鄭既及楚平，桓子欲還，曰：“無及於鄭而剿民，焉用之？楚歸而動，不後。”隨武子曰：“善。會聞用師，觀釁而動。

In summer, in the sixth month, the army of Jin went to rescue Zheng. Xun Linfu commanded the Central Army, with Xian Hu as his assistant. Shi Hui commanded the Upper Army, with Xi Ke as assistant. Zhao Shuo commanded the Lower Army, with Luan Shu as assistant. Zhao Kuo and Zhao Yingqi were grandees of the Central Army. Gong Shuo and Han Chuan were grandees of the Upper Army. Xun Shou and Zhao Tong were grandees of the Lower Army. Han Jue was Marshal. When they reached the Yellow River, they heard that Zheng had already made peace with Chu. Huanzi (Xun Linfu) wished to turn back, saying: "If we have not arrived in time to rescue Zheng and yet toil the people, what use is it? Even if we act after the army of Chu returns, it will not be too late." Sui Wuzi said: "Good. I have heard that in using the army one should observe the gaps and then act.

德刑政事典禮不易，不可敵也，不為是徵。楚軍討鄭，怒其貳而哀其卑，叛而伐之，服而舍之，德刑成矣。伐叛，刑也；柔服，德也。二者立矣。昔歲入陳，今茲入鄭，民不罷勞，君無怨讟，政有經矣。荊尸而舉，商農工賈不敗其業，而卒乘輯睦，事不奸矣。蒍敖為宰，擇楚國之令典，軍行，右轅，左追蓐，前茅慮無，中權，後勁，百官象物而動，軍政不戒而備，能用典矣。其君之舉也，內姓選於親，外姓選於舊；舉不失德，賞不失勞；老有加惠，旅有施捨；君子小人，物有服章，貴有常尊，賤有等威；禮不逆矣。德立，刑行，政成，事時，典從，禮順，若之何敵之？見可而進，知難而退，軍之善政也。兼弱攻昧，武之善經也。子姑整軍而經武乎，猶有弱而昧者，何必楚？仲虺有言曰：‘取亂侮亡。’兼弱也。

(Sui Wuzi continued:) "If virtue, punishment, government, affairs, statutes and ritual are not altered, one cannot be resisted, and one should not campaign against such a state. In attacking Zheng, the army of Chu was angry that it had a divided mind, but also pitied its humility; they attacked it when it rebelled and released it when it submitted, so virtue and punishment were both established. Attacking the rebellious is punishment, and pacifying the obedient is virtue; both were set up. Last year they entered Chen, this year they entered Zheng, yet the people were not wearied or toiled and the ruler had no complaints, so government had its regular norms. They set out with the Jingshi formation, and merchants, farmers, craftsmen and traders did not damage their trades; the infantry and chariot troops were in harmony, and affairs did not interfere with each other. Wei Ao (Sun Shuao) served as Prime Minister and selected the good statutes of Chu; in the army's march, on the right they follow the shafts, on the left they look for fodder, the vanguard holds the reed banner to guard against surprises, the central army weighs matters, the rear army is the elite, and the hundred officials act according to the flags and emblems; military administration is complete without waiting for orders, which is being able to use the statutes. In the selection by their ruler, among those of the same surname he chooses from the close kin, and among those of other surnames from old ministers; in recommending he does not overlook the virtuous, and in rewarding he does not overlook the meritorious; the aged receive extra kindness, travelers receive alms; among gentlemen and common people, objects have their own colors and patterns, the noble have fixed honor, and the humble have graded dignity; ritual is not violated. With virtue established, punishment carried out, government accomplished, affairs timely, statutes followed and ritual in order, how can one resist them? Seeing what is possible, advance; knowing difficulty, retreat: this is good governance in using the army. To annex the weak and attack the benighted is the good constant rule of military affairs. You may as well reorganize the army and manage military preparedness; there are still weak and benighted states, so why must it be Chu? Zhong Hui has a saying: 'Seize those in confusion, and bully those about to perish.' This means annexing the weak.

《汋》曰：‘於鑠王師，遵養時晦。’耆昧也。《武》曰：‘無競惟烈。’撫弱耆昧以務烈所，可也。”彘子曰：“不可。晉所以霸，師武臣力也。今失諸侯，不可謂力。有敵而不從，不可謂武。由我失霸，不如死。且成師以出，聞敵強而退，非夫也。命為軍師，而卒以非夫，唯群子能，我弗為也。”以中軍佐濟。

(Sui Wuzi continued:) The Zhuo says: 'Brilliant is the king's army, following the times to deal with the benighted.' This means attacking the benighted. The Wu says: 'None is stronger than merit.' To pacify the weak and attack the benighted, in order to pursue what lies in merit, is enough." Zhizi (Xian Hu) said: "Not so. The reason Jin became hegemon is that its army was valiant and its ministers gave their strength. Now we have lost the feudal lords, and that cannot be called strength. Having an enemy and not following him cannot be called valor. To lose the hegemony through me, I would rather die. Moreover, to set out with an assembled army and retreat on hearing that the enemy is strong is not the act of a real man. Having received the commission to be army commander, if in the end I am not like a real man, only you gentlemen can do so; I will not." He led the troops under his command as assistant of the Central Army across the river.

知莊子曰：“此師殆哉。《周易》有之，在《師》三之《臨》三，曰：‘師出以律，否臧兇。’執事順成為臧，逆為否，眾散為弱，川壅為澤，有律以如己也，故曰律。否臧，且律竭也。盈而以竭，夭且不整，所以兇也。不行謂之《臨》，有帥而不從，臨孰甚焉！此之謂矣。果遇，必敗，彘子屍之。雖免而歸，必有大咎。”韓獻子謂桓子曰：“彘子以偏師陷，子罪大矣。子為元師，師不用命，誰之罪也？失屬亡師，為罪已重，不如進也。事之不捷，惡有所分，與其專罪，六人同之，不猶愈乎？”師遂濟。

Zhi Zhuangzi said: "This army is in danger. The Changes has a saying about this, in Shi changing into Lin: 'In sending out the army, there must be discipline; if not good, it is ill-omened.' To act in accord with reason and succeed is good; to act perversely is not good. When the people scatter, that is weakness; when a river is blocked, it becomes a marsh; only with discipline can the multitude be made like oneself, and so it is called discipline. If not good, the discipline is exhausted. Full yet exhausted, blocked and disordered, therefore ill-omened. To be unable to move is called Lin (approaching); having a commander but not obeying him, is there anything more approaching than that? That is what this means. If we really meet the enemy, we will certainly be defeated, and Zhizi will bear the blame. Even if he escapes death and returns, he will certainly suffer great disaster." Han Xianzi said to Huanzi: "If Zhizi leads a detachment into the enemy's ranks, your guilt will be great. You are commander-in-chief, and if the army does not obey orders, whose guilt is it? To lose a dependent state and lose the army is already a heavy offense; it is better to advance. If the matter fails, the evil name is shared. Rather than bearing the guilt alone, would it not be better for six men to bear it together?" The army then crossed the river.

楚子北，師次於郔，沈尹將中軍，子重將左，子反將右，將飲馬於河而歸。

The Viscount of Chu advanced north, and the army camped at Ying. Shen Yin commanded the Central Army, Zichong the Left Army and Zifan the Right Army, planning to water the horses in the Yellow River and then return.

聞晉師既濟，王欲還，嬖人伍參欲戰。令尹孫叔敖弗欲，曰：“昔歲入陳，今茲入鄭，不無事矣。戰而不捷，參之肉其足食乎？”參曰：“若事之捷，孫叔為無謀矣。不捷，參之肉將在晉軍，可得食乎？”令尹南轅反旆，伍參言於王曰：“晉之從政者新，未能行令。其佐先縠剛愎不仁，未肯用命。其三帥者專行不獲，聽而無上，眾誰適從？此行也，晉師必敗。且君而逃臣，若社稷何？”王病之，告令尹，改乘轅而北之，次於管以待之。

Hearing that the army of Jin had already crossed the river, the King of Chu wished to return, but his favorite Wu Can wished to fight. The Prime Minister Sun Shuao did not wish to, saying: "Last year we entered Chen, this year we entered Zheng; it is not that we are without affairs. If we fight and do not win, would Can's flesh be enough to eat?" Can said: "If things go well and we win, Sun Shu will be shown to have had no plan. If we do not win, Can's flesh will be in the army of Jin; could you get to eat it?" The Prime Minister turned the chariot shafts and turned the great banner around. Wu Can said to the King of Chu: "The man in charge in Jin has newly taken up office and cannot yet enforce his orders. His assistant Xian Hu is stubborn and unkind and will not obey orders. The three commanders wish to act on their own but cannot, and wish to obey but have no superior; whom will the troops listen to? This time, the army of Jin will certainly be defeated. Moreover, for the ruler to avoid his ministers, what will become of the altars of the state?" The King of Chu was troubled by this and told the Prime Minister, and turned the shafts north again and camped at Guan to wait.

晉師在敖、鄗之間。鄭皇戌使如晉師，曰：“鄭之從楚，社稷之故也，未有貳心。楚師驟勝而驕，其師老矣，而不設備，子擊之，鄭師為承，楚師必敗。”

The army of Jin was between Ao and Hao. Huang Xu of Zheng sent a man to the army of Jin to say: "Zheng follows Chu for the sake of its altars and has no divided mind. The army of Chu, having won repeatedly, is arrogant, and its troops are already weary, yet they set up no defenses. If you attack them, with the army of Zheng following up, the army of Chu will surely be defeated."

彘子曰：“敗楚服鄭，於此在矣，必許之。”欒武子曰：“楚自克庸以來，其君無日不討國人而訓之於民生之不易，禍至之無日，戒懼之不可以怠。在軍，無日不討軍實而申儆之於勝之不可保，紂之百克，而卒無後。訓以若敖、蚡冒，篳路藍縷，以啟山林。箴之曰：‘民生在勤，勤則不匱。’不可謂驕。先大夫子犯有言曰：‘師直為壯，曲為老。’我則不德，而徼怨於楚，我曲楚直，不可謂老。

Zhizi said: "To defeat Chu and make Zheng submit depends on this one occasion; we must agree." Luan Wuzi said: "Since Chu conquered Yong, their ruler has not for a single day failed to inspect the people of the state and instruct them: the people's livelihood is not easy, calamity may arrive on any day, and vigilance must not slacken. In the army, not a day goes by without inspecting military stores and repeatedly warning: victory cannot be taken for granted, Zhou won a hundred battles and in the end had no heirs. He instructs them with the example of Ruo Ao and Fenmao, who rode in brushwood carts and wore ragged clothes to open up the mountains and forests. The admonition says: 'The people's livelihood lies in diligence, and with diligence there is no want.' They cannot be called arrogant. The former grandee Zifan had a saying: 'An army with right on its side has strong spirit; one in the wrong is what is called weary.' We ourselves do not cultivate virtue but seek grievance from Chu; we are in the wrong and Chu is in the right, so they cannot be called weary.

其君之戎，分為二廣，廣有一卒，卒偏之兩。右廣初駕，數及日中；左則受之，以至於昏。內官序當其夜，以待不虞，不可謂無備。子良，鄭之良也。師叔，楚之崇也。師叔入盟，子良在楚，楚、鄭親矣。來勸我戰，我克則來，不克遂往，以我卜也，鄭不可從。”趙括、趙同曰：“率師以來，唯敵是求。克敵得屬，又何矣？必從彘子。”知季曰：“原、屏，咎之徒也。”趙莊子曰：“欒伯善哉，實其言，必長晉國。”

(Luan Wuzi continued:) "Their ruler's war chariots are divided into two Guang, each Guang has a company, and each company has its sub-units. The Right Guang harnesses first and counts until noon; the Left Guang takes over and continues until dusk. The close ministers keep night watch in order, guarding against surprises; they cannot be called without defenses. Ziliang is a worthy man of Zheng. Shishu is honored in Chu. Shishu entered to conclude the covenant, and Ziliang is in Chu, so Chu and Zheng are close. They come to urge us to fight: if we win, they will come to us; if we do not win, they will go away, using us for divination. Zheng cannot be listened to." Zhao Kuo and Zhao Tong said: "We have come leading an army only to seek the enemy. To defeat the enemy and gain a dependent state, what are we waiting for? We must obey Zhizi." Zhi Ji said: "Yuan and Ping are of the kind that brings on disaster." Zhao Zhuangzi said: "Lord Luan speaks well; one who carries out his words will surely long hold the government of Jin."

楚少宰如晉師，曰：“寡君少遭閔凶，不能文。聞二先君之出入此行也，將鄭是訓定，豈敢求罪於晉。二三子無淹久。”隨季對曰：“昔平王命我先君文侯曰：‘與鄭夾輔周室，毋廢王命。’今鄭不率，寡君使群臣問諸鄭，豈敢辱候人？敢拜君命之辱。”彘子以為諂，使趙括從而更之，曰：“行人失辭。寡君使群臣遷大國之跡於鄭，曰：‘無闢敵。’群臣無所逃命。”

The Junior Minister of Chu arrived at the army of Jin and said: "My lord in his youth met with misfortune and cannot have eloquence. We have heard that the two former rulers went back and forth on this road in order to instruct and pacify Zheng; how dare we seek blame from Jin? You gentlemen should not stay long." Sui Ji replied: "Formerly King Ping commanded our former ruler Marquis Wen: 'With Zheng, assist the Zhou house on the left and right, and do not abandon the king's command.' Now Zheng does not comply, and my lord has sent his ministers to reproach Zheng; how would we dare dishonor your scouts? We dare to bow in thanks that your lord's command has humbled itself to come." Zhizi thought this was flattery and sent Zhao Kuo to catch up and correct it, saying: "The envoy spoke wrongly. My lord sent his ministers to move the footprints of the great state out of Zheng, saying: 'Do not avoid the enemy.' The ministers have no place to flee from the command."

楚子又使求成於晉，晉人許之，盟有日矣。楚許伯御樂伯，攝叔為右，以致晉師，許伯曰：“吾聞致師者，御靡旌摩壘而還。”樂伯曰：“吾聞致師者，左射以菆，代御執轡，御下兩馬，掉鞅而還。”攝叔曰：“吾聞致師者，右入壘，折馘，執俘而還。”皆行其所聞而復。晉人逐之，左右角之。樂伯左射馬而右射人，角不能進，矢一而已。麋興於前，射麋麗龜。晉鮑癸當其後，使攝叔奉麋獻焉，曰：“以歲之非時，獻禽之未至，敢膳諸從者。”鮑癸止之，曰：“其左善射，其右有辭，君子也。”既免。

The Viscount of Chu again sent men to Jin seeking peace, and the men of Jin agreed, and a date for the covenant had already been set. Xu Bo of Chu drove the chariot for Yue Bo, with She Shu as chariot-right, to come and challenge the army of Jin. Xu Bo said: "I have heard that for a challenger, the driver grazes the camp wall with the banner slanting and then returns." Yue Bo said: "I have heard that for a challenger, the left man shoots with good arrows, takes the reins in place of the driver, and the driver gets down to tidy the two horses and straighten their breast straps, and then returns." She Shu said: "I have heard that for a challenger, the right man enters the camp, cuts off a left ear, seizes a prisoner and then returns." Each did as he had heard and returned. The men of Jin pursued them, pressing in from left and right in a pincer. Yue Bo shot the horses on the left and the men on the right; those in the pincer could not advance, and he had only one arrow left. A deer appeared ahead, and he shot it squarely in the back. Bao Gui of Jin blocked the way behind, and Yue Bo had She Shu hold up the deer and present it, saying: "Because the season is not right, the game offered has not yet arrived; I dare to give it to your attendants as food." Bao Gui stopped and said: "Their chariot-left is good at archery and their chariot-right has fine speech; they are gentlemen." And so they escaped capture.

晉魏錡求公族未得，而怒，欲敗晉師。請致師，弗許。請使，許之。遂往，請戰而還。楚潘黨逐之，及熒澤，見六麋，射一麋以顧獻曰：“子有軍事，獸人無乃不給於鮮，敢獻於從者。”叔黨命去之。趙旃求卿未得，且怒於失楚之致師者。請挑戰，弗許。請召盟，許之。與魏錡皆命而往。郤獻子曰：“二憾往矣，弗備必敗。”彘子曰：“鄭人勸戰，弗敢從也。楚人求成，弗能好也。師無成命，多備何為。”士季曰：“備之善。若二子怒楚，楚人乘我，喪師無日矣。不如備之。楚之無惡，除備而盟，何損於好？若以惡來，有備不敗。且雖諸侯相見，軍衛不徹，警也。”彘子不可。

Wei Qi of Jin sought to become a head of a ducal clan but did not get it, and in anger wished to make the army of Jin fail. He asked to challenge and was not allowed; he asked to go as an envoy and was permitted. So he went, and returned having asked for battle. Pan Dang of Chu chased him, and at Yingze he saw six deer, shot one, and turned back to present it, saying: "You are on military affairs, and the gamekeepers may not be able to supply fresh game; I dare to offer it to your attendants." Shudang ordered that he be let go. Zhao Zhan sought to become a minister but did not get it, and was also resentful at losing the Chu challengers. He asked to challenge and was not allowed; he asked to summon them for a covenant and was permitted. He and Wei Qi were both ordered to go. Xi Xianzi said: "Two men with grievances are going; if we do not take precautions we shall surely be defeated." Zhizi said: "The men of Zheng urged us to fight and we dared not listen. The men of Chu seek peace and we cannot make friends. The army has no fixed order, so why make many precautions?" Shi Ji said: "Precaution is good. If these two men enrage Chu and the men of Chu take advantage and strike, the loss of the army will be only days away. It is better to take precautions. If Chu has no ill intent, we can remove the defenses and then conclude the covenant; what harm is there to friendship? If they come with ill intent, with precautions we will not be defeated. Besides, even when feudal lords meet, the military guard is not removed; this is vigilance." Zhizi did not agree.

士季使鞏朔、韓穿帥七覆於敖前，故上軍不敗。趙嬰齊使其徒先具舟於河，故敗而先濟。

Shi Ji sent Gong Shuo and Han Chuan to lead seven ambushes in front of Mount Ao, and so the Upper Army was not defeated. Zhao Yingqi had his men prepare boats at the Yellow River in advance, and so after the defeat he crossed the river first.

潘黨既逐魏錡，趙旃夜至於楚軍，席于軍門之外，使其徒入之。楚子為乘廣三十乘，分為左右。右廣雞鳴而駕，日中而說。左則受之，日入而說。許偃御右廣，養由基為右。彭名御左廣，屈蕩為右。乙卯，王乘左廣以逐趙旃。趙旃棄車而走林，屈蕩搏之，得其甲裳。晉人懼二子之怒楚師也，使軘車逆之。潘黨望其塵，使騁而告曰：“晉師至矣。”楚人亦懼王之入晉軍也，遂出陳。孫叔曰：“進之。寧我薄人，無人薄我。《詩》云：‘元戎十乘，以先啟行。’先人也。

After Pan Dang had driven off Wei Qi, Zhao Zhan arrived at the army of Chu at night, spread a mat outside the camp gate, and sent his men to break in. The Viscount of Chu had set up thirty chariots of the royal guard, divided into left and right. The Right Guang harnessed at cockcrow and unharnessed at noon. The Left Guang took over and unharnessed at sunset. Xu Yan drove the Right Guang with Yang Youji as chariot-right. Peng Ming drove the Left Guang with Qu Dang as chariot-right. On the yimao day, the King of Chu rode in the Left Guang and chased Zhao Zhan. Zhao Zhan abandoned his chariot and ran into the woods, and Qu Dang seized him and got his armor skirt. The men of Jin feared that these two men would enrage the army of Chu and sent the stationed chariots to meet them. Pan Dang saw the dust raised and sent a man galloping to report: "The army of Jin is coming." The men of Chu also feared that the King would fall into the army of Jin, and so they came out and formed ranks. Sun Shu said: "Advance. Better that we press upon others than that others press upon us. The Odes say: 'Ten great war chariots, to lead the way first.' This means getting ahead of others.

《軍志》曰：‘先人有奪人之心’。薄之也。”遂疾進師，車馳卒奔，乘晉軍。

(Sun Shu continued:) "The Records of Military Affairs says: 'Striking first can take away the enemy's morale.' This means pressing upon them." So they advanced rapidly, chariots racing and soldiers running, and struck the army of Jin.

桓子不知所為，鼓于軍中曰：“先濟者有賞。”中軍、下軍爭舟，舟中之指可掬也。

Huanzi did not know what to do and beat the drum in the army, saying: "Those who cross the river first will be rewarded." The Central Army and the Lower Army fought over boats, and the severed fingers in the boats could be scooped up by the handful.

晉師右移，上軍未動。工尹齊將右拒卒以逐下軍。楚子使唐狡與蔡鳩居告唐惠侯曰：“不穀不德而貪，以遇大敵，不穀之罪也。然楚不克，君之羞也，敢藉君靈以濟楚師。”使潘黨率遊闕四十乘，從唐侯以為左拒，以從上軍。駒伯曰：“待諸乎？”隨季曰：“楚師方壯，若萃於我，吾師必盡，不如收而去之。分謗生民，不亦可乎？”殿其卒而退，不敗。

The army of Jin moved to the right, and the Upper Army did not move. Gongyin Qi led the soldiers of the right wing in pursuit of the Lower Army. The Viscount of Chu sent Tang Jiao and Cai Jiuju to tell Marquis Hui of Tang: "I, the Bugu, am without virtue and greedy, and having met a great enemy, this is my fault. Yet if Chu cannot win, it will be my lord's shame; I dare to borrow my lord's majesty to help complete the army of Chu." He sent Pan Dang to lead forty reserve chariots to follow the Marquis of Tang as the left wing to pursue the Upper Army. Ju Bo said: "Shall we wait for them?" Sui Ji said: "The army of Chu is at its peak of morale; if they concentrate on us, our army will be wiped out, so it is better to gather the troops and leave. To share the criticism and keep the soldiers intact, is that not acceptable?" He himself took the rear guard and withdrew with the soldiers, and they were not defeated.

王見右廣，將從之乘。屈蕩屍之，曰：“君以此始，亦必以終。”自是楚之乘廣先左。

The King of Chu saw the Right Guang and was about to change chariots. Qu Dang stopped him and said: "My lord began from this side and must also end on this side." From then on, the royal guard of Chu gave priority to the left.

晉人或以廣隊不能進，楚人惎之脫扃，少進，馬還，又惎之拔旆投衡，乃出。

Some of the men of Jin, whose war chariot had fallen into a pit and could not advance, were taught by the men of Chu to pull out the crossbar in front of the chariot; they advanced slightly, but the horses circled again, and they were taught to pull out the flagpole and throw it on the yoke, and only then did they get out.

顧曰：“吾不如大國之數奔也。”

Looking back, they said: "We are not like your great state, which often runs away."

趙旃以其良馬二，濟其兄與叔父，以他馬反，遇敵不能去，棄車而走林。逢大夫與其二子乘，謂其二子無顧。顧曰：“趙傁在後。”怒之，使下，指木曰：“屍女於是。”授趙旃綏，以免。明日以表屍之，皆重獲在木下。

Zhao Zhan used his two good horses to let his elder brother and uncle cross the river, and himself returned with other horses; meeting the enemy and unable to escape, he abandoned his chariot and ran into the woods. The Grandee Feng and his two sons were in a chariot, and he instructed his two sons not to look back. They looked back and said: "Old Man Zhao is behind us." The Grandee Feng was angry and made them get down, pointed at a tree and said: "I will collect your corpses here." He handed the reins to Zhao Zhan, thereby saving him from disaster. The next day, they went by the marker to collect the corpses, and found them lying piled up and dead beneath the tree.

楚熊負羈囚知犖。知莊子以其族反之，廚武子御，下軍之士多從之。每射，抽矢，菆，納諸廚子之房。廚子怒曰：“非子之求而蒲之愛，董澤之蒲，可勝既乎？”知季曰：“不以人子，吾子其可得乎？吾不可以苟射故也。”射連尹襄老，獲之，遂載其屍。射公子谷臣，囚之。以二者還。

Xiong Fuji of Chu captured Zhi Ying. Zhi Zhuangzi led his clan back, with Chu Wuzi driving the chariot, and many soldiers of the Lower Army followed. Each time he shot an arrow, he picked out a good arrow and put it into the cook's quiver. The cook got angry and said: "You do not seek others' sons but cherish willow reeds; of the willows at Dongze, could you ever use them up?" Zhi Ji said: "If I do not use others' sons, could I get my own son? That is why I cannot shoot at random." He hit Lianyin Xianglao, got his corpse, and put it on the chariot. He hit Gongzi Guchen and captured him. He returned with those two.

及昏，楚師軍於邲，晉之餘師不能軍，宵濟，亦終夜有聲。

By dusk, the army of Chu camped at Bi, and the rest of the army of Jin could not form up, and crossed the river at night, and there was noise all through the night.

丙辰，楚重至於邲，遂次於衡雍。潘黨曰：“君盍築武軍，而收晉屍以為京觀。臣聞克敵必示子孫，以無忘武功。”楚子曰：“非爾所知也。夫文，止戈為武。武王克商。作《頌》曰：‘載戢干戈，載櫜弓矢。我求懿德，肆於時夏，允王保之。’又作《武》，其卒章曰‘耆定爾功’。其三曰：‘鋪時繹思，我徂求定。’其六曰：‘綏萬邦，屢豐年。’夫武，禁暴、戢兵、保大、定功、安民、和眾、豐財者也。故使子孫無忘其章。今我使二國暴骨，暴矣；觀兵以威諸侯，兵不戢矣。暴而不戢，安能保大？猶有晉在，焉得定功？所違民欲猶多，民何安焉？無德而強爭諸侯，何以和眾？利人之幾，而安人之亂，以為己榮，何以豐財？武有七德，我無一焉，何以示子孫？其為先君宮，告成事而已。武非吾功也。古者明王伐不敬，取其鯨鯢而封之，以為大戮，於是乎有京觀，以懲淫慝。今罪無所，而民皆盡忠以死君命，又可以為京觀乎？”祀於河，作先君宮，告成事而還。

On the bingchen day, the supply train of Chu arrived at Bi and camped at Hengyong. Pan Dang said: "Why does my lord not build a fortification and collect the bodies of the men of Jin to make a victory mound? I have heard that when one defeats an enemy one must show it to one's descendants, so that they do not forget military achievement." The Viscount of Chu said: "You do not know. The character for 'martial' is made of 'stop' and 'spear.' When King Wu conquered Shang, he composed a Hymn saying: 'Put away the shields and spears, store the bows and arrows. I seek fine virtue and spread it through this Xia realm, and the true king will preserve it.' He also composed the Wu, and the last section says 'Complete your merit.' The third section says: 'Spread out and extend the former kings' achievement; I go to seek peace.' The sixth section says: 'Pacify the myriad states, and repeatedly gain bountiful years.' Martial prowess is that which forbids violence, puts away weapons, preserves strength, secures achievement, pacifies the people, harmonizes the multitude and increases wealth. Therefore descendants are made not to forget those pieces. Now I have caused the bones of two states to be exposed, which is violence; reviewing the army to awe the feudal lords means the weapons are not put away. Being violent and not putting away weapons, how can I preserve strength? And with Jin still there, how can I speak of securing achievement? What goes against the people's wishes is still much, so how can the people be pacified? Without virtue yet contending forcefully for the feudal lords, with what shall I harmonize the multitude? To exploit others' danger and take comfort in others' disorder as my own glory, with what shall I increase wealth? Martial prowess has seven virtues, and I have not a single one; what shall I show my descendants? Better only to build a palace for the former rulers and report that the matter is complete. Martial prowess is not my achievement. In ancient times when the enlightened kings attacked the disrespectful, they took the chief evildoers, buried them in mounds of earth, and made it a great execution, and so there came to be victory mounds, to warn against licentiousness and evil. Now the guilt has no place to fall, and yet the people have all died faithfully for their ruler's command; can we make a victory mound?" He sacrificed at the Yellow River, built a palace for the former rulers, reported the matter complete, and returned.

是役也，鄭石制實入楚師，將以分鄭而立公子魚臣。辛未，鄭殺僕叔及子服。

In this campaign, it was actually Shi Zhi of Zheng who drew in the army of Chu, planning to divide Zheng and set up Gongzi Yuchen. On the xinwei day, Zheng killed Pu Shu and Zifu.

君子曰：“史佚所謂毋怙亂者，謂是類也。《詩》曰：‘亂離瘼矣，爰其適歸？’歸於怙亂者也夫。”

The gentleman said: "What Shi Yi said, about not profiting from disorder, refers to this kind of thing. The Odes say: 'In the suffering of disorder and separation, where shall I return to?' That is, return to those who profit from disorder."

鄭伯、許男如楚。

The Earl of Zheng and the Baron of Xu went to Chu.

秋，晉師歸，桓子請死，晉侯欲許之。士貞子諫曰：“不可。城濮之役，晉師三日谷，文公猶有憂色。左右曰：‘有喜而憂，如有憂而喜乎？’公曰：‘得臣猶在，憂未歇也。困獸猶鬥，況國相乎！’及楚殺子玉，公喜而後可知也，曰：‘莫余毒也已。’是晉再克而楚再敗也。楚是以再世不競。今天或者大警晉也，而又殺林父以重楚勝，其無乃久不競乎？林父之事君也，進思盡忠，退思補過，社稷之衛也，若之何殺之？夫其敗也，如日月之食焉，何損於明？”晉侯使復其位。

In autumn, the army of Jin returned, and Huanzi asked to be put to death, and the Marquis of Jin was inclined to agree. Shi Zhenzi remonstrated: "Not so. At the battle of Chengpu, the army of Jin rested for three days eating the captured grain, and Duke Wen still had a look of worry. Those around him said: 'You have cause for joy yet you worry; would you be glad at cause for worry?' Duke Wen said: 'Deichen is still alive, and the worry is not ended. A cornered beast still fights, how much more the chief minister of a state!' When Chu killed Ziyu, Duke Wen's joy could then be seen, and he said: 'No one can harm me now.' This was Jin winning twice and Chu being defeated twice. Because of this Chu could not contend for victory for two generations. Now Heaven may be giving Jin a great warning, and yet if you kill Linfu you add to Chu's victory; I fear Jin will long be unable to contend for victory. Linfu served the ruler, in advancing thinking of how to be loyal and in retreating thinking of how to repair his faults; he is the guardian of the altars of the state, so why kill him? His defeat is like an eclipse of the sun and moon; what harm does it do to their brightness?" The Marquis of Jin restored him to his post.

冬，楚子伐蕭，宋華椒以蔡人救蕭。蕭人囚熊相宜僚及公子丙。王曰：“勿殺，吾退。”蕭人殺之。王怒，遂圍蕭。蕭潰。申公巫臣曰：“師人多寒。”王巡三軍，拊而勉之。三軍之士，皆如挾纊。遂傅於蕭。還無社與司馬卯言，號申叔展。叔展曰：“有麥曲乎？”曰：“無”。“有山鞠窮乎？”曰：“無”。

In winter, the Viscount of Chu attacked Xiao, and Hua Jiao of Song led the men of Cai to rescue Xiao. The men of Xiao captured Xiong Xiangyiliao and Gongzi Bing. The King of Chu said: "Do not kill them, and I will withdraw." The men of Xiao killed them. The King of Chu was angry, and so besieged Xiao. Xiao collapsed. Shengong Wuchen said: "Many of the soldiers are cold." The King of Chu toured the three armies, comforted and encouraged them. The officers and men of the three armies felt as if they had put on silk padding. And so they pressed up to the city of Xiao. Huan Wushe spoke to the Marshal Mao, and called out to Shen Shuzhan. Shuzhan said: "Do you have wheat yeast?" He said: "No." "Do you have mountain mallow?" He said: "No."

“河魚腹疾奈何？”曰：“目於眢井而拯之。”“若為茅絰，哭井則己。”明日蕭潰，申叔視其井，則茅絰存焉，號而出之。

(Shen Shuzhan continued:) "What if the fish in the river have a sick belly?" Huan Wushe said: "Look at the dry well and save me." "Make a bundle of reeds as a mourning band and just weep by the well." The next day Xiao collapsed, and Shen Shu looked at that well, saw the reed mourning band there, and called out and rescued him.

晉原縠、宋華椒、衛孔達、曹人同盟於清丘。曰：“恤病討貳。”於是卿不書，不實其言也。宋為盟故，伐陳。衛人救之。孔達曰：“先君有約言焉，若大國討，我則死之。”

Yuan Gu of Jin, Hua Jiao of Song, Kong Da of Wei and the men of Cao made a covenant together at Qingqiu, saying: "Care for the sick, and attack those with a divided mind." At this time the names of the ministers are not recorded in the Annals, because they did not carry out their words. Song, because of the covenant, attacked Chen. The men of Wei rescued it. Kong Da said: "The former ruler left a word of agreement; if a great state comes to attack, I will die for it."

【經】十有三年春，齊師伐莒。夏，楚子伐宋。秋，螽。冬，晉殺其大夫先縠。

[Classic] In the thirteenth year, spring, the army of Qi attacked Ju. In summer, the Viscount of Chu attacked Song. In autumn, there was a plague of locusts. In winter, Jin killed its grandee Xian Hu.

【傳】十三年春，齊師伐莒，莒恃晉而不事齊故也。

[Commentary] In the thirteenth year, spring, the army of Qi attacked Ju, because Ju relied on Jin and did not serve Qi.

夏，楚子伐宋，以其救蕭也。君子曰：“清丘之盟，唯宋可以免焉。”

In summer, the Viscount of Chu attacked Song, because it had rescued Xiao. The gentleman said: "Of the covenant of Qingqiu, only Song can escape reproach."

秋，赤狄伐晉，及清，先縠召之也。

In autumn, the Red Di attacked Jin and reached Qing, summoned by Xian Hu.

冬，晉人討邲之敗，與清之師，歸罪於先縠而殺之，盡滅其族。君子曰：“惡之來也，己則取之，其先縠之謂乎。”

In winter, the men of Jin investigated the defeat at Bi and the campaign at Qing, laid the blame on Xian Hu and killed him, exterminating his whole clan. The gentleman said: "Disaster comes by one's own seeking; this refers to Xian Hu."

清丘之盟，晉以衛之救陳也討焉。使人弗去，曰：“罪無所歸，將加而師。”

On account of the covenant of Qingqiu, Jin censured Wei for rescuing Chen. The envoys sent were unwilling to leave, saying: "If the guilt has no place to fall, we will use arms against you."

孔達曰：“苟利社稷，請以我說。罪我之由。我則為政而亢大國之討，將以誰任？我則死之。”

Kong Da said: "If it benefits the altars of the state, please use me to explain. The guilt began with me. I held the government and resisted the attack of a great state; who else could bear it? I will die for this."

【經】十有四年春，衛殺其大夫孔達。夏五月壬申，曹伯壽卒。晉侯伐鄭。

[Classic] In the fourteenth year, spring, Wei killed its grandee Kong Da. In summer, on the renshen day of the fifth month, Shou, Earl of Cao, died. The Marquis of Jin attacked Zheng.

秋九月，楚子圍宋。葬曹文公。冬，公孫歸父會齊侯於谷。

In autumn, in the ninth month, the Viscount of Chu besieged Song. Duke Wen of Cao was buried. In winter, Gongsun Guifu met the Marquis of Qi at Gu.

【傳】十四年春，孔達縊而死。衛人以說於晉而免。遂告於諸侯曰：“寡君有不令之臣達，構我敝邑於大國，既伏其罪矣，敢告。”衛人以為成勞，復室其子，使復其位。

[Commentary] In the fourteenth year, spring, Kong Da hanged himself. The men of Wei used this to explain to Jin and escaped disaster. They then announced to the feudal lords: "Our ruler had a bad minister, Da, who made our humble state incur the resentment of a great state; he has already atoned for it, and we venture to announce it." The men of Wei thought he had rendered service, and again arranged a marriage for his son and restored him to his post.

夏，晉侯伐鄭，為邲故也。告於諸侯，蒐焉而還。中行桓子之謀也。曰：“示之以整，使謀而來。”鄭人懼，使子張代子良於楚。鄭伯如楚，謀晉故也。

In summer, the Marquis of Jin attacked Zheng, because of Bi. He announced it to the feudal lords, held a great hunt and returned. This was the plan of Zhonghang Huanzi, who said: "Show them our good order and let them plan for what comes after." The men of Zheng were afraid and sent Zizhang in Chu to replace Ziliang. The Earl of Zheng went to Chu to plan how to deal with Jin.

鄭以子良為有禮，故召之。

Zheng thought Ziliang had shown propriety, and so summoned him back.

楚子使申舟聘於齊，曰：“無假道於宋。”亦使公子馮聘於晉，不假道於鄭。

The Viscount of Chu sent Shen Zhou on a courtesy visit to Qi, saying: "Do not borrow passage from Song." He also sent Gongzi Feng on a courtesy visit to Jin, without borrowing passage from Zheng.

申舟以孟諸之役惡宋，曰：“鄭昭宋聾，晉使不害，我則必死。”王曰：“殺女，我伐之。”見犀而行。及宋，宋人止之，華元曰：“過我而不假道，鄙我也。鄙我，亡也。殺其使者必伐我，伐我亦亡也。亡一也。”乃殺之。楚子聞之，投袂而起，屨及於窒皇，劍及於寢門之外，車及於蒲胥之市。秋九月，楚子圍宋。

Shen Zhou, because of the hostility from the battle at Mengzhu, had a grudge with Song, and said: "Zheng is clear-sighted and Song is deaf; one who is sent to Jin will not be harmed, but I will certainly die." The King of Chu said: "If they kill you, I will attack them." Shen Zhou presented his son Xi to the King of Chu and then set out. When he reached Song, the men of Song detained him. Hua Yuan said: "To pass through our state without borrowing passage is to treat us as a border town. To treat us as a border town is to make us a ruined state. If we kill the envoy they will surely attack us, and being attacked is also ruin. Ruin is the same either way." And so they killed him. When the Viscount of Chu heard of it, he flung up his sleeve and rose; his shoes were put on only when his attendants caught up with him at the passage of the bedchamber gate, his sword was put on only when they caught up outside the bedchamber gate, and he boarded his chariot only when they reached the market of Puxu. In autumn, in the ninth month, the Viscount of Chu besieged Song.

冬，公孫歸父會齊侯於谷。見晏桓子，與之言魯樂。桓子告高宣子曰：“子家其亡乎，懷於魯矣。懷必貪，貪必謀人。謀人，人亦謀己。一國謀之，何以不亡？”孟獻子言於公曰：“臣聞小國之免於大國也，聘而獻物，於是有庭實旅百。

In winter, Gongsun Guifu met the Marquis of Qi at Gu. On seeing Yan Huanzi, he spoke to him of the joys of Lu. Huanzi told Gao Xuanzi: "Zijia will probably have to flee; he is already at ease in Lu. Being at ease must lead to greed, and greed must lead to scheming against others. Scheming against others, others also scheme against him. When the people of a whole state scheme against him, how could he not flee?" Meng Xianzi said to Duke Xuan: "I have heard that a small state escapes the calamity from a great state by courtesy visits and presenting gifts of wealth, so that the gifts displayed in the courtyard number in the hundreds.

朝而獻功，於是有容貌採章嘉淑，而有加貨。謀其不免也。誅而薦賄，則無及也。

(Meng Xianzi continued:) "They pay court and present their merits, and so there are fine items of fitting appearance and pattern, and also extra gifts of wealth. This is planning to escape a calamity that might not be escaped. Once one is blamed and punished and then sends gifts, it is too late."

今楚在宋，君其圖之。”公說。

(Meng Xianzi continued:) "Now Chu is in Song; I ask my lord to consider." Duke Xuan was pleased.

【經】十有五年春，公孫歸父會楚子於宋。夏五月，宋人及楚人平。六月癸卯，晉師滅赤狄潞氏，以潞子嬰兒歸。秦人伐晉。王札子殺召伯、毛伯。秋，螽。

[Classic] In the fifteenth year, spring, Gongsun Guifu met the Viscount of Chu in Song. In summer, in the fifth month, the men of Song made peace with the men of Chu. On the guimao day of the sixth month, the army of Jin destroyed the Lu clan of the Red Di and returned with the infant Viscount of Lu. The men of Qin attacked Jin. Wang Zhazi killed the Duke of Shao and the Duke of Mao. In autumn, there was a plague of locusts.

仲孫蔑會齊高固於無婁。初稅畝。冬，蝝生。飢。

Zhongsun Mie met Gao Gu of Qi at Wulou. For the first time taxes were levied by acreage of fields. In winter, locust nymphs appeared. There was famine.

【傳】十五年春，公孫歸父會楚子於宋。

[Commentary] In the fifteenth year, spring, Gongsun Guifu met the Viscount of Chu in Song.

宋人使樂嬰齊告急於晉。晉侯欲救之。伯宗曰：“不可。古人有言曰：‘雖鞭之長，不及馬腹。’天方授楚，未可與爭。雖晉之強，能違天乎？諺曰：‘高下在心。’川澤納汙，山藪藏疾，瑾瑜匿瑕，國君含垢，天之道也，君其待之。”

The people of Song sent Yue Yingqi to Jin to report their emergency. The Marquis of Jin wished to rescue them. Bo Zong said: "It cannot be done. The ancients had a saying: 'However long the whip, it cannot reach the horse's belly.' Heaven is now handing fortune to Chu, and we must not contend with it. Even if Jin is strong, can it go against Heaven? The proverb says: 'High and low are both in the heart.' Rivers and marshes hold filth, mountains and thickets hide pests, fine jade conceals flaws, and a ruler bears disgrace; this is Heaven's constant way. Please, my lord, wait."

乃止。使解揚如宋，使無降楚，曰：“晉師悉起，將至矣。”鄭人囚而獻諸楚，楚子厚賂之，使反其言，不許，三而許之。登諸樓車，使呼宋人而告之。遂致其君命。楚子將殺之，使與之言曰：“爾既許不穀而反之，何故？非我無信，女則棄之，速即爾刑。”對曰：“臣聞之，君能制命為義，臣能承命為信，信載義而行之為利。謀不失利，以衛社稷，民之主也。義無二信，信無二命。君之賂臣，不知命也。受命以出，有死無霣，又可賂乎？臣之許君，以成命也。死而成命，臣之祿也。寡君有信臣，下臣獲考死，又何求？”楚子舍之以歸。

So they stopped. Jie Yang was sent to Song to tell them not to surrender to Chu, saying: "The whole Jin army has set out and will soon arrive." The people of Zheng seized him and presented him to Chu. The Viscount of Chu bribed him with rich gifts to make him say the opposite, but he refused, and only the third time did he agree. He was made to climb the tower-chariot to call to the Song people and tell them. Instead he delivered his ruler's command. The Viscount of Chu was about to kill him and sent a man to say to him: "You had already agreed to what I, the unworthy one, wanted, and then reversed it; what is the reason? It is not that I lack good faith; it is you who abandoned it. Hurry and receive your punishment." Jie Yang answered: "I have heard that for a ruler to be able to make commands is righteousness, for a subject to be able to receive commands is good faith, and for good faith to bear righteousness and carry it out is benefit. To plan without losing benefit in order to protect the altars of the state is the way of the master of the people. Righteousness does not have two kinds of good faith, and good faith does not have two commands. For Your Majesty to bribe me shows that you do not understand what a command is. To receive a command and go on a mission, and rather die than abandon it, can one then be bribed? That I agreed to Your Majesty was in order to complete my command. To die and complete the command is my fortune and reward. If my ruler has a subject who keeps good faith, and your servant gets a good end, what more should I ask?" The Viscount of Chu released him and let him return.

夏五月，楚師將去宋。申犀稽首於王之馬前，曰：“毋畏知死而不敢廢王命，王棄言焉。”王不能答。申叔時僕，曰：“築室反耕者，宋必聽命。”從之。宋人懼，使華元夜入楚師，登子反之床，起之曰：“寡君使元以病告，曰：‘敝邑易子而食，析骸以爨。雖然，城下之盟，有以國斃，不能從也。去我三十里，唯命是聽。’”子反懼，與之盟而告王。退三十里。宋及楚平，華元為質。盟曰：“我無爾詐，爾無我虞。”

In summer, in the fifth month, the Chu army was about to leave Song. Shen Xi kowtowed before the horses of the King of Chu and said: "Wu Wei knew he would die yet did not dare to abandon the king's command, and Your Majesty has abandoned your promise." The King of Chu could not answer. Shen Shushi, driving the chariot, said: "Build houses and have the farmers return, and Song will surely obey." The King followed this. The people of Song were afraid and sent Hua Yuan to enter the Chu camp at night, climb on Zi Fan's bed, and wake him, saying: "My ruler sent Yuan to tell you of our distress, saying: 'Our humble town swaps children to eat and splits bones to burn. Even so, a covenant made under the city wall, we would rather see the state destroyed than comply with. If you withdraw thirty li from us, we will obey your command.'" Zi Fan was afraid, made a covenant with him, and reported to the King of Chu. The army withdrew thirty li. Song made peace with Chu, and Hua Yuan became a hostage. The words of the covenant said: "I will not deceive you, and you will not guard against me."

潞子嬰兒之夫人，晉景公之姊也。酆舒為政而殺之，又傷潞子之目。晉侯將伐之，諸大夫皆曰：“不可。酆舒有三俊才，不如待後之人。”伯宗曰：“必伐之。狄有五罪，俊才雖多，何補焉？不祀，一也。耆酒，二也。棄仲章而奪黎氏地，三也。虐我伯姬，四也。傷其君目，五也。怙其俊才，而不以茂德，茲益罪也。後之人或者將敬奉德義以事神人，而申固其命，若之何待之？不討有罪，曰將待後，後有辭而討焉，毋乃不可乎？夫恃才與眾，亡之道也。商紂由之，故滅。

The wife of Yinger, Viscount of Lu, was the elder sister of Duke Jing of Jin. Feng Shu, who held the government, killed her and also injured the Viscount of Lu's eye. The Marquis of Jin prepared to attack. The grandees all said: "It cannot be done. Feng Shu has three outstanding talents; better to wait for his successor." Bo Zong said: "We must attack. The Di have five crimes, and what use are outstanding talents, however many? Not sacrificing is the first. Fondness for wine is the second. Abandoning Zhong Zhang and seizing the land of the Li clan is the third. Mistreating our Bo Ji is the fourth. Injuring the ruler's eye is the fifth. Relying on outstanding talents without using abundant virtue only adds to his guilt. His successor may reverently serve spirits and men with virtue and righteousness and so secure his fortune; why wait? To not attack the guilty, saying we will wait for a successor, and then attack when the successor gives us something to say, I fear that would not do. To rely on talents and numbers is the way to ruin. Shang's Zhou followed it, and so was destroyed.

天反時為災，地反物為妖，民反德為亂，亂則妖災生。故文反正為乏。盡在狄矣。”

(Bo Zong continued:) When Heaven goes against its seasons there is calamity, when Earth goes against the nature of things there is the uncanny, when people go against virtue there is disorder, and when there is disorder, uncanny calamities occur. Therefore the character for 'upright,' written in reverse, becomes 'lacking.' All of these are with the Di."

晉侯從之。六月癸卯，晉荀林父敗赤狄於曲梁。辛亥，滅潞。酆舒奔衛，衛人歸諸晉，晉人殺之。

The Marquis of Jin followed this. In the sixth month, on the day guimao, Xun Linfu of Jin defeated the Red Di at Quliang. On the day xinhai, Lu was destroyed. Feng Shu fled to Wei; the people of Wei sent him back to Jin, and the people of Jin killed him.

王孫蘇與召氏、毛氏爭政，使王子捷殺召戴公及毛伯衛。卒立召襄。

Wangsun Su contended for government with the Zhao and Mao clans and sent Prince Jie to kill Duke Dai of Zhao and Mao Bo Wei. In the end they installed Zhao Xiang.

秋七月，秦桓公伐晉，次於輔氏。壬午，晉侯治兵於稷以略狄土，立黎侯而還。及洛，魏顆敗秦師於輔氏。獲杜回，秦之力人也。

In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Huan of Qin attacked Jin and camped at Fushi. On the day renwu, the Marquis of Jin drilled troops at Ji in order to plan for the lands of the Di, and after installing the Marquis of Li he returned. On reaching Luo, Wei Ke defeated the Qin army at Fushi. He captured Du Hui, who was a strongman of Qin.

初，魏武子有嬖妾，無子。武子疾，命顆曰：“必嫁是。”疾病，則曰：“必以為殉。”及卒，顆嫁之，曰：“疾病則亂，吾從其治也。”及輔氏之役，顆見老人結草以亢杜回，杜回躓而顛，故獲之。夜夢之曰：“餘，而所嫁婦人之父也。爾用先人之治命，餘是以報。”

Earlier, Wei Wuzi had a favorite concubine who had no son. Wuzi fell ill and ordered Ke: "You must marry her off." When his illness grew severe, he said instead: "You must have her buried with me." When he died, Ke married her off, saying: "When the illness is severe the mind is confused; I follow his orders from when his mind was clear." At the battle of Fushi, Ke saw an old man knotting grass to block Du Hui, and Du Hui tripped, and so was captured. At night he dreamed that the old man said: "I am the father of the woman you married off. You followed your father's order from when his mind was clear, and so I repay you."

晉侯賞桓子狄臣千室，亦賞士伯以瓜衍之縣。曰：“吾獲狄土，子之功也。

The Marquis of Jin rewarded Huanzi with a thousand households of the Di's subjects, and also rewarded Shi Bo with the district of Guayan. He said: "That I obtained the lands of the Di is your merit.

微子，吾喪伯氏矣。”羊舌職說是賞也，曰：“《周書》所謂‘庸庸祗祗’者，謂此物也夫。士伯庸中行伯，君信之，亦庸士伯，此之謂明德矣。文王所以造周，不是過也。故《詩》曰：‘陳錫哉周。’能施也。率是道也，其何不濟？”晉侯使趙同獻狄俘於周，不敬。劉康公曰：“不及十年，原叔必有大咎，天奪之魄矣。”

(The Marquis of Jin continued:) Without you, I would have lost the Bo clan." Yangshe Zhi was pleased with this reward and said: "What the Book of Zhou calls 'use those who can be used, honor those who should be honored' is said of such a matter. Shi Bo considered Zhonghang Bo usable, and the ruler trusted him, and also considered Shi Bo usable; this is called bright virtue. This is just how King Wen founded Zhou. Therefore the Odes say: 'Spread out the rewards, and so Zhou began.' This is the ability to bestow. Following this way, what could fail to succeed?" The Marquis of Jin sent Zhao Tong to the Zhou court to present Di captives, and he was disrespectful. Liu Kanggong said: "Within ten years Yuan Shu will surely meet with great disaster; Heaven has taken away his spirit."

初稅畝，非禮也。谷出不過藉，以豐財也。

For the first time they levied tax by the mu of land. This was against ritual. The levy of grain should not exceed the jie method, so as to increase wealth and resources.

冬，蝝生，飢。幸之也。

In winter, locust nymphs hatched, and there was famine. The Spring and Autumn Annals writes it this way as a congratulation to the state.

【經】十有六年春王正月。晉人滅赤狄甲氏及留籲。夏，成周宣榭火。秋，郯伯姬來歸。冬，大有年。

[Classic] In the sixteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, the people of Jin destroyed the Jiashi and Liuxu of the Red Di. In summer, the Xuan hall in Chengzhou caught fire. In autumn, Bo Ji of Tan returned. In winter, there was a great harvest.

【傳】十六年春，晉士會帥師滅赤狄甲氏及留籲、鐸辰。

[Commentary] In the sixteenth year, in spring, Shi Hui of Jin led troops and destroyed the Jiashi, Liuxu, and Duochen of the Red Di.

三月，獻狄俘。晉侯請於王。戊申，以黻冕命士會將中軍，且為大傅。於是晉國之盜逃奔於秦。羊舌職曰：“吾聞之，‘禹稱善人，不善人遠’，此之謂也夫。《詩》曰：‘戰戰兢兢，如臨深淵，如履薄冰。’善人在上也。善人在上，則國無幸民。諺曰：‘民之多幸，國之不幸也。’是無善人之謂也。”

In the third month, the Di captives were presented. The Marquis of Jin made a request to the Son of Heaven. On the day wushen, Shi Hui was appointed, with the ceremonial robe and cap, to command the central army and also to serve as Grand Tutor. Thereupon the bandits of Jin fled to Qin. Yangshe Zhi said: "I have heard that 'Yu promoted good men, and bad men kept far away'; this is probably what is meant. The Odes say: 'Trembling and fearful, as if facing a deep abyss, as if treading on thin ice.' It means good men are in high position. When good men are in high position, the state has no people who live by luck. The proverb says: 'When the people live by luck, it is the misfortune of the state.' It means there are no good men."

夏，成周宣榭火，人火之也。凡火，人火曰火，天火曰災。

In summer, the Xuan hall in Chengzhou caught fire, set by men. Whenever there is fire, that set by men is called "fire" and that sent down by Heaven is called "calamity."

秋，郯伯姬來歸，出也。

In autumn, Bo Ji of Tan returned, because she had been divorced.

為毛、召之難故，王室復亂。王孫蘇奔晉，晉人復之。

Because of the troubles of the Mao and Zhao clans, the royal house was again in disorder. Wangsun Su fled to Jin, and the people of Jin let him return to his position.

冬，晉侯使士會平王室，定王享之，原襄公相禮，殽烝。武子私問其故。王聞之，召武子曰：“季氏，而弗聞乎？王享有體薦，宴有折俎。公當享，卿當宴，王室之禮也。”武子歸而講求典禮，以修晉國之法。

In winter, the Marquis of Jin sent Shi Hui to mediate in the royal house, and King Ding held a banquet in his honor, with Duke Xiang of Yuan assisting in the rites and serving meat on the bone. Wuzi privately asked the reason. The Son of Heaven heard of it and summoned Wuzi, saying: "Lord Ji, have you not heard? At the Son of Heaven's banquet there is half-carved sacrificial meat, and at the feast there are broken platter meats. The duke should be given the banquet and the minister the feast; this is the ritual of the royal house." Wuzi returned and studied the ceremonial codes in order to put in order the laws of Jin.

【經】十有七年春王正月庚子，許男錫我卒。丁未，蔡侯申卒。夏，葬許昭公。葬蔡文公。六月癸卯，日有食之。己未，公會晉侯、衛侯、曹伯、邾子同盟於斷道。秋，公至自會。冬十有一月壬午，公弟叔肸卒。

[Classic] In the seventeenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, on the day gengzi, Xi Wo, Baron of Xu, died. On the day dingwei, Shen, Marquis of Cai, died. In summer, Duke Zhao of Xu was buried. Duke Wen of Cai was buried. In the sixth month, on the day guimao, there was a solar eclipse. On the day jiwei, Duke Xuan made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, and the Viscount of Zhu at Duandao. In autumn, Duke Xuan returned from the meeting. In winter, in the eleventh month, on the day renwu, Shu Xi, younger brother of Duke Xuan, died.

【傳】十七年春，晉侯使郤克徵會於齊。齊頃公帷婦人，使觀之。郤子登，婦人笑於房。獻子怒，出而誓曰：“所不此報，無能涉河。”獻子先歸，使欒京廬待命於齊，曰：“不得齊事，無覆命矣。”郤子至，請伐齊，晉侯弗許。請以其私屬，又弗許。

[Commentary] In the seventeenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Xi Ke to Qi to summon them to the meeting. Duke Qing of Qi hid a woman behind a curtain to watch. When Xi Zi climbed the hall, the woman laughed in the room. Xian Zi was angry, came out, and swore: "If I do not avenge this, I shall not cross the Yellow River again." Xian Zi returned first and left Luan Jinglu in Qi to await orders, saying: "If you cannot accomplish the business with Qi, do not report back." When Xi Zi arrived, he asked to attack Qi, but the Marquis of Jin did not permit it. He asked to use his own private followers, and again it was not permitted.

齊侯使高固、晏弱、蔡朝、南郭偃會。及斂盂，高固逃歸。夏，會於斷道，討貳也。盟於卷楚，辭齊人。晉人執晏弱於野王，執蔡朝於原，執南郭偃於溫。

The Marquis of Qi sent Gao Gu, Yan Ruo, Cai Chao, and Nanguo Yan to attend the meeting. On reaching Lianyu, Gao Gu fled back. In summer, the meeting was held at Duandao, to punish those who had a divided mind. A covenant was made at Juanchu, rejecting the people of Qi. The people of Jin seized Yan Ruo at Yewang, Cai Chao at Yuan, and Nanguo Yan at Wen.

苗賁皇使，見晏桓子，歸，言於晉侯曰：“夫晏子何罪？昔者諸侯事吾先君，皆如不逮，舉言群臣不信，諸侯皆有貳志。齊君恐不得禮，故不出，而使四子來。

Miao Benhuang went on a mission, saw Yan Huanzi, and on returning said to the Marquis of Jin: "What crime has Master Yan? In the past the feudal lords served our former rulers as if they could not keep up, and all said the ministers lacked good faith and the feudal lords all had divided minds. The ruler of Qi probably feared he would not be treated with ritual, so he did not come himself and sent four men.

左右或沮之，曰：‘君不出，必執吾使。’故高子及斂盂而逃。夫三子者曰：‘若絕君好，寧歸死焉。’為是犯難而來，吾若善逆彼以懷來者。吾又執之，以信齊沮，吾不既過矣乎？過而不改，而又久之，以成其悔，何利之有焉？使反者得辭，而害來者，以懼諸侯，將焉用之？”晉人緩之，逸。

(Miao Benhuang continued:) Those about him stopped him, saying: 'If Your Majesty does not go, they will surely seize our envoys.' So Gao Zi fled as soon as he reached Lianyu. Those three said: 'If we cut off our ruler's friendship, we would rather go back and die.' So they came in the face of danger. We should receive them well in order to reassure those who come. Yet we have seized them, confirming what the people of Qi said to stop him; have we not already made a mistake? To make a mistake and not correct it, and to delay long so that their regret comes true, what benefit is there? To give those who fled back something to say while harming those who came, in order to frighten the feudal lords, what use will it be?" The people of Jin relaxed their guard and they escaped.

秋八月，晉師還。

In autumn, in the eighth month, the Jin army went back.

範武子將老，召文子曰：“燮乎！吾聞之，喜怒以類者鮮，易者實多。《詩》曰：‘君子如怒，亂庶遄沮；君子如祉，亂庶遄已。’君子之喜怒，以已亂也。

Fan Wuzi was about to retire and summoned Wenzi, saying: "Xie! I have heard that those whose joy and anger accord with the kind of matter are few, while those who change the constant principle are truly many. The Odes say: 'If the gentleman is angry, disorder will probably soon stop; if the gentleman is pleased, disorder will probably soon end.' The joy and anger of a gentleman are used to stop disorder.

弗已者，必益之。郤子其或者欲已亂於齊乎？不然，餘懼其益之也。餘將老，使郤子逞其志，庶有豸乎？爾從二三子唯敬。”乃請老，郤獻子為政。

(Fan Wuzi continued:) What cannot be stopped he will surely make worse. Perhaps Xi Zi wishes to stop disorder in Qi? If not, I fear he will make disorder worse. I will retire so that Xi Zi can carry out his aims; perhaps there may still be a remedy? You follow those few, and only be respectful." So he asked to retire, and Xi Xianzi took over the government.

冬，公弟叔肸卒。公母弟也。凡大子之母弟，公在曰公子，不在曰弟。凡稱弟，皆母弟也。

In winter, Shu Xi, younger brother of Duke Xuan, died. He was Duke Xuan's full brother. For the full brother of the heir, while the ruler is alive he is called a prince, and when the ruler is not alive he is called a younger brother. Whenever "younger brother" is used, it means a full brother.

【經】十有八年春，晉侯、衛世子臧伐齊。公伐杞。夏四月。秋七月，邾人伐鄫子於鄫。甲戌，楚子旅卒。公孫歸父如晉。冬十月壬戌，公薨於路寢。

[Classic] In the eighteenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin and Zang, heir of Wei, attacked Qi. Duke Xuan attacked Qi's neighbor Ji. In summer, the fourth month. In autumn, in the seventh month, the people of Zhu killed the Viscount of Zeng at Zeng. On the day jiaxu, Lu, Viscount of Chu, died. Gongsun Guifu went to Jin. In winter, on the day renxu of the tenth month, Duke Xuan died in the main chamber.

歸父還自晉，至笙。遂奔齊，

Guifu returned from Jin and reached Sheng. Then he fled to Qi.

【傳】十八年春，晉侯、衛大子臧伐齊，至於陽穀。齊侯會晉侯盟於繒，以公子強為質於晉。晉師還，蔡朝、南郭偃逃歸。

[Commentary] In the eighteenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin and Zang, heir of Wei, attacked Qi and reached Yanggu. The Marquis of Qi met the Marquis of Jin, made a covenant at Zeng, and sent Prince Qiang as a hostage to Jin. When the Jin army went back, Cai Chao and Nanguo Yan fled back.

夏，公使如楚乞師，欲以伐齊。

In summer, Duke Xuan sent men to Chu to ask for troops, wishing to use them to attack Qi.

秋，邾人戕鄫子於鄫。凡自虐其君曰弒，自外曰戕。

In autumn, the people of Zhu killed the Viscount of Zeng at Zeng. Whenever a ruler is cruelly killed from within, it is called "shi" (assassination), and from without, "qiang."

楚莊王卒。楚師不出，既而用晉師，楚於是乎有蜀之役。

King Zhuang of Chu died. The Chu army did not set out, and later used the Jin army, and so Chu had the battle at Shu.

公孫歸父以襄仲之立公也，有寵，欲去三桓以張公室。與公謀而聘於晉，欲以晉人去之。冬，公薨。季文子言於朝曰：“使我殺適立庶以失大援者，仲也夫。”

Gongsun Guifu, because Xiang Zhong had installed Duke Xuan, was favored, and wished to remove the Three Huan houses in order to enlarge the ducal house. After planning with Duke Xuan, he went to Jin on a visit, wishing to use the people of Jin to remove them. In winter, Duke Xuan died. Ji Wenzi said in court: "The one who made us kill the legitimate heir and install a concubine's son and lose our great support was Zhong."

臧宣叔怒曰：“當其時不能治也，後之人何罪？子欲去之，許請去之。”遂逐東門氏。子家還，及笙，壇帷，覆命於介。既覆命，袒、括髮，即位哭，三踴而出。

Zang Xuanshu was angry and said: "While he was alive he could not be punished; what crime have those who came after? If you wish to remove them, let Xu remove them." So they drove out the Dongmen clan. Zijia returned and reached Sheng, built an altar and set up curtains, and reported back to his deputy envoy. When the report was finished, he bared his shoulder, bound his hair with hemp, took his place and wept, jumped three times, and left.

遂奔齊。書曰“歸父還自晉。”善之也。

Then he fled to Qi. The Spring and Autumn Annals records "Guifu returned from Jin," to praise him.

【經】元年春王正月，公即位。二月辛酉，葬我君宣公。無冰。三月，作丘甲。夏，臧孫許及晉侯盟於赤棘。秋，王師敗績於茅戎。冬十月。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Cheng took the throne. On the day xinyou of the second month, Duke Xuan, ruler of our state, was buried. There was no ice. In the third month, the qiujia levy was instituted. In summer, Zang Sun Xu made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin at Chiji. In autumn, the Son of Heaven's army was greatly defeated by the Maorong. In winter, the tenth month.

【傳】元年春，晉侯使瑕嘉平戎於王，單襄公如晉拜成。劉康公徼戎，將遂伐之。叔服曰：“背盟而欺大國，此必敗。背盟，不祥；欺大國，不義；神人弗助，將何以勝？”不聽，遂伐茅戎。三月癸未，敗績于徐吾氏。

[Commentary] In the first year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Xia Jia to make peace between the Son of Heaven and the Rong, and Duke Xiang of Shan went to Jin to give thanks for the success. Liu Kanggong wished to seek profit from the Rong and prepared to attack them next. Shu Fu said: "To break a covenant and deceive a great state will surely bring defeat. Breaking a covenant is inauspicious; deceiving a great state is unrighteous; neither spirits nor men will help; with what will you win?" He did not listen and attacked the Maorong. On the day guiwei of the third month, he was greatly defeated at the Xuwu clan's place.

為齊難故，作丘甲。

Because of the troubles of Qi, the qiujia levy was instituted.

聞齊將出楚師，夏，盟於赤棘。

They heard that Qi was about to bring out the Chu army, and in summer a covenant was made at Chiji.

秋，王人來告敗。

In autumn, the people of Zhou came to report their defeat.

冬，臧宣叔令修賦、繕完、具守備，曰：“齊、楚結好，我新與晉盟，晉、楚爭盟，齊師必至。雖晉人伐齊，楚必救之，是齊、楚同我也。知難而有備，乃可以逞。”

In winter, Zang Xuanshu ordered the military levy to be regulated, the city walls to be repaired, and defenses to be prepared, saying: "Qi and Chu are on friendly terms, and we have just made a covenant with Jin; Jin and Chu are contending for the leadership of the covenant, and the Qi army will surely come. Even if the people of Jin attack Qi, Chu will surely rescue it, which is Qi and Chu acting together against us. Only by knowing the difficulty and preparing can we ease it."

【經】二年春，齊侯伐我北鄙。夏四月丙戌，衛孫良夫帥師及齊師戰於新築，衛師敗績。六月癸酉，季孫行父、臧孫許、叔孫僑如、公孫嬰齊帥師會晉郤克、衛孫良夫、曹公子首及齊侯戰於鞍，齊師敗績。秋七月，齊侯使國佐如師。己酉，及國佐盟於袁婁。八月壬卒。宋公鮑卒。庚寅，衛侯速卒。取汶陽田。冬，楚師、鄭師侵衛。十有一月，公會楚公子嬰齊於蜀。丙申，公及楚人、秦人、宋人、陳人、衛人、鄭人、齊人、曹人、邾人、薛人、鄫人盟於蜀。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked our northern border. In summer, on the day bingxu of the fourth month, Sun Liangfu of Wei led troops and fought the Qi army at Xinzhu, and the Wei army was greatly defeated. In the sixth month, on the day guiyou, Jisun Xingfu, Zang Sun Xu, Shu Sun Qiaoru, and Gongsun Yingqi led troops and joined Xi Ke of Jin, Sun Liangfu of Wei, and Prince Shou of Cao and fought the Marquis of Qi at An, and the Qi army was greatly defeated. In autumn, in the seventh month, the Marquis of Qi sent Guo Zuo to the army. On the day jiyou, a covenant was made with Guo Zuo at Yuanlou. In the eighth month, on the day renxu, Bao, Duke of Song, died (the original reads "ren zu," meaning the day renxu, Bao, Duke of Song, died). On the day gengyin, Su, Marquis of Wei, died. The fields north of the Wen River were recovered. In winter, the Chu army and Zheng army raided and attacked Wei. In the eleventh month, Duke Cheng met Prince Yingqi of Chu at Shu. On the day bingshen, Duke Cheng made a covenant at Shu with the people of Chu, Qin, Song, Chen, Wei, Zheng, Qi, Cao, Zhu, Xue, and Zeng.

【傳】二年春，齊侯伐我北鄙，圍龍。頃公之嬖人盧蒲就魁門焉，龍人囚之。

[Commentary] In the second year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked our northern border and besieged Long. Lupu Jiukui, a favorite minister of Duke Qing, attacked the city gate, and the people of Long seized him.

齊侯曰：“勿殺！吾與而盟，無入而封。”弗聽，殺而膊諸城上。齊侯親鼓，士陵城，三日，取龍，遂南侵及巢丘。

The Marquis of Qi said: "Do not kill him! I will make a covenant with you and not enter your borders." They did not listen, killed him, and displayed his corpse on the wall. The Marquis of Qi himself beat the drum, the soldiers climbed the wall, and in three days they took Long, and then raided and attacked southward as far as Chaoqiu.

衛侯使孫良夫、石稷、寧相、向禽將侵齊，與齊師遇。石子欲還，孫子曰：“不可。以師伐人，遇其師而還，將謂君何？若知不能，則如無出。今既遇矣，不如戰也。”

The Marquis of Wei sent Sun Liangfu, Shi Ji, Ning Xiang, and Xiang Qin as commanders to raid and attack Qi, and they met the Qi army. Shi Zi wanted to turn back, but Sun Zi said: "No. To attack others with an army and turn back on meeting the enemy army, what will be done about the ruler? If we knew we could not do it, it would have been better not to set out in the first place. Now that we have already met them, it is better to fight."

夏，有。

In summer, there was this.

石成子曰：“師敗矣。子不少須，眾懼盡。子喪師徒，何以覆命？”皆不對。

Shi Chengzi said: "The army is defeated. If you do not wait a little, the troops may be wiped out. If you lose your men, with what will you report back?" None answered.

又曰：“子，國卿也。隕子，辱矣。子以眾退，我此乃止。”且告車來甚眾。齊師乃止，次於鞫居。新築人仲叔於奚救孫桓子，桓子是以免。

He said again: "You are a minister of the state. To lose you would be a disgrace. You lead the troops and withdraw, and I will stay here." He also had it passed along that many war chariots were coming behind. The Qi army then halted and camped at Juju. Zhongshu Yuxi of Xinzhu rescued Sun Huanzi, and so Huanzi escaped.

既，衛人賞之以邑，辭。請曲縣、繁纓以朝，許之。仲尼聞之曰：“惜也，不如多與之邑。唯器與名，不可以假人，君之所司也。名以出信，信以守器，器以藏禮，禮以行義，義以生利，利以平民，政之大節也。若以假人，與人政也。

Afterwards, the people of Wei rewarded him with a city, and he declined. He asked to be allowed to go to court with the suspended bells and decorated horse-trappings, and it was permitted. Zhongni, hearing of it, said: "What a pity; better to have given him more cities. Only ritual vessels and titles may not be lent to others, for they are in the keeping of the ruler. Titles are used to issue good faith, good faith is used to guard the ritual vessels, ritual vessels are used to contain ritual, ritual is used to carry out righteousness, righteousness is used to produce benefit, and benefit is used to settle the people; this is the great principle of government. If one lends them to others, it is giving government to others.

政亡，則國家從之，弗可止也已。”

(Zhongni continued:) When government is lost, the state follows it into ruin and cannot be stopped."

孫桓子還於新築，不入，遂如晉乞師。臧宣叔亦如晉乞師。皆主郤獻子。晉侯許之七百乘。郤子曰：“此城濮之賦也。有先君之明與先大夫之肅，故捷。克於先大夫，無能為役，請八百乘。”許之。郤克將中軍，士燮佐上軍，欒書將下軍，韓厥為司馬，以救魯、衛。臧宣叔逆晉師，且道之。季文子帥師會之。及衛地，韓獻子將斬人，郤獻子馳，將救之，至則既斬之矣。郤子使速以徇，告其僕曰：“吾以分謗也。”

Sun Huanzi came back from Xinzhu, did not enter the city, and went to Jin to ask for troops. Zang Xuanshu also went to Jin to ask for troops. Both treated Xi Xianzi as their host. The Marquis of Jin agreed to give seven hundred chariots. Xi Zi said: "That is the military levy of Chengpu. There it was the former ruler's insight and the former grandees' quickness that won the victory. Ke, compared with the former grandees, is not fit to serve them; I ask for eight hundred chariots." It was permitted. Xi Ke commanded the central army, Shi Xie assisted in the upper army, Luan Shu commanded the lower army, and Han Jue served as Minister of War, to rescue Lu and Wei. Zang Xuanshu met the Jin army and served as guide. Ji Wenzi led troops to join them. On reaching Wei territory, Han Xianzi was about to behead a man, and Xi Xianzi drove his chariot hurriedly to save him, but by the time he arrived the man had already been beheaded. Xi Zi had the body quickly paraded as a warning, and told the charioteer: "I use this to share the blame."

師從齊師於莘。六月壬申，師至於靡笄之下。齊侯使請戰，曰：“子以君師，辱於敝邑，不腆敝賦，詰朝請見。”對曰：“晉與魯、衛，兄弟也。來告曰：‘大國朝夕釋憾於敝邑之地。’寡君不忍，使群臣請於大國，無令輿師淹於君地。

The army caught up with the Qi army at Shen. On the day renshen of the sixth month, the army reached the foot of Mount Mijian. The Marquis of Qi sent a man to ask for battle, saying: "You have brought your ruler's army and honored our humble town with your presence; our humble town's meager military levy begs to meet you tomorrow morning." The reply was: "Jin and Lu and Wei are brothers. They came and told us: 'The great state vents its resentment on our soil morning and evening.' My ruler could not bear it and sent his ministers to ask the great state not to let the many troops stay long on Your Majesty's land.

能進不能退，君無所辱命。”齊侯曰：“大夫之許，寡人之願也；若其不許，亦將見也。”齊高固入晉師，桀石以投人，禽之而乘其車，系桑本焉，以徇齊壘，曰：“欲勇者賈餘餘勇。”

(The envoy continued:) We can advance but cannot retreat; in the command of Your Majesty there is no place for disgrace." The Marquis of Qi said: "If the grandee agrees, it is my wish; if not, we shall meet anyway." Gao Gu of Qi charged into the Jin army, lifted a stone and threw it at a man, seized the man and mounted his chariot, tied mulberry roots to the chariot, and paraded through the Qi camp saying: "Those who want courage, come and buy my leftover courage."

癸酉，師陳於鞍。邴夏御齊侯，逢醜父為右。晉解張御郤克，鄭丘緩為右。

On the day guiyou, the armies drew up at An. Bing Xia drove for the Marquis of Qi, with Pang Chou Fu as spearman on the right. Xie Zhang of Jin drove for Xi Ke, with Zheng Qiuhuan as spearman on the right.

齊侯曰：“餘姑翦滅此而朝食。”不介馬而馳之。郤克傷於矢，流血及屨，未絕鼓音，曰：“餘病矣！”張侯曰：“自始合，而矢貫餘手及肘，餘折以御，左輪朱殷，豈敢言病。吾子忍之！”緩曰：“自始合，苟有險，餘必下推車，子豈識之？然子病矣！”張侯曰：“師之耳目，在吾旗鼓，進退從之。此車一人殿之，可以集事，若之何其以病敗君之大事也？擐甲執兵，固即死也。病未及死，吾子勉之！”左並轡，右援枹而鼓，馬逸不能止，師從之。齊師敗績。逐之，三週華不注。

The Marquis of Qi said: "Let me wipe out these men first and then have breakfast." The horses were not armored, and they galloped. Xi Ke was hit by an arrow and blood flowed to his shoes, but the drum did not stop; he said: "I am wounded!" Zhang Hou said: "Since the battle began, an arrow pierced my hand through to the elbow; I broke off the shaft and kept driving, the left wheel is crimson, and how dare I say I am wounded. Endure it, sir!" Huan said: "Since the battle began, whenever there was a dangerous road, I surely got down and pushed the chariot; how would you know? Yet you are wounded!" Zhang Hou said: "The eyes and ears of the army are in our banner and drum, and advance and retreat follow them. If one man holds this chariot, the matter can be accomplished; how can we spoil the ruler's great affair because of a wound? To put on armor and take up weapons is already to go to one's death. The wound has not yet reached death; do your best!" He held the reins in his left hand together and took the drumstick with his right to beat the drum; the horses galloped and could not be stopped, and the army followed. The Qi army was greatly defeated. They pursued them, circling Mount Huabuzhu three times.

韓厥夢子輿謂己曰：“且闢左右。”故中御而從齊侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“謂之君子而射之，非禮也。”射其左，越於車下。射其右，斃於車中，綦毋張喪車，從韓厥，曰：“請寓乘。”從左右，皆肘之，使立於後。

Han Jue dreamed that Ziyu said to him: "Avoid the left and the right for the time being." Therefore he drove in the middle of the chariot in pursuit of the Marquis of Qi. Bing Xia said: "Shoot the driver; he is a gentleman." The Marquis of Qi said: "To call him a gentleman and then shoot him is against ritual." He shot the man on the left of the chariot, who fell beneath the chariot. He shot the man on the right, who died in the chariot. Qi Wu Zhang lost his chariot and caught up with Han Jue, saying: "Please let me ride." Whether he went to the left or the right, Han Jue pushed him away with his elbow and made him stand behind.

韓厥俯，定其右。逢醜父與公易位。將及華泉，驂絓於木而止。醜父寢於轏中，蛇出於其下，以肱擊之，傷而匿之，故不能推車而及。韓厥執縶馬前，再拜稽首，奉觴加璧以進，曰：“寡君使群臣為魯、衛請，曰：‘無令輿師陷入君地。’下臣不幸，屬當戎行，無所逃隱。且懼奔闢而忝兩君，臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，攝官承乏。”醜父使公下，如華泉取飲。鄭周父御佐車，宛伐為右，載齊侯以免。

Han Jue bent down and laid the corpse of the spearman steady. Pang Chou Fu and the Marquis of Qi exchanged places. As they were about to reach Huaquan, the side-horse was snagged by a tree and stopped. Chou Fu had once slept in a plank carriage, and a snake came out from below; he struck it with his arm and was wounded but hid it, and so could not push the chariot and was caught up with. Han Jue, holding a tether, went before the horses, bowed twice and kowtowed, and presented a wine cup with a jade disc, saying: "My ruler sent his ministers to ask on behalf of Lu and Wei, saying: 'Do not let the many troops fall into Your Majesty's land.' Your servant is unfortunate and happens to be serving in the ranks, with no place to escape or hide. I also feared that fleeing and avoiding would disgrace the rulers of both states; I am ashamed to be a soldier, but dare to report that I am unwise and am filling a vacancy as acting official." Chou Fu had the Marquis of Qi get down and fetch water at Huaquan. Zheng Zhoufu drove the spare chariot, with Wan Fa as spearman, and carrying the Marquis of Qi they escaped.

韓厥獻醜父，郤獻子將戮之。呼曰：“自今無有代其君任患者，有一於此，將為戮乎！”郤子曰：“人不難以死免其君。我戮之不祥，赦之以勸事君者。”乃免之。

Han Jue presented Chou Fu, and Xi Xianzi was about to kill him. Chou Fu cried out: "From now on there will be no one who takes on the ruler's calamity in his place; there is one here, and will he be killed!" Xi Zi said: "A man who is not afraid to use his own death to save his ruler from disaster; to kill him would be inauspicious. Let us pardon him to encourage those who serve their ruler." So he was pardoned.

齊侯免，求醜父，三入三出。每出，齊師以帥退。入於狄卒，狄卒皆抽戈楯冒之。以入於衛師，衛師免之。遂自徐關入。齊侯見保者，曰：“勉之！齊師敗矣。”闢女子，女子曰：“君免乎？”曰：“免矣。”曰：“銳司徒免乎？”曰：“免矣。”曰：“苟君與吾父免矣，可若何！”乃奔。齊侯以為有禮，既而問之，闢司徒之妻也。予之石窌。

The Marquis of Qi escaped, and looked for Chou Fu, charging in three times and charging out three times. Each time he came out, the Qi army protected their commander as they withdrew. When he entered among the infantry of the Di, the Di soldiers all drew their spears and shields to cover him. When he entered the Wei army, the Wei army let him pass. Then he entered the city through Xuguan. The Marquis of Qi, seeing the guards of the city, said: "Do your best! The Qi army is defeated." He had a woman step aside, and the woman said: "Has the ruler escaped?" He said: "He has." She said: "Has the Rui Situ escaped?" He said: "He has." She said: "If the ruler and my father have both escaped, what more is there to ask!" Then she ran off. The Marquis of Qi thought she had ritual propriety, and later asked about her; she was the wife of the Pi Situ. He gave her Shiliao.

晉師從齊師，入自丘輿，擊馬陘。齊侯使賓媚人賂以紀甗、玉磬與地。不可，則聽客之所為。賓媚人致賂，晉人不可，曰：“必以蕭同叔子為質，而使齊之封內盡東其畝。”對曰：“蕭同叔子非他，寡君之母也。若以匹敵，則亦晉君之母也。吾子布大命於諸侯，而曰：‘必質其母以為信。’其若王命何？且是以不孝令也。《詩》曰：‘孝子不匱，永錫爾類。’若以不孝令於諸侯，其無乃非德類也乎？先王疆理天下物土之宜，而布其利，故《詩》曰：‘我疆我理，南東其畝。’今吾子疆理諸侯，而曰‘盡東其畝’而已，唯吾子戎車是利，無顧土宜，其無乃非先王之命也乎？反先王則不義，何以為盟主？其晉實有闕。四王之王也，樹德而濟同欲焉。五伯之霸也，勤而撫之，以役王命。今吾子求合諸侯，以逞無疆之慾。《詩》曰‘佈政優優，百祿是遒。’子實不優，而棄百祿，諸侯何害焉！不然，寡君之命使臣則有辭矣，曰：‘子以君師辱於敝邑，不腆敝賦，以犒從者。

The Jin army followed the Qi army, entered by Qiuyu, and attacked Maxing. The Marquis of Qi sent Bin Meiren to bribe them with the Ji vessel, jade chimes, and land. If they did not agree, he was to follow what the guests did. Bin Meiren presented the goods, but the people of Jin did not agree, saying: "We must have Xiao Tong Shuzi as a hostage, and make all the fields within Qi's borders run east." Bin Meiren replied: "Xiao Tong Shuzi is no one else; she is my ruler's mother. If we speak in terms of equals, she is also the mother of the ruler of Jin. You issue great commands to the feudal lords, yet say 'we must take another's mother as a hostage to win trust'; what will you do about the royal command? Moreover this is commanding by unfilial conduct. The Odes say: 'The filial piety of a filial son is never exhausted, and is forever bestowed on those of his kind.' If you command the feudal lords by unfilial conduct, I fear you are not of the same kind in virtue. The former kings laid out the world's boundaries and managed the land, arranging benefits according to the suitability of the soil, and so the Odes say: 'I lay out the boundaries and manage them, the fields run south and run east.' Now you lay out the boundaries of the feudal lords and say only 'let all the fields run east,' thinking only of the convenience of your war chariots without regard for what the land is suited for; I fear this is not the command of the former kings. To go against the former kings is unrighteous; by what right would you be leader of the covenant? Jin truly has a failing. The reason the four kings became kings was that they established virtue and fulfilled the common wishes. The reason the five hegemons became hegemons was that they labored and pacified, in order to serve the royal command. Now you seek to assemble the feudal lords in order to satisfy your boundless desires. The Odes say: 'Governing with gentleness, all kinds of blessings gather.' You are truly not gentle, and are discarding all kinds of blessings; what harm does that do the feudal lords! If not, my ruler commanded his envoy to say further: 'You have brought your ruler's army and honored our humble town with your presence; our humble town's meager military levy is to be used to feast your followers.

畏君之震，師徒橈敗，吾子惠徼齊國之福，不泯其社稷，使繼舊好，唯是先君之敝器、土地不敢愛。子又不許，請收合餘燼，背城借一。敝邑之幸，亦云從也。

(Bin Meiren continued his report:) Fearing Your Majesty's might, our army is crushed; if you condescend to seek blessings for Qi, not destroy our altars, and let us continue the old friendship, we do not dare to begrudge only our former ruler's worn-out vessels and land. If you again do not agree, please let us gather the remnants and fight to the death with our backs to the city wall. If our humble town is lucky, we will still obey you.

況其不幸，敢不唯命是聽。’”魯、衛諫曰：“齊疾我矣！其死亡者，皆親暱也。

(Bin Meiren continued his report:) How much more so if we are unlucky; how dare we not obey your command.'" Lu and Wei advised: "Qi hates us! Those who have died were all people close to them.

子若不許，仇我必甚。唯子則又何求？子得其國寶，我亦得地，而紓於難，其榮多矣！齊、晉亦唯天所授，豈必晉？”晉人許之，對曰：“群臣帥賦輿以為魯、衛請，若苟有以藉口而復於寡君，君之惠也。敢不唯命是聽。”

(Lu and Wei continued:) If you do not agree, their hatred of us will surely be deeper. What more do you seek? You have obtained their national treasures, we have obtained land and eased our calamities, and the glory is already great! Qi and Jin both look only to whom Heaven gives; is it certainly Jin?" The people of Jin agreed and replied: "My ministers led the military levy and chariots to ask on behalf of Lu and Wei; if we have something to report back to my ruler, it is Your Majesty's kindness. How dare we not obey your command."

禽鄭自師逆公。

Qin Zheng welcomed Duke Cheng from the army.

秋七月，晉師及齊國佐盟於爰婁，使齊人歸我汶陽之田。公會晉師於上鄍，賜三帥先路三命之服，司馬、司空、輿帥、候正、亞旅，皆受一命之服。

In autumn, in the seventh month, the Jin army made a covenant with Guo Zuo of Qi at Yuanlou, and had the people of Qi return the fields north of the Wen River to our state. Duke Cheng met the Jin army at Shangyong, and gave the three commanders the senior chariots and the ceremonial robes of the third rank, while the Minister of War, Minister of Works, chariot commander, scouting commander, and junior troop commanders all received the ceremonial robes of the first rank.

八月，宋文公卒。始厚葬，用蜃炭，益車馬，始用殉。重器備，槨有四阿，棺有翰檜。

In the eighth month, Duke Wen of Song died. For the first time, a lavish burial was used, with clam-shell lime, additional chariots and horses, and for the first time living persons were buried with him. Vessels and equipment were increased, the outer coffin had four-pitched eaves, and the inner coffin had han and kuai coverings.

君子謂：“華元、樂舉，於是乎不臣。臣治煩去惑者也，是以伏死而爭。今二子者，君生則縱其惑，死又益其侈，是棄君於惡也。何臣之為？”九月，衛穆公卒，晉二子自役吊焉，哭於大門之外。衛人逆之，婦人哭於門內，送亦如之。遂常以葬。

The gentleman held: "Hua Yuan and Yue Ju, in this matter, did not act as ministers should. A minister is one who manages confusion and removes delusion, and therefore he argues and remonstrates at the risk of his life. Now these two, while the ruler was alive, indulged his delusion, and after his death increased his extravagance, abandoning their ruler in evil. What kind of ministers are they?" In the ninth month, Duke Mu of Wei died, and the two Jin commanders, coming from the campaign, came to offer condolences and wept outside the great gate. The people of Wei welcomed them, and the women wept inside the gate, and the same at the send-off. From then on this became the constant rule of funerals.

楚之討陳夏氏也，莊王欲納夏姬，申公巫臣曰：“不可。君召諸侯，以討罪也。今納夏姬，貪其色也。貪色為淫，淫為大罰。《周書》曰：‘明德慎罰。’文王所以造周也。明德，務崇之之謂也；慎罰，務去之之謂也。若興諸侯，以取大罰，非慎之也。君其圖之！”王乃止。子反欲取之，巫臣曰：“是不祥人也！是夭子蠻，殺御叔，弒靈侯，戮夏南，出孔、儀，喪陳國，何不祥如是？人生實難，其有不獲死乎？天下多美婦人，何必是？”子反乃止。王以予連尹襄老。襄老死於邲，不獲其屍，其子黑要烝焉。巫臣使道焉，曰：“歸！吾聘女。”又使自鄭召之，曰：“屍可得也，必來逆之。”姬以告王，王問諸屈巫。對曰：“其信！知犖之父，成公之嬖也，而中行伯之季弟也，新佐中軍，而善鄭皇戌，甚愛此子。其必因鄭而歸王子與襄老之屍以求之。鄭人懼於邲之役而欲求媚於晉，其必許之。”王遣夏姬歸。將行，謂送者曰：“不得屍，吾不反矣。”巫臣聘諸鄭，鄭伯許之。及共王即位，將為陽橋之役，使屈巫聘於齊，且告師期。巫臣盡室以行。申叔跪從其父將適郢，遇之，曰：“異哉！夫子有三軍之懼，而又有《桑中》之喜，宜將竊妻以逃者也。”及鄭，使介反幣，而以夏姬行。將奔齊，齊師新敗，曰：“吾不處不勝之國。”遂奔晉，而因郤至，以臣於晉。晉人使為邢大夫。子反請以重幣錮之，王曰：“止！其自為謀也，則過矣。其為吾先君謀也，則忠。忠，社稷之固也，所蓋多矣。且彼若能利國家，雖重幣，晉將可乎？若無益於晉，晉將棄之，何勞錮焉。”

When Chu attacked the Xia clan of Chen, King Zhuang wished to take in Xia Ji, but Wuchen, Lord of Shen, said: "It cannot be done. Your Majesty assembled the feudal lords in order to punish crimes. Now taking in Xia Ji would be coveting her beauty. Coveting beauty is licentiousness, and licentiousness is a great punishment. The Book of Zhou says: 'Make virtue bright and be careful with punishment.' This is how King Wen founded Zhou. 'Make virtue bright' means one must strive to honor it; 'be careful with punishment' means one must strive to remove it. If you mobilize the feudal lords and then incur a great punishment, that is not being careful. Please, Your Majesty, consider!" King Zhuang then stopped. Zi Fan wished to marry her, and Wuchen said: "This is an ill-omened person! She caused the early death of Zi Man, killed Yu Shu, caused the assassination of Marquis Ling, killed Xia Nan, drove Kong Ning and Yi Xingfu to flee, and destroyed the state of Chen; what ill omen is there like this? Human life is truly hard, and I fear she will not die a good death. The world has many beautiful women; why must it be her?" Zi Fan then stopped. King Zhuang gave her to Lian Yin Xiang Lao. Xiang Lao died at Bi and his body was not recovered, and his son Hei wished to have relations with her. Wuchen sent someone to guide her, saying: "Go back! I will betroth you." He also sent someone from Zheng to summon her, saying: "The body can be recovered; you must come to receive it." Xia Ji told the King of Chu, and the King asked Qu Wu. He answered: "That is credible! Zhi Luo's father was a favorite of Duke Cheng and the younger brother of Zhonghang Bo, who recently assisted the central army, is on good terms with Huang Xu of Zheng, and loves this son very much. He will surely use Zheng's return of the prince and Xiang Lao's body to seek Zhi Luo. The people of Zheng fear the battle of Bi and wish to curry favor with Jin, and will surely agree." The King of Chu sent Xia Ji back. As she was about to leave, she said to those seeing her off: "If I cannot get the body, I will not return." Wuchen betrothed her in Zheng, and the Earl of Zheng agreed. When King Gong took the throne and the battle of Yangqiao was about to be fought, he sent Qu Wu on a mission to Qi and also to announce the date for sending out troops. Wuchen set out with all his household. Shen Shugui, following his father who was about to go to Ying, met him and said: "How strange! This man has the wariness of three armies and also the delight of 'Sang Zhong'; he must be going to steal a wife and run off." On reaching Zheng, he had his deputy envoy send back the betrothal gifts and left with Xia Ji. He prepared to flee to Qi, but the Qi army had recently been defeated, and he said: "I will not live in a state that cannot win." So he fled to Jin, through Xi Zhi, and became a subject in Jin. The people of Jin made him a grandee of Xing. Zi Fan asked to bar him from office with heavy gifts, but the King of Chu said: "Stop! That he planned for himself was a fault. That he planned for our former ruler was loyalty. Loyalty is the firmness of the altars of the state and shelters many. Moreover, if he can benefit Jin, would Jin agree even to heavy gifts? If he is of no use to Jin, Jin will abandon him; why bar him?"

晉師歸，範文子後入。武子曰：“無為吾望爾也乎？”對曰：“師有功，國人喜以逆之，先入，必屬耳目焉，是代帥受名也，故不敢。”武子曰：“吾知免矣。”

The Jin army went back, and Fan Wenzi entered the city later. Wuzi said: "Was it not because I was looking forward to you?" He answered: "When the army has merit, the people of the state welcome them gladly; one who enters first will surely become the focus of eyes and ears, receiving the fame in place of the commander, and so I did not dare." Wuzi said: "I know I can escape disaster."

郤伯見，公曰：“子之力也夫！”對曰：“君之訓也，二三子之力也，臣何力之有焉！”范叔見，勞之如郤伯，對曰：“庚所命也，克之制也，燮何力之有焉！”欒伯見，公亦如之，對曰：“燮之詔也，士用命也，書何力之有焉！”宣公使求好於楚。莊王卒，宣公薨，不克作好。公即位，受盟於晉，會晉伐齊。衛人不行使於楚，而亦受盟於晉，從於伐齊。故楚令尹子重為陽橋之役以求齊。將起師，子重曰：“君弱，群臣不如先大夫，師眾而後可。《詩》曰：‘濟濟多士，文王以寧。’夫文王猶用眾，況吾儕乎？且先君莊王屬之曰：‘無德以及遠方，莫如惠恤其民，而善用之。’”乃大戶，已責，逮鰥，救乏，赦罪，悉師，王卒盡行。彭名御戎，蔡景公為左，許靈公為右。二君弱，皆強冠之。

Xi Bo came in to see the Marquis, who said: "It must have been your strength!" He answered: "It was Your Majesty's instruction and the strength of several others; what strength have I!" Fan Shu came in to see him, and he consoled him as he had consoled Xi Bo, and he answered: "It was what Geng commanded and what Ke controlled; what strength has Xie!" Luan Bo came in to see him, and the Marquis did likewise, and he answered: "It was Xie's instruction and the soldiers obeying commands; what strength has Shu!" Duke Xuan sent men to Chu to seek friendship. King Zhuang died and Duke Xuan died, and no friendship was made. Duke Cheng took the throne, received a covenant in Jin, and joined Jin in attacking Qi. The people of Wei did not send envoys to Chu, but also received a covenant in Jin and followed in attacking Qi. Therefore Zi Zhong, chief minister of Chu, launched the battle of Yangqiao to rescue Qi. As they were about to set out, Zi Zhong said: "The ruler is young, and the ministers are not equal to the former grandees; only with many troops can it be done. The Odes say: 'Numerous are the many officers, and so King Wen was at peace.' King Wen still used the multitude; how much more should we? Moreover our former ruler King Zhuang charged: 'If virtue does not reach far, it is better to be generous and care for the people and use them well.'" So they carried out a large registration of households, canceled debts, extended kindness to widowers, relieved the needy, pardoned criminals, and sent out all the army, with the King of Chu's own units all marching. Peng Ming drove the war chariot, with Duke Jing of Cai on the left and Duke Ling of Xu on the right. The two rulers were young, and both were made to undergo the capping ceremony reluctantly.

冬，楚師侵衛，遂侵我，師於蜀。使臧孫往，辭曰：“楚遠而久，固將退矣。

In winter, the Chu army raided and attacked Wei, then raided and attacked our state and camped at Shu. They sent Zang Sun to go, declining and saying: "Chu is far away and has been here a long time, so it was about to retreat anyway.

無功而受名，臣不敢。”楚侵及陽橋，孟孫請往，賂之以執斫、執針、織紝，皆百人。公衡為質，以請盟，楚人許平。

(Zang Sun continued:) To receive fame without merit, I dare not." The Chu army raided and attacked as far as Yangqiao, and Meng Sun asked to go, bribing them with a hundred carpenters, a hundred needleworkers, and a hundred weavers. Gong Heng went as a hostage and asked to make a covenant, and the people of Chu agreed to make peace.

十一月，公及楚公子嬰齊、蔡侯、許男、秦右大夫說、宋華元、陳公孫寧、衛孫良夫、鄭公子去疾及齊國之大夫盟於蜀。卿不書，匱盟也。於是乎畏晉而竊與楚盟，故曰匱盟。蔡侯、許男不書，乘楚車也，謂之失位。君子曰：“位其不可不慎也乎！蔡、許之君，一失其位，不得列於諸侯，況其下乎？《詩》曰：‘不解於位，民之攸塈。’其是之謂矣。”

In the eleventh month, Duke Cheng made a covenant at Shu with Prince Yingqi of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Baron of Xu, Yue, Right Grand Master of Qin, Hua Yuan of Song, Gongsun Ning of Chen, Sun Liangfu of Wei, Prince Qujii of Zheng, and the grandees of Qi. The names of the ministers are not recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals, because this was a covenant lacking substance. At this time they feared Jin and secretly made a covenant with Chu, and so it was called a covenant of lack. The Marquis of Cai and the Baron of Xu are not recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals because they rode in Chu's chariots, which is called losing one's rank. The gentleman said: "One cannot but be careful about rank! The rulers of Cai and Xu, once they lost their rank, could not be listed among the feudal lords; how much more those below them? The Odes say: 'Do not slack in your position, and so the people are at rest.' This is what is meant."

楚師及宋，公衡逃歸。臧宣叔曰：“衡父不忍數年之不宴，以棄魯國，國將若之何？誰居？後之人必有任是夫！國棄矣。”

The Chu army reached Song, and Gong Heng fled back. Zang Xuanshu said: "Hengfu could not endure a few years of unease and abandoned Lu; what will the state do? Who will stay? Someone of those who come after must bear this! The state has been abandoned."

是行也，晉闢楚，畏其眾也。君子曰：“眾之不可以已也。大夫為政，猶以眾克，況明君而善用其眾乎？《大誓》所謂商兆民離，周十人同者眾也。”

On this expedition, Jin avoided Chu because it feared its numbers. The gentleman said: "The multitude cannot be dispensed with. When a grandee governs, he still relies on the multitude to win; how much more a wise ruler who knows how to use the multitude? What the Great Declaration says, that the hundreds of millions of the Shang were of divided hearts while the ten of Zhou were of one heart, is about the multitude."

晉侯使鞏朔獻齊捷於周，王弗見，使單襄公辭焉，曰：“蠻夷戎狄，不式王命，淫湎毀常，王命伐之，則有獻捷，王親受而勞之，所以懲不敬，勸有功也。

The Marquis of Jin sent Gong Shuo to the Zhou court to present Qi captives, and the Son of Heaven did not see him, but sent Duke Xiang of Shan to decline, saying: "As to the barbarians, Rong, and Di, who do not follow the royal command and indulge in dissipation and ruin the constant way, the king commands that they be attacked, and then there is the presentation of spoils, and the Son of Heaven receives it in person and gives comfort, in order to warn against disrespect and encourage merit.

兄弟甥舅，侵敗王略，王命伐之，告事而已，不獻其功，所以敬親暱，禁淫慝也。

(Duke Xiang of Shan continued:) As to the states of brothers, nephews, and maternal uncles, when they trespass against and ruin the king's standards, and the king commands that they be attacked, one only reports the matter and does not present achievements, in order to honor kinship and forbid license.

今叔父克遂，有功於齊，而不使命卿鎮撫王室，所使來撫餘一人，而鞏伯實來，未有職司於王室，又奸先王之禮，餘雖欲於鞏伯、其敢廢舊典以忝叔父？夫齊，甥舅之國也，而大師之後也，寧不亦淫從其欲以怒叔父，抑豈不可諫誨？”士莊伯不能對。王使委於三吏，禮之如侯伯克敵使大夫告慶之禮，降於卿禮一等。王以鞏伯宴，而私賄之。使相告之曰：“非禮也，勿籍。”

(Duke Xiang of Shan continued:) Now my uncle has been successful and has merit in Qi, yet has not sent a minister with an official appointment to pacify the royal house; the one he sent to console me alone is in fact Gong Bo, who has no post in the royal house, and also transgresses the ritual of the former kings. Though I like Gong Bo, how dare I abolish the old codes and so disgrace my uncle? Qi is a state of nephews and maternal uncles and a descendant of the Grand Preceptor; is it not that it indulged desire to anger my uncle, or that it could not be admonished and instructed?" Shi Zhuangbo could not answer. The Son of Heaven entrusted the matter to the three officers, and received him with the ritual by which a marquis or earl who has defeated an enemy sends a grandee to report the happy news, one grade lower than the ritual for a minister. The Son of Heaven feasted with Gong Bo and privately gave him goods. He had the one assisting in the rites tell him: "This is against ritual; do not record it."

【經】三年春王正月，公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯伐鄭。辛亥，葬衛穆公。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Cheng joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, and the Earl of Cao in attacking Zheng. On the day xinhai, Duke Mu of Wei was buried.

二月，公至自伐鄭。甲子，新宮災。三日哭。乙亥，葬宋文公。夏，公如晉。鄭公子去疾帥師伐許。公至自晉。秋，叔孫僑如帥師圍棘。大雩。晉郤克、衛孫良夫伐嗇咎如。冬十有一月，晉侯使荀庚來聘。衛侯使孫良夫來聘。丙午，及荀庚盟。丁未，及孫良夫盟。鄭伐許。

In the second month, Duke Cheng returned from attacking Zheng. On the day jiazi, the New Palace caught fire. They wept for three days. On the day yihai, Duke Wen of Song was buried. In summer, Duke Cheng went to Jin. Prince Qujii of Zheng led troops and attacked Xu. Duke Cheng returned from Jin. In autumn, Shu Sun Qiaoru led troops and besieged Ji. The great rain-sacrifice was held. Xi Ke of Jin and Sun Liangfu of Wei attacked Qiangjiuru. In winter, in the eleventh month, the Marquis of Jin sent Xun Geng on a visit of courtesy. The Marquis of Wei sent Sun Liangfu on a visit of courtesy. On the day bingwu, a covenant was made with Xun Geng. On the day dingwei, a covenant was made with Sun Liangfu. Zheng attacked Xu.

【傳】三年春，諸侯伐鄭，次於伯牛，討邲之役也，遂東侵鄭。鄭公子偃帥師御之，使東鄙覆諸鄤，敗諸丘輿。皇戌如楚獻捷。

[Commentary] In the third year, in spring, the feudal lords attacked Zheng and camped at Boniu, to punish them for the battle at Bi, and then raided and attacked Zheng toward the east. Prince Yan of Zheng led troops to resist, and had the eastern border set an ambush at Man, and defeated them at Qiuyu. Huang Xu went to Chu to present captives.

夏，公如晉，拜汶陽之田。

In summer, Duke Cheng went to Jin to give thanks for the fields north of the Wen River.

許恃楚而不事鄭，鄭子良伐許。

Xu relied on Chu and did not serve Zheng, so Zi Liang of Zheng attacked Xu.

晉人歸公子谷臣與連尹襄老之屍於楚，以求知罃。於是荀首佐中軍矣，故楚人許之。王送知罃，曰：“子其怨我乎？”對曰：“二國治戎，臣不才，不勝其任，以為俘馘。執事不以釁鼓，使歸即戮，君之惠也。臣實不才，又誰敢怨？”王曰：“然則德我乎？”對曰：“二國圖其社稷，而求紓其民，各懲其忿以相宥也，兩釋累囚以成其好。二國有好，臣不與及，其誰敢德？”王曰：“子歸，何以報我？”對曰：“臣不任受怨，君亦不任受德，無怨無德，不知所報。”王曰：“雖然，必告不穀。”對曰：“以君之靈，累臣得歸骨於晉，寡君之以為戮，死且不朽。若從君之惠而免之，以賜君之外臣首；首其請於寡君而以戮於宗，亦死且不朽。若不獲命，而使嗣宗職，次及於事，而帥偏師以修封疆，雖遇執事，其弗敢違。其竭力致死，無有二心，以盡臣禮，所以報也。”王曰：“晉未可與爭。”

The men of Jin returned the bodies of Prince Guchen and Lianyin Xianglao to Chu, in order to ask for Zhi Ying. By this time Xun Shou was already assisting in the central army, and so the men of Chu agreed. The King of Chu, seeing Zhi Ying off, said: "Do you resent me?" He answered: "When two states cross arms, I, your servant, was without talent and unable to bear the task, and became a captive. That you did not use my blood to smear the drum, but let me go back to face punishment, is Your Majesty's kindness. I am truly without talent, so whom would I dare resent?" The King said: "Then are you grateful to me?" He answered: "Two states, planning for their own altars of the state and seeking to relieve their people, each restrain their anger and forgive one another, and both release their prisoners to complete a friendship. Between the two states there is friendship, in which I, your servant, have no part; whom would I dare thank?" The King said: "When you go back, how will you repay me?" He answered: "I cannot bear to resent, and Your Majesty cannot bear to be thanked; with neither resentment nor gratitude, I do not know what to repay." The King said: "Even so, you must tell me." He answered: "By the grace of Your Majesty's might, I, a captive, can bring my bones back to Jin. If our ruler has me killed, I will die with honor. If I am spared death through Your Majesty's kindness and am given to your outside minister Shou, and Shou asks our ruler to have me killed in the ancestral temple, I will also die with honor. If permission is not granted, and I am allowed to inherit the duties of my clan, and when my turn comes in order I hold a military post, leading a flank force to put the frontier in order, then even if I meet your officers I will not dare evade them. I will strive to the death without a divided heart, in fulfillment of a subject's duty; that will be my repayment." The King of Chu said: "Jin cannot be contended with."

重為之禮而歸之。

He treated him with a grand ceremony and sent him back.

秋，叔孫僑如圍棘，取汶陽之田。棘不服，故圍之。

In autumn, Shusun Qiaoru besieged Ji and took the fields north of the Wen River. Ji did not submit, and so was besieged.

晉郤克、衛孫良夫伐嗇咎如，討赤狄之餘焉。嗇咎如潰，上失民也。

Xi Ke of Jin and Sun Liangfu of Wei attacked Qiangjiu Ru, to attack the remnants of the Red Di. Qiangjiu Ru collapsed, because above him had lost the people.

冬十一月，晉侯使荀庚來聘，且尋盟。衛侯使孫良夫來聘，且尋盟。公問諸臧宣叔曰：“中行伯之於晉也，其位在三。孫子之於衛也，位為上卿，將誰先？”對曰：“次國之上卿當大國之中，中當其下，下當其上大夫。小國之上卿當大國之下卿，中當其上大夫，下當其下大夫。上下如是，古之制也。衛在晉，不得為次國。晉為盟主，其將先之。”丙午，盟晉，丁未，盟衛，禮也。

In winter, in the eleventh month, the Marquis of Jin sent Xun Geng to come on a friendly visit and renew the covenant. The Marquis of Wei sent Sun Liangfu to come on a friendly visit and renew the covenant. Duke Cheng asked Zang Xuanshu: "Earl Zhonghang in Jin ranks third. Sun Zi in Wei is the senior minister; whom should we put first?" He answered: "The senior minister of a secondary state is equal to the middle minister of a great state, the middle minister to its junior minister, and the junior minister to its senior grand officer. The senior minister of a small state is equal to the junior minister of a great state, the middle minister to its senior grand officer, and the junior minister to its junior grand officer. Such are the ranks, an institution of antiquity. Wei, in relation to Jin, cannot count as a secondary state. Jin is the leader of the covenant, so let it come first." On the bingwu day a covenant was made with Jin, and on the dingwei day a covenant was made with Wei; this accorded with ritual.

十二月甲戌，晉作六軍。韓厥、趙括、鞏朔、韓穿、荀騅、趙旃皆為卿，賞鞍之功也。

In the twelfth month, on the jiaxu day, Jin set up six armies. Han Jue, Zhao Kuo, Gong Shuo, Han Chuan, Xun Zhui, and Zhao Zhan were all made ministers, as a reward for the merit at An.

齊侯朝於晉，將授玉。郤克趨進曰：“此行也，君為婦人之笑辱也，寡君未之敢任。”晉侯享齊侯。齊侯視韓厥，韓厥曰：“君知厥也乎？”齊侯曰：“服改矣。”韓厥登，舉爵曰：“臣之不敢愛死，為兩君之在此堂也。”

The Marquis of Qi went to Jin to pay court and was about to present the jade. Xi Ke hurried forward and said: "On this trip, Your Majesty was insulted because of a woman's laughter; our ruler dares not accept it." The Marquis of Jin gave a banquet to entertain the Marquis of Qi. The Marquis of Qi looked at Han Jue, and Han Jue said: "Does Your Majesty recognize me?" The Marquis of Qi said: "Your clothes have changed." Han Jue went up into the hall, raised his cup, and said: "I dare not spare my life, because the two rulers are in this hall."

荀罃之在楚也，鄭賈人有將置諸褚中以出。既謀之，未行，而楚人歸之。

When Xun Ying was in Chu, a merchant of Zheng planned to hide him in a sack and carry him out. When it had been arranged but not yet carried out, the men of Chu sent him back.

賈人如晉，荀罃善視之，如實出己，賈人曰：“吾無其功，敢有其實乎？吾小人，不可以厚誣君子。”遂適齊。

When the merchant came to Jin, Xun Ying treated him well, as if the man had truly brought him out. The merchant said: "I have no such merit; how dare I accept such a reward? I am a petty man and must not greatly deceive a gentleman." So he went to Qi.

【經】四年春，宋公使華元來聘。三月壬申，鄭伯堅卒。杞伯來朝。夏四月甲寅，臧孫許卒。公如晉。葬鄭襄公。秋，公至自晉。冬，城鄆。鄭伯伐許。

[Classic] In the spring of the fourth year, the Duke of Song sent Hua Yuan to come on a friendly visit. On the renshen day of the third month, Jian, Earl of Zheng, died. The Earl of Qi came to court. On the jiayin day of the fourth month, Zang Sun Xu died. Duke Cheng went to Jin. Duke Xiang of Zheng was buried. In autumn, Duke Cheng returned from Jin. In winter, the wall of Yun was built. The Earl of Zheng attacked Xu.

【傳】四年春，宋華元來聘，通嗣君也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the fourth year, Hua Yuan of Song came on a friendly visit, to establish friendship on behalf of the newly enthroned ruler.

杞伯來朝，歸叔姬故也。

The Earl of Qi came to court because of the return of Shu Ji.

夏，公如晉，晉侯見公，不敬。季文子曰：“晉侯必不免。《詩》曰：‘敬之敬之！天惟顯思，命不易哉！’夫晉侯之命在諸侯矣，可不敬乎？”秋，公至自晉，欲求成於楚而叛晉，季文子曰：“不可。晉雖無道，未可叛也。國大臣睦，而邇於我，諸侯聽焉，未可以貳。史佚之《志》有之，曰：‘非我族類，其心必異。’楚雖大，非吾族也，其肯字我乎？”公乃止。

In summer, Duke Cheng went to Jin, and the Marquis of Jin received Duke Cheng without respect. Ji Wenzi said: "The Marquis of Jin will surely not escape misfortune. The Odes say: 'Be reverent, be reverent! Heaven is bright, and the Mandate is not easy!' The fate of the Marquis of Jin lies in the hands of the feudal lords; can he be disrespectful?" In autumn, Duke Cheng returned from Jin and wished to make peace with Chu and break with Jin. Ji Wenzi said: "No. Although Jin is without the Way, it cannot be betrayed. Its state is large, its high ministers are in harmony, it is close to us, and the feudal lords obey it; we must not have a divided heart. The Annals of Shi Yi has the words: 'Those who are not of our kind surely have a different heart.' Though Chu is large, it is not of our clan; would it be willing to care for us?" Duke Cheng then stopped.

冬十一月，鄭公孫申帥師疆許田，許人敗諸展陂。鄭伯伐許，取任、泠敦之田。

In winter, in the eleventh month, Gongsun Shen of Zheng led an army to mark the boundaries of the fields of Xu, and the men of Xu defeated them at Zhanbei. The Earl of Zheng attacked Xu and took the lands of Ren and Lingdun.

晉欒書將中軍，荀首佐之，士燮佐上軍，以救許伐鄭，取氾、祭。楚子反救鄭，鄭伯與許男訟焉。皇戌攝鄭伯之辭，子反不能決也，曰：“君若辱在寡君，寡君與其二三臣共聽兩君之所欲，成其可知也。不然，側不足以知二國之成。”

Luan Shu of Jin commanded the central army, with Xun Shou assisting, and Shi Xie assisted the upper army, coming to rescue Xu and attack Zheng, and took Fan and Ji. Zi Fan of Chu rescued Zheng, and the Earl of Zheng and the Baron of Xu disputed before him. Huang Xu spoke on behalf of the Earl of Zheng, and Zi Fan could not decide, and said: "If Your Majesty would condescend to come to our ruler, our ruler would hear with several ministers the wishes of the two rulers together, and mediation could then be known. Otherwise, I am not enough to know the right and wrong of the two states."

晉趙嬰通於趙莊姬。

Zhao Ying of Jin had an illicit relationship with Zhao Zhuangji.

【經】五年春王正月，杞叔姬來歸。仲孫蔑如宋。夏，叔孫僑如會晉荀首於谷。梁山崩。秋，大水。冬十有一月己酉，天王崩。十有二月己丑，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、邾子、杞伯同盟於蟲牢。

[Classic] In the spring of the fifth year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, Shu Ji of Qi returned. Zhongsun Mie went to Song. In summer, Shusun Qiaoru met Xun Shou of Jin at Gu. Mount Liang collapsed. In autumn, there was a great flood. In winter, on the jiyou day of the eleventh month, the Son of Heaven died. In the twelfth month, on the jichou day, Duke Cheng, together with the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Zhu, and the Earl of Qi, made a covenant at Chonglao.

【傳】五年春，原、屏放諸齊。嬰曰：“我在，故欒氏不作。我亡，吾二昆其憂哉！且人各有能有不能，舍我何害？”弗聽。嬰夢天使謂己：“祭餘，餘福女。”使問諸士貞伯，貞伯曰：“不識也。”既而告其人曰：“神福仁而禍淫，淫而無罰，福也。祭，其得亡乎？”祭之，之明日而亡。孟獻子如宋，報華元也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the fifth year, Yuan and Ping banished Zhao Ying to Qi. Ying said: "While I am here, the Luan clan does not make trouble. If I flee, my two elder brothers may have cause to worry! Besides, each person has what he can and cannot do; what harm is there in keeping me?" They did not listen. Ying dreamed that a heavenly envoy said to him: "Sacrifice to me, and I will bestow blessings upon you." He sent a man to ask Shi Zhenbo, and Zhenbo said: "I do not know." Later he told the man: "Spirits bestow blessings on the humane and send calamity on the licentious; if licentiousness goes unpunished, that is itself blessing. Sacrificing will probably bring you exile." He sacrificed, and fled the next day. Meng Xianzi went to Song, to return the visit of Hua Yuan.

孟獻子如宋，報華元也。

Meng Xianzi went to Song to return the visit of Hua Yuan.

夏，晉荀首如齊逆女，故宣伯餫諸谷。

In summer, Xun Shou of Jin went to Qi to receive the Lady, and so Xuan Bo presented food at Gu.

梁山崩，晉侯以傳召伯宗。伯宗闢重，曰：“闢傳！”重人曰：“待我，不如捷之速也。”問其所，曰：“絳人也。”問絳事焉，曰：“梁山崩，將召伯宗謀之。”問：“將若之何？”曰：“山有朽壤而崩，可若何？國主山川。故山崩川竭，君為之不舉，降服，乘縵，徹樂，出次，祝幣，史辭以禮焉。其如此而已，雖伯宗若之何？”伯宗請見之，不可。遂以告而從之。

Mount Liang collapsed, and the Marquis of Jin summoned Bo Zong by post-carriage. Bo Zong had a heavy cart give way, saying: "Make way for the post-carriage!" The man driving the heavy cart said: "Waiting for me to get out of the way is not as quick as taking a shortcut." He asked where he was from, and he said: "A man of Jiang." He asked about matters in Jiang, and he said: "Mount Liang has collapsed, and they are about to summon Bo Zong to consult." He asked: "What will be done?" He said: "A mountain with rotted soil collapses; what can be done? A state takes mountains and rivers as its chief. Therefore when a mountain collapses or a river dries up, the ruler reduces his meals, lowers the color of his dress, rides in an undecorated carriage, removes music, leaves the main hall, sets out offerings, and the scribe offers prayers in homage. That is all; even with Bo Zong, what more could be done?" Bo Zong asked to have him presented, but he did not agree. So Bo Zong reported according to his words and carried them out.

許靈公愬鄭伯於楚。六月，鄭悼公如楚，訟，不勝。楚人執皇戌及子國。故鄭伯歸，使公子偃請成於晉。秋八月，鄭伯及晉趙同盟於垂棘。

Duke Ling of Xu accused the Earl of Zheng before Chu. In the sixth month, Duke Dao of Zheng went to Chu to dispute the case, and did not prevail. The men of Chu seized Huang Xu and Zi Guo. So the Earl of Zheng returned and sent Prince Yan to ask Jin for peace. In autumn, in the eighth month, the Earl of Zheng and the Zhao clan of Jin made a covenant at Chuiji.

宋公子圍龜為質於楚而還，華元享之。請鼓譟以出，鼓譟以復入，曰：“習功華氏。”宋公殺之。

Prince Weigui of Song returned after being a hostage in Chu, and Hua Yuan gave a banquet for him. He asked to go out beating drums noisily, and come back in beating drums noisily, saying: "I am rehearsing the attack on the Hua clan." The Duke of Song killed him.

冬，同盟於蟲牢，鄭服也。諸侯謀復會，宋公使向為人辭以子靈之難。

In winter, a covenant was made together at Chonglao, because Zheng had submitted. The feudal lords discussed meeting again, and the Duke of Song sent Xiang Weiren to decline on account of the calamity of Ziling.

十一月己酉，定王崩。

On the jiyou day of the eleventh month, King Ding died.

【經】六年春王正月，公至自會。二月辛巳，立武宮。取鄟。衛孫良夫帥師侵宋。夏六月，邾子來朝。公孫嬰齊如晉。壬申，鄭伯費卒。秋，仲孫蔑、叔孫僑如帥師侵宋。楚公子嬰齊帥師伐鄭。冬，季孫行父如晉。晉欒書帥師救鄭。

[Classic] In the spring of the sixth year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Cheng returned from the meeting. On the xinsi day of the second month, the Martial Palace was set up. Zhuan was taken. Sun Liangfu of Wei led an army to invade Song. In summer, in the sixth month, the Viscount of Zhu came to court. Gongsun Yingqi went to Jin. On the renshen day, Fei, Earl of Zheng, died. In autumn, Zhongsun Mie and Shusun Qiaoru led an army to invade Song. Prince Yingqi of Chu led an army to attack Zheng. In winter, Ji Sun Xingfu went to Jin. Luan Shu of Jin led an army to rescue Zheng.

【傳】六年春，鄭伯如晉拜成，子游相，授玉於東楹之東。士貞伯曰：“鄭伯其死乎？自棄也已！視流而行速，不安其位，宜不能久。”

[Commentary] In the spring of the sixth year, the Earl of Zheng went to Jin to give thanks for the peace, and Ziyou assisted in the ceremony, presenting the jade east of the east pillar. Shi Zhenbo said: "The Earl of Zheng will probably die! He is abandoning himself! His gaze wanders and he walks quickly; he is ill at ease in his place, and cannot last long."

二月，季文子以鞍之功立武宮，非禮也。聽於人以救其難，不可以立武。立武由己，非由人也。

In the second month, Ji Wenzi set up the Martial Palace because of the merit at An; this did not accord with ritual. Taking orders from another to resolve one's own calamity, one may not set up a martial monument. Setting up a martial monument is because of oneself, not because of others.

取鄟，言易也。

Zhuan was taken; this is to say it was easy.

三月，晉伯宗、夏陽說，衛孫良夫、寧相，鄭人，伊、洛之戎，陸渾蠻氏侵宋，以其辭會也。師於針，衛人不保。說欲襲衛，曰：“雖不可入，多俘而歸，有罪不及死。”伯宗曰：“不可。衛唯信晉，故師在其郊而不設備。若襲之，是棄信也。雖多衛俘，而晉無信，何以求諸侯？”乃止，師還，衛人登陴。

In the third month, Bo Zong and Xiayang Shuo of Jin, Sun Liangfu and Ning Xiang of Wei, the men of Zheng, the Rong of Yi and Luo, and the Man tribe of Luhun raided Song, because it had declined a meeting. The army encamped at Zhen, and the men of Wei set up no defenses. Some said they wished to attack Wei by surprise, saying: "Even if we cannot get in, we can take many captives back, and having committed an offense we will not be put to death." Bo Zong said: "No. Wei, because it trusts Jin, has left its army in the countryside without defenses. To attack it would be to abandon good faith. Even if we got many captives of Wei, Jin without good faith, how could it make demands on the feudal lords?" So they stopped. The army went back, and the men of Wei climbed up on the battlements.

晉人謀去故絳。諸大夫皆曰：“必居郇瑕氏之地，沃饒而近盬，國利君樂，不可失也。”韓獻子將新中軍，且為僕大夫。公揖而入。獻子從。公立於寢庭，謂獻子曰：“何如？”對曰：“不可。郇瑕氏土薄水淺，其惡易覯。易覯則民愁，民愁則墊隘，於是乎有沉溺重膇之疾。不如新田，土厚水深，居之不疾，有汾、澮以流其惡，且民從教，十世之利也。夫山、澤、林、盬，國之寶也。國饒，則民驕佚。近寶，公室乃貧，不可謂樂。”公說，從之。夏四月丁丑，晉遷於新田。

The men of Jin discussed leaving old Jiang. The high officers all said: "We must live in the land of the Xunxia clan; it is fertile and rich and close to the salt lake, beneficial for the state and pleasing for the ruler, and cannot be lost." Han Xianzi commanded the new central army and also served as grand master of the equipage. The Marquis of Jin bowed and went in. Xianzi followed. The Marquis of Jin stood in the inner court and said to Xianzi: "What do you think?" He answered: "No. The land of the Xunxia clan has thin soil and shallow water, and filth gathers easily. When filth gathers easily, the people are distressed; when the people are distressed, they become weak and worn out, and then there are diseases of sinking and swollen feet. It is better to choose Xintian, where the soil is thick and the water is deep, where one can live without falling ill, where the Fen and Kuai rivers carry away filth, and where the people are amenable to instruction; it is a benefit for ten generations. Mountains, marshes, forests, and salt are the treasures of a state. When the state is rich, the people grow proud and idle. Near such treasures, the ducal house would instead become poor, and this cannot be called pleasing." The Marquis of Jin was pleased and agreed. In summer, on the dingchou day of the fourth month, Jin moved to Xintian.

六月，鄭悼公卒。

In the sixth month, Duke Dao of Zheng died.

子叔聲伯如晉。命伐宋。

Zishu Shengbo went to Jin. He received orders to attack Song.

秋，孟獻子、叔孫宣伯侵宋，晉命也。

In autumn, Meng Xianzi and Shusun Xuanbo raided Song, on the order of Jin.

楚子重伐鄭，鄭從晉故也。

Zi Zhong of Chu attacked Zheng, because Zheng had followed Jin.

冬，季文子如晉，賀遷也。

In winter, Ji Wenzi went to Jin, to congratulate it on the move of the capital.

晉欒書救鄭，與楚師遇於繞角。楚師還，晉師遂侵蔡。楚公子申、公子成以申、息之師救蔡，御諸桑隧。趙同、趙括欲戰，請於武子，武子將許之。知莊子、範文子、韓獻子諫曰：“不可。吾來救鄭，楚師去我，吾遂至於此，是遷戮也。

Luan Shu of Jin rescued Zheng, and met the army of Chu at Raojiao. The army of Chu went back, and the army of Jin then raided Cai. Prince Shen and Prince Cheng of Chu led the armies of Shen and Xi to rescue Cai, and resisted at Sangsui. Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo wished to give battle and asked Wuzi, who was about to agree. Zhi Zhuangzi, Fan Wenzi, and Han Xianzi remonstrated: "No. We came to rescue Zheng, and when the army of Chu left us, we then came here; this is moving the killing elsewhere.

戮而不已，又怒楚師，戰必不克。雖克，不令。成師以出，而敗楚之二縣，何榮之有焉？若不能敗，為辱已甚，不如還也。”乃遂還。

(The three continued:) Killing without end and further angering the army of Chu, we will surely not win in battle. Even if we win, it is not admirable. To lead out the army and only defeat two counties of Chu, what glory is there? If we cannot defeat them, the disgrace is already too great; better to go back." So they went back.

於是，軍帥之慾戰者眾，或謂欒武子曰：“聖人與眾同欲，是以濟事。子盍從眾？子為大政，將酌於民者也。子之佐十一人，其不欲戰者，三人而已。欲戰者可謂眾矣。《商書》曰：‘三人占，從二人。’眾故也。”武子曰：“善鈞，從眾。夫善，眾之主也。三卿為主，可謂眾矣。從之，不亦可乎？”

At that time, there were many among the army commanders who wished to give battle, and someone said to Luan Wuzi: "The sage and the multitude share the same wishes, and so can accomplish things. Why do you not follow the multitude? You are in charge of great government, and must weigh the people's wishes. Of your eleven assistants, only three do not want to fight. Those who want to fight can be said to be the multitude. The Book of Shang says: 'Three people divine, follow the two.' This is because of the greater number." Wuzi said: "Only when the good are equal does one follow the multitude. The good are the leaders of the multitude. When the three ministers are the leaders, they can be said to be the multitude. Is it not also acceptable to follow them?"

【經】七年春王正月，鼷鼠食郊牛角，改卜牛。鼷鼠又食其角，乃免牛。吳伐郯。夏五月，曹伯來朝。不郊，猶三望。秋，楚公子嬰齊帥師伐鄭。公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、杞伯救鄭。八月戊辰，同盟於馬陵。公至自會。吳入州來。冬，大雩。衛孫林父出奔晉。

[Classic] In the spring of the seventh year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, a field mouse gnawed the horn of the ox for the suburban sacrifice, and another ox was chosen by divination. The field mouse gnawed its horn again, and so that ox was spared. Wu attacked Tan. In summer, in the fifth month, the Earl of Cao came to court. The suburban sacrifice was not held, but the three Wang sacrifices were still held. In autumn, Prince Yingqi of Chu led an army to attack Zheng. Duke Cheng joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, and the Earl of Qi in rescuing Zheng. On the wuchen day of the eighth month, a covenant was made together at Maling. Duke Cheng returned from the meeting. The men of Wu entered Zhoulai. In winter, the great rain sacrifice was held. Sun Linfu of Wei fled to Jin.

【傳】七年春，吳伐郯，郯成。季文子曰：“中國不振旅，蠻夷入伐，而莫之或恤，無吊者也夫！《詩》曰：‘不弔昊天，亂靡有定。’其此之謂乎！有上不弔，其誰不受亂？吾亡無日矣！”君子曰：“如懼如是，斯不亡矣。”

[Commentary] In the spring of the seventh year, Wu attacked Tan, and Tan made peace. Ji Wenzi said: "The Chinese states of the central plain do not put their armies in order, and the barbarians come in to attack, and no one is concerned; there must be no one left to offer condolence! The Odes say: 'Heaven that does not console, disorder has no settlement.' It must speak of this! Those above do not console; who can avoid disorder? Our destruction is only a few days away!" The gentleman said: "With such fear, they will not perish."

鄭子良相成公以如晉，見，且拜師。

Zi Liang of Zheng assisted Duke Cheng in the ceremony in going to Jin; he had an audience and also gave thanks for the dispatch of troops.

夏，曹宣公來朝。

In summer, Duke Xuan of Cao came to court.

秋，楚子重伐鄭，師於汜。諸侯救鄭。鄭共仲、侯羽軍楚師，囚鄖公鍾儀，獻諸晉。

In autumn, Zi Zhong of Chu attacked Zheng and encamped at Fan. The feudal lords rescued Zheng. Gong Zhong and Hou Yu of Zheng surrounded the army of Chu and seized Zhong Yi, Duke of Yun, and presented him to Jin.

八月，同盟於馬陵，尋蟲牢之盟，且莒服故也。

In the eighth month, a covenant was made together at Maling, to renew the covenant of Chonglao and also because Ju had submitted.

晉人以鍾儀歸，囚諸軍府。

The men of Jin took Zhong Yi back and held him in the army treasury.

楚圍宋之役，師還，子重請取於申、呂以為賞田，王許之。申公巫臣曰：“不可。此申、呂所以邑也，是以為賦，以御北方。若取之，是無申、呂也。晉、鄭必至於漢。”王乃止。子重是以怨巫臣。子反欲取夏姬，巫臣止之，遂取以行，子反亦怨之。及共王即位，子重、子反殺巫臣之族子閻、子蕩及清尹弗忌及襄老之子黑要，而分其室。子重取子閻之室，使沈尹與王子罷分子蕩之室，子反取黑要與清尹之室。巫臣自晉遺二子書，曰：“爾以讒慝貪婪事君，而多殺不辜。餘必使爾罷於奔命以死。”

In the campaign of Chu's siege of Song, when the army returned, Zi Zhong asked to take part of Shen and Lu as reward land, and the King of Chu agreed. Wuchen, Duke of Shen, said: "No. This is what Shen and Lu rely on to be towns, using it to provide military levies to resist the north. If it is taken away, there will be no Shen and Lu. Jin and Zheng will surely reach the Han River." The King of Chu then stopped. Zi Zhong resented Wuchen for this. Zi Fan wished to marry Xia Ji, and Wuchen prevented it, and later left with her, so Zi Fan resented him too. When King Gong took the throne, Zi Zhong and Zi Fan killed Wuchen's clansmen Zi Yan, Zi Dang, and Qingyin Fuji, and Heiyao, son of Xianglao, and divided their households. Zi Zhong took Zi Yan's household, had Shenyin and Prince Ba divide Zi Dang's household, and Zi Fan took the households of Heiyao and Qingyin. Wuchen wrote from Jin to these two men: "You serve your ruler with slander and greed, and kill many innocent people. I will surely make you die of exhausting yourselves running from one crisis to another."

巫臣請使於吳，晉侯許之。吳子壽夢說之。乃通吳於晉。以兩之一卒適吳，舍偏兩之一焉。與其射御，教吳乘車，教之戰陳，教之叛楚。置其子狐庸焉，使為行人於吳。吳始伐楚，伐巢、伐徐。子重奔命。馬陵之會，吳入州來。子重自鄭奔命。子重、子反於是乎一歲七奔命。蠻夷屬於楚者，吳盡取之，是以始大，通吳於上國。

Wuchen asked to go on a mission to Wu, and the Marquis of Jin agreed. Shoumeng, Viscount of Wu, liked him. So he made Wu and Jin communicate. He took one company out of two flank units to Wu, leaving one flank unit of the two. He gave them archers and charioteers, taught the men of Wu to ride in war chariots, taught them battle formations, and taught them to turn against Chu. He placed his son Huyong there, making him an envoy in Wu. Wu began attacking Chu, attacking Chao and Xu. Zi Zhong ran to deal with the emergencies. At the meeting at Maling, the men of Wu entered Zhoulai. Zi Zhong ran from Zheng to deal with the emergency. Zi Zhong and Zi Fan, for this reason, ran to emergencies seven times in one year. All the barbarian tribes that belonged to Chu were taken by Wu, and so it began to grow strong and had exchanges with the central states.

衛定公惡孫林父。冬，孫林父出奔晉。衛侯如晉，晉反戚焉。

Duke Ding of Wei hated Sun Linfu. In winter, Sun Linfu fled to Jin. The Marquis of Wei went to Jin, and Jin returned Qi to him.

【經】八年春，晉侯使韓穿來言汶陽之田，歸之於齊。晉欒書帥師侵蔡。公孫嬰齊如莒。宋公使華元來聘。夏，宋公使公孫壽來納幣。晉殺其大夫趙同、趙括。秋七月，天子使召伯來賜公命。冬十月癸卯，杞叔姬卒。晉侯使士燮來聘。

[Classic] In the spring of the eighth year, the Marquis of Jin sent Han Chuan to discuss the fields north of the Wen River, which were returned to Qi. Luan Shu of Jin led an army to raid Cai. Gongsun Yingqi went to Ju. The Duke of Song sent Hua Yuan on a friendly visit. In summer, the Duke of Song sent Gongsun Shou to deliver betrothal gifts. Jin killed its high officers Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo. In autumn, in the seventh month, the Son of Heaven sent Shao Bo to bestow ceremonial robes on Duke Cheng. In winter, on the guimao day of the tenth month, Shu Ji of Qi died. The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Xie on a friendly visit.

叔孫僑如會晉士燮、齊人、邾人代郯。衛人來媵。

Shusun Qiaoru joined Shi Xie of Jin, the men of Qi, and the men of Zhu in attacking Tan. (The base text has "dai Tan" here, which means "attack Tan".) The men of Wei came to escort concubines who accompanied the bride.

【傳】八年春，晉侯使韓穿來言汶陽之田，歸之於齊。季文子餞之，私焉，曰：“大國制義以為盟主，是以諸侯懷德畏討，無有貳心。謂汶陽之田，敝邑之舊也，而用師於齊，使歸諸敝邑。今有二命曰：‘歸諸齊。’信以行義，義以成命，小國所望而懷也。信不可知，義無所立，四方諸侯，其誰不解體？《詩》曰：‘女也不爽，士貳其行。士也罔極，二三其德。’七年之中，一與一奪，二三孰甚焉！士之二三，猶喪妃耦，而況霸主？霸主將德是以，而二三之，其何以長有諸侯乎？《詩》曰：‘猶之未遠，是用大簡。’行父懼晉之不遠猶而失諸侯也，是以敢私言之。”

[Commentary] In the spring of the eighth year, the Marquis of Jin sent Han Chuan to discuss the fields north of the Wen River, which were returned to Qi. Ji Wenzi saw him off and said privately: "A great state decides by righteousness in order to be leader of the covenant, and so the feudal lords cherish its virtue and fear its punishment, and have no divided heart. It was said that the fields north of the Wen River were our humble town's of old, and force was used against Qi so that they would be returned to our town. Now there is a second order saying: 'Return them to Qi.' Good faith is used to carry out righteousness, and righteousness is used to complete commands; this is what small states hope for and cherish. If good faith cannot be known and righteousness has no footing, among the feudal lords of the four quarters, whose heart will not scatter? The Odes say: 'The woman has no fault, but the man's conduct is double. The man has no standard, and his virtue wavers back and forth.' Within seven years, first given and then taken away; is there anything more wavering than this? Even a scholar who wavers loses his spouse, how much more a hegemon? A hegemon is to rely on virtue, yet if he wavers, how will he long keep the feudal lords? The Odes say: 'The plan is not far-reaching, and so I remonstrate with all my strength.' Xingfu fears that Jin's plans are not far-reaching and that it will lose the feudal lords, and so dares to say this privately."

晉欒書侵蔡，遂侵楚，獲申驪。楚師之還也，晉侵沈，獲沈子揖初，從知、範、韓也。君子曰：“從善如流，宜哉！《詩》曰：‘愷悌君子，遐不作人。’求善也夫！作人，斯有功績矣。”是行也，鄭伯將會晉師，門於許東門，大獲焉。

Luan Shu of Jin invaded Cai, and then invaded Chu, and captured Shen Li. When the Chu army had gone back, Jin invaded Shen and captured Yi Chu, Viscount of Shen, following the advice of Zhi, Fan, and Han. The gentleman said, "To follow what is good as water flows is only right! The Odes say: 'The joyful and easy-going gentleman, how could he fail to cultivate talent?' This is seeking the good! To cultivate talent, this is merit." On this campaign, the Earl of Zheng was about to meet the Jin army, attacked the east gate of Xu, and took many captives.

聲伯如莒，逆也。

Sheng Bo went to Ju to welcome the lady.

宋華元來聘，聘共姬也。

Hua Yuan of Song came on a mission to deliver the betrothal gifts for Gong Ji.

夏，宋公使公孫壽來納幣，禮也。

In summer, the Duke of Song sent Gongsun Shou to bring betrothal gifts, which accorded with ritual.

晉趙莊姬為趙嬰之亡故，譖之於晉侯，曰：“原、屏將為亂。”欒、郤為徵。

Zhao Zhuangji of Jin, because of Zhao Ying's flight, slandered them to the Marquis of Jin, saying, "Yuan and Ping are about to make rebellion." The Luan and Xi clans bore witness.

六月，晉討趙同、趙括。武從姬氏畜於公宮。以其田與祁奚。韓厥言於晉侯曰：“成季之勳，宣孟之忠，而無後，為善者其懼矣。三代之令王，皆數百年保天之祿。夫豈無闢王，賴前哲以免也。《周書》曰：‘不敢侮鰥寡。’所以明德也。”

In the sixth month, Jin punished Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo. Zhao Wu was raised in the ducal palace with Lady Ji. Their fields were given to Qi Xi. Han Jue said to the Marquis of Jin, "Chengji's merit and Xuanmeng's loyalty have left no heir; those who do good will probably be afraid. The good kings of the Three Dynasties each held Heaven's blessing for hundreds of years. Surely it was not that there were no depraved kings; they were saved from destruction by the sages of earlier generations. The Book of Zhou says: 'Do not dare to wrong widowers and widows.' This is how virtue is made manifest."

乃立武，而反其田焉。

So he installed Zhao Wu and returned his fields.

秋，召桓公來賜公命。

In autumn, Duke Huan of Shao came to confer the ceremonial garments on Duke Cheng.

晉侯使申公巫臣如吳，假道於莒。與渠丘公立於池上，曰：“城已惡！”莒子曰：“闢陋在夷，其孰以我為虞？”對曰：“夫狡焉思啟封疆以利社稷者，何國蔑有？唯然，故多大國矣，唯或思或縱也。勇夫重閉，況國乎？”冬，杞叔姬卒。來歸自杞，故書。

The Marquis of Jin sent Wuchen, Lord of Shen, to Wu, borrowing a passage through Ju. Standing with the Duke of Quqiu on the moat, he said, "The wall is already ruined!" The Viscount of Ju said, "We are remote and humble among the Yi; who would take us as an object of scheming?" He replied, "There are those who cunningly want to open up territory for the benefit of their state; which state does not have them? It is because of this that great states are many; the only difference is that some are on guard and some are careless. A brave man still bars his gates layer upon layer; how much more should a state?" In winter, Shu Ji of Ji died. She had returned from Ji, and so the Spring and Autumn records it.

晉士燮來聘，言伐郯也，以其事吳故。公賂之，請緩師，文子不可，曰：“君命無貳，失信不立。禮無加貨，事無二成。君後諸侯，是寡君不得事君也。

Shi Xie of Jin came on a mission and spoke of attacking Tan, because it served Wu. Duke Cheng gave him goods and asked to delay the army's departure, but Wenzi did not agree, saying, "The ruler's command has no doubleness, and if one loses good faith one cannot stand. Ritual has no extra goods, and affairs do not have two successes. If Your Lordship falls behind the other lords, it means our humble ruler cannot serve Your Lordship.

燮將復之。”季孫懼，使宣伯帥師會伐郯。

(Shi Xie continued:) I shall report back in this way." Ji Sun was afraid and sent Xuan Bo to lead troops to join the attack on Tan.

衛人來媵共姬，禮也。凡諸侯嫁女，同姓媵之，異姓則否。

The men of Wei came to accompany Gong Ji with secondary wives, which accorded with ritual. Whenever a feudal lord marries off a daughter, states of the same surname send secondary wives, and those of a different surname do not.

【經】九年春王正月，杞伯來逆叔姬之喪以歸。公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、杞伯，同盟於蒲。公至自會。二月伯姬歸於宋。夏，季孫行父如宋致女。晉人來媵。秋七月丙子，齊侯無野卒。晉人執鄭伯。晉欒書帥師伐鄭。冬十有一月，葬齊頃公。楚公子嬰齊帥師伐莒。庚申，莒潰。楚人入鄆。

[Classic] In the ninth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Earl of Ji came to take the coffin of Shu Ji back. Duke Cheng joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, and the Earl of Ji, and they made a covenant together at Pu. Duke Cheng returned from the meeting. In the second month, Bo Ji was married to Song. In summer, Jisun Xingfu went to Song to escort the bride. The men of Jin came to accompany her with secondary wives. In autumn, in the seventh month, on bingzi, Wuye, Marquis of Qi, died. The men of Jin seized the Earl of Zheng. Luan Shu of Jin led an army to attack Zheng. In winter, in the eleventh month, Duke Qing of Qi was buried. Prince Yingqi of Chu led an army to attack Ju. On gengshen, Ju collapsed. The men of Chu entered Yun.

秦人、白狄伐晉。鄭人圍許。城中城。

The men of Qin and the White Di attacked Jin. The men of Zheng besieged Xu. The Middle City was fortified.

【傳】九年春，杞桓公來逆叔姬之喪，請之也。杞叔姬卒，為杞故也。逆叔姬，為我也。

[Commentary] In the ninth year, in spring, Duke Huan of Ji came to take Shu Ji's coffin, and this was done at his request. Shu Ji of Ji died on account of Ji; the coffin was taken back for the sake of our state.

為歸汶陽之田故，諸侯貳於晉。晉人懼，會於蒲，以尋馬陵之盟。季文子謂範文子曰：“德則不競，尋盟何為？”範文子曰：“勤以撫之，寬以待之，堅強以御之，明神以要之，柔服而伐貳，德之次也。”是行也，將始會吳，吳人不至。

Because the fields north of the River Wen had been returned, the feudal lords had double hearts toward Jin. The men of Jin were afraid and met at Pu to renew the covenant of Maling. Ji Wenzi said to Fan Wenzi, "If we can no longer contend in virtue, what is the use of renewing the covenant?" Fan Wenzi said, "To comfort with diligence, to treat with generosity, to resist with firmness, and to bind with the spirits, comforting those who submit and attacking those who are double-minded, is a second-grade virtue." On this occasion they were about to begin meeting Wu, but the men of Wu did not come.

二月，伯姬歸於宋。

In the second month, Bo Ji was married to Song.

楚人以重賂求鄭，鄭伯會楚公子成於鄧。

The men of Chu sought Zheng with generous gifts, and the Earl of Zheng met Prince Cheng of Chu at Deng.

夏，季文子如宋致女，覆命，公享之。賦《韓奕》之五章，穆姜出於房，再拜，曰：“大夫勤辱，不忘先君以及嗣君，施及未亡人。先君猶有望也！敢拜大夫之重勤。”又賦《綠衣》之卒章而入。

In summer, Ji Wenzi went to Song to escort the bride, and on returning reported, and Duke Cheng gave a banquet for him. He recited the fifth stanza of "Han Yi," and Mu Jiang came out of her chamber, bowed twice, and said, "The grand officer has toiled and borne disgrace, and has not forgotten the former ruler and the successor ruler, extending this to me, who should have died. The former ruler also had this hope! I dare to thank the grand officer for his double diligence." She then recited the last stanza of "Lü Yi" and went in.

晉人來媵，禮也。

The men of Jin came to accompany the bride with secondary wives, which accorded with ritual.

秋，鄭伯如晉。晉人討其貳於楚也，執諸銅鞮。

In autumn, the Earl of Zheng went to Jin. The men of Jin punished him for being double-minded toward Chu and seized him at Tongdi.

欒書伐鄭，鄭人使伯蠲行成，晉人殺之，非禮也。兵交，使在其間可也。楚子重侵陳以救鄭。

Luan Shu attacked Zheng, and the men of Zheng sent Bo Juan to seek peace, but the men of Jin killed him, which was contrary to ritual. When armies are in contact, it is acceptable to have envoys between them. Zichong of Chu invaded Chen to relieve Zheng.

晉侯觀于軍府，見鍾儀，問之曰：“南冠而縶者，誰也？”有司對曰：“鄭人所獻楚囚也。”使稅之，召而吊之。再拜稽首。問其族，對曰：“泠人也。”

The Marquis of Jin inspected the army storehouse and saw Zhong Yi, and asked, "Who is that, bound and wearing a southern cap?" The officials replied, "A Chu prisoner presented by the men of Zheng." He had him unbound and summoned to be consoled. Zhong Yi bowed twice and touched his head to the ground. He asked about his family, and he replied, "I am a music officer."

公曰：“能樂乎？”對曰：“先父之職官也，敢有二事？”使與之琴，操南音。

The Marquis of Jin said, "Can you play music?" He replied, "It was my late father's post; would I dare have another occupation?" He gave him a zither, and he played southern melodies.

公曰：“君王何如？”對曰：“非小人之所得知也。”固問之，對曰：“其為大子也，師保奉之，以朝於嬰齊而夕於側也。不知其他。”公語範文子，文子曰：“楚囚，君子也。言稱先職，不背本也。樂操土風，不忘舊也。稱大子，抑無私也。名其二卿，尊君也。不背本，仁也。不忘舊，信也。無私，忠也。尊君。敏也。仁以接事，信以守之，忠以成之，敏以行之。事雖大，必濟。君盍歸之，使合晉、楚之成。”公從之，重為之禮，使歸求成。

The Marquis of Jin said, "What is your king like?" He replied, "That is not something a petty man can know." Asked again and again, he replied, "When he was heir, his tutors and guardians served him; in the morning he consulted Yingqi, and in the evening he consulted Ce. I know nothing else." The Marquis of Jin told Fan Wenzi. Wenzi said, "The Chu prisoner is a gentleman. In speaking, he mentions his forebears' occupation, which is not abandoning his root. In music, he plays the tunes of his homeland, which is not forgetting old ties. In calling him 'heir,' he suppresses private feeling. In naming the two ministers, he honors his ruler. Not abandoning one's root is humaneness. Not forgetting old ties is good faith. Having no private motive is loyalty. Honoring the ruler is quickness. With humaneness one takes on a matter, with good faith one guards it, with loyalty one accomplishes it, with quickness one carries it out. Even a great matter will surely succeed. Why does Your Lordship not send him back, to help bring about peace between Jin and Chu?" The Marquis of Jin followed this advice, treated him with great ceremony, and sent him back to seek peace.

冬十一月，楚子重自陳伐莒，圍渠丘。渠丘城惡，眾潰，奔莒。戊申，楚入渠丘。莒人囚楚公子平，楚人曰：“勿殺！吾歸而俘。”莒人殺之。楚師圍莒。

In winter, in the eleventh month, Zichong of Chu attacked Ju from Chen and besieged Quqiu. The wall of Quqiu fell, the people scattered and fled to Ju. On wushen, the men of Chu entered Quqiu. The men of Ju imprisoned Prince Ping of Chu, and the men of Chu said, "Do not kill him! We will return your captives." The men of Ju killed him. The Chu army besieged Ju.

莒城亦惡，庚申，莒潰。楚遂入鄆，莒無備故也。

The wall of Ju also fell, and on gengshen Ju collapsed. The men of Chu then entered Yun, because Ju had made no preparations.

君子曰：“恃陋而不備，罪之大者也；備豫不虞，善之大者也。莒恃其陋，而不修城郭，浹辰之間，而楚克其三都，無備也夫！《詩》曰：‘雖有絲、麻，無棄菅、蒯；雖有姬、姜，無棄蕉萃。凡百君子，莫不代匱。’言備之不可以已也。”

The gentleman said, "To rely on one's poverty and crudeness and not guard is the greatest of faults; to prepare in advance against the unexpected is the greatest of goods. Ju relied on its crudeness and did not repair its walls, and within twelve days Chu took three of its cities; this is lack of preparation! The Odes say: 'Though you have silk and hemp, do not discard the rushes and reeds; though you have Ji and Jiang ladies, do not discard the careworn. Among all gentlemen, there is none who will not come to want.' This says that preparation must never stop."

秦人、白狄伐晉，諸侯貳故也。

The men of Qin and the White Di attacked Jin because the feudal lords were double-minded.

鄭人圍許，示晉不急君也。是則公孫申謀之，曰：“我出師以圍許，為將改立君者，而紓晉使，晉必歸君。”

The men of Zheng besieged Xu to show Jin that they were not eager to get their ruler back. This was Gongsun Shen's plan, who said, "If we send out troops to besiege Xu, pretending we are about to install another ruler, and delay sending envoys to Jin, Jin will surely return our ruler."

城中城，書，時也。

The fortification of the Middle City is recorded in the Spring and Autumn because it was in accord with the season.

十二月，楚子使公子辰如晉，報鍾儀之使，請修好結成。

In the twelfth month, the Viscount of Chu sent Prince Chen to Jin, returning the mission of Zhong Yi and asking to make friendship and conclude a peace pact.

【經】十年春，衛侯之弟黑背帥師侵鄭。夏四月，五卜郊，不從，乃不郊。

[Classic] In the tenth year, in spring, Heibei, younger brother of the Marquis of Wei, led an army to invade Zheng. In summer, in the fourth month, divination was made five times for the suburban sacrifice, and all were unfavorable, so the suburban sacrifice was not held.

五月，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯伐鄭。齊人來媵。丙午，晉侯獳卒。

In the fifth month, Duke Cheng joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, and the Earl of Cao in attacking Zheng. The men of Qi came to accompany the bride with secondary wives. On bingwu, Nu, Marquis of Jin, died.

秋七月，公如晉。冬十月。

In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Cheng went to Jin. In winter, the tenth month.

【傳】十年春，晉侯使糴伐如楚，報大宰子商之使也。

[Commentary] In the tenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Di Fa to Chu, returning the mission of the Grand Steward Zishang.

衛子叔黑背侵鄭，晉命也。

Zishu Heibei of Wei invaded Zheng by the order of Jin.

鄭公子班聞叔申之謀。三月，子如立公子繻。夏四月，鄭人殺繻，立髡頑。

Prince Ban of Zheng heard of Shu Shen's plan. In the third month, Ziru installed Prince Yi. In summer, in the fourth month, the men of Zheng killed Yi and installed Kunwan.

子如奔許。欒武子曰：“鄭人立君，我執一人焉，何益？不如伐鄭而歸其君，以求成焉。”晉侯有疾。五月，晉立大子州蒲以為君，而會諸侯伐鄭。鄭子罕賂以襄鍾，子然盟於修澤，子駟為質。辛巳，鄭伯歸。

Ziru fled to Xu. Luan Wuzi said, "The men of Zheng have installed a ruler; what benefit is there in our seizing one man? It would be better to attack Zheng and return their ruler, to seek peace." The Marquis of Jin was ill. In the fifth month, Jin installed the heir Zhoupu as ruler, and joined the feudal lords in attacking Zheng. Zihan of Zheng bribed with the bells of Duke Xiang, Ziran made a covenant at Xiuze, and Zisi was given as hostage. On xinsi, the Earl of Zheng returned.

晉侯夢大厲，被髮及地，搏膺而踴，曰：“殺餘孫，不義。餘得請於帝矣！”壞大門及寢門而入。公懼，入於室。又壞戶。公覺，召桑田巫。巫言如夢。公曰：“何如？曰：“不食新矣。”公疾病，求醫於秦。秦伯使醫緩為之。未至，公夢疾為二豎子，曰：“彼，良醫也。懼傷我，焉逃之？”其一曰：“居肓之上，膏之下，若我何？”醫至，曰：“疾不可為也。在肓之上，膏之下，攻之不可，達之不及，藥不至焉，不可為也。”公曰：“良醫也。”厚為之禮而歸之。六月丙午，晉侯欲麥，使甸人獻麥，饋人為之。召桑田巫，示而殺之。將食，張，如廁，陷而卒。小臣有晨夢負公以登天，及日中，負晉侯出諸廁，遂以為殉。

The Marquis of Jin dreamed of a great evil ghost with hair hanging to the ground, beating his breast and stamping, who said, "You killed my descendants, which is unrighteous. I have already asked the Lord on High and been granted it!" It smashed the great gate and the inner gate and entered. The Marquis of Jin was afraid and went into the inner chamber. It smashed the door too. The Marquis of Jin woke and summoned the shaman of Sangtian. The shaman said what was in the dream. The Marquis of Jin said, "What will happen?" The shaman said, "You will not eat the new wheat." The Marquis of Jin became gravely ill and asked Qin for a physician. The Earl of Qin sent the physician Huan to treat him. Before he arrived, the Marquis of Jin dreamed that the illness became two boys, who said, "That man is a good physician. I fear he will harm us; where can we flee?" One of them said, "If we stay above the huang and below the gao, what can he do to us?" The physician arrived and said, "The illness cannot be treated. It is above the huang and below the gao; moxibustion will not do, needles cannot reach it, and medicine cannot get there; it cannot be treated." The Marquis of Jin said, "A good physician." He gave him generous gifts and sent him back. In the sixth month, on bingwu, the Marquis of Jin wished to eat wheat, and had the field officer offer wheat, and the cook prepared it. He summoned the shaman of Sangtian, showed it to him and had him killed. About to eat, his belly swelled; he went to the privy and fell in and died. A minor attendant had dreamed that morning of carrying the Marquis of Jin up to heaven, and at midday carried the Marquis of Jin out of the privy, and so was made to die with him as a sacrifice.

鄭伯討立君者，戊申，殺叔申、叔禽。君子曰：“忠為令德，非其人猶不可，況不令乎？”秋，公如晉。晉人止公，使送葬。於是糴伐未反。

The Earl of Zheng punished those who had installed a ruler, and on wushen killed Shu Shen and Shu Qin. The gentleman said, "Loyalty is a virtue, but if directed at the wrong object it is still not acceptable, how much more if one is himself not good?" In autumn, Duke Cheng went to Jin. The men of Jin detained Duke Cheng and made him attend the funeral. At this time Di Fa had not yet returned.

冬，葬晉景公。公送葬，諸侯莫在。魯人辱之，故不書，諱之也。

In winter, Duke Jing of Jin was buried. Duke Cheng attended the funeral, and no feudal lords were present. The men of Lu took this as a disgrace, and so the Spring and Autumn does not record it, as a matter of avoidance.

【經】十有一年春王三月，公至自晉。晉侯使郤犨來聘，己丑，及郤犨盟。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, in spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Cheng returned from Jin. The Marquis of Jin sent Xi Chou on a mission, and on jichou he made a covenant with Xi Chou.

夏，季孫行父如晉。秋，叔孫僑如如齊。冬十月。

In summer, Jisun Xingfu went to Jin. In autumn, Shusun Qiaoru went to Qi. In winter, the tenth month.

【傳】十一年春，王三月，公至自晉。晉人以公為貳於楚，故止公。公請受盟，而後使歸。

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, in spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Cheng returned from Jin. The men of Jin thought Duke Cheng was double-minded toward Chu, and so detained him. Duke Cheng asked to accept the covenant, and then they let him go back.

郤犨來聘，且蒞盟。

Xi Chou came on a mission, and also attended the covenant in person.

聲伯之母不聘，穆姜曰：“吾不以妾為姒。”生聲伯而出之，嫁於齊管於奚。

The mother of Sheng Bo had not had the betrothal rites performed, and Mu Jiang said, "I do not regard a concubine as a sister-in-law." After she bore Sheng Bo, she was divorced and married to Guan Yuxi of Qi.

生二子而寡，以歸聲伯。聲伯以其外弟為大夫，而嫁其外妹於施孝叔。郤犨來聘，求婦於聲伯。聲伯奪施氏婦以與之。婦人曰：“鳥獸猶不失儷，子將若何？”曰：“吾不能死亡。”婦人遂行，生二子於郤氏。郤氏亡，晉人歸之施氏，施氏逆諸河，沉其二子。婦人怒曰：“己不能庇其伉儷而亡之，又不能字人之孤而殺之，將何以終？”遂誓施氏。

After bearing two children she was widowed and returned to Sheng Bo. Sheng Bo made her younger half-brother a grand officer and married his younger half-sister to Shi Xiaoshu. Xi Chou came on a mission and asked Sheng Bo for a wife. Sheng Bo took away Shi's wife and gave her to him. The woman said, "Even birds and beasts do not lose their mates; what will you do?" He said, "I cannot die for this." The woman then left, and bore two children in the Xi house. When the Xi house was destroyed, the men of Jin returned her to the Shi house. Shi met her at the Yellow River and drowned her two children in it. The woman was angry and said, "You could not protect your spouse and let her be lost, and you cannot love another's orphans but kill them; how will you come to a good end?" So she swore to cut off from the Shi house.

夏，季文子如晉報聘，且蒞盟也。

In summer, Ji Wenzi went to Jin to return the mission and also attended the covenant in person.

周公楚惡惠、襄之逼也，且與伯與爭政，不勝，怒而出。及陽樊，王使劉子復之，盟於鄄而入。三日，復出奔晉。

Chu, Duke of Zhou, hated the pressure of the kin of Kings Hui and Xiang, and also contended with Boyu for government, and, unable to win, left in anger. He reached Yangfan, and the Son of Heaven sent Liuzi to bring him back, and after making a covenant at Juan he entered the city. After three days he fled again to Jin.

秋，宣伯聘於齊，以修前好。

In autumn, Xuan Bo came on a mission to Qi, to renew the old friendship.

晉郤至與周爭鄇田，王命劉康公、單襄公訟諸晉。郤至曰：“溫，吾故也，故不敢失。”劉子、單子曰：“昔周克商，使諸侯撫封，蘇忿生以溫為司寇，與檀伯達封於河。蘇氏即狄，又不能於狄而奔衛。襄王勞文公而賜之溫，狐氏、陽氏先處之，而後及子。若治其故，則王官之邑也，子安得之？”晉侯使郤至勿敢爭。

Xi Zhi of Jin contended with the Zhou royal house over the fields of Hou, and the Son of Heaven ordered Liu Kanggong and Shan Xianggong to go to Jin to argue the case. Xi Zhi said, "Wen is our old possession, and so we dare not lose it." Liuzi and Shanzi said, "Formerly, when Zhou conquered Shang, the feudal lords were made to settle their borders; Su Fensheng held Wen as Minister of Crime and was enfeoffed with Tan Bo Da on the banks of the Yellow River. The Su clan was close to the Di and could not get on with them, and fled to Wei. King Xiang rewarded Duke Wen by giving Wen to him; the Hu and Yang clans lived there first, and only then did it come to you. If one traces back old possession, it was a city of the royal officials; how could you obtain it?" The Marquis of Jin told Xi Zhi not to dare to contend further.

宋華元善於令尹子重，又善於欒武子。聞楚人既許晉糴伐成，而使歸覆命矣。

Hua Yuan of Song was on good terms with the Chancellor Zichong and also with Luan Wuzi. He heard that the men of Chu had already agreed to peace with Di Fa of Jin and sent him back to report.

冬，華元如楚，遂如晉，合晉、楚之成。

In winter, Hua Yuan went to Chu, and then to Jin, and helped bring about peace between Jin and Chu.

秦、晉為成，將會於令狐。晉侯先至焉，秦伯不肯涉河，次於王城，使史顆盟晉侯於河東。晉郤犨盟秦伯於河西。範文子曰：“是盟也何益？齊盟，所以質信也。會所，信之始也。始之不從，其何質乎？”秦伯歸而背晉成。

Qin and Jin made peace and were to meet at Linghu. The Marquis of Jin arrived first, but the Earl of Qin would not cross the river and encamped at Wangcheng, and sent Shi Ke to make a covenant with the Marquis of Jin east of the river. Xi Chou of Jin made a covenant with the Earl of Qin west of the river. Fan Wenzi said, "What benefit is there in this covenant? Swearing together is to bear witness to good faith. The place of the meeting is the beginning of good faith. If it is not followed at the beginning, what is there to bear witness to?" After the Earl of Qin returned, he broke the peace with Jin.

【經】十有二年春，周公出奔晉。夏，公會晉侯、衛侯於瑣澤。秋，晉人敗狄於交剛。冬十月。

[Classic] In the twelfth year, in spring, the Duke of Zhou fled to Jin. In summer, Duke Cheng met the Marquis of Jin and the Marquis of Wei at Suoze. In autumn, the men of Jin defeated the Di at Jiaogang. In winter, the tenth month.

【傳】十二年春，王使以周公之難來告。書曰：“周公出奔晉。”凡自周無出，周公自出故也。

[Commentary] In the twelfth year, in spring, the Son of Heaven sent a man to report the Duke of Zhou's misfortune. The Spring and Autumn records: "The Duke of Zhou fled to Jin." When someone leaves the Zhou house it is not called "fleeing," but the Duke of Zhou is so recorded because he left on his own.

宋華元克合晉、楚之成。夏五月，晉士燮會楚公子罷、許偃。癸亥，盟於宋西門之外，曰：“凡晉、楚無相加戎，好惡同之，同恤菑危，備救兇患。若有害楚，則晉伐之。在晉，楚亦如之。交贄往來，道路無壅，謀其不協，而討不庭。

Hua Yuan of Song finally brought about peace between Jin and Chu. In summer, in the fifth month, Shi Xie of Jin met Prince Ba and Xu Yan of Chu. On guihai, they made a covenant outside the west gate of Song, saying, "Jin and Chu shall not use arms against each other, shall share likes and dislikes, shall together relieve disaster and danger, and shall guard and aid in times of calamity. If anyone harms Chu, Jin will attack him; in Jin's case, Chu shall do likewise. Envoys shall come and go, the roads shall not be blocked, those who plot against harmony shall be punished, and those who do not come to the Son of Heaven shall be attacked.

有渝此盟，明神殛之，俾隊其師，無克胙國。”鄭伯如晉聽成，會於瑣澤，成故也。

(The text of the covenant continued:) Whoever violates this covenant, the spirits shall slay him, cause his army to fall, and he shall not possess his state." The Earl of Zheng went to Jin to hear the peace agreement and met at Suoze, because of the peace.

狄人間宋之盟以侵晉，而不設備。秋，晉人敗狄於交剛。

The Di took advantage of the covenant in Song to invade Jin, but did not set up defenses. In autumn, the men of Jin defeated the Di at Jiaogang.

晉郤至如楚聘，且蒞盟。楚子享之，子反相，為地室而縣焉。郤至將登，金奏作於下，驚而走出。子反曰：“日雲莫矣，寡君須矣，吾子其入也！”賓曰：“君不忘先君之好，施及下臣，貺之以大禮，重之以備樂。如天之福，兩君相見，何以代此。下臣不敢。”子反曰：“如天之福，兩君相見，無亦唯是一矢以相加遺，焉用樂？寡君須矣，吾子其入也！”賓曰：“若讓之以一矢，禍之大者，其何福之為？世之治也，諸侯鬧於天子之事，則相朝也，於是乎有享宴之禮。享以訓共儉，宴以示慈惠。共儉以行禮，而慈惠以佈政。政以禮成，民是以息。百官承事，朝而不夕，此公侯之所以扞城其民也。故《詩》曰：‘赳赳武夫，公侯干城。’及其亂也，諸侯貪冒，侵欲不忌，爭尋常以盡其民，略其武夫，以為己腹心股肱爪牙。故《詩》曰：‘赳赳武夫，公侯腹心。’天下有道，則公侯能為民干城，而制其腹心。亂則反之。今吾子之言，亂之道也，不可以為法。然吾子，主也，至敢不從？”遂入，卒事。歸，以語範文子。文子曰：“無禮必食言，吾死無日矣夫！”冬，楚公子罷如晉聘，且蒞盟。十二月，晉侯及楚公子罷盟於赤棘。

Xi Zhi of Jin went to Chu on a mission and also attended the covenant in person. The Viscount of Chu gave a banquet for him, with Zifan as master of ceremonies, and a chamber was dug in the ground in which instruments were hung. As Xi Zhi was about to go up into the hall, the music of bells and chimes was struck up below, and, startled, he ran out. Zifan said, "The day is already late, and our humble ruler is waiting; please go in!" The guest said, "His Majesty has not forgotten the friendship of our former rulers, extends it to your servant, bestows on me a great ritual, and adds complete music. If Heaven bestows blessing and the two rulers meet, what would replace this? I do not dare." Zifan said, "If Heaven bestows blessing and the two rulers meet, they would do no more than exchange a single arrow; what need is there of music? Our humble ruler is waiting; please go in!" The guest said, "If the two rulers yield to each other with a single arrow, that is the greatest of calamities; what blessing would that be? When the world is well governed, the feudal lords complete the Son of Heaven's affairs and then visit one another, and so there are the rites of banquet and feast. In the base text the character 'nao' is read 'jian' (interval). The banquet is used to instruct in respectfulness and frugality, and the feast to show kindness and generosity. Respect and frugality are used to carry out ritual, and kindness and generosity to carry out government. When government is completed through ritual, the people are therefore at rest. The hundred officials bear their duties, appear at court in the morning and do not return in the evening; this is how dukes and marquises defend the people. Therefore the Odes say: 'Valiant warriors, the shield and wall of dukes and marquises.' When disorder comes, the feudal lords are greedy and rapacious, their desire to encroach knows no scruple, they fight over a foot of land and use up the people, and seize those warriors to make them their own belly and heart, limbs, claws and teeth. Therefore the Odes say: 'Valiant warriors, the belly and heart of dukes and marquises.' When the world has the Way, dukes and marquises can be the shield and wall of the people and keep their own belly and heart in check. When there is disorder it is the reverse. Now what you say is the principle of disorder and cannot be taken as a norm. But you are the host; how could I dare not follow?" So he went in and completed the matter. On returning he told Fan Wenzi. Wenzi said, "Without ritual, one's words will surely not be kept; we shall not have many days to live!" In winter, Prince Ba of Chu came to Jin on a mission and attended the covenant in person. In the twelfth month, the Marquis of Jin and Prince Ba of Chu made a covenant at Chiji.

【經】十有三年春，晉侯使郤錡來乞師。三月，公如京師。夏五月，公自京師，遂會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、邾人、滕人伐秦。曹伯盧卒於師。秋七月，公至自伐秦。冬，葬曹宣公。

[Classic] In the thirteenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Xi Qi to ask for troops. In the third month, Duke Cheng went to the capital. In summer, in the fifth month, Duke Cheng set out from the capital and then joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the men of Zhu, and the men of Teng in attacking Qin. Lu, Earl of Cao, died in the army. In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Cheng returned from the attack on Qin. In winter, Duke Xuan of Cao was buried.

【傳】十三年春，晉侯使郤錡來乞師，將事不敬。孟獻子曰：“郤氏其亡乎！禮，身之幹也。敬，身之基也。郤子無基。且先君之嗣卿也，受命以求師，將社稷是衛，而惰，棄君命也。不亡何為？”三月，公如京師。宣伯欲賜，請先使，王以行人之禮禮焉。孟獻子從。王以為介，而重賄之。

[Commentary] In the spring of the thirteenth year, the Marquis of Jin sent Xi Qi to ask for troops, and he conducted the business without respect. Meng Xianzi said: "The Xi clan will probably perish! Ritual is the trunk of the body. Reverence is the foundation of the body. Xi Zi has no foundation. Moreover, he is a successor minister of the former ruler, who received a command to ask for troops, which is to protect the altars of the state, yet he is lax; this is abandoning the ruler's command. What will he do if not perish?" In the third month, Duke Cheng went to the royal capital. Xuan Bo wished to obtain a reward and asked to go first as envoy, and the Son of Heaven received him with the ritual for a traveling envoy. Meng Xianzi followed. The Son of Heaven treated him as a deputy envoy and gave generous gifts of goods.

公及諸侯朝王，遂從劉康公、成肅公會晉侯伐秦。成子受脤於社，不敬。劉子曰：“吾聞之，民受天地之中以生，所謂命也。是以有動作禮義威儀之則，以定命也。能者養以之福，不能者敗以取禍。是故君子勤禮，小人盡力，勤禮莫如致敬，盡力莫如敦篤。敬在養神，篤在守業。國之大事，在祀與戎，祀有執膰，戎有受脤，神之大節也。今成子惰，棄其命矣，其不反乎？”夏四月戊午，晉侯使呂相絕秦，曰：“昔逮我獻公，及穆公相好，戮力同心，申之以盟誓，重之以昏姻。天禍晉國，文公如齊，惠公如秦。無祿，獻公即世，穆公不忘舊德，俾我惠公用能奉祀於晉。又不能成大勳，而為韓之師。亦悔於厥心，用集我文公，是穆之成也。文公躬擐甲冑，跋履山川，逾越險阻，征東之諸侯，虞、夏、商、周之胤，而朝諸秦，則亦既報舊德矣。鄭人怒君之疆埸，我文公帥諸侯及秦圍鄭。秦大夫不詢於我寡君，擅及鄭盟。諸侯疾之，將致命於秦。

Duke Cheng and the feudal lords paid court to the Son of Heaven, and then followed Duke Kang of Liu and Duke Su of Cheng in joining the Marquis of Jin to attack Qin. Chengzi, receiving the sacrificial meat at the altar, was not respectful. Master Liu said: "I have heard that people are born receiving the balanced vital energy of heaven and earth, which is what is called destiny. Therefore there are standards of ritual, righteousness, and dignified conduct in action, to settle destiny. Those who are able nurture it and obtain blessing, and those who are unable ruin it and bring on calamity. So the gentleman is diligent in ritual and the petty man exerts his strength; for diligence in ritual nothing is better than showing reverence, and for exerting strength nothing is better than being sincere and solid. Reverence lies in serving the spirits, and sincerity in guarding one's basic work. The great affairs of a state are in sacrifice and war; in sacrifice there is the distribution of sacrificial meat, and in war there is the receiving of sacrificial meat, which are the great observances of serving the spirits. Now Chengzi is lax and has abandoned his destiny; will he not fail to return?" In summer, on the wuwu day of the fourth month, the Marquis of Jin sent Lu Xiang to break relations with Qin, saying: "Formerly, from our Duke Xian onward, we were on good terms with Duke Mu, joined in strength and unity of heart, made it clear by oaths, and reinforced it by marriage. Heaven sent calamity down upon Jin; Duke Wen went to Qi and Duke Hui went to Qin. Unfortunately, Duke Xian died, but Duke Mu did not forget the old kindness and enabled our Duke Hui to carry out the sacrifices in Jin. But he could not achieve great success, and there was the dispatch of troops at Han. Afterward he also repented in his heart, and so he brought about the accomplishment of our Duke Wen; this was Duke Mu's making. Duke Wen himself put on armor, crossed mountains and rivers, passed over dangerous obstacles, summoned the feudal lords of the east, the descendants of Yu, Xia, Shang, and Zhou, to pay court to Qin, and thereby already repaid the old kindness. The men of Zheng offended against Your Majesty's frontier, and our Duke Wen led the feudal lords and Qin in besieging Zheng. The high officers of Qin did not consult our ruler but on their own made a covenant with Zheng. The feudal lords hated it, and were prepared to fight Qin to the death.

文公恐懼，綏靜諸侯，秦師克還無害，則是我有大造於西也。無祿，文公即世，穆為不弔，蔑死我君，寡我襄公，迭我淆地，奸絕我好，伐我保城，殄滅我費滑，散離我兄弟，撓亂我同盟，傾覆我國家。我襄公未忘君之舊勳，而懼社稷之隕，是以有殽之師。猶願赦罪於穆公，穆公弗聽，而即楚謀我。天誘其衷，成王殞命，穆公是以不克逞志於我。穆、襄即世，康、靈即位。康公，我之自出，又欲闕翦我公室，傾覆我社稷，帥我蝥賊，以來蕩搖我邊疆。我是以有令狐之役。康猶不悛，入我河曲，伐我涑川，俘我王官，翦我羈馬，我是以有河曲之戰。東道之不通，則是康公絕我好也。

(Lu Xiang continued:) Duke Wen was afraid, and pacified the feudal lords, and the army of Qin was able to go back without being harmed; this is the great merit we have toward the west. Unfortunately, Duke Wen died, and Duke Mu did not offer condolences properly, despised our deceased ruler, bullied our Duke Xiang, suddenly invaded our Xiao (the base text has a variant character here, meaning Xiao), broke off our friendship, attacked our fortresses, destroyed our Fei and Hua, scattered our brothers, disturbed our allies, and overturned our state. Our Duke Xiang did not forget Your Majesty's former merit, but feared that the altars of the state would fall, and so there was the battle at Xiao. He was still willing to confess his fault to Duke Mu, but Duke Mu did not listen, and instead drew close to Chu to plot against us. Heaven guided his intentions, and King Cheng lost his life, and so Duke Mu could not have his way with us. Duke Mu and Duke Xiang died, and Duke Kang and Duke Ling took the throne. Duke Kang was born from our house, but he again wished to diminish and cut down our ducal house, overturn our altars, and, leading our vermin, to shake our frontier. We therefore had the battle at Linghu. Duke Kang still did not repent, but entered our Hequ, attacked our Su River, plundered our Wangguan, and cut down our Jima, and so we had the battle at Hequ. The road to the east was cut off, because Duke Kang severed our friendship.

及君之嗣也，我君景公引領西望曰：‘庶撫我乎！’君亦不惠稱盟，利吾有狄難，入我河縣，焚我箕、郜，芟夷我農功，虔劉我邊陲。我是以有輔氏之聚。

(Lu Xiang continued:) When Your Majesty came to the succession, our ruler Duke Jing craned his neck toward the west and said: 'He will probably comfort us!' Your Majesty also did not show kindness by holding a covenant, but took advantage of our calamity with the Di, entered our counties by the Yellow River, burned our Ji and Gao, cut off our harvest, and killed along our borders. We therefore had the assembly at Fu.

“君亦悔禍之延，而欲徼福於先君獻、穆，使伯車來，命我景公曰：‘吾與女同好棄惡，復修舊德，以追念前勳，’言誓未就，景公即世，我寡君是以有令狐之會。君又不祥，背棄盟誓。白狄及君同州，君之仇讎，而我之昏姻也。君來賜命曰：‘吾與女伐狄。’寡君不敢顧昏姻，畏君之威，而受命於吏。君有二心於狄，曰：‘晉將伐女。’狄應且憎，是用告我。楚人惡君之二三其德也，亦來告我曰：‘秦背令狐之盟，而來求盟於我：“昭告昊天上帝、秦三公、楚三王曰：‘餘雖與晉出入，餘唯利是視。’不穀惡其無成德，是用宣之，以懲不壹。”諸侯備聞此言，斯是用痛心疾首，暱就寡人。寡人帥以聽命，唯好是求。君若惠顧諸侯，矜哀寡人，而賜之盟，則寡人之願也。其承寧諸侯以退，豈敢徼亂。君若不施大惠，寡人不佞，其不能以諸侯退矣。敢盡布之執事，俾執事實圖利之！”秦桓公既與晉厲公為令狐之盟，而又召狄與楚，欲道以伐晉，諸侯是以睦於晉。晉欒書將中軍，荀庚佐之。士燮將上軍，郤錡佐之。韓厥將下軍，荀罃佐之。

(Lu Xiang continued:) "Your Majesty also regretted the prolongation of the calamity, and wished to seek blessing from the former rulers Duke Xian and Duke Mu, and sent Bo Che to come and command our Duke Jing: 'I and you shall be on good terms together, abandon enmity, restore the old virtue, and remember the former merit.' The oath had not yet been completed when Duke Jing died, and our ruler therefore had the meeting at Linghu. Your Majesty again acted badly and broke the oath. The White Di share a province with Your Majesty and are Your Majesty's enemies, yet are our relatives by marriage. Your Majesty came to give the command: 'I and you shall attack the Di.' Our ruler dared not think of the marriage tie, feared Your Majesty's majesty, and received the orders from the officials. Your Majesty had a divided heart toward the Di, saying: 'Jin will attack you.' The Di agreed on the surface but hated it inwardly, and therefore told us. The men of Chu also disliked Your Majesty's wavering virtue, and came to tell us as well: 'Qin broke the covenant of Linghu and came to ask us for a covenant: "They clearly prayed to August Heaven, the Lord on High, the three dukes of Qin, and the three kings of Chu: 'Although I have dealings with Jin, I look only at advantage.' I, the unworthy one, hated that he had no settled virtue, and therefore make this known, to warn against double-dealing."' The feudal lords all heard these words, and so were aggrieved and grew close to me. I led them to listen to your commands, seeking only friendship. If Your Majesty would favor the feudal lords, have pity on me, and grant a covenant, that is my wish. I will retire the troops, bearing the pacification of the feudal lords; how dare I seek disorder. If Your Majesty does not show great kindness, I am untalented and will not be able to lead the feudal lords back. I venture to state it all to your officials, so that they may truly consider the advantage and harm!" Duke Huan of Qin had already made the Linghu covenant with Duke Li of Jin, and again summoned the Di and Chu, wishing to induce them to attack Jin, and so the feudal lords became friendly with Jin. Luan Shu of Jin commanded the central army, with Xun Geng assisting. Shi Xie commanded the upper army, with Xi Qi assisting. Han Jue commanded the lower army, with Xun Ying assisting.

趙旃將新軍，郤至佐之。郤毅御戎，欒針為右。孟獻子曰：“晉帥乘和，師必有大功。”五月丁亥，晉師以諸侯之師及秦師戰於麻隧。秦師敗績，獲秦成差及不更女父。曹宣公卒於師。師遂濟涇，及侯麗而還。迓晉侯於新楚。

Zhao Zhan commanded the new army, with Xi Zhi assisting. Xi Yi drove the war chariot, and Luan Zhen served as chariot-right. Meng Xianzi said: "When the commander of Jin and the chariots are in harmony, the army will surely achieve great merit." On the dinghai day of the fifth month, the army of Jin, leading the armies of the feudal lords, fought the army of Qin at Masui. The army of Qin was badly defeated, and Chengcha and Bugeng Nufu of Qin were captured. Duke Xuan of Cao died in the army. The army then crossed the Jing River, reached Houli, and went back. They met the Marquis of Jin at Xinchu.

成肅公卒於瑕。

Duke Su of Cheng died at Xia.

六月丁卯夜，鄭公子班自訾求入於大宮，不能，殺子印、子羽。反軍於市，己巳，予駟帥國人盟於大宮，遂從而盡焚之，殺子如、子駹、孫叔、孫知。

On the night of the dingmao day of the sixth month, Prince Ban of Zheng asked from Zi to enter the Grand Palace, but could not, and killed Ziyin and Ziyu. He returned and garrisoned in the market. On the jisi day, Zi Si led the people of the state in making a covenant in the Grand Palace. (The base text has a variant character for "Zi" in Zi Si.) Then they followed up and burned them all, and killed Ziru, Zi Mang, Sun Shu, and Sun Zhi.

曹人使公子負芻守，使公子欣時逆曹伯之喪。秋，負芻殺其大子而自立也。

The men of Cao sent Prince Fuchu to stay and guard, and sent Prince Xinshi to receive the coffin of the Earl of Cao. In autumn, Fuchu killed the crown prince and installed himself.

諸侯乃請討之，晉人以其役之勞，請俟他年。冬，葬曹宣公。既葬，子臧將亡，國人皆將從之。成公乃懼，告罪，且請焉，乃反，而致其邑。

The feudal lords then asked to attack him, but the men of Jin, because of the hardship of this campaign, asked to wait until another year. In winter, Duke Xuan of Cao was buried. When the burial was finished, Zizang was about to flee, and the people of the state were all going to follow him. Duke Cheng then became afraid, admitted his fault, and asked him to stay, and only then did he return and hand back his own cities.

【經】十有四年春王正月，莒子朱卒。夏，衛孫林父自晉歸於衛。秋，叔孫僑如如齊逆女。鄭公子喜帥師伐許。九月，僑如以夫人婦姜氏至自齊。冬十月庚寅，衛侯臧卒。秦伯卒。

[Classic] In the spring of the fourteenth year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, Zhu, Viscount of Ju, died. In summer, Sun Linfu of Wei returned to Wei from Jin. In autumn, Shusun Qiaoru went to Qi to receive the Lady. Prince Xi of Zheng led an army to attack Xu. In the ninth month, Qiaoru returned from Qi with the Lady Fu Jiang. In winter, on the gengyin day of the tenth month, Zang, Marquis of Wei, died. The Earl of Qin died.

【傳】十四年春，衛侯如晉，晉侯強見孫林父焉，定公不可。夏，衛侯既歸，晉侯使郤犨送孫林父而見之。衛侯欲辭，定姜曰：“不可。是先君宗卿之嗣也，大國又以為請，不許，將亡。雖惡之，不猶愈於亡乎？君其忍之！安民而宥宗卿，不亦可乎？”衛侯見而復之。

[Commentary] In the spring of the fourteenth year, the Marquis of Wei went to Jin, and the Marquis of Jin forced him to see Sun Linfu, but Duke Ding did not agree. In summer, after the Marquis of Wei had already gone back, the Marquis of Jin sent Xi Chou to escort Sun Linfu to see him. The Marquis of Wei wished to decline, but Dingjiang said: "No. This is the descendant of the former ruler's senior minister of the clan, and a great state also makes this request; if you do not agree, you will perish. Even if you hate him, is it not better to restore him than to perish? Please be patient, my lord! To settle the people and forgive the senior minister of the clan, would that not also be acceptable?" The Marquis of Wei received him and restored him.

衛侯饗苦成叔，甯惠子相。苦成叔傲。寧子曰：“苦成家其亡乎！古之為享食也，以觀威儀、省禍福也。故《詩》曰：‘兕觥其觩，旨酒思柔，彼交匪傲，萬福來求。’今夫子傲，取禍之道也。”

The Marquis of Wei gave a banquet to entertain Kucheng Shu, with Ning Huizi assisting in the ceremony. Kucheng Shu was arrogant. Ning Zi said: "The Kucheng family will probably perish! In ancient times, banquets were given in order to observe dignified conduct and examine fortune and misfortune. So the Odes say: 'The rhinoceros horn cup is curved, the fine wine is mild; in exchanging cups without arrogance, ten thousand blessings come to seek.' Now this man's arrogance is the road to calamity."

秋，宣伯如齊逆女。稱族，尊君命也。

In autumn, Xuan Bo went to Qi to receive the Lady. The record gives the clan name, out of respect for the ruler's command.

八月，鄭子罕伐許，敗焉。戊戌，鄭伯復伐許。庚子，入其郛。許人平以叔申之封。

In the eighth month, Zi Han of Zheng attacked Xu and was defeated. On the wuxu day, the Earl of Zheng attacked Xu again. On the gengzi day, he entered the outer wall. The men of Xu made peace by offering the fief of Shu Shen.

九月，僑如以夫人婦姜氏至自齊。舍族，尊夫人也。故君子曰：“《春秋》之稱，微而顯，志而晦，婉而成章，盡而不汙，懲惡而勸善。非聖人誰能修之？”衛侯有疾，使孔成子、甯惠子立敬姒之子衎以為大子。冬十月，衛定公卒。

In the ninth month, Qiaoru returned from Qi with the Lady Fu Jiang. The clan name is not recorded, out of respect for the Lady. So the gentleman said: "The language of the Spring and Autumn Annals is subtle yet clear, records yet is implicit, is indirect yet forms a pattern, is thorough yet not distorted, and warns against evil and encourages good. If not a sage, who could have compiled it?" The Marquis of Wei was ill and had Kong Chengzi and Ning Huizi install Kan, son of Jingsi, as crown prince. In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Ding of Wei died.

夫人姜氏既哭而息，見大子之不哀也，不內酌飲。嘆曰：“是夫也，將不唯衛國之敗，其必始於未亡人！烏呼！天禍衛國也夫！吾不獲鱄也使主社稷。”大夫聞之，無不聳懼。孫文子自是不敢舍其重器於衛，盡置諸戚，而甚善晉大夫。

The Lady Jiang, after weeping and resting, saw that the crown prince was not grieved and did not take water or drink. She sighed and said: "This man will not only ruin Wei; it will surely begin with me, the widow! Alas! Heaven must be sending calamity to Wei! I did not get Zhuan to preside over the altars of the state." When the high officers heard of it, none was not alarmed. From then on Sun Wenzi dared not keep valuable utensils in the capital of Wei, but put all of them in Qi, and cultivated friendship with the high officers of Jin extensively.

【經】十有五年春王二月，葬衛定公。三月乙巳，仲嬰齊卒。癸丑，公會晉侯、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、宋世子成、齊國佐，邾人同盟於戚。晉侯執曹伯歸於京師。公至自會。夏六月，宋公固卒。楚子伐鄭。秋八月庚辰，葬宋共公。宋華元出奔晉。宋華元自晉歸於宋。宋殺其大夫山。宋魚石出奔楚。冬十有一月，叔孫僑如會晉士燮、齊高無咎、宋華元、衛孫林父、鄭公子、邾人會吳於鍾離。

[Classic] In the spring of the fifteenth year, in the second month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Ding of Wei was buried. On the yisi day of the third month, Zhong Yingqi died. On the guichou day, Duke Cheng, together with the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, Cheng, heir of Song, Guo Zuo of Qi, and the men of Zhu, made a covenant at Qi. The Marquis of Jin seized the Earl of Cao and sent him to the royal capital. Duke Cheng returned from the meeting. In summer, in the sixth month, Gu, Duke of Song, died. The Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng. In autumn, on the gengchen day of the eighth month, Duke Gong of Song was buried. Hua Yuan of Song fled to Jin. Hua Yuan of Song returned to Song from Jin. Song killed its high officer Shan. Yu Shi of Song fled to Chu. In winter, in the eleventh month, Shusun Qiaoru joined Shi Xie of Jin, Gao Wujiu of Qi, Hua Yuan of Song, Sun Linfu of Wei, a prince of Zheng, and the men of Zhu, and met Wu at Zhongli.

許遷於葉。

Xu moved to Ye.

【傳】十五年春，會於戚，討曹成公也。執而歸諸京師。書曰：“晉侯執曹伯。”不及其民也。凡君不道於其民，諸侯討而執之，則曰某人執某侯。不然，則否。

[Commentary] In the spring of the fifteenth year, the meeting at Qi was to punish Duke Cheng of Cao. He was seized and sent to the royal capital. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "The Marquis of Jin seized the Earl of Cao." This is because his offense did not extend to the people. As a rule, when a ruler is without the Way toward the people, and the feudal lords attack and seize him, it says "so-and-so seized such-and-such marquis." Otherwise it is not written this way.

諸侯將見子臧於王而立之，子臧辭曰：“《前志》有之，曰：‘聖達節，次守節，下失節。’為君，非吾節也。雖不能聖，敢失守乎？”遂逃，奔宋。

The feudal lords were about to have Zizang present himself to the Son of Heaven and install him, but Zizang declined, saying: "The Former Annals has the words: 'The sage comprehends the principles of propriety, the next keeps to the principles of propriety, and the lowest loses the principles of propriety.' To be ruler is not my principle. Even if I cannot become a sage, how dare I lose my keeping?" So he fled to Song.

夏六月，宋共公卒。

In summer, in the sixth month, Duke Gong of Song died.

楚將北師。子囊曰：“新與晉盟而背之，無乃不可乎？”子反曰：“敵利則進，何盟之有？”申叔時老矣，在申，聞之，曰：“子反必不免。信以守禮，禮以庇身，信禮之亡，欲免得乎？”楚子侵鄭，及暴隧，遂侵衛，及首止。鄭子罕侵楚，取新石。欒武子欲報楚，韓獻子曰：“無庸，使重其罪，民將叛之。無民，孰戰？”秋八月，葬宋共公。於是華元為右師，魚石為左師，蕩澤為司馬，華喜為司徒，公孫師為司城，向為人為大司寇，鱗朱為少司寇，向帶為大宰，魚府為少宰。

Chu was about to send troops north. Zi Nang said: "Having newly made a covenant with Jin, to break it, it probably will not do?" Zi Fan said: "If it benefits against the enemy we advance; what covenant is there?" Shen Shushi was already old and in Shen, and on hearing this said: "Zi Fan will surely not escape. Good faith is used to guard ritual, and ritual is used to shield oneself; when good faith and ritual are lost, can one hope to avoid calamity?" The Viscount of Chu raided Zheng, reached Baosui, and then raided Wei, reaching Shouzhi. Zi Han of Zheng raided Chu and took Xinshi. Luan Wuzi wished to take revenge on Chu, and Han Xianzi said: "Not necessary; let them increase their guilt, and the people will turn against them. Without the people, who will fight?" In autumn, in the eighth month, Duke Gong of Song was buried. At this time Hua Yuan was Right Minister of the Host, Yu Shi was Left Minister, Dang Ze was Minister of War, Hua Xi was Minister of the Multitude, Gongsun Shi was Minister of Works, Xiang Weiren was Grand Minister of Justice, Lin Zhu was Junior Minister of Justice, Xiang Dai was Grand Steward, and Yu Fu was Junior Steward.

蕩澤弱公室，殺公子肥。華元曰：“我為右師，君臣之訓，師所司也。今公室卑而不能正，吾罪大矣。不能治官，敢賴寵乎？”乃出奔晉。

Dang Ze weakened the ducal house and killed Prince Fei. Hua Yuan said: "I am Right Minister of the Host, and the teaching of ruler and subject is what the Host is in charge of. Now the ducal house is humbled and I cannot correct it; my fault is great. If I cannot govern my office, how dare I rely on favor?" So he fled to Jin.

二華，戴族也；司城，莊族也；六官者，皆桓族也。魚石將止華元，魚府曰：“右師反，必討，是無桓氏也。”魚石曰：“右師苟獲反，雖許之討，必不敢。

The two Hua clans were of the Dai lineage; the Minister of Works was of the Zhuang lineage; the six officials were all of the Huan lineage. Yu Shi was about to stop Hua Yuan, but Yu Fu said: "When the Right Minister returns, he will surely take vengeance, and then there will be no Huan clan." Yu Shi said: "If the Right Minister can return, even if he is allowed to take vengeance, he will surely not dare.

且多大功，國人與之，不反，懼桓氏之無祀於宋也。右師討，猶有戌在，桓氏雖亡，必偏。”魚石自止華元於河上。請討，許之，乃反。使華喜、公孫師帥國人攻蕩氏，殺子山。書曰：“宋殺大夫山。”言背其族也。

(Yu Shi continued:) Moreover, his merit is great and the people of the state cling to him; if he does not return, I fear the Huan clan will have no sacrifices in Song. If the Right Minister takes vengeance, Xu is still here, and even if the Huan clan is destroyed, it will surely be only in part." Yu Shi himself went to the Yellow River to stop Hua Yuan. Hua Yuan asked to take vengeance, and it was granted, and only then did he return. He had Hua Xi and Gongsun Shi lead the people of the state to attack the Dang clan and killed Zishan. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "Song killed its high officer Shan." This means he had turned against his own clan.

魚石、向為人、鱗朱、向帶、魚府出舍於睢上。華元使止之，不可。冬十月，華元自止之，不可。乃反。魚府曰：“今不從，不得入矣。右師視速而言疾，有異志焉。若不我納，今將馳矣。”登丘而望之，則馳。聘而從之，則決睢澨，閉門登陴矣。左師、二司寇、二宰遂出奔楚。華元使向戌為左師，老佐為司馬，樂裔為司寇，以靖國人。

Yu Shi, Xiang Weiren, Lin Zhu, Xiang Dai, and Yu Fu left the city and stayed by the Sui River. Hua Yuan sent a man to stop them, but they did not agree. In winter, in the tenth month, Hua Yuan went in person to stop them, and they did not agree. So he returned. Yu Fu said: "If we do not follow now, we will not be able to enter the city. The Right Minister's gaze is quick and his speech hurried; he has another plan. If he does not take us in, he will be galloping his chariot now." They climbed a mound to look, and indeed he was galloping the chariot. They drove after him, but Hua Yuan had already breached the embankment of the Sui River, closed the city gate, and climbed up on the battlements. The Left Minister, the two Ministers of Justice, and the two Stewards then fled to Chu. Hua Yuan made Xiang Xu Left Minister, Lao Zuo Minister of War, and Yue Yi Minister of Justice, to settle the people of the state.

晉三郤害伯宗，譖而殺之，及欒弗忌。伯州犁奔楚。韓獻子曰：“郤氏其不免乎！善人，天地之紀也，而驟絕之，不亡何待？”初，伯宗每朝，其妻必戒之曰：“‘盜憎主人，民惡其上。’子好直言，必及於難。”

The three Xi clansmen of Jin slandered Bo Zong, framing and killing him, together with Luan Fuji. Bo Zhouli fled to Chu. Han Xianzi said: "The Xi clan will probably not escape! Good men are the guiding threads of heaven and earth, and yet they are repeatedly exterminated; if they do not perish, what are they waiting for?" Earlier, each time Bo Zong went to court, his wife would warn him: "'Robbers hate the master of the house, and the people hate those above them.' You like to speak frankly, and will surely meet calamity."

十一月，會吳於鍾離，始通吳也。

In the eleventh month, the meeting with Wu at Zhongli was the beginning of dealings with Wu.

許靈公畏逼於鄭，請遷於楚。辛丑，楚公子申遷許於葉。

Duke Ling of Xu feared the pressure from Zheng and asked to move to Chu. On the xinchou day, Prince Shen of Chu moved Xu to Ye.

【經】十有六年春王正月，雨，木冰。夏四月辛未，滕子卒。鄭公子喜帥師侵宋。六月丙寅朔，日有食之。晉侯使欒黶來乞師。甲午晦，晉侯及楚子、鄭伯戰於鄢陵。楚子、鄭師敗績。楚殺其大夫公子側。秋，公會晉侯、齊侯、衛侯、宋華元、邾人於沙隨，不見公。公至自會。公會尹子、晉侯、齊國佐、邾人伐鄭。

[Classic] In the spring of the sixteenth year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, it rained and the trees were covered with ice. In summer, on the xinwei day of the fourth month, the Viscount of Teng died. Prince Xi of Zheng led an army to raid Song. On the bingyin first day of the sixth month, there was a solar eclipse. The Marquis of Jin sent Luan Yan to ask for troops. On the last day of the jiawu month, the Marquis of Jin fought the Viscount of Chu and the Earl of Zheng at Yanling. The Viscount of Chu and the army of Zheng were badly defeated. Chu killed its high officer Prince Ce. In autumn, Duke Cheng met the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Wei, Hua Yuan of Song, and the men of Zhu at Shasui, but the Marquis did not see Duke Cheng. Duke Cheng returned from the meeting. Duke Cheng joined Yin Zi, the Marquis of Jin, Guo Zuo of Qi, and the men of Zhu in attacking Zheng.

曹伯歸自京師。九月，晉人執季孫行父，舍之於苕丘。冬十月乙亥，叔孫僑如出奔齊。十有二月乙丑，季孫行父及晉郤犨盟於扈。公至自會。乙酉，刺公子偃。

The Earl of Cao returned from the royal capital. In the ninth month, the men of Jin seized Ji Sun Xingfu and placed him at Tiaoqiu. In winter, on the yihai day of the tenth month, Shusun Qiaoru fled to Qi. On the yichou day of the twelfth month, Ji Sun Xingfu made a covenant with Xi Chou of Jin at Hu. Duke Cheng returned from the meeting. On the yiyou day, Prince Yan was stabbed to death.

【傳】十六年春，楚子自武城使公子成以汝陰之田求成於鄭。鄭叛晉，子駟從楚子盟於武城。

[Commentary] In the spring of the sixteenth year, the Viscount of Chu sent Prince Cheng from Wucheng to ask Zheng for peace with the fields of Ruyin. Zheng turned against Jin, and Zi Si followed the Viscount of Chu in making a covenant at Wucheng.

夏四月，滕文公卒。

In summer, in the fourth month, Duke Wen of Teng died.

鄭子罕伐宋，宋將鉏、樂懼敗諸汋陂。退，舍於夫渠，不儆，鄭人覆之，敗諸汋陵，獲將鉏、樂懼。宋恃勝也。

Zi Han of Zheng attacked Song, and Jiang Chu and Yue Ju of Song defeated them at Zhuobei. The army of Song withdrew and stayed at Fuqu, and did not take precautions; the men of Zheng set an ambush and defeated them at Zhuoling, capturing Jiang Chu and Yue Ju. This was because Song relied on its victory.

衛侯伐鄭，至於鳴雁，為晉故也。

The Marquis of Wei attacked Zheng, reaching Mingyan, for the sake of Jin.

晉侯將伐鄭，範文子曰：“若逞吾願，諸侯皆叛，晉可以逞。若唯鄭叛，晉國之憂，可立俟也。”欒武子曰：“不可以當吾世而失諸侯，必伐鄭。”乃興師。

The Marquis of Jin was about to attack Zheng, and Fan Wenzi said: "If my wish were fulfilled, and all the feudal lords turned against us, Jin could then be relieved. If only Zheng turns against us, Jin's troubles can be awaited standing." Luan Wuzi said: "We must not lose the feudal lords in our generation; we must attack Zheng." So they raised troops.

欒書將中軍，士燮佐之。郤錡將上軍，荀偃佐之。韓厥將下軍，郤至佐新軍，荀罃居守。郤犨如衛，遂如齊，皆乞師焉。欒黶來乞師，孟獻子曰：“有勝矣。”

Luan Shu commanded the central army, with Shi Xie assisting. Xi Qi commanded the upper army, with Xun Yan assisting. Han Jue commanded the lower army, with Xi Zhi assisting the new army, and Xun Ying stayed behind to guard. Xi Chou went to Wei and then to Qi, asking for troops in both. Luan Yan came to ask for troops, and Meng Xianzi said: "There is a chance of victory."

戊寅，晉師起。

On the wuyin day, the army of Jin set out.

鄭人聞有晉師，使告於楚，姚句耳與往。楚子救鄭，司馬將中軍，令尹將左，右尹子辛將右。過申，子反入見申叔時，曰：“師其何如？”對曰：“德、刑、詳、義、禮、信，戰之器也。德以施惠，刑以正邪，詳以事神，義以建利，禮以順時，信以守物。民生厚而德正，用利而事節，時順而物成。上下和睦，周旋不逆，求無不具，各知其極。故《詩》曰：‘立我烝民，莫匪爾極。’是以神降之福，時無災害，民生敦龐，和同以聽，莫不盡力以從上命，致死以補其闕。此戰之所由克也。今楚內棄其民，而外絕其好，瀆齊盟，而食話言，奸時以動，而疲民以逞。民不知信，進退罪也。人恤所厎，其誰致死？子其勉之！吾不復見子矣。”

The men of Zheng heard that there was an army of Jin and sent a man to tell Chu, and Yao Juer went together. The Viscount of Chu rescued Zheng, with the Minister of War commanding the central army, the prime minister commanding the left army, and the Right Minister Zi Xin commanding the right army. Passing through Shen, Zi Fan went in to see Shen Shushi and said: "How will the army fare?" He answered: "Virtue, punishment, auspiciousness, righteousness, ritual, and good faith are the instruments of battle. Virtue is used to extend kindness, punishment to correct deviance, auspiciousness to serve the spirits, righteousness to establish advantage, ritual to accord with the seasons, and good faith to guard things. When the people's livelihood is abundant, virtue is upright; when tools are convenient, affairs are orderly; when the seasons are in accord, all things succeed. When superiors and inferiors are in harmony, and their dealings are not contrary, there is no need that is not met, and each knows the standard. So the Odes say: 'Settle our multitude of people, none that is not your standard.' Therefore the spirits send down blessings, the seasons have no calamities, the people's livelihood is rich and full, they are in harmony and obedient, there is none who does not exert himself to obey orders from above, and they fill gaps with their deaths. This is the reason why battles are won. Now Chu, at home, abandons the people, abroad, breaks off friendship, profanes common covenants, does not keep its word, moves against the seasons, and wearies the people to indulge its pleasure. The people do not know good faith, and in advancing or retreating they are at fault. Each worries about his own end; who will be willing to die? You must strive! I will not see you again."

姚句耳先歸，子駟問焉，對曰：“其行速，過險而不整。速則失志，不整喪列。

Yao Juer returned first, and Zisi asked him; he replied, "They march fast, but when passing difficult ground they are not in order. Being fast, they lose deliberation; being disordered, they lose their ranks.

志失列喪，將何以戰？楚懼不可用也。”

(Yao Juer continued:) With deliberation lost and ranks lost, what will they fight with? Chu is probably no longer usable."

五月，晉師濟河。聞楚師將至，範文子欲反，曰：“我偽逃楚，可以紓憂。

In the fifth month, the Jin army crossed the river. Hearing that the Chu army was about to arrive, Fan Wenzi wished to turn back, saying, "If we pretend to avoid Chu, we can ease our troubles.

夫合諸侯，非吾所能也，以遺能者。我若群臣輯睦以事君，多矣。”武子曰：“不可。”

(Fan Wenzi continued:) Gathering the feudal lords is not something I can do; let it be left to those who can. If we ministers serve the ruler in harmony, that is enough." Wuzi said, "No."

六月，晉、楚遇於鄢陵。範文子不欲戰，郤至曰：“韓之戰，惠公不振旅。

In the sixth month, Jin and Chu met at Yanling. Fan Wenzi did not want to fight. Xi Zhi said, "At the battle of Han, Duke Hui could not bring the army back in order.

箕之役，先軫不反命，邲之師，荀伯不復從。皆晉之恥也。子亦見先君之事矣。

(Xi Zhi continued:) At the battle of Ji, Xian Zhen could not return to report; at Bi, Xun Bo could no longer follow the army. All these are disgraces to Jin. You have also seen what happened in the former rulers' time.

今我闢楚，又益恥也。”文子曰：“吾先君之亟戰也，有故。秦、狄、齊、楚皆強，不盡力，子孫將弱。今三強服矣，敵楚而已。唯聖人能外內無患，自非聖人，外寧必有內憂。盍釋楚以為外懼乎？”甲午晦，楚晨壓晉軍而陳。軍吏患之。範匄趨進，曰：“塞井夷灶，陳于軍中，而疏行首。晉、楚唯天所授，何患焉？”文子執戈逐之，曰：“國之存亡，天也。童子何知焉？”欒書曰：“楚師輕窕，固壘而待之，三日必退。退而擊之，必獲勝焉。”郤至曰：“楚有六間，不可失也：其二卿相惡；王卒以舊；鄭陳而不整；蠻軍而不陳；陳不違晦；在陳而囂，合而加囂，各顧其後，莫有鬥心。舊不必良，以犯天忌。我必克之。”

(Xi Zhi continued:) Now if we avoid Chu, we add to the disgrace." Wenzi said, "Our former rulers fought repeatedly for a reason. Qin, the Di, Qi, and Chu were all strong, and if we did not exert ourselves, our descendants would grow weak. Now three strong states have submitted, and the only enemy left is Chu. Only a sage can be free from trouble both inside and out; if we are not sages, peace outside will surely bring trouble within. Why not leave Chu as an external cause for caution?" On the last day of the month, jiawu, the Chu army pressed up at dawn and formed ranks against the Jin army. The army officers were worried. Fan Gai quickly came forward and said, "Fill in the wells and level the stoves, form ranks in the camp, and open the front of the lines. Jin and Chu, we need only see to whom Heaven gives it; what is there to worry about?" Wenzi took a spear and drove him off, saying, "The survival or fall of the state lies with Heaven. What does a child know?" Luan Shu said, "The Chu army is frivolous; if we fortify our camp and wait, in three days they will surely withdraw. When they withdraw, we attack, and will surely win." Xi Zhi said, "Chu has six openings which must not be lost: the two ministers hate each other; the king's own troops are made up of old men; the Zheng army forms ranks but not in order; the Man form an army but do not draw up ranks; they draw up ranks without avoiding the end of the month; they are clamorous in the ranks, and after joining become more clamorous, each looking behind him, with no heart to fight. The old men are not necessarily good, and they offend Heaven's taboo. We will surely win."

楚子登巢車以望晉軍，子重使大宰伯州犁侍於王后。王曰：“騁而左右，何也？”曰：“召軍吏也。”“皆聚于軍中矣！”曰：“合謀也。”“張幕矣。”

The Viscount of Chu climbed a nest-chariot to look at the Jin army, and Zichong had the Grand Steward Bo Zhouli stand in attendance behind the king. The king said, "They are galloping left and right; what are they doing?" He said, "Summoning the army officers." "They have all gathered in the camp!" He said, "Consulting together." "They have put up the tents."

曰：“虔卜於先君也。”“徹幕矣！”曰：“將發命也。”“甚囂，且塵上矣！”曰：“將塞井夷灶而為行也。”“皆乘矣，左右執兵而下矣！”曰：“聽誓也。”

(Bo Zhouli continued:) "They are divining sincerely before the former rulers." "The tents are taken down!" He said, "They are about to issue orders." "They are very noisy, and dust is rising!" He said, "They are about to fill in the wells and level the stoves and form ranks." "They have all mounted their chariots, and the men on left and right have taken up weapons and dismounted again!" He said, "They are listening to the oath."

“戰乎？”曰：“未可知也。”“乘而左右皆下矣！”曰：“戰禱也。”伯州犁以公卒告王。苗賁皇在晉侯之側，亦以王卒告。皆曰：“國士在，且厚，不可當也。”苗賁皇言於晉侯曰：“楚之良，在其中軍王族而已。請分良以擊其左右，而三軍萃於王卒，必大敗之。”公筮之，史曰：“吉。其卦遇《復》ⅱⅲ，曰：‘南國戚，射其元王中厥目。’國戚王傷，不敗何待？”公從之。有淖於前，乃皆左右相違於淖。步毅御晉厲公，欒針為右。彭名御楚共王，潘黨為右。石首御鄭成公，唐苟為右。欒、範以其族夾公行，陷於淖。欒書將載晉侯，針曰：“書退！國有大任，焉得專之？且侵官，冒也；失官，慢也；離局，奸也。有三罪焉，不可犯也。”乃掀公以出於淖。

"Will they fight?" He said, "It is not yet known." "They have mounted, and the men on left and right have all dismounted again!" He said, "It is a prayer before battle." Bo Zhouli told the king about the Marquis of Jin's own troops. Miao Benhuang, beside the Marquis of Jin, also told the Marquis of Jin about the king of Chu's own troops. The people all said, "Scholars of the state are there, and the men are numerous; they cannot be resisted." Miao Benhuang said to the Marquis of Jin, "The elite of Chu are only in the royal clan in the central army. Please split off our elite to attack its left and right, and have the three armies concentrate on the king's own troops, and we will surely defeat them utterly." The Marquis of Jin divined about this, and the historian said, "Auspicious. The hexagram is Fu, and says: 'The southern state is grieved; shoot its leader, the king, and hit his eye.' The state grieved and the king wounded; what is there to wait for but defeat?" The Marquis of Jin followed this. In front there was a marsh, and so they all avoided it by going to the left and right. Bu Yi drove the chariot for Duke Li of Jin, and Luan Zhen was the spearman at his right. Peng Ming drove for King Gong of Chu, and Pan Dang was his spearman. Shi Shou drove for Duke Cheng of Zheng, and Tang Gou was his spearman. The Luan and Fan clans, bringing their kin, flanked the Marquis of Jin and advanced, and the chariot sank into the mire. Luan Shu wanted the Marquis of Jin to ride in his own chariot, but Zhen said, "Shu, step back! The state has a great charge, how can you take it on alone? Moreover, to encroach on another's office is an offense, to neglect one's office is negligence, and to leave one's post is wickedness. These are three offenses, and they must not be committed." So he lifted the Marquis of Jin's chariot out of the mire.

癸巳，潘尫之黨與養由基蹲甲而射之，徹七札焉。以示王，曰：“君有二臣如此，何憂於戰？”王怒曰：“大辱國。詰朝，爾射，死藝。”呂錡夢射月，中之，退入於泥。占之，曰：“姬姓，日也。異姓，月也，必楚王也。射而中之，退入於泥，亦必死矣。”及戰，射共王，中目。王召養由基，與之兩矢，使射呂錡，中項，伏弢。以一矢覆命。

On guisi, Dang, the son of Pan Wang, and Yang Youji piled up armor and shot through it, piercing seven layers. They showed it to the king, saying, "Your Majesty has two such ministers; what is there to worry about in battle?" The king grew angry and said, "You greatly disgrace the state. Tomorrow morning, when you shoot, you will die by your skill." Lü Qi dreamed of shooting at the moon, hit it, then retreated and sank into mud. He divined, and it was said, "The Ji surname is the sun. The other surnames are the moon, and it must be the king of Chu. You hit it, and retreating sank into mud, so you too will certainly die." When the battle came, he shot King Gong and hit his eye. The king summoned Yang Youji, gave him two arrows, and had him shoot Lü Qi; he hit his neck, and Lü Qi fell upon his bow case. Youji reported back with the remaining arrow.

郤至三遇楚子之卒，見楚子，必下，免冑而趨風。楚子使工尹襄問之以弓，曰：“方事之殷也，有韎韋之跗注，君子也。識見不穀而趨，無乃傷乎？”郤至見客，免冑承命，曰：“君之外臣至，從寡君之戎事，以君之靈，間蒙甲冑，不敢拜命，敢告不寧君命之辱，為事之故，敢肅使者。”三肅使者而退。

Xi Zhi met the troops of the Viscount of Chu three times, and whenever he saw the Viscount of Chu, he dismounted, took off his helmet and hurried away like the wind. The Viscount of Chu sent Gongyin Xiang to greet him with a bow, saying, "In the thick of the fighting, there was one in a light red tanned leather leg-wrap, a gentleman. As soon as he saw me, he hurried away; I fear he may be wounded." Xi Zhi received the visitor, took off his helmet and received the message, saying, "Zhi, the king's outside minister, following our humble ruler's military affairs, relying on the king's divine power, am taking part in wearing armor and helmet; I dare not bow to receive the command, but dare to report my disquiet, and shamed to receive the king's order, on account of military affairs, I dare to make a respectful bow to the envoy." He made three respectful bows to the envoy and withdrew.

晉韓厥從鄭伯，其御杜溷羅曰：“速從之！其御屢顧，不在馬，可及也。”

Han Jue of Jin pursued the Earl of Zheng, and his charioteer Du Hunluo said, "Quick, catch up! His charioteer keeps looking back and is not concentrating on driving the horses; we can overtake him."

韓厥曰：“不可以再辱國君。”乃止。郤至從鄭伯，其右茀翰胡曰：“諜輅之，餘從之乘而俘以下。”郤至曰：“傷國君有刑。”亦止。石首曰：“衛懿公唯不去其旗，是以敗於熒。”乃內旌於弢中。唐苟謂石首曰：“子在君側，敗者壹大。

Han Jue said, "We must not again humiliate a ruler." So he stopped. Xi Zhi pursued the Earl of Zheng, and his spearman Fu Hanhu said, "Send scouts to intercept him, and I will follow his chariot and pull him down." Xi Zhi said, "There is a punishment for harming a ruler." He too stopped. Shi Shou said, "Duke Yi of Wei was defeated at Ying only because he did not take down his banner." So he put the banner into the bow case. Tang Gou said to Shi Shou, "You are beside the ruler; on the defeated side, all attention is on the large target.

我不如子，子以君免，我請止。”乃死。

(Tang Gou continued:) I am not your equal; you take the ruler out of danger, and I ask to stop here." And he died in battle.

楚師薄於險，叔山冉謂養由基曰：“雖君有命，為國故，子必射！”乃射。

The Chu army was pressed onto dangerous ground, and Shushan Ran said to Yang Youji, "Even though the king has given orders, for the sake of the state you must shoot!" So he shot.

再發，盡殪。叔山冉搏人以投，中車，折軾。晉師乃止。囚楚公子茷。

He shot again, and killed all. Shushan Ran seized a man and hurled him, struck a chariot and broke its crossbar. The Jin army then stopped. They imprisoned Prince Fa of Chu.

欒針見子重之旌，請曰：“楚人謂夫旌，子重之麾也。彼其子重也。日臣之使於楚也，子重問晉國之勇。臣對曰：‘好以眾整。’曰：‘又何如？’臣對曰：‘好以暇。’今兩國治戎，行人不使，不可謂整。臨事而食言，不可謂暇。

Luan Zhen saw Zichong's banner and requested, "The men of Chu say that banner is Zichong's standard. That man is Zichong. Formerly, when I went on a mission to Chu, Zichong asked about the courage of Jin. I replied: 'It likes to use its many men in good order.' He said: 'What else?' I replied: 'It likes composure.' Now when two states are in battle, to send no envoy cannot be called order. To fail to keep one's word at the moment of action cannot be called composure.

請攝飲焉。”公許之。使行人執榼承飲，造於子重，曰：“寡君乏使，使針御持矛。是以不得犒從者，使某攝飲。”子重曰：“夫子嘗與吾言於楚，必是故也，不亦識乎！”受而飲之。免使者而復鼓。

(Luan Zhen continued:) Please send someone to deliver wine for me." The Marquis of Jin permitted it. He sent an envoy carrying a wine vessel full of wine to Zichong, saying, "Our humble ruler lacks envoys and has made Zhen carry a spear in the chariot. For that reason he cannot feast your attendants, and has sent so-and-so to deliver wine for him." Zichong said, "That man once spoke with me in Chu, and it must be for this reason; does he not remember well!" He accepted and drank it. He let the envoy go and then sounded the drums again.

旦而戰，見星未已。子反命軍吏察夷傷，補卒乘，繕甲兵，展車馬，雞鳴而食，唯命是聽。晉人患之。苗賁皇徇曰：“蒐乘補卒，秣馬利兵，修陳固列，蓐食申禱，明日復戰。”乃逸楚囚。王聞之，召子反謀。穀陽豎獻飲於子反，子反醉而不能見。王曰：“天敗楚也夫！餘不可以待。”乃宵遁。晉入楚軍，三日谷。

The battle began at dawn and when the stars were seen it was not yet over. Zifan ordered the army officers to examine the wounded, replenish the infantry and chariots, repair armor and weapons, line up chariots and horses, eat at cockcrow, and wait for orders. The men of Jin were worried. Miao Benhuang went about saying, "Inspect the chariots, replenish the soldiers, feed the horses well and sharpen the weapons, arrange the ranks and strengthen the lines, eat early and pray repeatedly, and tomorrow fight again." Then he released the Chu prisoners. The king of Chu heard of it and summoned Zifan to consult. Gu Yang Shu offered wine to Zifan, and Zifan was drunk and could not appear. The king said, "Heaven has Chu defeated! I cannot wait." So he fled by night. The men of Jin entered the Chu camp and ate the captured grain for three days.

範文子立於戎馬之前，曰：“君幼，諸臣不佞，何以及此？君其戒之！《周書》曰‘唯命不於常’，有德之謂。”

Fan Wenzi stood in front of the Marquis of Jin's war horses and said, "Your Majesty is young and the ministers are untalented; how could we have come to this? Your Majesty, be on guard! The Book of Zhou says 'the Mandate of Heaven is not constant,' meaning it goes to the virtuous."

楚師還，及瑕，王使謂子反曰：“先大夫之覆師徒者，君不在。子無以為過，不穀之罪也。”子反再拜稽首曰：“君賜臣死，死且不朽。臣之卒實奔，臣之罪也。”子重複謂子反曰：“初隕師徒者，而亦聞之矣！盍圖之？”對曰：“雖微先大夫有之，大夫命側，側敢不義？側亡君師，敢忘其死。”王使止之，弗及而卒。

The Chu army went back and reached Xia, and the king of Chu sent someone to say to Zifan, "When the former grand officer lost the army, the ruler was not with the troops. Do not think it was your own fault; it is my crime." Zifan bowed twice and touched his head to the ground and said, "Your Majesty grants me death, and I would die honored. My troops did indeed flee, and it is my crime." Zichong also said to Zifan, "You have heard of the one who earlier lost the army! Why not consider it?" He replied, "Even if there were not that affair of the former grand officer, if the grand officer orders Ce, would Ce dare to do something unrighteous? Ce lost the ruler's army and dares not forget that he must die." The king of Chu sent someone to stop him, but did not reach him before he had died.

戰之日，齊國佐、高無咎至於師。衛侯出於衛，公出於壞隤。宣伯通於穆姜，欲去季、孟，而取其室。將行，穆姜送公，而使逐二子。公以晉難告，曰：“請反而聽命。”姜怒，公子偃、公子鉏趨過，指之曰：“女不可，是皆君也。”公待於壞隤，申宮儆備，設守而後行，是以後。使孟獻子守於公宮。

On the day of the battle, Guo Zuo and Gao Wujiu of Qi arrived at the army. The Marquis of Wei set out from Wei, and Duke Cheng set out from Huaiwei. Xuan Bo was having relations with Mu Jiang and wished to remove the Ji and Meng clans and take over their households. As he was about to set out, Mu Jiang saw Duke Cheng off and told him to drive out these two men. Duke Cheng told her about the troubles in Jin, saying, "Please let me return and then hear your command." Jiang was angry, and Prince Yan and Prince Zu hurried past, and she pointed at them and said, "If you cannot, these are all rulers." Duke Cheng waited at Huaiwei, announced the palace prohibitions, took precautions, and set guards before setting out, and so fell behind. He had Meng Xianzi stay behind to guard the ducal palace.

秋，會於沙隨，謀伐鄭也。宣伯使告郤犨曰：“魯侯待於壞隤以待勝者。”

In autumn, they met at Shasui to discuss attacking Zheng. Xuan Bo sent someone to tell Xi Chou, "The Marquis of Lu is waiting at Huaiwei, waiting for whichever side wins."

郤犨將新軍，且為公族大夫，以主東諸侯。取貨於宣伯而訴公於晉侯，晉侯不見公。

Xi Chou commanded the new army and was also a grand officer of the ducal clan, in charge of the eastern feudal lords. He took goods from Xuan Bo and denounced Duke Cheng to the Marquis of Jin, and the Marquis of Jin would not see Duke Cheng.

曹人請於晉曰：“自我先君宣公即位，國人曰：‘若之何憂猶未弭？’而又討我寡君，以亡曹國社稷之鎮公子，是大泯曹也。先君無乃有罪乎？若有罪，則君列諸會矣。君唯不遺德刑，以伯諸侯。豈獨遺諸敝邑？敢私布之。”

The men of Cao made a request to Jin, saying, "Since our former ruler Duke Xuan took the throne, the people said: 'Why have the troubles not ceased?' Yet you attacked our humble ruler and made the prince on whom Cao's altars relied flee; this utterly destroys Cao. Perhaps our former ruler had a crime? If he did, Your Majesty had already listed him among those at the meeting. Your Majesty does not omit either virtue or punishment in leading the feudal lords as hegemon. How could you alone omit our humble state? I dare to state this privately."

七月，公會尹武公及諸侯伐鄭。將行，姜又命公如初。公又申守而行。諸侯之師次於鄭西。我師次於督揚，不敢過鄭。子叔聲伯使叔孫豹請逆於晉師。為食於鄭郊。師逆以至。聲伯四日不食以待之，食使者而後食。

In the seventh month, Duke Cheng joined Yin Wugong and the feudal lords in attacking Zheng. As he was about to set out, Jiang again gave Duke Cheng orders as before. Duke Cheng again announced the guard and set out. The armies of the feudal lords encamped west of Zheng. Our army encamped at Duyang and did not dare pass the capital of Zheng. Zishu Shengbo sent Shusun Bao to ask the Jin army to come to meet them. Food was prepared in the Zheng suburbs. The army came to receive them. Shengbo waited four days without eating, and only ate after having the envoy eat.

諸侯遷於制田。知武子佐下軍，以諸侯之師侵陳，至於鳴鹿。遂侵蔡。未反，諸侯遷於潁上。戊午，鄭子罕宵軍之，宋、齊、衛皆失軍。

The feudal lords moved to Zhitian. Zhi Wuzi, assisting the lower army, led the feudal lords' armies to invade Chen and reached Minglu. Then he invaded Cai. Before they returned, the feudal lords moved to Yingshang. On wuwu, Zihan of Zheng made a night attack, and Song, Qi, and Wei all lost their armies.

曹人復請於晉，晉侯謂子臧：“反，吾歸而君。”子臧反，曹伯歸。子臧盡致其邑與卿而不出。

The men of Cao again petitioned Jin, and the Marquis of Jin said to Zizang, "Go back, and I will return your ruler." Zizang went back, and the Earl of Cao returned. Zizang gave back all his cities and his rank as minister and did not come out again.

宣伯使告郤犨曰：“魯之有季、孟，猶晉之有欒、範也，政令於是乎成。今其謀曰：‘晉政多門，不可從也。寧事齊、楚，有亡而已，蔑從晉矣。’若欲得志於魯，請止行父而殺之，我斃蔑也而事晉，蔑有貳矣。魯不貳，小國必睦。不然，歸必叛矣。”

Xuan Bo sent someone to tell Xi Chou, "Lu has the Ji and Meng clans, as Jin has the Luan and Fan clans, and government orders are accomplished by them. Now they plan, saying: 'The government of Jin has many gates and cannot be followed. We would rather serve Qi and Chu, at worst we perish, but we will no longer follow Jin.' If you wish to fulfill your aims in Lu, please detain Xingfu and kill him, and I will kill Mie and serve Jin, and Lu will have no double heart. If Lu has no double heart, the small states will surely be at peace. Otherwise, after he returns he will surely rebel."

九月，晉人執季文子於苕丘。公還，待於鄆。使子叔聲伯請季孫於晉，郤犨曰：“苟去仲孫蔑而止季孫行父，吾與子國，親於公室。”對曰：“僑如之情，子必聞之矣。若去蔑與行父，是大棄魯國而罪寡君也。若猶不棄，而惠徼周公之福，使寡君得事晉君。則夫二人者，魯國社稷之臣也。若朝亡之，魯必夕亡。以魯之密邇仇讎，亡而為仇，治之何及？”郤犨曰：“吾為子請邑。”對曰：“嬰齊，魯之常隸也，敢介大國以求厚焉！承寡君之命以請，若得所請，吾子之賜多矣。又何求？”範文子謂欒武子曰：“季孫於魯，相二君矣。妾不衣帛，馬不食粟，可不謂忠乎？信讒慝而棄忠良，若諸侯何？子叔嬰齊奉君命無私，謀國家不貳，圖其身不忘其君。若虛其請，是棄善人也。子其圖之！”乃許魯平，赦季孫。

In the ninth month, the men of Jin seized Ji Wenzi at Tiaoqiu. Duke Cheng returned and waited at Yun. He sent Zishu Shengbo to ask Jin to release Jisun. Xi Chou said, "If you remove Zhongsun Mie and detain Jisun Xingfu, I will give you a city, closer to you than the ducal house." He replied, "You must have heard of the situation of Qiaoru. If you remove Mie and Xingfu, it is greatly abandoning Lu and blaming our humble ruler. If you do not yet abandon us, and are kind enough to pray to the Duke of Zhou for blessing, so that our humble ruler can serve the Marquis of Jin, then those two men are ministers of Lu's altars. If they perish in the morning, Lu will surely perish by evening. With Lu adjoining its enemies, becoming enemies when it perishes, would there still be time to put it in order?" Xi Chou said, "I will ask for a city for you." He replied, "Yingqi is a common menial of Lu; how dare he rely on a great state to seek rich emolument! I receive my humble ruler's command to make this request, and if I obtain what I request, your reward is already great. What more should I seek?" Fan Wenzi said to Luan Wuzi, "Jisun has served two rulers in Lu. His concubines do not wear silk and his horses do not eat grain; can it be said he is not loyal? To heed slander and abandon the loyal and good, what will we do with the feudal lords? Zishu Yingqi carries out his ruler's command without private motive, plans for the state without double-heartedness, and in planning for himself does not forget his ruler. If we let his request come to nothing, it is to abandon a good man. Please consider this!" So they allowed Lu to make peace and pardoned Jisun.

冬十月，出叔孫僑如而盟之，僑如奔齊。

In winter, in the tenth month, they drove out Shusun Qiaoru and made a covenant with the people of the state, and Qiaoru fled to Qi.

十二月，季孫及郤犨盟於扈。歸，刺公子偃，召叔孫豹於齊而立之。

In the twelfth month, Jisun and Xi Chou made a covenant at Hu. On returning, they stabbed Prince Yan to death, and summoned Shusun Bao back from Qi and installed him.

齊聲孟子通僑如，使立於高、國之間。僑如曰：“不可以再罪。”奔衛，亦間於卿。

Sheng Mengzi of Qi had relations with Qiaoru and had his position placed between the Gao and Guo clans. Qiaoru said, "I must not offend again." He fled to Wei, and was also inserted among the ministers.

晉侯使郤至獻楚捷於周，與單襄公語，驟稱其伐。單子語諸大夫曰：“溫季其亡乎！位於七人之下，而求掩其上。怨之所聚，亂之本也。多怨而階亂，何以在位？《夏書》曰：‘怨豈在明？不見是圖。’將慎其細也。今而明之，其可乎？”

The Marquis of Jin sent Xi Zhi to the Zhou house to present the Chu prisoners, and he spoke with Shan Xianggong, repeatedly boasting of his own merits. Shanzi said to the grand officers, "Wenji will probably perish! His rank is below seven men, yet he seeks to cover those above him. Where resentment gathers is the root of disorder. To have many resentments and build the steps to disorder, how can he hold his position? The Book of Xia says: 'Is resentment only in what is plain? What is unseen should also be planned for.' This means being careful of the slight. Now he makes it conspicuous; can that do?"

【經】十有七年春，衛北宮括帥師侵鄭。夏，公會尹子、單子、晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、邾人伐鄭。六月乙酋，同盟於柯陵。秋，公至自會。齊高無咎出奔莒。九月辛丑，用郊。晉侯使荀罃來乞師。冬，公會單子、晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、齊人、邾人伐鄭。十有一月，公至自伐鄭。壬申，公孫嬰卒於貍脤。

[Classic] In the seventeenth year, in spring, Bei Gong Kuo of Wei led an army to invade Zheng. In summer, Duke Cheng joined Yinzi, Shanzi, the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, and the men of Zhu in attacking Zheng. In the sixth month, on yiyou, they made a covenant together at Keling. The base text's "yiqiu" is "yiyou." In autumn, Duke Cheng returned from the meeting. Gao Wujiu of Qi fled to Ju. In the ninth month, on xinchou, the suburban sacrifice was held. The Marquis of Jin sent Xun Ying to ask for troops. In winter, Duke Cheng joined Shanzi, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, and the men of Qi and Zhu in attacking Zheng. In the eleventh month, Duke Cheng returned from the attack on Zheng. On renshen, Gongsun Yingqi died at Lizhen. The base text's "Gongsun Ying" is "Gongsun Yingqi."

十有二月丁巳朔，日有食之。邾子玃且卒。晉殺其大夫郤錡、郤犨、郤至。楚人滅舒庸。

On the first day of the twelfth month, dingsi, there was an eclipse of the sun. Jue Ju, Viscount of Zhu, died. Jin killed its grand officers Xi Qi, Xi Chou, and Xi Zhi. The men of Chu destroyed Shuyong.

【傳】十七年春，王正月，鄭子駟侵晉虛、滑。衛北宮括救晉，侵鄭，至於高氏。

[Commentary] In the seventeenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Zisi of Zheng invaded Xu and Hua of Jin. Bei Gong Kuo of Wei relieved Jin and invaded Zheng, reaching the Gao clan.

夏五月，鄭大子髡頑、侯孺為質於楚，楚公子成、公子寅戍鄭。公會尹武公、單襄公及諸侯伐鄭，自戲童至於曲洧。

In summer, in the fifth month, the heir of Zheng, Kunwan, and Hou Ru were hostages in Chu, and Prince Cheng and Prince Yin of Chu garrisoned Zheng. Duke Cheng joined Yin Wugong, Shan Xianggong, and the feudal lords in attacking Zheng, from Xitong to Quwei.

晉範文子反自鄢陵，使其祝宗祈死，曰：“君驕侈而克敵，是天益其疾也。

Fan Wenzi of Jin returned from Yanling and had his ancestral priest pray for him to die, saying, "The ruler is arrogant and extravagant yet has defeated the enemy; this is Heaven adding to his illness.

難將作矣！愛我者惟祝我，使我速死，無及於難，范氏之福也。”六月戊辰，士燮卒。

(Fan Wenzi continued:) Disaster is about to break out! Those who love me should pray only for me, that I may die soon and not live to see the disaster; this is the blessing of the Fan clan." In the sixth month, on wuchen, Shi Xie died.

乙酉，同盟於柯陵，尋戚之盟也。

On yiyou, they made a covenant together at Keling, to renew the covenant of Qi.

楚子重救鄭，師於首止。諸侯還。

Zichong of Chu relieved Zheng and encamped at Shouzhi. The feudal lords went back.

齊慶克通於聲孟子，與婦人蒙衣乘輦而入於閎。鮑牽見之，以告國武子，武子召慶克而謂之。慶克久不出，而告夫人曰：“國子謫我！”夫人怒。國子相靈公以會，高、鮑處守。及還，將至，閉門而索客。孟子訴之曰：“高、鮑將不納君，而立公子角。國子知之。”秋七月壬寅，刖鮑牽而逐高無咎。無咎奔莒，高弱以盧叛。齊人來召鮑國而立之。

Qing Ke of Qi had relations with Sheng Mengzi, and with the woman, covered in clothing, rode in a carriage into the small gate of the palace. Bao Qian saw it and told Guo Wuzi, and Wuzi summoned Qing Ke and spoke about this. Qing Ke did not come out for a long time and told his wife, "Master Guo has reproached me!" His wife was angry. Guozi went to the meeting as assistant to Duke Ling, and the Gao and Bao clans stayed to guard. When they returned, as they were about to arrive, they closed the city gates and examined the guests. Mengzi complained, "Gao and Bao are going to refuse to admit the ruler, and install Prince Jiao. Guozi knows it." In autumn, in the seventh month, on renyin, Bao Qian's feet were cut off and Gao Wujiu was driven out. Wujiu fled to Ju, and Gao Ruo held Lu in rebellion. The men of Qi came to summon Bao Guo and installed him.

初，鮑國去鮑氏而來為施孝叔臣。施氏卜宰，匡句須吉。施氏之宰，有百室之邑。與匡句須邑，使為宰。以讓鮑國，而致邑焉。施孝叔曰：“子實吉。”對曰：“能與忠良，吉孰大焉！”鮑國相施氏忠，故齊人取以為鮑氏後。仲尼曰：“鮑莊子之知不如葵，葵猶能衛其足。”

Earlier, Bao Guo had left the Bao clan and came to serve as a retainer of Shi Xiaoshu. The Shi clan divined for the steward, and Kuang Juxu was auspicious. The Shi steward had a city of a hundred households. They gave the city to Kuang Juxu and made him steward. He yielded the post to Bao Guo and returned the city. Shi Xiaoshu said, "You are indeed auspicious." He replied, "To be able to give to the loyal and good, is there any greater auspiciousness than this!" Bao Guo served the Shi clan loyally, and so the men of Qi took him as heir of the Bao clan. Zhongni said, "Bao Zhuangzi's wisdom did not equal the sunflower's; the sunflower can still protect its own feet."

冬，諸侯伐鄭。十月庚午，圍鄭。楚公子申救鄭，師於汝上。十一月，諸侯還。

In winter, the feudal lords attacked Zheng. In the tenth month, on gengwu, they besieged Zheng. Prince Shen of Chu relieved Zheng and encamped on the banks of the Ru. In the eleventh month, the feudal lords went back.

初，聲伯夢涉洹，或與己瓊瑰，食之，泣而為瓊瑰，盈其懷。從而歌之曰：“濟洹之水，贈我以瓊瑰。歸乎！歸乎！瓊瑰盈吾懷乎！”懼不敢占也。還自鄭，壬申，至於狸脤而占之，曰：“餘恐死，故不敢占也。今眾繁而從餘三年矣，無傷也。”言之，之莫而卒。

Earlier, Sheng Bo dreamed that he was crossing the Huan River on foot, and someone gave him qionggui gems; he ate them, and his tears turned into qionggui gems that filled the front of his robe. Then he sang: "Crossing the Huan River, give me qionggui gems. Return! Return! The qionggui gems fill my robe!" Frightened, he did not dare to have it divined. Returning from Zheng, on the renshen day he reached Lizhen and only then had it divined, saying: "I was afraid of dying, so I did not dare to divine. Now many people follow me, and three years have passed without harm." Having said this, he died that same night.

齊侯使崔杼為大夫，使慶克佐之，帥師圍盧。國佐從諸侯圍鄭，以難請而歸。

The Marquis of Qi made Cui Zhu a high officer, with Qing Ke assisting him, and led an army to besiege Lu. Guo Zuo accompanied the feudal lords in besieging Zheng and asked to return because of trouble in the state.

遂如盧師，殺慶克，以谷叛。齊侯與之盟于徐關而復之。十二月，盧降。使國勝告難於晉，待命於清。

He then reached the army besieging Lu, killed Qing Ke and rebelled, holding Gu. The Marquis of Qi made a covenant with him at Xu Pass and restored him to his position. In the twelfth month, Lu surrendered. He sent Guo Sheng to report the trouble to Jin and await orders at Qing.

晉厲公侈，多外嬖。反自鄢陵，欲盡去群大夫，而立其左右。胥童以胥克之廢也，怨郤氏，而嬖於厲公。郤錡奪夷陽五田，五亦嬖於厲公。郤犨與長魚矯爭田，執而梏之，與其父母妻子同一轅。既，矯亦嬖於厲公。欒書怨郤至，以其不從己而敗楚師也，欲廢之。使楚公子伐告公曰：“此戰也，郤至實召寡君。以東師之未至也，與軍帥之不具也，曰：‘此必敗！吾因奉孫周以事君。’”公告欒書，書曰：“其有焉！不然，豈其死之不恤，而受敵使乎？君盍嘗使諸周而察之？”郤至聘於周，欒書使孫周見之。公使覘之，信。遂怨郤至。

Duke Li of Jin was extravagant and had many favorites outside. After returning from Yanling, he wished to get rid of all the high officers and set up the men around him. Xu Tong resented the Xi clan because Xu Ke had been dismissed, and he had gained Duke Li's favor. Xi Qi seized the fields of Yiyang Wu, and Wu too had gained Duke Li's favor. Xi Chou quarreled with Changyu Jiao over fields, seized him, put him in fetters and tied him to the same chariot shaft as his parents and wife. Later Jiao too gained Duke Li's favor. Luan Shu resented Xi Zhi because he had not followed his advice yet had defeated the Chu army, and wished to remove him. He had Prince Fa of Chu tell Duke Li: "In this battle it was actually Xi Zhi who summoned our ruler. Because the eastern armies had not yet arrived and the army commanders were not all present, he said: 'This is sure to fail! I will take the occasion to set up Sun Zhou and serve Your Majesty.'" The Duke told Luan Shu, who said: "Perhaps there is something in it! Otherwise, would he not fear death and yet accept an envoy from the enemy? Why does Your Majesty not try sending him to the Zhou court to observe?" Xi Zhi went to the Zhou court on a visit, and Luan Shu had Sun Zhou meet him. The Duke sent someone to spy, and believed it. He then resented Xi Zhi.

厲公田，與婦人先殺而飲酒，後使大夫殺。郤至奉豕，寺人孟張奪之，郤至射而殺之。公曰：“季子欺餘。”

Duke Li went hunting, and he and the women first hunted and drank, and only afterward let the high officers hunt. Xi Zhi presented a boar, the eunuch Meng Zhang snatched it, and Xi Zhi shot him dead. The Duke said: "Jizi insults me."

厲公將作難，胥童曰：“必先三郤，族大多怨。去大族不逼，敵多怨有庸。”

The Duke was about to start the attack, and Xu Tong said: "We must first deal with the three Xi, whose clan is large and whose resentments are many. If we remove a large clan, there is no pressure; if we deal with those with many resentments, there is merit."

公曰：“然。”郤氏聞之，郤錡欲攻公，曰：“雖死，君必危。”郤至曰：“人所以立，信、知、勇也。信不叛君，知不害民，勇不作亂。失茲三者，其誰與我？死而多怨，將安用之？君實有臣而殺之，其謂君何？我之有罪，吾死後矣！若殺不辜，將失其民，欲安，得乎？待命而已！受君之祿，是以聚黨。有黨而爭命，罪孰大焉！”壬午，胥童、夷羊五帥甲八百，將攻郤氏。長魚矯請無用眾，公使清沸魋助之，抽戈結衽，而偽訟者。三郤將謀於榭。矯以戈殺駒伯、苦成叔於其位。溫季曰：“逃威也！”遂趨。矯及諸其車，以戈殺之，皆屍諸朝。

The Duke said: "Right." The Xi heard of it, and Xi Qi wished to attack the Duke, saying: "Even if we die, the ruler will certainly be in danger." Xi Zhi said: "That by which a man stands is good faith, wisdom and courage. Good faith means not betraying the ruler, wisdom means not harming the people, and courage means not making disorder. If we lose these three, who will cling to us? Dead, we would also be much resented; what use would that be? If the ruler truly has ministers and kills them, what will become of the ruler? If I have committed a crime, my death is already late! If he kills the innocent, he will lose the people; would he be able to find peace? Let us just wait for orders! We received the ruler's salary and therefore gathered followers. Having followers and then fighting the command, is there any crime greater than that!" On the renwu day, Xu Tong and Yiyang Wu led eight hundred armored soldiers to attack the Xi clan. Changyu Jiao asked not to use the crowd, and the Duke sent Qingfei Tui to help him; they drew their dagger-axes and tucked up their robes, pretending to be litigants in a quarrel. The three Xi were about to plan on the terrace. Jiao used his dagger-axe to kill Ju Bo and Kucheng Shu on their seats. Wen Ji said: "Avoid their power!" and ran fast. Jiao caught up with his chariot and killed him with the dagger-axe; all their bodies were laid out in the court.

胥童以甲劫欒書、中行偃於朝。矯曰：“不殺二子，憂必及君。”公曰：“一朝而屍三卿，餘不忍益也。”對曰：“人將忍君。臣聞亂在外為奸，在內為軌。御奸以德，御軌以刑。不施而殺，不可謂德。臣逼而不討，不可謂刑。德刑不立，奸軌並至。臣請行。”遂出奔狄。公使辭於二子，曰：“寡人有討於郤氏，既伏其辜矣。大夫無辱，其復職位。”皆再拜稽首曰：“君討有罪，而免臣於死，君之惠也。二臣雖死，敢忘君德。”乃皆歸。公使胥童為卿。

Xu Tong used armored soldiers to seize Luan Shu and Zhonghang Yan in the court. Jiao said: "If these two are not killed, trouble will surely come upon the ruler." The Duke said: "In a single morning three ministers have been laid out dead; I cannot bear to add more." Jiao answered: "Others will be able to bear it against Your Majesty. I have heard that disorder outside is called villainy, and disorder inside is called treachery. To resist villainy one uses virtue, and to resist treachery one uses punishment. To kill without showing virtue cannot be called virtue. When ministers press and one does not punish them, it cannot be called punishment. If virtue and punishment are not established, villainy and treachery arrive together. I ask to leave." He then fled to the Di. The Duke sent a message to the two, saying: "I punished the Xi clan, and they have already submitted to their guilt. The high officers have not been shamed; return to your posts." Both bowed twice with their heads to the ground and said: "Your Majesty punishes the guilty and saves your servants from death; this is your kindness. Even if we two should die, would we dare forget Your Majesty's virtue?" So they both returned. The Duke made Xu Tong a minister.

公遊於匠麗氏，欒書、中行偃遂執公焉。召士匄，士匄辭。召韓厥，韓厥辭，曰：“昔吾畜於趙氏，孟姬之讒，吾能違兵。古人有言曰：‘殺老牛莫之敢屍。’而況君乎？二三子不能事君，焉用厥也！”舒庸人以楚師之敗也，道吳人圍巢，伐駕，圍釐、虺，遂恃吳而不設備。楚公子櫜師襲舒庸，滅之。

The Duke was amusing himself at the Jiangli clan's house, and Luan Shu and Zhonghang Yan then seized the Duke. They summoned Shi Gai, but Shi Gai declined. They summoned Han Jue, but Han Jue declined, saying: "In the past I was raised in the Zhao household, and when Meng Ji slandered them, I was able not to use arms. The ancients have a saying: 'When killing an old ox, nobody dares to take responsibility.' How much more so a ruler? You gentlemen could not serve your ruler; what need is there of Jue!" The people of Shuyong, because the Chu army had been defeated, led the men of Wu to besiege Chao, attack Jia and besiege Li and Hui, and then relied on Wu and did not set up defenses. Prince Gaoshi of Chu attacked Shuyong by surprise and destroyed it.

閏月乙卯晦，欒書、中行偃殺胥童。民不與郤氏，胥童道君為亂，故皆書曰：“晉殺其大夫。”

In the intercalary month, at the end of the month on the yimao day, Luan Shu and Zhonghang Yan killed Xu Tong. The people did not cling to the Xi clan, but Xu Tong had led the ruler into disorder, and so the Spring and Autumn Annals in each case records: "Jin killed its high officer."

【經】十有八年春王正月，晉殺其大夫胥童。庚申，晉弒其君州蒲。齊殺其大夫國佐。公如晉。夏，楚子、鄭伯伐宋。宋魚石復入於彭城。公至自晉。晉侯使士匄來聘。秋，杞伯來朝。八月，邾子來朝，築鹿囿。己丑，公薨於路寢。冬，楚人、鄭人侵宋。晉侯使士魴來乞師。十有二月，仲孫蔑會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、邾子、齊崔杼同盟於虛朾。丁未，葬我君成公。

[Classic] In the eighteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Jin killed its high officer Xu Tong. On the gengshen day, the men of Jin murdered their ruler Zhoupu. Qi killed its high officer Guo Zuo. Duke Cheng went to Jin. In summer, the Viscount of Chu and the Earl of Zheng attacked Song. Yu Shi of Song entered Pengcheng again. Duke Cheng returned from Jin. The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Gai on a visit. In autumn, the Earl of Qi came to court. In the eighth month, the Viscount of Zhu came to court, and the Park of Deer was built. On the jichou day, Duke Cheng died in the main hall. In winter, the men of Chu and Zheng invaded and attacked Song. The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Fang to ask for troops. In the twelfth month, Zhongsun Mie joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Viscount of Zhu and Cui Zhu of Qi in a covenant at Xuting. On the dingwei day, our ruler Duke Cheng was buried.

【傳】十八年春，王正月庚申，晉欒書、中行偃使程滑弒厲公，葬之於翼東門之外，以車一乘。使荀罃、士魴逆周子於京師而立之，生十四年矣。大夫逆於清原，周子曰：“孤始願不及此。雖及此，豈非天乎！抑人之求君，使出命也，立而不從，將安用君？二三子用我今日，否亦今日，共而從君，神之所福也。”

[Commentary] In the eighteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, on the gengshen day, Luan Shu and Zhonghang Yan of Jin sent Cheng Hua to murder Duke Li, and he was buried outside the east gate of Yi with a single chariot. They sent Xun Ying and Shi Fang to the capital to meet Zhouzi and set him up; he was already fourteen. The high officers met him at Qingyuan, and Zhouzi said: "The wish I once had did not reach this point. Even if it has, is it not Heaven's doing! But people seek a ruler in order that he issue commands. If they set him up and do not obey, what will they use a ruler for? You gentlemen use me today, and may not use me today; respectfully obeying the ruler is what the spirits bless."

對曰：“群臣之願也，敢不唯命是聽。”庚午，盟而入，館於伯子同氏。辛巳，朝於武宮，逐不臣者七人。周子有兄而無慧，不能辨菽麥，故不可立。

They answered: "It is the wish of your servants; how dare we not obey your command alone." On the gengwu day, they made a covenant and then entered the city and stayed at the house of the Bozitong clan. On the xinsi day, he held court in the Wu Palace and drove away seven men who did not act like ministers. Zhouzi had an elder brother who was without wisdom, unable to tell beans from wheat, so he could not be set up.

齊為慶氏之難故，甲申晦，齊侯使士華免以戈殺國佐於內宮之朝。師逃於夫人之宮。書曰：“齊殺其大夫國佐。”棄命，專殺，以谷叛故也。使清人殺國勝。

Because of the trouble with the Qing clan in Qi, at the end of the month on the jiashen day, the Marquis of Qi sent Shi Huamian to kill Guo Zuo with a dagger-axe in the court of the inner palace. The troops fled into the lady's palace. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "Qi killed its high officer Guo Zuo," because he abandoned orders, killed on his own authority and rebelled holding Gu. He had the men of Qing kill Guo Sheng.

國弱來奔，王湫奔萊。慶封為大夫，慶佐為司寇。既，齊侯反國弱，使嗣國氏，禮也。

Guo Ruo came to take refuge, and Wang Qiu fled to Lai. Qing Feng became a high officer and Qing Zuo became Minister of Justice. Later the Marquis of Qi had Guo Ruo return and succeed to the Guo clan, which accords with ritual.

二月乙酉朔，晉悼公即位於朝。始命百官，施捨、己責，逮鰥寡，振廢滯，匡乏困，救災患，禁淫慝，薄賦斂，宥罪戾，節器用，時用民，欲無犯時。使魏相、士魴、魏頡、趙武為卿。荀家、荀會、欒黶、韓無忌為公族大夫，使訓卿之子弟共儉孝弟。使士渥濁為大傅，使修範武子之法。右行辛為司空，使修士蒍之法。弁糾御戎，校正屬焉，使訓諸御知義。荀賓為右，司士屬焉，使訓勇力之士時使。卿無共御，立軍尉以攝之。祁奚為中軍尉，羊舌職佐之，魏絳為司馬，張老為候奄。鐸遏寇為上軍尉，籍偃為之司馬，使訓卒乘親以聽命。程鄭為乘馬御，六騶屬焉，使訓群騶知禮。凡六官之長，皆民譽也。舉不失職，官不易方，爵不逾德，師不陵正，旅不逼師，民無謗言，所以復霸也。

In the second month, on the first day, yiyou, Duke Dao of Jin took the throne in the court. He began by appointing the officials, gave relief and cancelled debts, extended kindness to widowers and widows, promoted those who had been dismissed or stalled, corrected want, relieved calamity, forbade licentiousness, lightened levies, pardoned offenses, moderated the use of utensils, used the people's labor according to the farming seasons, and did not let desires interfere with the seasons. He made Wei Xiang, Shi Fang, Wei Jie and Zhao Wu ministers. Xun Jia, Xun Hui, Luan Yan and Han Wuji became high officers of the ducal clan, and he had them teach the ministers' sons to be respectful, frugal, filial and fraternal. He made Shi Wozhuo Grand Tutor and had him restore the regulations of Fan Wuzi. Youhang Xin became Minister of Works, and was to restore the regulations of Shi Wei. Bian Jiu drove the war chariot, with the Correctors under him, and was to teach the drivers to know righteousness. Xun Bin became chariot-right, with the Controllers of Soldiers under him, and was to teach men of courage and strength to be used in due season. The ministers had no fixed drivers, and military commandants were set up to act in their place. Qi Xi became Commandant of the Central Army, with Yangshe Zhi assisting; Wei Jiang became Marshal, and Zhang Lao the Scout Officer. Duo E Kou became Commandant of the Upper Army, with Ji Yan as his Marshal, and they were to teach the infantry and chariot troops to be close and obedient to commands. Cheng Zheng became Master of the Riding Horses, with the six grooms under him, and was to teach the grooms to know ritual. All the heads of the six offices were those praised by the people. Appointments did not lose their functions, offices did not change their constant ways, rank did not exceed virtue, divisions did not overstep the proper chief, brigades did not press upon divisions, and the people had no complaints, and so Jin was able to become hegemon again.

公如晉，朝嗣君也。

Duke Cheng went to Jin to pay court to the newly enthroned ruler.

夏六月，鄭伯侵宋，及曹門外。遂會楚子伐宋，取朝郟。楚子辛、鄭皇辰侵城郜，取幽丘，同伐彭城，納宋魚石、向為人、鱗朱、向帶、魚府焉，以三百乘戍之而還。書曰“復入”，凡去其國，國逆而立之，曰“入”；復其位，曰“復歸”；諸侯納之，曰“歸”。以惡曰復入。宋人患之。西鉏吾曰：“何也？若楚人與吾同惡，以德於我，吾固事之也，不敢貳矣。大國無厭，鄙我猶憾。不然，而收吾憎，使贊其政，以間吾釁，亦吾患也。今將崇諸侯之奸，而披其地，以塞夷庚。逞奸而攜服，毒諸侯而懼吳、晉。吾庸多矣，非吾憂也。且事晉何為？晉必恤之。”

In summer, in the sixth month, the Earl of Zheng invaded and attacked Song as far as outside the Cao Gate. He then joined the Viscount of Chu in attacking Song and took Chaojia. Zixin of Chu and Huang Chen of Zheng invaded and attacked Chenggao, took Youqiu, and together attacked Pengcheng, bringing Yu Shi, Xiang Weiren, Lin Zhu, Xiang Dai and Yu Fu back into Song, and returned after garrisoning it with three hundred chariots. The Spring and Autumn Annals records "entered again." Whenever one who has left his own state is welcomed and set up by his own state, it is called "entering"; restoring his former position is called "returning"; being sent in by a feudal lord is called "returning" (gui); and using force is called "entering again." The men of Song were worried. Xi Chuwu said: "What is there to worry about? If the men of Chu shared our hatreds and gave us virtue, we would naturally serve them and would not dare to have a divided heart. A great state is insatiable and would regret it if we were treated only as a border town. Otherwise, taking in those we hate and letting them assist in government in order to exploit our weaknesses is also a trouble for us. Now they will exalt the villains among the feudal lords and give them land, blocking the main roads of travel. This lets villains succeed and makes the obedient disaffected, poisons the feudal lords and makes Wu and Jin afraid. We shall be of more use, and this is not our worry. Besides, what is the point of serving Jin? Jin will surely take pity on us."

公至自晉。晉範宣子來聘，且拜朝也。君子謂：“晉於是乎有禮。”

Duke Cheng returned from Jin. Fan Xuanzi of Jin came on a visit and also thanked us for the court visit. The gentleman held that: "Jin was ritually correct in this matter."

秋，杞桓公來朝，勞公，且問晉故。公以晉君語之。杞伯於是驟朝於晉而請為昏。

In autumn, Duke Huan of Qi came to court, consoled Duke Cheng and asked about Jin's affairs. Duke Cheng told him about the lord of Jin. The Earl of Qi then repeatedly went to Jin to pay court and ask for marriage.

七月，宋老佐、華喜圍彭城，老佐卒焉。

In the seventh month, Lao Zuo and Hua Xi of Song besieged Pengcheng, and Lao Zuo died there.

八月，邾宣公來朝，即位而來見也。

In the eighth month, Duke Xuan of Zhu came to court, visiting after his accession.

築鹿囿，書，不時也。

The Park of Deer was built; the Spring and Autumn Annals records it because it was not in season.

己丑，公薨於路寢，言道也。

On the jichou day, Duke Cheng died in the main hall, which means he died in the proper way.

冬十一月，楚子重救彭城，伐宋，宋華元如晉告急。韓獻子為政，曰：“欲求得人，必先勤之，成霸安強，自宋始矣。”晉侯師於臺谷以救宋，遇楚師於靡角之谷。楚師還。

In winter, in the eleventh month, Zizhong of Chu relieved Pengcheng and attacked Song, and Hua Yuan of Song went to Jin to report the emergency. Han Xianzi was in charge of government and said: "If one wishes to win over others, one must first toil for them; to achieve hegemony and give peace to the strong began with Song." The Marquis of Jin encamped at Taigu to relieve Song, and met the Chu army at the Valley of Mijiao. The Chu army went back.

晉士魴來乞師。季文子問師數於臧武仲，對曰：“伐鄭之役，知伯實來，下軍之佐也。今彘季亦佐下軍，如伐鄭可也。事大國，無失班爵而加敬焉，禮也。”

Shi Fang of Jin came to ask for troops. Ji Wenzi asked Zang Wuzhong how many troops to send, and he answered: "At the attack on Zheng, Zhi Bo came as assistant of the Lower Army. Now Zhi Ji also assists the Lower Army, so it will do to send as at the attack on Zheng. In serving a great state, not to lose one's rank order and to be even more respectful is ritual."

從之。

They followed this.

十二月，孟獻子會於虛朾，謀救宋也。宋人辭諸侯而請師以圍彭城。孟獻子請於諸侯，而先歸會葬。

In the twelfth month, Meng Xianzi met at Xuting to plan relieving Song. The men of Song thanked the feudal lords and asked for troops to besiege Pengcheng. Meng Xianzi asked the feudal lords for leave to return first to attend the funeral.

丁未，葬我君成公，書，順也。

On the dingwei day, our ruler Duke Cheng was buried; the Spring and Autumn Annals records it because it followed proper order.

【經】元年春王正月，公即位。仲孫蔑會晉欒黶、宋華元、衛寧殖、曹人、莒人、邾人、滕人、薛人圍宋彭城。夏，晉韓厥帥師伐鄭，仲孫蔑會齊崔杼、曹人、邾人、杞人次於鄫。秋，楚公子壬夫帥師侵宋。九月辛酉，天王崩。邾子來朝。冬，衛侯使公孫剽來聘。晉侯使荀罃來聘。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang took the throne. Zhongsun Mie joined Luan Yan of Jin, Hua Yuan of Song, Ning Zhi of Wei, and the men of Cao, Ju, Zhu, Teng and Xue in besieging Pengcheng of Song. In summer, Han Jue of Jin led an army to attack Zheng, and Zhongsun Mie joined Cui Zhu of Qi and the men of Cao, Zhu and Qi (the state of Qi in the east) and encamped at Zeng. In autumn, Prince Renfu of Chu led an army to invade and attack Song. In the ninth month, on the xinyou day, the Son of Heaven died. The Viscount of Zhu came to court. In winter, the Marquis of Wei sent Gongsun Piao on a visit. The Marquis of Jin sent Xun Ying on a visit.

【傳】元年春己亥，圍宋彭城。非宋地，追書也。於是為宋討魚石，故稱宋，且不登叛人也，謂之宋志。彭城降晉，晉人以宋五大夫在彭城者歸，置諸瓠丘。

[Commentary] In the first year, in spring, on the jihai day, they besieged Pengcheng of Song. At that time it was no longer Song's land, and the Spring and Autumn Annals recorded it retrospectively. Here they were attacking Yu Shi on behalf of Song, and so it is called Song's; and in not letting the rebels have their way, it is called the will of the men of Song. Pengcheng surrendered to Jin, and the men of Jin took the five high officers of Song who were in Pengcheng back with them and settled them at Huqiu.

齊人不會彭城，晉人以為討。二月，齊大子光為質於晉。

The men of Qi did not take part in besieging Pengcheng, and Jin therefore called them to account. In the second month, Crown Prince Guang of Qi went to Jin as hostage.

夏五月，晉韓厥、荀偃帥諸侯之師伐鄭，入其郛，敗其徒兵於洧上。於是東諸侯之師次於鄫，以待晉師。晉師自鄭以鄫之師侵楚焦夷及陳，晉侯、衛侯次於戚，以為之援。

In summer, in the fifth month, Han Jue and Xun Yan of Jin led the armies of the feudal lords to attack Zheng, entered the outer city and defeated the Zheng infantry by the Wei River. At this time the armies of the eastern feudal lords were encamped at Zeng, waiting for the Jin army. The Jin army, leading the Zeng troops from Zheng, invaded and attacked Jiao and Yi of Chu and Chen; the Marquis of Jin and the Marquis of Wei encamped at Qi as reserves.

秋，楚子辛救鄭，侵宋呂、留。鄭子然侵宋，取犬丘。

In autumn, Zixin of Chu relieved Zheng and invaded and attacked Lu and Liu of Song. Ziran of Zheng invaded and attacked Song and took Quanqiu.

九月，邾子來朝，禮也。

In the ninth month, the Viscount of Zhu came to court, which accords with ritual.

冬，衛子叔、晉知武子來聘，禮也。凡諸侯即位，小國朝之，大國聘焉，以繼好結信，謀事補闕，禮之大者也。

In winter, Zishu of Wei and Zhi Wuzi of Jin came on visits, which accords with ritual. Whenever a feudal lord takes the throne, small states come to court and great states send visits, to continue friendship and establish good faith, to discuss affairs and make up for lapses; this is the greatest of rituals.

【經】二年春王正月，葬簡王。鄭師伐宋。夏五月庚寅，夫人姜氏薨。六月庚辰，鄭伯侖卒。晉師、宋師、衛寧殖侵鄭。秋七月，仲孫蔑會晉荀罃、宋華元、衛孫林父、曹人、邾人於戚。己丑，葬我小君齊姜。叔孫豹如宋。冬，仲孫蔑會晉荀罃、齊崔杼、宋華元、衛孫林父、曹人、邾人、滕人、薛人、小邾人於戚，遂城虎牢。楚殺其大夫公子申。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, King Jian was buried. The Zheng army attacked Song. In summer, in the fifth month, on the gengyin day, the lady Jiang died. In the sixth month, on the gengchen day, Lun, Earl of Zheng, died. The armies of Jin and Song and Ning Zhi of Wei invaded and attacked Zheng. In autumn, in the seventh month, Zhongsun Mie met Xun Ying of Jin, Hua Yuan of Song, Sun Linfu of Wei, and the men of Cao and Zhu at Qi. On the jichou day, our lady Qi Jiang was buried. Shu Sun Bao went to Song. In winter, Zhongsun Mie met at Qi Xun Ying of Jin, Cui Zhu of Qi, Hua Yuan of Song, Sun Linfu of Wei, and the men of Cao, Zhu, Teng, Xue and Little Zhu, and then they built the wall of Hulao. Chu killed its high officer Prince Shen.

【傳】二年春，鄭師侵宋，楚令也。

[Commentary] In the second year, in spring, the Zheng army invaded and attacked Song, by Chu's command.

齊侯伐萊，萊人使正輿子賂夙沙衛以索馬牛，皆百匹，齊師乃還。君子是以知齊靈公之為“靈”也。

The Marquis of Qi attacked Lai, and the men of Lai sent Zheng Yuzi with a hundred each of selected horses and oxen to bribe Susha Wei, and the Qi army then went back. The gentleman thereby knew why Duke Ling of Qi was given the posthumous name "Ling."

夏，齊姜薨。初，穆姜使擇美檟，以自為櫬與頌琴。季文子取以葬。君子曰：“非禮也。禮無所逆，婦，養姑者也，虧姑以成婦，逆莫大焉。《詩》曰：‘其惟哲人，告之話言，順德之行。’季孫於是為不哲矣。且姜氏，君之妣也。

In summer, Qi Jiang died. Earlier, Mu Jiang had someone select good catalpa wood to make a coffin and a song zither for herself. Ji Wenzi took it and used it for the burial. The gentleman said: "This is not proper. Ritual has no perversity: a daughter-in-law is one who serves her mother-in-law, and to diminish the mother-in-law in order to complete the daughter-in-law is the greatest perversity. The Odes say: 'Only the wise, tell him good words and he follows virtue.' In this matter Ji Sun cannot be called wise. Moreover Jiang was the ruler's grandmother.

《詩》曰：‘為酒為醴，烝畀祖妣，以洽百禮，降福孔偕。’”齊侯使諸姜宗婦來送葬。召萊子，萊子不會，故晏弱城東陽以逼之。

(The gentleman continued:) "The Odes say: 'Make wine and sweet liquor and present them to the ancestresses, in order to accompany the many rites; the blessings sent down will be universal.'" The Marquis of Qi sent the various Jiang women and women of the same clan to attend the funeral. He summoned the Viscount of Lai, but the Viscount did not attend the meeting, so Yan Ruo built the wall of Dongyang to press him.

鄭成公疾，子駟請息肩於晉。公曰：“楚君以鄭故，親集矢於其目，非異人任，寡人也。若背之，是棄力與言，其誰暱我？免寡人，唯二三子！”秋七月庚辰，鄭伯侖卒。於是子罕當國，子駟為政，子國為司馬。晉師侵鄭，諸大夫欲從晉。子駟曰：“官命未改。”

Duke Cheng of Zheng fell ill, and Zisi asked to lay down the burden in Jin. Duke Cheng said: "For Zheng's sake the lord of Chu personally had an arrow strike his eye; the one who bore this was none other than I. If I betrayed him, I would be abandoning others' exertions and promises, and who would be close to us? To free me from guilt, it rests only on you gentlemen!" In autumn, in the seventh month, on the gengchen day, Lun, Earl of Zheng, died. At this time Zihan was in charge of the state's affairs, Zisi held government, and Ziguo was Marshal. The Jin army invaded and attacked Zheng, and the high officers wished to follow Jin. Zisi said: "The ruler's command has not yet changed."

會於戚，謀鄭故也。孟獻子曰：“請城虎牢以逼鄭。”知武子曰：“善。鄫之會，吾子聞崔子之言，今不來矣。滕、薛、小邾之不至，皆齊故也。寡君之憂不唯鄭。罃將復於寡君，而請於齊。得請而告，吾子之功也。若不得請，事將在齊。君子之請，諸侯之福也，豈唯寡君賴之。”

They met at Qi to plan about Zheng. Meng Xianzi said: "Please build the wall of Hulao to press Zheng." Zhi Wuzi said: "Good. At the meeting at Zeng, you heard Cui's words, and now he has not come. Teng, Xue and Little Zhu did not come, all because of Qi. My lord's worry is not only Zheng. Ying will report to my lord and also make a request to Qi. If the request is granted I will inform you, and that will be your merit. If the request is not obtained, the matter will rest with Qi. Your request is a blessing to the feudal lords, not something my lord alone depends on."

穆叔聘於宋，通嗣君也。

Mu Shu went to Song on a visit, to establish friendly relations with the newly enthroned ruler.

冬，復會於戚，齊崔武子及滕、薛、小邾之大夫皆會，知武子之言故也。遂城虎牢，鄭人乃成。

In winter, there was another meeting at Qi, at which Cui Wuzi of Qi and the high officers of Teng, Xue and Little Zhu all took part, because of Zhi Wuzi's words. They then built the wall of Hulao, and the men of Zheng then made peace.

楚公子申為右司馬，多受小國之賂，以逼子重、子辛，楚人殺之。故書曰：“楚殺其大夫公子申。”

Prince Shen of Chu, who was Right Marshal, took in many goods from small states in order to press Zizhong and Zixin, and the men of Chu killed him. Therefore the Spring and Autumn Annals records: "Chu killed its high officer Prince Shen."

【經】三年春，楚公子嬰齊帥師伐吳。公如晉。夏四月壬戌，公及晉侯盟於長樗。公至自晉。六月，公會單子、晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、莒子、邾子、齊世子光。己未，同盟於雞澤。陳侯使袁僑如會。戊寅，叔孫豹及諸侯之大夫及陳袁僑盟。秋，公至自會。冬，晉荀罃帥師伐許。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, Prince Yingqi of Chu led an army to attack Wu. Duke Xiang went to Jin. In summer, in the fourth month, on the renxu day, Duke Xiang made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin at Changchu. Duke Xiang returned from Jin. In the sixth month, Duke Xiang met the Viscount of Shan, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu and Crown Prince Guang of Qi. On the jiwei day, they made a covenant together at Jize. The Marquis of Chen sent Yuan Qiao to the meeting. On the wuyin day, Shu Sun Bao and the high officers of the feudal lords made a covenant with Yuan Qiao of Chen. In autumn, Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. In winter, Xun Ying of Jin led an army to attack Xu.

【傳】三年春，楚子重伐吳，為簡之師，克鳩茲，至於衡山。使鄧廖帥組甲三百、被練三千以侵吳。吳人要而擊之，獲鄧廖。其能免者，組甲八十、被練三百而已。子重歸，既飲至，三日，吳人伐楚，取駕。駕，良邑也。鄧廖，亦楚之良也。君子謂：“子重於是役也，所獲不如所亡。”楚人以是咎子重。子重病之，遂遇心病而卒。

[Commentary] In the third year, in spring, Zizhong of Chu attacked Wu, organized a selected army, took Jiuzi and reached Mount Heng. He sent Deng Liao with three hundred armored troops in silk cuirasses and three thousand trained foot soldiers to invade and attack Wu. The men of Wu attacked them across the middle and captured Deng Liao. Of those who escaped, there were only eighty armored troops and three hundred trained foot soldiers. Zizhong returned, and when he had already held the drinking-victory ceremony, three days later the men of Wu attacked Chu and took Jia. Jia was a fine town. Deng Liao too was a worthy man of Chu. The gentleman held that: "In this campaign, what Zizhong gained did not equal what he lost." The men of Chu therefore blamed Zizhong. Zizhong took this to heart and so contracted a heart ailment and died.

公如晉，始朝也。夏，盟於長樗。孟獻子相，公稽首。知武子曰：“天子在，而君辱稽首，寡君懼矣。”孟獻子曰：“以敝邑介在東表，密邇仇讎，寡君將君是望，敢不稽首？”晉為鄭服故，且欲修吳好，將合諸侯。使士匄告於齊曰：“寡君使匄，以歲之不易，不虞之不戒，寡君願與一二兄弟相見，以謀不協，請君臨之，使匄乞盟。”

Duke Xiang went to Jin, his first court visit. In summer, a covenant was made at Changchu. Meng Xianzi assisted in the ceremony, and Duke Xiang bowed with his head to the ground. Zhi Wuzi said: "The Son of Heaven is present, yet Your Majesty humbles himself by bowing with his head to the ground; my lord is afraid." Meng Xianzi said: "Because our humble town lies in the east and is close to our enemies, my lord will look to Your Majesty; how dare he not bow?" Because Zheng had submitted, and because Jin also wished to restore friendship with Wu, it was about to assemble the feudal lords. It sent Shi Gai to tell Qi: "My lord sent Gai to come because the year is poor and unexpected affairs are unguarded against; my lord wishes to meet his several brothers and discuss matters of discord, and asks Your Majesty to come in person, and has sent Gai to ask for a covenant."

齊侯欲勿許，而難為不協，乃盟於耏外。

The Marquis of Qi wished not to agree, but found it difficult to show discord, and so made a covenant outside the Er River.

祁奚請老，晉侯問嗣焉。稱解狐，其仇也，將立之而卒。又問焉，對曰：“午也可。”於是羊舌職死矣，晉侯曰：“孰可以代之？”對曰：“赤也可。”

Qi Xi asked to retire on account of age, and the Marquis of Jin asked who should succeed him. He recommended Xie Hu, who was his enemy, and just as he was about to be appointed, Xie Hu died. Asked again, he answered: "Wu will do." By this time Yangshe Zhi had already died, and the Marquis said: "Who can take his place?" He answered: "Chi will do."

於是使祁午為中軍尉，羊舌赤佐之。君子謂：“祁奚於是能舉善矣。稱其仇，不為諂。立其子，不為比。舉其偏，不為黨。《商書》曰：‘無偏無黨，王道蕩蕩。’其祁奚之謂矣！解狐得舉，祁午得位，伯華得官，建一官而三物成，能舉善也夫！唯善，故能舉其類。《詩》云：‘惟其有之，是以似之。’祁奚有焉。”

So he made Qi Wu Commandant of the Central Army, with Yangshe Chi assisting. The gentleman held that: "In this matter Qi Xi was able to recommend good men. Recommending an enemy was not flattery. Setting up his own son was not partiality. Recommending an assistant was not forming a faction. The Book of Shang says: 'No partiality, no faction; the kingly Way is level and broad.' This probably refers to Qi Xi! Xie Hu was recommended, Qi Wu obtained his post, and Bohua obtained his office; one office was established and three matters were accomplished, which shows he was able to recommend good men! Only because he himself was good was he able to recommend those of his kind. The Odes say: 'Only because he has it, can he be like him.' Qi Xi had such virtue."

六月，公會單頃公及諸侯。己未，同盟於雞澤。

In the sixth month, Duke Xiang met Duke Qing of Shan and the feudal lords. On the jiwei day, they made a covenant together at Jize.

晉侯使荀會逆吳子於淮上，吳子不至。

The Marquis of Jin sent Xun Hui to the bank of the Huai to meet the Viscount of Wu, but the Viscount of Wu did not come.

楚子辛為令尹，侵欲於小國。陳成公使袁僑如會求成，晉侯使和組父告於諸侯。秋，叔孫豹及諸侯之大夫及陳袁僑盟，陳請服也。

Zixin of Chu became prime minister and plundered and coveted small states. Duke Cheng of Chen sent Yuan Qiao to the meeting to ask for peace, and the Marquis of Jin sent He Zufu to inform the feudal lords. In autumn, Shu Sun Bao and the high officers of the feudal lords made a covenant with Yuan Qiao of Chen, because Chen asked to submit.

晉侯之弟揚幹亂行於曲梁，魏絳戮其僕。晉侯怒，謂羊舌赤曰：“合諸侯以為榮也，揚幹為戮，何辱如之？必殺魏絳，無失也！”對曰：“絳無貳志，事君不闢難，有罪不逃刑，其將來辭，何辱命焉？”言終，魏絳至，授僕人書，將伏劍。士魴、張老止之。公讀其書曰：“日君乏使，使臣斯司馬。臣聞師眾以順為武，軍事有死無犯為敬。君合諸侯，臣敢不敬？君師不武，執事不敬，罪莫大焉。

The Marquis of Jin's younger brother Yang Gan disordered the ranks at Qulian, and Wei Jiang killed his charioteer. The Marquis of Jin was angry and said to Yangshe Chi: "Assembling the feudal lords is for glory; Yang Gan has suffered punishment; what shame is there like this? Wei Jiang must be killed; do not let it slip!" He answered: "Jiang has no divided heart; in serving his ruler he does not avoid trouble, and when guilty he does not escape punishment. He will come on his own to state his case; why must you dishonor yourself by giving the order?" As the words ended, Wei Jiang arrived, handed his letter to a servant, and was about to fall on his sword. Shi Fang and Zhang Lao stopped him. The Marquis of Jin read his letter, which said: "In the past, Your Majesty lacked envoys and made me this Marshal. I have heard that an army takes obedience as martial and that in military affairs one would rather die than violate it, which is reverence. Your Majesty assembled the feudal lords; how dare I not be reverent? If Your Majesty's army is not martial and its officers not reverent, there is no greater crime.

臣懼其死，以及揚幹，無所逃罪。不能致訓，至於用鉞。臣之罪重，敢有不從，以怒君心，請歸死於司寇。”公跣而出，曰：“寡人之言，親愛也。吾子之討，軍禮也。寡人有弟，弗能教訓，使幹大命，寡人之過也。子無重寡人之過，敢以為請。”

(Wei Jiang's letter continued:) I feared that I would incur a death sentence and implicate Yang Gan, and I have nowhere to escape guilt. I could not give guidance properly, so that I had to use the great battle-axe. My crime is grave; dare I refuse to listen and so anger Your Majesty's heart? I ask to go back and die at the Minister of Justice's." The Marquis of Jin came out barefoot and said: "My words were out of love for my brother. Your punishment was the rule of the army. I have a brother whom I could not teach, so that he offended the great command; it is my fault. Do not add to my fault; I dare to make this request."

晉侯以魏絳為能以刑佐民矣，反役，與之禮食，使佐新軍。張老為中軍司馬，士富為候奄。

The Marquis of Jin held that Wei Jiang was able to assist in governing the people by punishments, and when the campaign returned, he gave him a ceremonial meal and made him assistant of the New Army. Zhang Lao became Marshal of the Central Army, and Shi Fu became Scout Officer.

楚司馬公子何忌侵陳，陳叛故也。

Prince He Ji, Marshal of Chu, invaded and attacked Chen, because Chen had rebelled.

許靈公事楚，不會於雞澤。冬，晉知武子帥師伐許。

Duke Ling of Xu served Chu and did not attend the meeting at Jize. In winter, Zhi Wuzi of Jin led an army to attack Xu.

【經】四年春王三月己酉，陳侯午卒。夏，叔孫豹如晉。秋七月戊子，夫人姒氏薨。葬陳成公。八月辛亥，葬我小君定姒。冬，公如晉。陳人圍頓。

[Classic] In the fourth year, in spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, on the jiyou day, Wu, Marquis of Chen, died. In summer, Shu Sun Bao went to Jin. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the wuzi day, the lady Si died. Duke Cheng of Chen was buried. In the eighth month, on the xinhai day, our lady Ding Si was buried. In winter, Duke Xiang went to Jin. The men of Chen besieged Dun.

【傳】四年春，楚師為陳叛故，猶在繁陽。韓獻子患之，言於朝曰：“文王帥殷之叛國以事紂，唯知時也。今我易之，難哉！”三月，陳成公卒。楚人將伐陳，聞喪乃止。陳人不聽命。臧武仲聞之，曰：“陳不服於楚，必亡。大國行禮焉而不服，在大猶有咎，而況小乎？”夏，楚彭名侵陳，陳無禮故也。

[Commentary] In the fourth year, in spring, the Chu army was still at Fanyang because of Chen's rebellion. Han Xianzi was worried and said in court: "King Wen led the rebel states of Yin and served Zhou only because he knew what suited the times. Now we are doing the opposite; it is hard!" In the third month, Duke Cheng of Chen died. The men of Chu were about to attack Chen but heard of the mourning and stopped. The men of Chen did not obey the command. Zang Wuzhong heard of it and said: "Chen does not submit to Chu and will surely be destroyed. When a great state acts with ritual propriety and one still does not obey, there is disaster even among great states, how much more small ones?" In summer, Peng Ming of Chu invaded and attacked Chen, because Chen lacked ritual.

穆叔如晉，報知武子之聘也，晉侯享之。金奏《肆夏》之三，不拜。工歌《文王》之三，又不拜。歌《鹿鳴》之三，三拜。韓獻子使行人子員問之，曰：“子以君命，辱於敝邑。先君之禮，藉之以樂，以辱吾子。吾子舍其大，而重拜其細，敢問何禮也？”對曰：“三《夏》，天子所以享元侯也，使臣弗敢與聞。

Mu Shu went to Jin to return Zhi Wuzi's visit, and the Marquis of Jin gave a banquet for him. Three chapters of the Si Xia were played on bells and chimes, and he did not bow. The musicians sang three pieces of the Wen Wang, and again he did not bow. They sang three pieces of the Lu Ming, and he bowed three times. Han Xianzi sent the envoy Ziyuan to ask him: "You came with your ruler's command, graciously visiting our humble town. The ritual of our former ruler is added with music to honor you. You set aside the great and bowed repeatedly for the small; may I ask what ritual this is?" He answered: "The three Xia are what the Son of Heaven uses to entertain the greatest feudal lords, and an envoy dares not take part in listening.

《文王》，兩君相見之樂也，使臣不敢及。《鹿鳴》，君所以嘉寡君也，敢不拜嘉。？《四牡》，君所以勞使臣也，敢不重拜？《皇皇者華》，君教使臣曰：‘必諮於周。’臣聞之：‘訪問於善為諮，諮親為詢，諮禮為度，諮事為諏，諮難為謀。’臣獲五善，敢不重拜？”秋，定姒薨。不殯於廟，無櫬，不虞。匠慶謂季文子曰：“子為正卿，而小君之喪不成，不終君也。君長，誰受其咎？”初，季孫為己樹六檟於蒲圃東門之外。匠慶請木，季孫曰：“略。”匠慶用蒲圃之檟，季孫不御。君子曰：“《志》所謂‘多行無禮，必自及也’，其是之謂乎！”冬，公如晉聽政，晉侯享公。公請屬鄫，晉侯不許。孟獻子曰：“以寡君之密邇於仇讎，而願固事君，無失官命。鄫無賦於司馬，為執事朝夕之命敝邑，敝邑褊小，闕而為罪，寡君是以願藉助焉！”晉侯許之。

(Mu Shu continued:) The Wen Wang is music for two rulers meeting, and an envoy dares not presume. The Lu Ming is what the ruler uses to commend our lord, and how dare I not bow in thanks for the commendation? The Si Mu is what the ruler uses to console the envoy, and how dare I not bow again? In the Huang Huang Zhe Hua, the ruler instructs the envoy: 'You must consult the loyal and trustworthy.' I have heard: 'To seek counsel from good people is called zi, to consult relatives is called xun, to consult about ritual is called du, to consult about affairs is called zou, and to consult about difficulties is called mou.' I have received five kinds of good; how dare I not bow again?" In autumn, Ding Si died. Her body was not laid in the ancestral temple, there was no inner coffin, and no yu sacrifice was made. Jiang Qing said to Ji Wenzi: "You are the chief minister, yet the lady's funeral was not done according to ritual; this is failing to see the ruler off properly. When the ruler grows up, who will bear this fault?" Earlier, Ji Sun had planted six catalpa trees for himself outside the east gate of Pu garden. Jiang Qing asked for timber, and Ji Sun said: "Do it simply." Jiang Qing used the catalpa of Pu garden, and Ji Sun did not stop him. The gentleman said: "What the Zhi says, 'Do many improper things and it must come around to yourself,' probably refers to this!" In winter, Duke Xiang went to Jin to hear the orders on tribute, and the Marquis of Jin gave a banquet for Duke Xiang. Duke Xiang asked to make Zeng a dependency, but the Marquis of Jin did not allow it. Meng Xianzi said: "Because my lord is close to enemies, he wishes to serve Your Majesty firmly and not lose his official commands. Zeng does not pay military levies to the Marshal; if the officials give our humble town orders morning and evening, our humble town is small and any lapse would be a crime, and therefore my lord wishes to borrow it for help!" The Marquis of Jin agreed.

楚人使頓間陳而侵伐之，故陳人圍頓。

The men of Chu had Dun exploit Chen's weakness and attack it, and so the men of Chen besieged Dun.

無終子嘉父使孟樂如晉，因魏莊子納虎豹之皮，以請和諸戎。晉侯曰：“戎狄無親而貪，不如伐之。”魏絳曰：“諸侯新服，陳新來和，將觀於我，我德則睦，否則攜貳。勞師於戎，而楚伐陳，必弗能救，是棄陳也，諸華必叛。戎，禽獸也，獲戎失華，無乃不可乎？《夏訓》有之曰：‘有窮后羿。’”公曰：“后羿何如？”對曰：“昔有夏之方衰也，后羿自鉏遷於窮石，因夏民以代夏政。恃其射也，不修民事而淫於原獸。棄武羅、伯困、熊髡、龍圉而用寒浞。寒浞，伯明氏之讒子弟也。伯明後寒棄之，夷羿收之，信而使之，以為己相。浞行媚於內而施賂於外，愚弄其民而虞羿于田，樹之詐慝以取其國家，外內鹹服。羿猶不悛，將歸自田，家眾殺而亨之，以食其子。其子不忍食諸，死於窮門。靡奔有鬲氏。

Jiafu, Viscount of Wuzhong, sent Meng Le to Jin, and through Wei Zhuangzi he presented tiger and leopard skins and asked for peace with the various Rong tribes. The Marquis of Jin said: "The Rong and Di have no affection and are greedy; better to attack them." Wei Jiang said: "The feudal lords have only recently submitted and Chen has only recently made peace; they will observe us, and if we have virtue they will be harmonious, otherwise they will go their own way. If we exhaust the army on the Rong and Chu attacks Chen, we surely could not relieve it, which would be abandoning Chen, and the Central States will surely rebel. The Rong are beasts; to gain the Rong and lose the Huaxia would probably not be right. The Instructions of Xia have these words: 'There was Hou Yi of Qiong.'" The Marquis of Jin said: "What about Hou Yi?" He answered: "Formerly, when Xia was declining, Hou Yi moved from Chu to Qiongshi, and relying on the people of Xia took over the government of Xia. Relying on his skill in archery, he did not cultivate the people's affairs but indulged in hunting. He cast aside Wu Luo, Bo Yin, Xiong Kun and Long Yu and employed Han Zhuo. Han Zhuo was a son of the Bo Ming clan who had slandered others. Lord Han of Bo Ming cast him out, and Yi of the Yi tribe took him in, trusted and used him, and made him his chief minister. Zhuo flattered within and bribed outside, deceived the people, let Yi enjoy himself in hunting, and cultivated deceit and evil to seize his state, and both inside and outside submitted to him. Yi still did not repent, and when he was about to return from hunting, the people of his household killed and boiled him and gave him to his sons to eat. His sons could not bear to eat it, and died at the gate of Qiong. Mi fled to the Youge clan.

浞因羿室，生澆及豷，恃其讒慝詐偽而不德於民。使澆用師，滅斟灌及斟尋氏。

(Wei Jiang continued:) Zhuo took Yi's wives and concubines and had Jiao and Yi (a different Yi) by them, and relying on slander, evil and deceit, did not extend virtue to the people. He sent Jiao out with an army and destroyed the clans of Zhenguan and Zhenxun.

處澆於過，處豷於戈。靡自有鬲氏，收二國之燼，以滅浞而立少康。少康滅澆於過，後杼滅豷於戈。有窮由是遂亡，失人故也。昔周辛甲之為大史也，命百官，官箴王闕。於《虞人之箴》曰：‘芒芒禹跡，畫為九州，經啟九道。民有寢廟，獸有茂草，各有攸處，德用不擾。在帝夷羿，冒於原獸，忘其國恤，而思其麀牡。

(Wei Jiang continued:) He settled Jiao at Guo and Yi at Ge. Mi gathered the remnants of the two states from the Youge clan, destroyed Zhuo and set up Shao Kang. Shao Kang destroyed Jiao at Guo, and Hou Zhu destroyed Yi at Ge. The house of Qiong was thereby finally destroyed, because it lost the people. Formerly Xin Jia of Zhou was Grand Historian and ordered the hundred officials, each official to admonish the Son of Heaven for his faults. In the Admonition of the Master of the Hunting Preserves it says: 'Vast are the footprints of Yu, divided into nine provinces and opening the roads of the nine provinces. The people have their dwellings and temples, the beasts have their thick grass, each has its place, and virtue is therefore not disordered. In the emperor Yi of the Yi tribe, greedy in hunting beasts, forgetting concern for the state, he thought only of the does and the stags.

武不可重，用不恢於夏家。獸臣司原，敢告僕伕。’《虞箴》如是，可不懲乎？”於是晉侯好田，故魏絳及之。

(The admonition continued:) Martial affairs must not be overdone, and so the house of Xia could not be enlarged. The servants who manage beasts take charge of the open country; we dare to report to the grooms.' The Admonition of the Master of the Hunting Preserves is like this; can we not take it as a warning?" At that time the Marquis of Jin was fond of hunting, and so Wei Jiang spoke of this.

公曰：“然則莫如和戎乎？”對曰：“和戎有五利焉：戎狄荐居，貴貨易土，土可賈焉，一也。邊鄙不聳，民狎其野，穡人成功，二也。戎狄事晉，四鄰振動，諸侯威懷，三也。以德綏戎，師徒不勤，甲兵不頓，四也。鑑於后羿，而用德度，遠至邇安，五也。君其圖之！”公說，使魏絳盟諸戎，修民事，田以時。

The Marquis of Jin said: "Then is there nothing better than making peace with the Rong?" He answered: "Peace with the Rong has five advantages: the Rong and Di live following water and grass, value goods and make light of land, and land can be bought; this is the first. The borders will not be alarmed, the people will be familiar with the fields, and those who plow will succeed; this is the second. When the Rong and Di serve Jin, the four neighbors will be shaken, and the feudal lords will be moved by Jin's might and virtue; this is the third. If we pacify the Rong by virtue, the army will not toil and the armor and weapons will not be damaged; this is the fourth. Taking Hou Yi as a warning and using the rule of virtue, those far away will come and those near will be secure; this is the fifth. Please consider it, Your Majesty!" The Marquis of Jin was pleased and sent Wei Jiang to make a covenant with the various Rong tribes, and he cultivated the people's affairs and hunted at the proper farming seasons.

冬十月，邾人、莒人伐鄫。臧紇救鄫，侵邾，敗於狐駘。國人逆喪者皆髽。魯於是乎始髽，國人誦之曰：“臧之狐裘，敗我於狐駘。我君小子，朱儒是使。朱儒！朱儒！使我敗於邾。”

In winter, in the tenth month, the men of Zhu and Ju attacked Zeng. Zang He relieved Zeng, invaded and attacked Zhu, and was defeated at Hutai. The people of the state who met the funeral carts all bound their hair with hemp. From this time Lu began to bind hair with hemp, and the people chanted: "Zang wore a fox fur and let us be defeated at Hutai. Our ruler is a child, yet sends a dwarf. Dwarf! Dwarf! He made us suffer defeat in Zhu."

【經】五年春，公至自晉。夏，鄭伯使公子發來聘。叔孫豹、鄫世子巫如晉。仲孫蔑、衛孫林父子會吳於善道。秋，大雩。楚殺其大夫公子壬夫。公會晉侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、齊世子光、吳人、鄫人於戚。公至自會。冬，戍陳。楚公子貞帥師伐陳。公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、齊世子光救陳。十有二月，公至自救陳。辛未，季孫行父卒。

[Classic] In the fifth year, in spring, Duke Xiang returned from Jin. In summer, the Earl of Zheng sent Prince Fa on a visit. Shu Sun Bao and Crown Prince Wu of Zeng went to Jin. Zhongsun Mie and Sun Linfu of Wei met Wu at Shandao. In autumn, the great yu rain sacrifice was held. Chu killed its high officer Prince Renfu. Duke Xiang met the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, Crown Prince Guang of Qi, and the men of Wu and Zeng at Qi. Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. In winter, Chen was garrisoned. Prince Zhen of Chu led an army to attack Chen. Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao and Crown Prince Guang of Qi in relieving Chen. In the twelfth month, Duke Xiang returned from relieving Chen. On the xinwei day, Ji Sun Xingfu died.

【傳】五年春，公至自晉。

[Commentary] In the fifth year, in spring, Duke Xiang returned from Jin.

王使王叔陳生愬戎於晉，晉人執之。士魴如京師，言王叔之貳於戎也。

The Son of Heaven sent Wang Shu Chensheng to complain to Jin about the Rong, and the men of Jin seized him. Shi Fang went to the capital and said that Wang Shu had a divided heart toward the Rong.

夏，鄭子國來聘，通嗣君也。

In summer, Ziguo of Zheng came on a visit, to establish friendly relations with the newly enthroned ruler.

穆叔覿鄫大子於晉，以成屬鄫。書曰：“叔孫豹、鄫大子巫如晉。”

Mu Shu brought the crown prince of Zeng to see Jin, in order to establish Zeng as a dependency. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "Shu Sun Bao and the Crown Prince Wu of Zeng went to Jin."

言比諸魯大夫也。

This means he was treated as comparable to a high officer of Lu.

吳子使壽越如晉，辭不會於雞澤之故，且請聽諸侯之好。晉人將為之合諸侯，使魯、衛先會吳，且告會期。故孟獻子、孫文子會吳於善道。

The Viscount of Wu sent Shou Yue to Jin to explain why he had not attended the meeting at Jize, and also asked to follow the friendship with the feudal lords. The men of Jin were about to assemble the feudal lords for him, and had Lu and Wei meet Wu first and announce the date of the meeting. Therefore Meng Xianzi and Sun Wenzi met Wu at Shandao.

秋，大雩，旱也。

In autumn, the great yu sacrifice was held, because of drought.

楚人討陳叛故，曰：“由令尹子辛實侵欲焉。”乃殺之。書曰：“楚殺其大夫公子壬夫。”貪也。君子謂：“楚共王於是不刑。《詩》曰：‘周道挺挺，我心扃扃，講事不令，集人來定。’己則無信，而殺人以逞，不亦難乎？《夏書》曰：‘成允成功。’”九月丙午，盟於戚，會吳，且命戍陳也。穆叔以屬鄫為不利，使鄫大夫聽命於會。

The men of Chu investigated the reason for Chen's rebellion and said: "In fact it was the prime minister Zixin who plundered and coveted." So they killed him. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "Chu killed its high officer Prince Renfu," because he was greedy. The gentleman held that: "King Gong of Chu applied punishment improperly in this matter. The Odes say: 'The way of Zhou is straight, and my heart is clear; plans are not good, and a gathering of people settles it.' One who has no good faith himself and kills for pleasure, is that not also difficult? The Book of Xia says: 'Only by establishing good faith can one accomplish achievement.'" In the ninth month, on the bingwu day, a covenant was made at Qi, meeting Wu and also ordering the garrisoning of Chen. Mu Shu held that making Zeng a dependency was not beneficial and had the high officers of Zeng receive orders at the meeting.

楚子囊為令尹。範宣子曰：“我喪陳矣！楚人討貳而立子囊，必改行而疾討陳。陳近於楚，民朝夕急，能無往乎？有陳，非吾事也，無之而後可。”

Zinang of Chu became prime minister. Fan Xuanzi said: "We are going to lose Chen! The men of Chu punish those with a divided heart and have set up Zinang, and they will surely change their ways and quickly attack Chen. Chen is close to Chu, and the people are in danger morning and evening; could they not go over? To keep Chen is not our business; only without it can we do it."

冬，諸侯戍陳。子囊伐陳。十一月甲午，會於城棣以救之。

In winter, the feudal lords garrisoned Chen. Zinang attacked Chen. In the eleventh month, on the jiawu day, they met at Chengdi to go to the rescue.

季文子卒。大夫入斂，公在位。宰庀家器為葬備，無衣帛之妾，無食粟之馬，無藏金玉，無重器備。君子是以知季文子之忠於公室也。相三君矣，而無私積，可不謂忠乎？

Ji Wenzi died. The high officers came for the coffining, and Duke Xiang was in his place. The household steward prepared the household's utensils as burial goods; there were no concubines who wore silk, no horses that ate grain, no stored gold or jade, and no duplicated utensils or equipment. The gentleman thereby knew that Ji Wenzi was loyal to the ducal house. Having assisted three rulers, yet having no private accumulation, can he not be called loyal?

【經】六年春王三月，壬午，杞伯姑容卒。夏，宋華弱來奔。秋，杞葬桓公。

[Classic] In the sixth year, in spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, on the renwu day, Gurong, Earl of Qi, died. In summer, Hua Ruo of Song came to take refuge. In autumn, Duke Huan of Qi was buried. (The base text has the words in a different order for "Duke Huan of Qi was buried.")

滕子來朝。莒人滅鄫。冬，叔孫豹如邾，季孫宿如晉。十有二月，齊侯滅萊。

The Viscount of Teng came to court. The men of Ju destroyed Zeng. In winter, Shu Sun Bao went to Zhu, and Ji Sun Su went to Jin. In the twelfth month, the Marquis of Qi destroyed Lai.

【傳】六年春，杞桓公卒，始赴以名，同盟故也。

[Commentary] In the sixth year, in spring, Duke Huan of Qi died, and the death was announced by name for the first time, because of the covenant.

宋華弱與樂轡少相狎，長相優，又相謗也。子蕩怒，以弓梏華弱於朝。平公見之，曰：“司武而梏於朝，難以勝矣！”遂逐之。夏，宋華弱來奔。司城子罕曰：“同罪異罰，非刑也。專戮於朝，罪孰大焉！”亦逐子蕩。子蕩射子罕之門，曰：“幾日而不我從！”子罕善之如初。

Hua Ruo and Yue Pei of Song were intimate with each other when young, teased each other when grown, and again slandered each other. Zidang was angry and shackled Hua Ruo in the court with a bow. Duke Ping saw it and said: "A Minister of War who is shackled in the court will find it hard to win!" and drove him out. In summer, Hua Ruo of Song came to take refuge. Zihan, Minister of the City, said: "Different punishments for the same crime are not punishment. To exercise punishment and killing on one's own authority in the court, is there any greater offense!" and he drove out Zidang too. Zidang shot at Zihan's gate and said: "In a few days, will you not follow me!" Zihan treated him well as before.

秋，滕成公來朝，始朝公也。

In autumn, Duke Cheng of Teng came to court, the first court visit to Duke Xiang.

莒人滅鄫，鄫恃賂也。

The men of Ju destroyed Zeng, because Zeng relied on its wealth.

冬，穆叔如邾，聘，且修平。

In winter, Mu Shu went to Zhu on a visit, and also to restore friendship.

晉人以鄫故來討，曰：“何故亡鄫？”季武子如晉見，且聽命。

The men of Jin came to call us to account on account of Zeng, saying: "Why did you destroy Zeng?" Ji Wusi went to Jin to appear before them and also to hear their orders.

十一月，齊侯滅萊，萊恃謀也。於鄭子國之來聘也，四月，晏弱城東陽，而遂圍萊。甲寅，堙之環城，傅於堞。及杞桓公卒之月，乙未，王湫帥師及正輿子、棠人軍齊師，齊師大敗之。丁未，入萊。萊共公浮柔奔棠。正輿子、王湫奔莒，莒人殺之。四月，陳無宇獻萊宗器於襄宮。晏弱圍棠，十一月丙辰，而滅之。遷萊於郳。高厚、崔杼定其田。

In the eleventh month, the Marquis of Qi destroyed Lai, because Lai relied on scheming. When Ziguo of Zheng came on a visit, in the fourth month, Yan Ruo built the wall of Dongyang and then besieged Lai. On the jiayin day, they piled up earth mounds around the city wall and reached the parapets. In the month when Duke Huan of Qi died, on the yiwei day, Wang Qiu led an army with Zheng Yuzi and the men of Tang to resist the Qi army, and the Qi army defeated them utterly. On the dingwei day, they entered Lai. Duke Gong of Lai, Fu Rou, fled to Tang. Zheng Yuzi and Wang Qiu fled to Ju, and the men of Ju killed them. In the fourth month, Chen Wuyu presented the ritual vessels of the Lai ancestral temple to the Temple of Duke Xiang. Yan Ruo besieged Tang, and on the bingchen day of the eleventh month destroyed it. He moved the people of Lai to Ni. Gao Hou and Cui Zhu delimited its fields.

【經】七年春，郯子來朝。夏四月，三卜郊，不從，乃免牲。小邾子來朝。

[Classic] In the seventh year, in spring, the Viscount of Tan came to court. In summer, in the fourth month, divination was done three times for the suburban sacrifice and none was favorable, so the sacrificial animals were dispensed with. The Viscount of Little Zhu came to court.

城費。秋，季孫宿如衛。八月，螽。冬十月，衛侯使孫林父來聘。壬戌，及孫林父盟。楚公子貞帥師圍陳。十有二月，公會晉侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、曹伯、莒子、邾子於鄬。鄭伯髡頑如會，未見諸侯，丙戌，卒於鄵。陳侯逃歸。

The wall of Fei was built. In autumn, Ji Sun Su went to Wei. In the eighth month, there was a plague of locusts. In winter, in the tenth month, the Marquis of Wei sent Sun Linfu on a visit. On the renxu day, a covenant was made with Sun Linfu. Prince Zhen of Chu led an army to besiege Chen. In the twelfth month, Duke Xiang met the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju and the Viscount of Zhu at Wei. Kun Wan, Earl of Zheng, set out for the meeting, but before he had met the feudal lords, on the bingxu day he died at Cao. The Marquis of Chen fled back.

【傳】七年春，郯子來朝，始朝公也。

[Commentary] In the seventh year, in spring, the Viscount of Tan came to court, his first court visit to Duke Xiang.

夏四月，三卜郊，不從，乃免牲。孟獻子曰：“吾乃今而後知有卜筮。夫郊，祀后稷以祈農事也。是故啟蟄而郊，郊而後耕。今既耕而卜郊，宜其不從也。”

In summer, in the fourth month, divination was done three times for the suburban sacrifice and none was favorable, so the sacrificial animals were dispensed with. Meng Xianzi said: "Only today do I know that there is divination. The suburban sacrifice is to sacrifice to Hou Ji to pray for farming. Therefore the suburban sacrifice is held at the awakening of insects, and plowing follows it. Now plowing has already been done and only then is there divination for the suburban sacrifice; it is right that it was not favorable."

南遺為費宰。叔仲昭伯為隧正，欲善季氏而求媚於南遺，謂遺：“請城費，吾多與而役。”故季氏城費。

Nan Yi was steward of Fei. Shu Zhong Zhaobo was Master of the Ways and wished to curry favor with the Ji clan and flatter Nan Yi, and said to Yi: "Please build the wall of Fei, and I will give you many laborers." So the Ji clan built the wall of Fei.

小邾穆公來朝，亦始朝公也。

Duke Mu of Little Zhu came to court, also his first court visit to Duke Xiang.

秋，季武子如衛，報子叔之聘，且辭緩報，非貳也。

In autumn, Ji Wuzi went to Wei to return Zishu's visit, and also to explain that the return visit was late and not because of a divided heart.

冬十月，晉韓獻子告老。公族穆子有廢疾，將立之。辭曰：“《詩》曰：‘豈不夙夜，謂行多露。’又曰：‘弗躬弗親，庶民弗信。’無忌不才，讓，其可乎？請立起也！與田蘇遊，而曰好仁。《詩》曰：‘靖共爾位，好是正直。神之聽之，介爾景福。’恤民為德，正直為正，正曲為直，參和為仁。如是，則神聽之，介福降之。立之，不亦可乎？”庚戌，使宣子朝，遂老。晉侯謂韓無忌仁，使掌公族大夫。

In winter, in the tenth month, Han Xianzi of Jin asked to retire on grounds of old age. Mu Zi of the ducal clan had a disability, but they were going to appoint him. He declined, saying: “The Odes say: ‘Do I not wish to hurry morning and night? It is only that there is too much dew on the road.’ It also says: ‘If you do not do it in person, the people do not trust you.’ Wuji has no talent; would it not be acceptable to yield the position? Please appoint him, Han Qi! He associated with Tian Su, and Tian Su said he loves benevolence. The Odes say: ‘Quietly and reverently keep your post and love this uprightness. The spirits will hear it and bestow great blessings on you.’ To care for the people is virtue, to make oneself upright is rectitude, to straighten what is crooked in others is straightness, and the combination of these three is benevolence. Such a man, the spirits will hear and great blessings will come. Would it not also be acceptable to appoint him?” On the day gengxu, he had Xuanzi have an audience, and then retired on grounds of old age. The Marquis of Jin considered Han Wuji benevolent and had him take charge of the grandees of the ducal clan.

衛孫文子來聘，且拜武子之言，而尋孫桓子之盟。公登亦登。叔孫穆子相，趨進曰：“諸侯之會，寡君未嘗後衛君。今吾子不後寡君，寡君未知所過。吾子其少安！”孫子無辭，亦無悛容。

Sun Wenzi of Wei came on a visit and also expressed thanks for the words of Wuzi and renewed the covenant of Sun Huanzi. When Duke Xiang ascended the steps, he ascended the steps too. Shusun Muzi was the master of ceremonies and hurried forward, saying: “When the lords meet, my lord has never trailed behind the lord of Wei. Now that you do not trail behind my lord, my lord does not yet know where his fault lies. Please go a little slower!” Sun Zi had nothing to say and showed no sign of regret.

穆叔曰：“孫子必亡。為臣而君，過而不悛，亡之本也。《詩》曰：‘退食自公，委蛇委蛇。’謂從者也。衡而委蛇必折。”

Mu Shu said: “Sun Zi is sure to perish. To be a minister yet behave like a ruler, and to have faults yet not mend them, is the root of ruin. The Odes say: ‘Leaving the ducal court to dine, at leisure and content.’ This speaks of those who are compliant. To be overbearing yet at ease is sure to end in being broken.”

楚子囊圍陳，會於鄬以救之。

Zinang of Chu besieged Chen, and a meeting was held at Wei to rescue it.

鄭僖公之為大子也，於成之十六年，與子罕適晉，不禮焉。又與子豐適楚，亦不禮焉。及其元年，朝於晉。子豐欲愬諸晉而廢之，子罕止之。及將會於鄬，子駟相，又不禮焉。侍者諫，不聽，又諫，殺之。及鄵，子駟使賊夜弒僖公，而以瘧疾赴於諸侯。簡公生五年，奉而立之。

When Duke Xi of Zheng was crown prince, in the sixteenth year of Duke Cheng, he went to Jin with Zihan and did not treat him with propriety. He also went to Chu with Zifeng and again did not treat him with propriety. When it was his first year, he went to the court of Jin. Zifeng wanted to accuse him before Jin and have him deposed, but Zihan stopped him. When the meeting at Wei was about to be held, Zisi served as master of ceremonies and again he did not treat him with propriety. His attendants remonstrated and he did not listen; when they remonstrated again, he killed the attendant. When they reached Cao, Zisi sent assassins by night to murder Duke Xi, and announced the death to the lords as due to malaria. Duke Jian was born five years earlier, and they installed him.

陳人患楚。慶虎、慶寅謂楚人曰：“吾使公子黃往而執之。”楚人從之。二慶使告陳侯於會，曰：“楚人執公子黃矣！君若不來，群臣不忍社稷宗廟，懼有二圖。”陳侯逃歸。

The men of Chen were worried about Chu. Qing Hu and Qing Yin said to the men of Chu: “We will send Prince Huang there, and you arrest him.” The men of Chu agreed. The two Qings sent someone to the meeting to tell the Marquis of Chen: “The people of Chu have already arrested Prince Huang! If you, my lord, do not come, we ministers cannot bear to see the altars and ancestral temples lost, and fear we may have to make other plans.” The Marquis of Chen fled back.

【經】八年春王正月，公如晉。夏，葬鄭僖公。鄭人侵蔡，獲蔡公子燮。季孫宿會晉侯、鄭伯、齊人、宋人、衛人、邾人於邢丘。公至自晉。莒人伐我東鄙。

[Classic] In the eighth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Xiang went to Jin. In summer, Duke Xi of Zheng was buried. The men of Zheng raided Cai and captured Prince Xie of Cai. Ji Sunsu met the Marquis of Jin, the Earl of Zheng, and the men of Qi, Song, Wei and Zhu at Xingqiu. Duke Xiang returned from Jin. The men of Ju attacked our eastern border.

秋九月，大雩。冬，楚公子貞帥師伐鄭。晉侯使士匄來聘。

In autumn, in the ninth month, the great rain sacrifice was held. In winter, Prince Zhen of Chu led an army to attack Zheng. The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Gai on a visit.

【傳】八年春，公如晉，朝，且聽朝聘之數。

[Commentary] In the eighth year, in spring, Duke Xiang went to Jin, paid court, and also heard the regulations for court and diplomatic visits.

鄭群公子以僖公之死也，謀子駟。子駟先之。夏四月庚辰，闢殺子狐、子熙、子侯、子丁。孫擊、孫惡出奔衛。

The princes of Zheng, because of the death of Duke Xi, plotted against Zisi. Zisi struck first. In summer, in the fourth month, on the day gengchen, he had Zihu, Zixi, Zihou and Ziding killed. Sun Ji and Sun E fled to Wei.

庚寅，鄭子國、子耳侵蔡，獲蔡司馬公子燮。鄭人皆喜，唯子產不順，曰：“小國無文德，而有武功，禍莫大焉。楚人來討，能勿從乎？從之，晉師必至。

On the day gengyin, Ziguo and Zier of Zheng raided Cai and captured Prince Xie, the Marshal of Cai. The men of Zheng were all delighted; only Zichan did not join in, saying: “A small state without civil virtue but with military success has no greater disaster. The people of Chu will come to punish us; can we help but obey? If we obey, the army of Jin will surely come.

晉、楚伐鄭，自今鄭國不四五年，弗得寧矣。”子國怒之曰：“爾何知？國有大命，而有正卿。童子言焉，將為戮矣。”

(Zichan continued:) If Jin and Chu attack Zheng, from now on Zheng will not have peace for four or five years.” Ziguo was angry with him and said: “What do you know? The state has its great mandate and has its chief minister. A child has come to speak; he is about to be killed.”

五月甲辰，會於邢丘，以命朝聘之數，使諸侯之大夫聽命。季孫宿、齊高厚、宋向戌、衛寧殖、邾大夫會之。鄭伯獻捷於會，故親聽命。大夫不書，尊晉侯也。

In the fifth month, on the day jiachen, they met at Xingqiu to set the rules for court and diplomatic visits and to have the grandees of the lords receive orders. Ji Sunsu, Gao Hou of Qi, Xiang Xu of Song, Ning Zhi of Wei, and a grandee of Zhu attended. The Earl of Zheng presented captives at the meeting, and so personally heard the orders. The names of the grandees are not recorded in the Annals, out of respect for the Marquis of Jin.

莒人伐我東鄙，以疆鄫田。

The men of Ju attacked our eastern border to fix the boundary of the fields of Zeng.

秋九月，大雩，旱也。

In autumn, in the ninth month, the great rain sacrifice was held because of drought.

冬，楚子囊伐鄭，討其侵蔡也。

In winter, Zinang of Chu attacked Zheng to punish it for raiding Cai.

子駟、子國、子耳欲從楚，子孔、子蟜、子展欲待晉。子駟曰：“《周詩》有之曰：‘俟河之清，人壽幾何？兆雲詢多，職競作羅。’謀之多族，民之多違，事滋無成。民急矣，姑從楚以紓吾民。晉師至，吾又從之。敬共幣帛，以待來者，小國之道也。犠牲玉帛，待於二競，以待強者而庇民焉。寇不為害，民不罷病，不亦可乎？”子展曰：“小所以事大，信也。小國無信，兵亂日至，亡無日矣。

Zisi, Ziguo and Ziernang wished to follow Chu, while Zikong, Zijiao and Zizhan wished to wait for Jin. Zisi said: “There is a saying in the Odes of Zhou: ‘Wait for the Yellow River to run clear, and how long would a person's life be? Consulting the omens too many times only means competing to weave a net.’ When many clans make plans and many of the people disagree, matters become even less likely to be accomplished. The people are in distress, so let us for now follow Chu to ease our people. When the army of Jin arrives, we shall follow Jin again. Respectfully preparing gifts of silk and waiting for whoever comes is the path of a small state. We will place the sacrificial victims and jade and silk at both borders and wait for the strong to protect our people. If the raiders cannot do harm and the people are not exhausted and sick, would that not also be acceptable?” Zizhan said: “The reason a small state serves a great state is good faith. If a small state lacks good faith, military disorder will come every day, and its destruction will not be many days away.

五會之信，今將背之，雖楚救我，將安用之？親我無成，鄙我是欲，不可從也。

(Zizhan continued:) The good faith of five meetings is now about to be abandoned; even if Chu rescues us, what use will that be? If they treat us as friends but cannot accomplish anything, what they want is to treat us as a border town, and we must not obey.

不如待晉。晉君方明，四軍無闕，八卿和睦，必不棄鄭。楚師遼遠，糧食將盡，必將速歸，何患焉？舍之聞之：‘杖莫如信。’完守以老楚，杖信以待晉，不亦可乎？”子駟曰：“《詩》云：‘謀夫孔多，是用不集。發言盈庭，誰敢執其咎？如匪行邁謀，是用不得於道。’請從楚，騑也受其咎。”乃及楚平。

(Zizhan continued:) It is better to wait for Jin. The ruler of Jin is at this time discerning, the four armies have no vacancies, and the eight ministers are in harmony, so they will surely not abandon Zheng. The army of Chu has a long road and its provisions are about to run out, so it will surely go home soon; what is there to worry about? I, She, have heard: ‘There is nothing better to rely on than good faith.’ Perfecting our defenses to wear out the Chu army and relying on good faith to wait for Jin; would that not also be acceptable?” Zisi said: “The Odes say: ‘Too many people offer counsel, and so it cannot succeed. Speeches fill the courtyard, but who dares take responsibility for the fault? It is like consulting people about a road without walking it, and so one cannot find the right way.’ Please follow Chu, and I, Fei, will take responsibility for the fault.” So they made peace with Chu.

使王子伯駢告於晉，曰：“君命敝邑：‘修而車賦，儆而師徒，以討亂略。’蔡人不從，敝邑之人，不敢寧處，悉索敝賦，以討於蔡，獲司馬燮，獻於邢丘。

They sent Prince Bopian to inform Jin, saying: “The king commanded our humble state: ‘Put your chariot levies in order and alert your troops, in order to punish disorder and encroachment.’ The people of Cai would not comply, and the people of our humble state dared not rest, exhausted the military levies of our humble state, attacked Cai, captured the Marshal Xie, and presented him at Xingqiu.

今楚來討曰：‘女何故稱兵於蔡？’焚我郊保，馮陵我城郭。敝邑之眾，夫婦男女，不皇啟處，以相救也。翦焉傾覆，無所控告。民死亡者，非其父兄，即其子弟，夫人愁痛，不知所庇。民知窮困，而受盟於楚，狐也與其二三臣不能禁止。

(Bopian continued:) Now Chu has come to attack, saying: ‘Why did you use troops against Cai?’ They burned the forts in our outskirts and encroached upon our walls. The people of our humble state, husbands and wives, men and women, have no leisure to rest and rescue one another. As if being cut down and overturned, we have nowhere to appeal. Of the people who have died, if not fathers and elder brothers, then sons and younger brothers; everyone grieves and does not know where to find shelter. The people knew that they were in distress and accepted the covenant in Chu, and I and several ministers could not prevent it.

不敢不告。”知武子使行人子員對之曰：“君有楚命，亦不使一介行李告於寡君，而即安於楚。君之所欲也，誰敢違君？寡君將帥諸侯以見於城下，唯君圖之！”晉範宣子來聘，且拜公之辱，告將用師於鄭。公享之，宣子賦《摽有梅》。

(Bopian continued:) We dare not fail to inform you.” Zhi Wuzi had the envoy Ziyuan reply: “The king had a command from Chu and did not even send a single messenger to inform my lord, but immediately settled with Chu. That was the king's wish; who would dare to oppose the king? My lord will lead the lords to meet beneath your walls; please consider this!” Fan Xuanzi of Jin came on a visit and also thanked Duke Xiang for the honor of his visit and announced that troops would be used against Zheng. Duke Xiang gave a banquet in his honor, and Xuanzi recited the ode “The Plums Are Falling”.

季武子曰：“誰敢哉！今譬於草木，寡君在君，君之臭味也。歡以承命，何時之有？”武子賦《角弓》。賓將出，武子賦《彤弓》。宣子曰：“城濮之役，我先君文公獻功于衡雍，受彤弓於襄王，以為子孫藏。匄也，先君守官之嗣也，敢不承命？”君子以為知禮。

Ji Wuzi said: “Who would dare not to be timely! Now, comparing to plants and trees, my lord stands to your lord as his fragrance and savor. We gladly receive the command; what question of time is there?” Wuzi recited “The Horn Bow”. When the guest was about to leave, Wuzi recited “The Red Bow”. Xuanzi said: “In the battle of Chengpu, our former lord Duke Wen presented his merit at Hengyong and received the red bow from King Xiang, which was left to his descendants to keep. I, Gai, am the descendant of an official who kept his post under the former lord; how dare I not accept the command?” The gentleman considered him to know ritual.

【經】九年春，宋災。夏，季孫宿如晉。五月辛酉，夫人姜氏薨。秋八月癸未，葬我小君穆姜。冬，公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯，小邾子、齊世子光伐鄭。十有二月己亥，同盟於戲。楚子伐鄭。

[Classic] In the ninth year, in spring, there was a fire in Song. In summer, Ji Sunsu went to Jin. In the fifth month, on the day xinyou, the Lady Jiang died. In autumn, in the eighth month, on the day guiwei, our lesser sovereign Mu Jiang was buried. In winter, Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, the Viscount of Little Zhu, and Guang, the heir of Qi, in attacking Zheng. In the twelfth month, on the day jihai, they made a covenant together at Xi. The Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng.

【傳】九年春，宋災。樂喜為司城以為政。使伯氏司裡，火所未至，徹小屋，塗大屋；陳畚挶，具綆缶，備水器；量輕重，蓄水潦，積土塗；巡丈城，繕守備，表火道。使華臣具正徒，令隧正納郊保，奔火所。使華閱討右官，官庀其司。

[Commentary] In the ninth year, in spring, there was a fire in Song. Yue Xi was Minister of Works in charge. He had Bo Shi take charge of the lanes; in the places the fire had not yet reached, small houses were pulled down and large houses were plastered with mud. Baskets and earth-carrying tools were laid out, well ropes and pottery jars were prepared, and water containers were readied; weights were estimated, flood water stored, and earth piled up; the city walls were inspected, defenses repaired, and the paths for fire marked. Hua Chen was ordered to prepare laborers, and the Suizheng was ordered to hand over the troops of the outlying forts and send them to where the fire was. Hua Yue was made to supervise the subordinate officials of the Right Master, and the officials prepared their respective duties.

向戌討左，亦如之。使樂遄庀刑器，亦如之。使皇鄖命校正出馬，工正出車，備甲兵，庀武守。使西鉏吾庀府守。令司宮、巷伯儆宮。二師令四鄉正敬享，祝宗用馬於四墉，祀盤庚於西門之外。

Xiang Xu supervised the Left Master in the same way. Yue Chuan was made to prepare the instruments of punishment, likewise. Huang Yun was ordered to have the horses checked and brought out, the Master of Works to bring out the chariots, and to prepare armor and weapons and put in order the duties of military preparedness. Xi Chuwu was made to put the treasury and armory in order. The Directors of the Palace and the Lane Eunuchs were ordered to guard the palace. The two Masters ordered the four district heads to perform the sacrifices reverently, and the ancestral invocators sacrificed horses on the four sides of the city walls and sacrificed to Pangeng outside the west gate.

晉侯問於士弱曰：“吾聞之，宋災，於是乎知有天道。何故？”對曰：“古之火正，或食於心，或食於咮，以出內火。是故咮為鶉火，心為大火。陶唐氏之火正閼伯居商丘，祀大火，而火紀時焉。相土因之，故商主大火。商人閱其禍敗之釁，必始於火，是以日知其有天道也。”公曰：“可必乎？”對曰：“在道。國亂無象，不可知也。”

The Marquis of Jin asked Shi Ruo: “I have heard that when there was a fire in Song, one knows from this that there is a Way of Heaven. What is the reason?” He replied: “In ancient times the Fire Officials either offered joint sacrifice to the Heart star or to the Beak star, in order to bring forth and put away the Great Fire. Therefore the Beak is the Quail Fire, and the Heart is the Great Fire. Ebo, the Fire Official of the House of Taotang, lived in Shangqiu and sacrificed to the Great Fire, using fire to mark time. Xiangtu continued this, and so the Shang took the Great Fire as their principal star. The people of Shang observed the gaps in disasters and defeats, and always started from fire; therefore it is now known that there is a Way of Heaven.” The Marquis of Jin said: “Can this be certain?” He replied: “It lies in the Way. When the state is in disorder, there are no omens and one cannot know.”

夏，季武子如晉，報宣子之聘也。

In summer, Ji Wuzi went to Jin to return Xuanzi's visit.

穆姜薨於東宮。始往而筮之，遇《艮》之八ⅶⅶ。史曰：“是謂《艮》之《隨》ⅷⅲ。《隨》其出也。君必速也。”姜曰：“亡。是於《周易》曰：‘《隨》，元亨利貞，無咎。’元，體之長也；亨，嘉之會也；利，義之和也；貞，事之幹也。體仁足以長人，嘉德足以合禮，利物足以和義，貞固足以幹事，然，故不可誣也，是以雖《隨》無咎。今我婦人而與於亂。固在下位而有不仁，不可謂元。不靖國家，不可謂亨。作而害身，不可謂利。棄位而姣，不可謂貞。

Mu Jiang died in the Eastern Palace. When she first went in there, a divination by milfoil was made for it and she got the Gen hexagram in the eighth line. The scribe said: “This is called Gen changing to Sui. Sui means to go out. My lady will surely go out soon.” Jiang said: “Not so. This is what the Book of Changes says: ‘Sui: primal, penetrating, beneficial and correct, without blame.’ Primal is the head of the body; penetrating is the gathering of what is excellent; beneficial is the harmony of righteousness; correct is the trunk of affairs. To embody benevolence suffices to be the head of others; excellent virtue suffices to accord with ritual; benefiting things suffices to harmonize righteousness; and being correct and firm suffices to be the trunk of affairs. Such a person cannot be deceived, and so even in Sui there is no blame. Now I am a woman yet took part in causing disorder. I was originally in a low position yet was not benevolent, and cannot be called primal. I could not bring peace to the state, and cannot be called penetrating. I rose up but harmed myself, and cannot be called beneficial. I abandoned my position yet adorned myself, and cannot be called correct.

有四德者，《隨》而無咎。我皆無之，豈《隨》也哉？我則取惡，能無咎乎？必死於此，弗得出矣。”

(Mu Jiang continued:) Only those who have these four virtues find Sui without blame. I have none of them; how could it still be Sui? I brought evil on myself; can I be without blame? I will surely die here and will not be able to go out.”

秦景公使士雃乞師於楚，將以伐晉，楚子許之。子囊曰：“不可。當今吾不能與晉爭。晉君類能而使之，舉不失選，官不易方。其卿讓於善，其大夫不失守，其士競於教，其庶人力於農穡。商工皂隸，不知遷業。韓厥老矣，知罃稟焉以為政。範匄少於中行偃而上之，使佐中軍。韓起少於欒黶，而欒黶、士魴上之，使佐上軍。魏絳多功，以趙武為賢而為之佐。君明臣忠，上讓下競。當是時也，晉不可敵，事之而後可。君其圖之！”王曰：“吾既許之矣。雖不及晉，必將出師。”秋，楚子師於武城以為秦援。秦人侵晉，晉飢，弗能報也。

Duke Jing of Qin sent Shi Ya to Chu to ask for troops in order to attack Jin, and the Viscount of Chu agreed. Zinang said: “It will not do. We cannot now contend with Jin. The ruler of Jin employs people by their category of talent, promotes without losing those he has chosen, and does not change the proper way in official posts. The ministers yield to the good, the grandees do not lose their duties, the officers compete in instruction, and the common people devote effort to farming. Merchants, artisans and menials do not know how to change their trades. Han Jue has retired due to age, and Zhi Ying has succeeded him in government. Fan Gai, though younger than Zhonghang Yan, is above him, and has him assist the Central Army. Han Qi is younger than Luan Yan, but Luan Yan and Shi Fang let him be above them, and he assists the Upper Army. Wei Jiang has great merit but, because Zhao Wu is worthy, serves as his assistant. The ruler is enlightened and the ministers loyal, those above yield and those below compete in merit. At this time Jin cannot be resisted, and only after serving it will things be right. Please consider this, my king!” The King of Chu said: “I have already agreed. Even if we cannot match Jin, we must send troops.” In autumn, the Viscount of Chu stationed troops at Wucheng as backup for Qin. The men of Qin raided Jin; Jin was in famine and could not retaliate.

冬十月，諸侯伐鄭。庚午，季武子、齊崔杼、宋皇鄖從荀罃、士匄門於鄟門。衛北宮括、曹人、邾人從荀偃、韓起門於師之梁。滕人、薛人從欒黶、士魴門於北門。杞人、郳人從趙武、魏絳斬行栗。甲戌，師於汜，令於諸侯曰：“修器備，盛餱糧，歸老幼，居疾於虎牢，肆眚，圍鄭。”鄭人恐，乃行成。中行獻子曰：“遂圍之，以待楚人之救也而與之戰。不然，無成。”知武子曰：“許之盟而還師，以敝楚人。吾三分四軍，與諸侯之銳以逆來者，於我未病，楚不能矣，猶愈於戰。暴骨以逞，不可以爭。大勞未艾。君子勞心，小人勞力，先王之制也”諸侯皆不欲戰，乃許鄭成。十一月己亥，同盟於戲，鄭服也。

In winter, in the tenth month, the lords attacked Zheng. On the day gengwu, Ji Wuzi, Cui Zhu of Qi and Huang Yun of Song followed Xun Ying and Shi Gai in attacking the Zhuan Gate. Bei Gongkuo of Wei and the men of Cao and Zhu followed Xun Yan and Han Qi in attacking the Bridge of Shi. The men of Teng and Xue followed Luan Yan and Shi Fang in attacking the North Gate. The men of Qi and Ni followed Zhao Wu and Wei Jiang in cutting down the chestnut trees along the road. On the day jiaxu, they encamped at Si and gave orders to the lords: “Repair your equipment and weapons, load your dry provisions, send the old and young home, let the sick stay at Hulao, pardon those with faults, and besiege Zheng.” The men of Zheng were afraid and sought peace. Zhonghang Xianzi said: “Let us besiege them as we are and wait for the men of Chu to come to the rescue, and then fight them. Otherwise there is no real peace.” Zhi Wuzi said: “Let us agree to make a covenant and withdraw the army, in order to wear out the men of Chu. We divide our four armies into three parts and meet those who come with the elite troops of the lords; while we are not yet worn out, Chu will not be able to, which is better than fighting. Exposing corpses to the wild for the sake of satisfaction is not something to contend for. The great labor is not yet over. The gentleman labors with his mind and the small man with his strength; this is the institution of the former kings.” None of the lords wanted to fight, and so they allowed Zheng to make peace. In the eleventh month, on the day jihai, they made a covenant together at Xi, and Zheng submitted.

將盟，鄭六卿公子騑、公子發、公子嘉、公孫輒、公孫蠆、公孫舍之及其大夫、門子皆從鄭伯。晉士莊子為載書，曰：“自今日既盟之後，鄭國而不唯晉命是聽，而或有異志者，有如此盟。”公子騑趨進曰：“天禍鄭國，使介居二大國之間。大國不加德音而亂以要之，使其鬼神不獲歆其禋祀，其民人不獲享其土利，夫婦辛苦墊隘，無所底告。自今日既盟之後，鄭國而不唯有禮與強可以庇民者是從，而敢有異志者，亦如之。”荀偃曰：“改載書。”公孫舍之曰：“昭大神，要言焉。若可改也，大國亦可叛也。”知武子謂獻子曰：“我實不德，而要人以盟，豈禮也哉！非禮，何以主盟？姑盟而退，修德息師而來，終必獲鄭，何必今日？我之不德，民將棄我，豈唯鄭？若能休和，遠人將至，何恃於鄭？”乃盟而還。

When the covenant was about to be made, the six ministers of Zheng, Prince Fei, Prince Fa, Prince Jia, Gongsun Zhe, Gongsun Chai and Gongsun She Zhi, together with the grandees and the sons of the gate, all followed the Earl of Zheng. Shi Zhuangzi of Jin drafted the covenant text, saying: “From the day of this covenant onward, if Zheng does not listen only to the commands of Jin but has other plans, it shall be as this covenant says.” Prince Fei hurried forward and said: “Heaven has sent misfortune on Zheng and made it lie between two great states. The great states do not give good words but bind us with disorder, so that its spirits cannot receive offerings, its people cannot enjoy the benefits of the land, and husbands and wives toil in distress with nowhere to appeal. From the day of this covenant onward, if Zheng does not follow only the one who has ritual propriety and is strong enough to protect the people, and dares to have other plans, it shall be likewise.” Xun Yan said: “Change the text of the covenant.” Gongsun She Zhi said: “We have already announced it to the great spirits and fixed the words. If it can be changed, then a great state can also be betrayed.” Zhi Wuzi said to Xianzi: “We have truly not cultivated virtue, yet we bind others with a covenant; is that ritual! If it is not ritual, how can we preside over a covenant? Let us make the covenant and withdraw, cultivate virtue and rest the army, and come again; in the end we will surely win Zheng, so why need it be today? If we do not cultivate virtue, the people will abandon us, and not only Zheng. If we can be good and harmonious, people from afar will come; why rely on Zheng?” So they made the covenant and went back.

晉人不得志於鄭，以諸侯復伐之。十二月癸亥，門其三門。閏月，戊寅，濟於陰阪，侵鄭。次於陰口而還。子孔曰：“晉師可擊也，師老而勞，且有歸志，必大克之。”子展曰：“不可。”

The men of Jin did not get their way in Zheng and led the lords to attack again. In the twelfth month, on the day guihai, they attacked its three city gates. In the intercalary month, on the day wuyin, they crossed the river at Yinban and raided Zheng. They camped at Yinkou and then went back. Zikong said: “The army of Jin can be attacked; the troops are exhausted and weary and have a mind to go home, so we are sure to win a great victory.” Zizhan said: “No.”

公送晉侯。晉侯以公宴於河上，問公年，季武子對曰：“會於沙隨之歲，寡君以生。”晉侯曰：“十二年矣！是謂一終，一星終也。國君十五而生子。冠而生子，禮也，君可以冠矣！大夫盍為冠具？”武子對曰：“君冠，必以祼享之禮行之，以金石之樂節之，以先君之祧處之。今寡君在行，未可具也。請及兄弟之國而假備焉。”晉侯曰：“諾。”公還，及衛，冠於成公之廟，假鐘磬焉，禮也。

Duke Xiang saw off the Marquis of Jin. The Marquis of Jin feasted with Duke Xiang by the Yellow River and asked Duke Xiang's age. Ji Wuzi answered: “The year of the meeting at Shasui was the year my lord was born.” The Marquis of Jin said: “Twelve years! This is called one full cycle, the period of one star. A ruler has a son at fifteen. To have a son after the capping ceremony is proper; the king may hold his capping ceremony! Why do the grandees not prepare the implements for the capping ceremony?” Wuzi replied: “When a ruler holds the capping ceremony, he must use the libation ritual, regulate it with the music of bells and stone chimes, and hold it in the ancestral temple of the former lord. Now my lord is traveling and cannot prepare it. Please wait until we reach a fraternal state and borrow the implements.” The Marquis of Jin said: “Good.” When Duke Xiang returned and reached Wei, he held the capping ceremony in the temple of Duke Cheng, borrowing bells and stone chimes, which accorded with ritual propriety.

楚子伐鄭，子駟將及楚平。子孔、子蟜曰：“與大國盟，口血未乾而背之，可乎？”子駟、子展曰：“吾盟固云：‘唯強是從。’今楚師至，晉不我救，則楚強矣。盟誓之言，豈敢背之？且要盟無質，神弗臨也，所臨唯信。信者，言之瑞也，善之主也，是故臨之。明神不蠲要盟，背之可也。”乃及楚平。公子罷戎入盟，同盟於中分。

The Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng, and Zisi was about to make peace with Chu. Zikong and Zijiao said: “We made a covenant with a great state, and before the blood on our lips has dried we break it; is that acceptable?” Zisi and Zizhan said: “Our covenant originally said: ‘Follow only the strong.’ Now the Chu army has arrived and Jin does not rescue us, so Chu is the strong one. The words of an oath, how would we dare to break them? Moreover, a covenant made under coercion has no witness, and the spirits do not come down. What they come down to is only good faith. Good faith is the auspicious sign of words and the master of what is good, and so the spirits come down for it. The bright spirits do not regard a covenant made under coercion as pure, and breaking it is acceptable.” So they made peace with Chu. Prince Bi Rong went in and made the covenant, and they made the covenant together at Zhongfen.

楚莊夫人卒，王未能定鄭而歸。

The Lady Zhuang of Chu died, and the King of Chu went back without having settled Zheng.

晉侯歸，謀所以息民。魏絳請施捨，輸積聚以貸。自公以下，苟有積者，盡出之。國無滯積，亦無困人。公無禁利，亦無貪民。祈以幣更，賓以特牲，器用不作，車服從給。行之期年，國乃有節。三駕而楚不能與爭。

The Marquis of Jin went back and discussed ways to let the people rest. Wei Jiang asked to give relief, lending out what had been accumulated. From the duke downward, those who had savings brought them all out. The state had no stagnant hoards and no one in want. The ducal house had no prohibited profits, and the people were not greedy. For prayers they used silk instead of sacrificial animals, for banquets for guests they used a single animal, no new implements were made, and chariots and clothing were just enough. After one year of this, the state had its measure. In three campaigns Chu could not contend with it.

【經】十年春，公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子、齊世子光會吳於柤。夏，五月甲午，遂滅偪陽。公至自會。楚公子貞、鄭公孫輒帥師伐宋。晉師伐秦。秋，莒人伐我東鄙。公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、齊世子光、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子伐鄭。冬，盜殺鄭公子騑、公子發、公孫輒。戍鄭虎牢。楚公子貞帥師救鄭。公至自伐鄭。

[Classic] In the tenth year, in spring, Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, the Viscount of Little Zhu, and Guang, the heir of Qi, in meeting Wu at Zha. In summer, in the fifth month, on the day jiawu, they then destroyed Biyang. Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. Prince Zhen of Chu and Gongsun Zhe of Zheng led an army to attack Song. The army of Jin attacked Qin. In autumn, the men of Ju attacked our eastern border. Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, Guang, the heir of Qi, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhu in attacking Zheng. In winter, bandits killed Prince Fei, Prince Fa and Gongsun Zhe of Zheng. Hulao of Zheng was garrisoned. Prince Zhen of Chu led an army to rescue Zheng. Duke Xiang returned from attacking Zheng.

【傳】十年春，會於柤，會吳子壽夢也。三月癸丑，齊高厚相大子光以先會諸侯於鍾離，不敬。士莊子曰：“高子相大子以會諸侯，將社稷是衛，而皆不敬，棄社稷也，其將不免乎！”夏四月戊午，會於柤。

[Commentary] In the tenth year, in spring, the meeting at Zha was a meeting with Shoumeng, the Viscount of Wu. In the third month, on the day guichou, Gao Hou of Qi served as master of ceremonies for Crown Prince Guang and first met the lords at Zhongli, and was not respectful. Shi Zhuangzi said: “Gao Zi serves as master of ceremonies for the crown prince to meet the lords, which is to guard the altars of the state, yet all are disrespectful; this is abandoning the altars of the state, and he will probably not escape!” In summer, in the fourth month, on the day wuwu, they met at Zha.

晉荀偃、士匄請伐偪陽，而封宋向戌焉。荀罃曰：“城小而固，勝之不武，弗勝為笑。”固請。丙寅，圍之，弗克。孟氏之臣秦堇父輦重如役。偪陽人啟門，諸侯之士門焉。縣門發，郰人紇抉之以出門者。狄虒彌建大車之輪而蒙之以甲以為櫓，左執之，右拔戟，以成一隊。孟獻子曰：“《詩》所謂‘有力如虎’者也。”主人縣布，堇父登之，及堞而絕之。隊則又縣之，蘇而復上者三。主人辭焉，乃退，帶其斷以徇于軍三日。

Xun Yan and Shi Gai of Jin asked to attack Biyang and give it to Xiang Xu of Song. Xun Ying said: “The city is small but strong; to win would be no valor, and not to win would be a laughing stock.” They insisted on their request. On the day bingyin, they besieged it but could not take it. Qin Jinfu, a retainer of the Meng clan, pulled a supply cart to the army. The men of Biyang opened the city gate, and the troops of the lords attacked the gate. The portcullis was dropped, and Zou Ren He held it up and let out those inside the gate. Di Simi stood up the wheels of a large cart, covered them with armor to serve as a great shield, held it in his left hand and drew a halberd with his right, forming a unit by himself. Meng Xianzi said: “This is the man the Odes speak of as ‘strong as a tiger.’” The people in the city let down a cloth, and Jinfu climbed up it; when he reached the parapet they cut the cloth. He fell down, and they let it down again; after he came to, he climbed up again, and this happened three times. The defenders addressed him, and only then did he withdraw, carrying the cut piece of cloth and going around the army for three days.

諸侯之師久於偪陽，荀偃、士匄請於荀罃曰：“水潦將降，懼不能歸，請班師。”知伯怒，投之以機，出於其間，曰：“女成二事而後告餘。餘恐亂命，以不女違。女既勤君而興諸侯，牽帥老夫以至於此，既無武守，而又欲易餘罪，曰：‘是實班師，不然克矣’。餘贏老也，可重任乎？七日不克，必爾乎取之！”五月庚寅，荀偃、士匄帥卒攻偪陽，親受矢石。甲午，滅之。書曰“遂滅偪陽”，言自會也。以與向戌，向戌辭曰：“君若猶辱鎮撫宋國，而以偪陽光啟寡君，群臣安矣，其何貺如之？若專賜臣，是臣興諸侯以自封也，其何罪大焉？敢以死請。”

The armies of the lords had been at Biyang for a long time, and Xun Yan and Shi Gai asked Xun Ying: “The rain is about to come, and we fear we may not be able to go back; please withdraw the army.” Zhibo grew angry, threw a crossbow trigger at them, and it passed between them. He said: “Accomplish these two things and then tell me. I feared disrupting the command, and so I did not oppose you. You have already troubled the ruler and mobilized the lords, and dragged this old man here; you have no post of valor and yet want to shift the blame onto me, saying: ‘In fact this man withdrew the army, or else it would have been taken.’ I am old; can I bear it again? If it is not taken in seven days, I will surely take your heads from you!” In the fifth month, on the day gengyin, Xun Yan and Shi Gai led the troops to attack Biyang and personally faced arrows and stones. On the day jiawu, they destroyed it. The Annals records “then destroyed Biyang,” meaning it was done right after the meeting. It was given to Xiang Xu, who declined, saying: “If the king, further honoring us with a visit, pacifies Song and uses Biyang to enlarge and open up my lord, then we ministers will be at ease; what reward is there like this? If it is given exclusively to me, then I have mobilized the lords to seek a fief for myself; is there any greater offense than that? I dare to request, at the risk of death, to decline.”

乃予宋公。

So it was given to the Duke of Song.

宋公享晉侯於楚丘，請以《桑林》。荀罃辭。荀偃、士匄曰：“諸侯宋、魯，於是觀禮。魯有禘樂，賓祭用之。宋以《桑林》享君，不亦可乎？”舞，師題以旌夏，晉侯懼而退入於房。去旌，卒享而還。及著雍，疾。卜，桑林見。荀偃、士匄欲奔請禱焉。荀罃不可，曰：“我辭禮矣，彼則以之。猶有鬼神，於彼加之。”

The Duke of Song held a banquet for the Marquis of Jin at Chuqiu and asked to use the music “Sang Lin”. Xun Ying declined. Xun Yan and Shi Gai said: “Among the lords, Song and Lu are here to observe ritual. Lu has the di music, used in feasts and sacrifices. If Song uses “Sang Lin” to entertain a ruler, would that not also be acceptable?” When the dancing started, the music master marked it with a large banner, and the Marquis of Jin was afraid and withdrew into a room. The banner was removed, and after the banquet was over they went back. On reaching Zhuyong, he fell ill. A divination was made, and the spirit of Sang Lin appeared. Xun Yan and Shi Gai wanted to hurry back to pray. Xun Ying did not agree, saying: “I have already declined the ritual; it was they who used it. If there are still spirits, let it fall on them.”

晉侯有間，以偪陽子歸，獻於武宮，謂之夷俘。偪陽妘姓也。使周內史選其族嗣，納諸霍人，禮也。

When the Marquis of Jin recovered, he took the Viscount of Biyang back, presented him at the Martial Temple, and called him an Yi captive. Biyang was of the Yun surname. He had the Grand Scribe of Zhou select a successor from his clan and settled him at Huoren, which accorded with ritual propriety.

師歸，孟獻子以秦堇父為右。生秦丕茲，事仲尼。

When the army went back, Meng Xianzi made Qin Jinfu his chariot guard on the right. He had a son, Qin Pizi, who served Zhongni (Confucius).

六月，楚子囊、鄭子耳伐宋，師於訾毋。庚午，圍宋，門於桐門。

In the sixth month, Zinang of Chu and Ziernang of Zheng attacked Song and encamped at Zimu. On the day gengwu, they besieged Song and attacked the Tong Gate.

晉荀罃伐秦，報其侵也。

Xun Ying of Jin attacked Qin in retaliation for its raid.

衛侯救宋，師於襄牛。鄭子展曰：“必伐衛，不然，是不與楚也。得罪於晉，又得罪於楚，國將若之何？”子駟曰：“國病矣！”子展曰：“得罪於二大國，必亡。病不猶愈於亡乎？”諸大夫皆以為然。故鄭皇耳帥師侵衛，楚令也。孫文子卜追之，獻兆於定姜。姜氏問繇。曰：“兆如山陵，有夫出征，而喪其雄。”

The Marquis of Wei rescued Song and encamped at Xiangniu. Zizhan of Zheng said: “We must attack Wei, or else we would not be allied with Chu. If we offend Jin and also offend Chu, what will the state do?” Zisi said: “The state is worn out!” Zizhan said: “To offend two great states means certain destruction. Is being worn out not better than being destroyed?” The grandees all thought this was right. And so Huang Er of Zheng led an army to raid Wei, on the orders of Chu. Sun Wenzi divined about pursuit and presented the omen to Ding Jiang. Lady Jiang asked about the verse. It said: “The omen looks like a mountain; a man goes on campaign but loses his hero.”

姜氏曰：“徵者喪雄，禦寇之利也。大夫圖之！”衛人追之，孫蒯獲鄭皇耳於犬丘。

Lady Jiang said: “That the one who goes on campaign loses his hero is auspicious for resisting the bandits. Think it over, grandee!” The men of Wei pursued, and Sun Kuai captured Huang Er of Zheng at Quanqiu.

秋七月，楚子囊、鄭子耳伐我西鄙。還，圍蕭，八月丙寅，克之。九月，子耳侵宋北鄙。孟獻子曰：“鄭其有災乎！師競已甚。周猶不堪競，況鄭乎？有災，其執政之三士乎！”莒人間諸侯之有事也，故伐我東鄙。

In autumn, in the seventh month, Zinang of Chu and Ziernang of Zheng attacked our western border. Going back, they besieged Xiao and took it on the day bingyin in the eighth month. In the ninth month, Zier raided the northern border of Song. Meng Xianzi said: “Zheng will probably have a calamity! The military contention has already gone too far. Even Zhou could not bear contention, how much less Zheng? The calamity will probably befall the three in power!” The men of Ju took advantage of the lords being occupied, and so attacked our eastern border.

諸侯伐鄭。齊崔杼使大子光先至於師，故長於滕。己酉，師於牛首。

The lords attacked Zheng. Cui Zhu of Qi had Crown Prince Guang arrive at the army first, and so he ranked ahead of Teng. On the day jiyou, they encamped at Niushou.

初，子駟與尉止有爭，將御諸侯之師而黜其車。尉止獲，又與之爭。子駟抑尉止曰：“爾車，非禮也。”遂弗使獻。初，子駟為田洫，司氏、堵氏、侯氏、子師氏皆喪田焉，故五族聚群不逞之人，因公子之徒以作亂。於是子駟當國，子國為司馬，子耳為司空，子孔為司徒。冬十月戊辰，尉止、司臣、侯晉、堵女父、子師僕帥賊以入，晨攻執政於西宮之朝，殺子駟、子國、子耳，劫鄭伯以如北宮。

Earlier, Zisi had a dispute with Wei Zhi, and when about to resist the armies of the lords he reduced Wei Zhi's chariots. Wei Zhi captured some prisoners, and Zisi again contested it with him. Zisi suppressed Wei Zhi, saying: “Your chariots are not in accord with ritual.” So he did not let him present the captives. Earlier, when Zisi opened irrigation ditches in the fields, the Si, Du, Hou and Zishi clans all lost fields, and so the five clans gathered a group of the disaffected and rebelled with the help of the princes' partisans. At this time Zisi was in charge of state affairs, Ziguo was Marshal, Zier was Minister of Works, and Zikong was Minister of the Masses. In winter, in the tenth month, on the day wuchen, Wei Zhi, Si Chen, Hou Jin, Du Nufu and Zishi Pu led a band of assassins in, attacked the officials of government at court in the Western Palace in the morning, killed Zisi, Ziguo and Zier, and carried off the Earl of Zheng to the Northern Palace.

子孔知之，故不死。書曰“盜”，言無大夫焉。

Zikong knew in advance and so did not die. The Annals records “bandits,” meaning that there was no grandee among them.

子西聞盜，不儆而出，屍而追盜，盜入於北宮，乃歸授甲。臣妾多逃，器用多喪。子產聞盜，為門者，庀群司，閉府庫，慎閉藏，完守備，成列而後出，兵車十七乘，屍而攻盜於北宮。子蟜帥國人助之，殺尉止，子師僕，盜眾盡死。

When Zixi heard there were bandits, he went out without taking precautions, collected the bodies and then pursued the bandits, who entered the Northern Palace, and only then went back to hand out armor. Many servants and concubines fled and many implements were lost. When Zichan heard there were bandits, he posted gatekeepers, prepared the duties of the various offices, closed the storehouses, carefully shut and hid things, perfected the defenses, and formed ranks before going out, with seventeen chariots, and after collecting the bodies he attacked the bandits at the Northern Palace. Zijiao led the people of the capital to help, and killed Wei Zhi and Zishi Pu, and the whole band of bandits died.

侯晉奔晉。堵女父、司臣、尉翩、司齊奔宋。

Hou Jin fled to Jin. Du Nufu, Si Chen, Wei Pian and Si Qi fled to Song.

子孔當國，為載書，以位序，聽政闢。大夫、諸司、門子弗順，將誅之。子產止之，請為之焚書。子孔不可，曰：“為書以定國，眾怒而焚之，是眾為政也，國不亦難乎？”子產曰：“眾怒難犯，專欲難成，合二難以安國，危之道也。不如焚書以安眾，子得所欲，眾亦得安，不亦可乎？專欲無成，犯眾興禍，子必從之。”乃焚書於倉門之外，眾而後定。

Zikong took charge of state affairs, drafted a covenant text, set out the order of rank, and had them obey the ruler's laws. The grandees, the various officials and the sons of the gate did not comply, and Zikong was about to execute them. Zichan stopped him and asked to burn the covenant text for him. Zikong did not agree, saying: “I drafted the document to bring peace to the state, and if I burn it because the multitude is angry, this is government by the multitude; will it not also be hard for the state?” Zichan said: “The anger of the multitude cannot be offended, and the desire for sole power is hard to achieve; to combine two difficult things in order to bring peace to the state is a dangerous road. It is better to burn the document and calm the multitude; you will get what you want, and the multitude can also be calmed; would that not also be acceptable? The desire for sole power cannot succeed; offending the multitude raises up disaster, so you must listen.” So he burned the document outside the Granary Gate, and the multitude was then calm.

諸侯之師城虎牢而戍之。晉師城梧及制，士魴、魏絳戍之。書曰“戍鄭虎牢”，非鄭地也，言將歸焉。鄭及晉平。楚子囊救鄭。十一月，諸侯之師還鄭而南，至於陽陵，楚師不退。知武子欲退，曰：“今我逃楚，楚必驕，驕則可與戰矣。”

The armies of the lords fortified and garrisoned Hulao. The army of Jin built Wu and Zhi, garrisoned by Shi Fang and Wei Jiang. The Annals records “garrisoned Hulao of Zheng,” which was already no longer Zheng's land at that time, meaning that it would be returned. Zheng made peace with Jin. Zinang of Chu rescued Zheng. In the eleventh month, the armies of the lords went around the Zheng capital to the south and reached Yangling, but the Chu army did not withdraw. Zhi Wuzi wanted to withdraw, saying: “If we now avoid Chu, Chu will surely become arrogant, and once it is arrogant we can fight it.”

欒黶曰：“逃楚，晉之恥也。合諸侯以益恥，不如死！我將獨進。”師遂進。己亥，與楚師夾潁而軍。子矯曰：“諸侯既有成行，必不戰矣。從之將退，不從亦退。退，楚必圍我。猶將退也。不如從楚，亦以退之。”宵涉潁，與楚人盟。欒黶欲伐鄭師，荀罃不可，曰：“我實不能御楚，又不能庇鄭，鄭何罪？不如致怨焉而還。今伐其師，楚必救之，戰而不克，為諸侯笑。克不可命，不如還也！”丁未，諸侯之師還，侵鄭北鄙而歸。楚人亦還。

Luan Yan said: “To avoid Chu is a disgrace for Jin. To assemble the lords and add to the disgrace, it is better to die! I will advance alone.” The army then advanced. On the day jihai, they encamped across the Ying River from the Chu army. Zijiao said: “The lords already have the ranks for going back and surely will not fight. If we obey them they will withdraw, and if we do not obey they will also withdraw. Once they withdraw, Chu will surely besiege us. Since they are going to withdraw anyway, it is better to follow Chu and use that to make them withdraw.” In the night they crossed the Ying River and made a covenant with the men of Chu. (The base text's “Zi Jiao” in another character form is Zijiao.) Luan Yan wanted to attack the Zheng army, but Xun Ying did not agree, saying: “We truly cannot resist Chu and also cannot protect Zheng; what crime has Zheng committed? It is better to send them the resentment and go back. If we attack their army now, Chu will surely rescue them, and if we fight and cannot win, the lords will laugh at us. Victory cannot be assured, so it is better to go back!” On the day dingwei, the armies of the lords went back, raided the northern border of Zheng and returned. The men of Chu also went back.

王叔陳生與伯輿爭政。王右伯輿，王叔陳生怒而出奔。及河，王復之，殺史狡以說焉。不入，遂處之。晉侯使士匄平王室，王叔與伯輿訟焉。王叔之宰與伯輿之大夫瑕禽坐獄於王庭，士匄聽之。王叔之宰曰：“篳門閨竇之人而皆陵其上，其難為上矣！”瑕禽曰：“昔平王東遷，吾七姓從王，牲用備具。王賴之，而賜之騂旄之盟，曰：‘世世無失職。’若篳門閨竇，其能來東底乎？且王何賴焉？今自王叔之相也，政以賄成，而刑放於寵。官之師旅，不勝其富，吾能無篳門閨竇乎？唯大國圖之！下而無直，則何謂正矣？”範宣子曰：“天子所右，寡君亦右之。所左，亦左之。”使王叔氏與伯輿合要，王叔氏不能舉其契。王叔奔晉。

Wangshu Chensheng and Boyu contended for government. The Son of Heaven favored Boyu, and Wangshu Chensheng grew angry and left for another state. When he reached the Yellow River, the Son of Heaven had him return and killed Shi Jiao to explain. He did not enter the city and stayed there. The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Gai to mediate in the royal house, and Wangshu and Boyu contended in a lawsuit. Wangshu's steward and Boyu's grandee Xia Qin confronted each other in the royal court, and Shi Gai heard the case. Wangshu's steward said: “If people from brushwood gates and small doorways all ride above those above them, it will be hard to be those above!” Xia Qin said: “In the past, when King Ping moved east, we seven clans followed the Son of Heaven, and the sacrificial victims and goods were all provided. The Son of Heaven relied on us and gave us a covenant sealed with a red yak tail, saying: ‘Generation after generation you shall not lose your offices.’ If we were people of brushwood gates and small doorways, could we have come east and settled? Moreover, what does the Son of Heaven rely on? Now ever since Wangshu took charge of government, affairs are settled by bribes and punishments are left to the favorites. The troops of the officials are so rich that they cannot bear it; could we have no people of brushwood gates and small doorways? Please consider this, great state! If those below have no justification, what is there to say about what is right?” Fan Xuanzi said: “Whom the Son of Heaven favors, my lord also favors. Whom he does not favor, my lord does not favor either.” He had the Wangshu clan and Boyu confront each other over the wording of the agreement, and the Wangshu clan could not produce the contract. Wangshu fled to Jin.

不書，不告也。單靖公為卿士，以相王室。

The Annals does not record it, because no notice was given. Duke Jing of Shan served as minister of state and assisted the royal house.

【經】十有一年春王正月，作三軍。夏四月，四卜郊，不從，乃不郊。鄭公孫舍之帥師侵宋。公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、齊世子光、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子伐鄭。秋七月己未，同盟於亳城北。公至自伐鄭。楚子、鄭伯伐宋。公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、齊世子光、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子伐鄭，會於蕭魚。公至自會。楚執鄭行人良霄。冬，秦人伐晉。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, three armies were established. In summer, in the fourth month, a divination was made four times for the suburban sacrifice, and none was favorable, and so the suburban sacrifice was not held. Gongsun She Zhi of Zheng led an army to raid Song. Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, Guang, the heir of Qi, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhu in attacking Zheng. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day jiwei, they made a covenant together north of Bocheng. Duke Xiang returned from attacking Zheng. The Viscount of Chu and the Earl of Zheng attacked Song. Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, Guang, the heir of Qi, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhu in attacking Zheng, and met at Xiaoyu. Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. Chu arrested Liang Xiao, the envoy of Zheng. In winter, the men of Qin attacked Jin.

【傳】十一年春，季武子將作三軍，告叔孫穆子曰：“請為三軍，各徵其軍。”

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, in spring, Ji Wuzi was about to establish three armies and told Shusun Muzi: “Let us establish three armies, each levying its own troops.”

穆子曰：“政將及子，子必不能。”武子固請之，穆子曰：“然則盟諸？”乃盟諸僖閎，詛諸五父之衢。

Muzi said: “Government will fall into your hands, and you will surely not be able to bear it.” Wuzi insisted on the request, and Muzi said: “Then shall we make a covenant?” So they made a covenant at the gate of the temple of Duke Xi, and swore curses at the crossroads of Wufu.

正月，作三軍，三分公室而各有其一。三子各毀其乘。李氏使其乘之人，以其役邑入者，無徵；不入者，倍徵。孟氏使半為臣，若子若弟。叔孫氏使盡為臣，不然，不捨。

In the first month, the three armies were established, and the ducal house was divided into three parts, each family taking one. The three families each demolished the private chariots of their own dependents. The Ji clan told those on their chariots that those who came with the cities that provided their service would pay no tax, and those who did not would pay double. (The base text's “Li clan” is the Ji clan.) The Meng clan made half of them its vassals, either the sons or the younger brothers. The Shusun clan made all of them vassals, or else did not incorporate them.

鄭人患晉、楚之故，諸大夫曰：“不從晉，國幾亡。楚弱於晉，晉不吾疾也。

The men of Zheng were worried about Jin and Chu, and the grandees said: “If we do not follow Jin, the state will nearly perish. Chu is weaker than Jin, and Jin is not pressing us.

晉疾，楚將闢之。何為而使晉師致死於我，楚弗敢敵，而後可固與也。”子展曰：“與宋為惡，諸侯必至，吾從之盟。楚師至，吾又從之，則晉怒甚矣。晉能驟來，楚將不能，吾乃固與晉。”大夫說之，使疆埸之司惡於宋。宋向戌侵鄭，大獲。

(The grandees continued:) If Jin presses, Chu will give way. How can we make the army of Jin fight to the death for us, and Chu not dare to oppose it, so that we can then firmly attach ourselves?” Zizhan said: “If we make enemies with Song, the lords will surely come, and we follow them in making a covenant. When the Chu army arrives, we follow Chu again, and Jin's anger will be deep. Jin can come repeatedly, but Chu will not be able to, and so we shall firmly attach ourselves to Jin.” The grandees were pleased and had the border officials do evil to Song. Xiang Xu of Song raided Zheng and captured many prisoners.

子展曰：“師而伐宋可矣。若我伐宋，諸侯之伐我必疾，吾乃聽命焉，且告於楚。

Zizhan said: “It is enough to send troops to attack Song. If we attack Song, the lords will surely attack us urgently, and so we will accept the orders and also inform Chu.

楚師至，吾又與之盟，而重賂晉師，乃免矣。”夏，鄭子展侵宋。

(Zizhan continued:) When the Chu army arrives, we shall again make a covenant with it, and give heavy bribes to the army of Jin, and so we shall be spared.” In summer, Zizhan of Zheng raided Song.

四月，諸侯伐鄭。己亥，齊大子光、宋向戌先至於鄭，門於東門。其莫，晉荀罃至於西郊，東侵舊許。衛孫林父侵其北鄙。六月，諸侯會於北林，師於向，右還，次於瑣，圍鄭。觀兵於南門，西濟於濟隧。鄭人懼，乃行成。

In the fourth month, the lords attacked Zheng. On the day jihai, Crown Prince Guang of Qi and Xiang Xu of Song arrived at Zheng first and attacked the east gate. That evening, Xun Ying of Jin arrived at the western suburb and raided old Xu to the east. Sun Linfu of Wei raided the northern border. In the sixth month, the lords assembled at Beilin, encamped at Xiang, turned to the right and camped at Suo, and besieged Zheng. They reviewed the army at the south gate and crossed the Jisui to the west. The men of Zheng were afraid and then sought peace.

秋七月，同盟於亳。範宣子曰：“不慎，必失諸侯。諸侯道敝而無成，能無貳乎？”乃盟，載書曰：“凡我同盟，毋蘊年，毋壅利，毋保奸，毋留慝，救災患，恤禍亂，同好惡，獎王室。或間茲命，司慎司盟，名山名川，群神群祀，先王先公，七姓十二國之祖，明神殛之，俾失其民，隊命亡氏，踣其國家。”

In autumn, in the seventh month, they made a covenant together at Bo. Fan Xuanzi said: “If we are not careful, we will surely lose the lords. The lords are worn out on the road and have accomplished nothing; can they have no second thoughts?” So they made the covenant, and the text of the covenant said: “All of us in this covenant shall not hoard grain, shall not block profits, shall not shelter the treacherous, shall not conceal evildoers, shall aid those in distress, show sympathy for those in turmoil, share the same likes and dislikes, and support the royal house. If anyone violates this order, the Overseer of Caution, the Overseer of Covenants, the famous mountains and rivers, the many spirits and many sacrifices, the former kings and former dukes, and the ancestors of the seven surnames and twelve states shall slay him, cause him to lose his people, lose his life, destroy his clan, and overturn his state.”

楚子囊乞旅於秦，秦右大夫詹帥師從楚子，將以伐鄭。鄭伯逆之。丙子，伐宋。

Zinang of Chu asked Qin for troops, and the Right Grand Master Zhan of Qin led an army to follow the Viscount of Chu and was about to attack Zheng. The Earl of Zheng went to meet them. On the day bingzi, they attacked Song.

九月，諸侯悉師以復伐鄭。鄭人使良霄、大宰石如楚，告將服於晉，曰：“孤以社稷之故，不能懷君。君若能以玉帛綏晉，不然則武震以攝威之，孤之願也。”楚人執之，書曰“行人”，言使人也。諸侯之師觀兵於鄭東門，鄭人使王子伯駢行成。甲戌，晉趙武入盟鄭伯。冬十月丁亥，鄭子展出盟晉侯。十二月戊寅，會於蕭魚。庚辰，赦鄭囚，皆禮而歸之。納斥候，禁侵掠。晉侯使叔肸告於諸侯。公使臧孫紇對曰：“凡我同盟，小國有罪，大國致討，苟有以藉手，鮮不赦宥。寡君聞命矣。”鄭人賂晉侯以師悝、師觸、師蠲，廣車、軘車淳十五乘，甲兵備，凡兵車百乘，歌鐘二肆，及其鎛磐，女樂二八。

In the ninth month, the lords mobilized all their armies and attacked Zheng again. The men of Zheng sent Liang Xiao and the Grand Steward Shi to Chu to announce that they would submit to Jin, saying: “For the sake of the altars of the state, I cannot keep my longing for the king. If the king can pacify Jin with jade and silk, or else overawe it with military might, that is my wish.” The men of Chu arrested him; the Annals records “envoy,” meaning that he was a messenger. The armies of the lords reviewed their troops at the east gate of Zheng, and the men of Zheng sent Prince Bopian to seek peace. On the day jiaxu, Zhao Wu of Jin entered and made a covenant with the Earl of Zheng. In winter, in the tenth month, on the day dinghai, Zizhan of Zheng went out and made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin. In the twelfth month, on the day wuyin, they met at Xiaoyu. On the day gengchen, the captives of Zheng were pardoned and all sent back with ritual propriety. The scouts were recalled and raiding was forbidden. The Marquis of Jin sent Shu Xi to inform the lords. Duke Xiang sent Zang Sun He to reply: “For all of us in this covenant, if a small state has committed an offense and a great state attacks it, then if it has something to say, there are few cases in which it is not pardoned and forgiven. My lord has heard the command.” The men of Zheng sent as bribes to the Marquis of Jin Shi Kui, Shi Chu and Shi Juan, fifteen pairs of wide chariots and escort chariots, with armor and weapons complete, a hundred war chariots in all, two sets of singing bells with their large bells and stone chimes, and sixteen female musicians. (The base text's “Bo Pan” is Bo Qing.)

晉侯以樂之半賜魏絳，曰：“子教寡人和諸戎狄，以正諸華。八年之中，九合諸侯，如樂之和，無所不諧。請與子樂之。”辭曰：“夫和戎狄，國之福也；八年之中，九合諸侯，諸侯無慝，君之靈也，二三子之勞也，臣何力之有焉？抑臣願君安其樂而思其終也！《詩》曰：‘樂只君子，殿天子之邦。樂只君子，福祿攸同。便蕃左右，亦是帥從。’夫樂以安德，義以處之，禮以行之，信以守之，仁以厲之，而後可以殿邦國，同福祿，來遠人，所謂樂也。《書》曰：‘居安思危。’思則有備，有備無患，敢以此規。”公曰：“子之教，敢不承命。抑微子，寡人無以待戎，不能濟河。夫賞，國之典也，藏在盟府，不可廢也，子其受之！”魏絳於是乎始有金石之樂，禮也。

The Marquis of Jin gave half of the musical instruments to Wei Jiang, saying: “You taught me to make peace with the Rong and Di and so to set the Chinese states in order. In eight years, I assembled the lords nine times, as harmonious as music with nothing out of tune. Please share this with me.” Wei Jiang declined, saying: “Making peace with the Rong and Di is the state's blessing; in eight years, assembling the lords nine times with no wickedness among the lords is due to your majesty's awesome power and the labor of several of your officials; what strength does your servant have? I only hope that you will be at ease in joy and think of the end! The Odes say: ‘Joyful is the gentleman, who pacifies the states of the Son of Heaven. Joyful is the gentleman, with whom blessings and emoluments are shared. Those on the left and right are pacified and also follow.’ Music is used to settle conduct, righteousness to conduct oneself, ritual to carry things out, good faith to guard, and benevolence to refine; only then can one pacify the states, share blessings and emoluments, and draw in those from afar, which is what is called music. The Book of Documents says: ‘Dwelling in peace, think of danger.’ If one thinks of it, one prepares; if one prepares, there is no calamity. I venture to use this to remonstrate.” The Marquis of Jin said: “Your instruction, how dare I not accept it. But without you, I would have had no way to deal with the Rong and could not have crossed the Yellow River. Rewards are the state's regular institution, kept in the covenant archive, and cannot be abolished; please accept!” From this time Wei Jiang began to have the music of metal and stone, which accorded with ritual propriety.

秦庶長鮑、庶長武帥師伐晉以救鄭。鮑先入晉地，士魴御之，少秦師而弗設備。壬午，武濟自輔氏，與鮑交伐晉師。己丑，秦、晉戰於櫟，晉師敗績，易秦故也。

Shuzhang Bao and Shuzhang Wu of Qin led an army to attack Jin to relieve Zheng. Bao entered Jin's territory first, and Shi Fang resisted him but, thinking the Qin army few, set up no defenses. On the day renwu, Wu crossed the river from Fushi and attacked the Jin army alternately with Bao. On the day jichou, Qin and Jin fought at Li, and the Jin army was greatly defeated, because of their contempt for Qin.

【經】十有二年春王二月，莒人伐我東鄙，圍臺。季孫宿帥師救臺，遂入鄆。

[Classic] In the twelfth year, in spring, in the second month by the Zhou king's calendar, the men of Ju attacked our eastern border and besieged Tai. Ji Sunsu led an army to rescue Tai, and then entered Yun.

夏，晉侯使士魴來聘。秋九月，吳子乘卒。冬，楚公子貞帥師侵宋。公如晉。

In summer, the Marquis of Jin sent Shi Fang on a diplomatic visit. In autumn, in the ninth month, Cheng, Viscount of Wu, died. In winter, Prince Zhen of Chu led an army to raid Song. Duke Xiang went to Jin.

【傳】十二年春，莒人伐我東鄙，圍臺。季武子救臺，遂入鄆，取其鍾以為公盤。

[Commentary] In the twelfth year, in spring, the men of Ju attacked our eastern border and besieged Tai. Ji Wuzi relieved Tai, and so entered Yun and took its bell to make a basin for the ducal house.

夏，晉士魴來聘，且拜師。

In summer, Shi Fang of Jin came on a diplomatic visit and also thanked us for sending troops.

秋，吳子壽夢卒。臨於周廟，禮也。凡諸侯之喪，異姓臨於外，同姓於宗廟，同宗於祖廟，同族於禰廟。是故魯為諸姬，臨於周廟。為邢、凡、蔣、茅、胙、祭臨於周公之廟。

In autumn, Shoumeng, Viscount of Wu, died. Lu mourned at the temple of Zhou, which accorded with ritual. For the funeral of any lord, those of a different surname mourn outside the city wall, those of the same surname at the ancestral temple, those of the same lineage at the temple of the ancestors, and those of the same clan at the father's temple. Therefore Lu mourns for the various Ji-surnamed lords at the temple of Zhou, and for Xing, Fan, Jiang, Mao, Zuo and Zhai at the temple of the Duke of Zhou.

冬，楚子囊、秦庶長無地伐宋，師於揚梁，以報晉之取鄭也。

In winter, Zi Nang of Chu and the senior minister Wudi of Qin attacked Song and camped at Yangliang, to repay Jin for obtaining Zheng.

靈王求後於齊。齊侯問對於晏桓子，桓子對曰：“先王之禮辭有之，天子求後於諸侯，諸侯對曰：‘夫婦所生若而人。妾婦之子若而人。’無女而有姊妹及姑姊妹，則曰：‘先守某公之遺女若而人。’”齊侯許昏，王使陰裡逆之。

King Ling asked Qi for a queen. The Marquis of Qi asked Yan Huanzi for the proper reply, and Huanzi answered: "The ritual language of the former kings runs thus: when the Son of Heaven seeks a queen from a lord, the lord replies: 'Those born of the principal wife are so many; sons of concubines are so many.' If there is no daughter but there are sisters or father's sisters, he says: 'The daughters left by the former ruler, Duke so-and-so, are so many.'" The Marquis of Qi agreed to the marriage, and the Son of Heaven sent Yin Li to welcome her.

公如晉，朝，且拜士魴之辱，禮也。

Duke Xiang went to Jin, had an audience, and also thanked Shi Fang for his condescension in visiting, which accorded with ritual.

秦嬴歸於楚。楚司馬子庚聘於秦，為夫人寧，禮也。

Ying of Qin was married to Chu. Zi Geng, the Minister of War of Chu, went to Qin on a diplomatic visit, to inquire after the lady on her return to her parents' home, which accorded with ritual.

【經】十有三年春，公至自晉。夏，取邿。秋九月庚辰，楚子審卒。冬，城防。

[Classic] In the thirteenth year, in spring, Duke Xiang returned from Jin. In summer, Shi was taken. In autumn, in the ninth month, on gengchen, Shen, Viscount of Chu, died. In winter, the city wall of Fang was built.

【傳】十三年春，公至自晉，孟獻子書勞於廟，禮也。

[Commentary] In the thirteenth year, in spring, Duke Xiang returned from Jin, and Meng Xianzi recorded the merits in the temple, which accorded with ritual.

夏，邿亂，分為三。師救邿，遂取之。凡書“取”，言易也。用大師焉曰“滅”。弗地曰“入”。

In summer, Shi fell into internal disorder and split into three parts. Our army rescued Shi and so took it. Whenever the Spring and Autumn Annals records "took," it means it was easy. Using a great army is called "destroyed." Not holding the land is called "entered."

荀罃、士魴卒。晉侯蒐於綿上以治兵，使士匄將中軍，辭曰：“伯遊長。昔臣習於知伯，是以佐之，非能賢也。請從伯遊。”荀偃將中軍，士匄佐之。使韓起將上軍，辭以趙武。又使欒黶，辭曰：“臣不如韓起。韓起願上趙武，君其聽之！”使趙武將上軍，韓起佐之。欒黶將下軍，魏絳佐之。新軍無帥，晉侯難其人，使其什吏，率其卒乘官屬，以從於下軍，禮也。晉國之民，是以大和，諸侯遂睦。君子曰：“讓，禮之主也。範宣子讓，其下皆讓。欒黶為汰，弗敢違也。

Xun Ying and Shi Fang died. The Marquis of Jin held a great review at Mianshang to drill the troops and had Shi Gai command the central army, but he declined, saying: "Boyou is senior. Formerly your servant was familiar with Zhi Bo and so assisted him, not because I was worthy. Please follow Boyou." Xun Yan commanded the central army with Shi Gai as assistant. He had Han Qi command the upper army, but Han Qi yielded to Zhao Wu. He then asked Luan Yan, who declined, saying: "Your servant is not equal to Han Qi. Han Qi is willing to let Zhao Wu be above him; please grant it, my lord!" Zhao Wu was made commander of the upper army with Han Qi assisting. Luan Yan commanded the lower army with Wei Jiang assisting. The new army had no commander, and the Marquis of Jin found it hard to find a suitable man, so he had its ten officers lead the infantry, chariots and officials under them to follow the lower army, which accorded with ritual. The people of Jin were greatly at peace because of this, and the lords then also lived in harmony. The gentleman said: "Yielding is the chief of ritual. Fan Xuanzi yielded, and those below him all yielded. Luan Yan was arrogant, but did not dare to oppose it.

晉國以平，數世賴之。刑善也夫！一人刑善，百姓休和，可不務乎？《書》曰：‘一人有慶，兆民賴之，其寧惟永。’其是之謂乎？周之興也，其《詩》曰：‘儀刑文王，萬邦作孚。’言刑善也。及其衰也，其《詩》曰：‘大夫不均，我從事獨賢。’言不讓也。世之治也，君子尚能而讓其下，小人農力以事其上，是以上下有禮，而讒慝黜遠，由不爭也，謂之懿德。及其亂也，君子稱其功以加小人，小人伐其技以馮君子，是以上下無禮，亂虐並生，由爭善也，謂之昏德。國家之敝，恆必由之。”

(The gentleman continued:) Jin was secure because of this and relied on it for generations. This is the effect of modeling oneself on the good! When one man models himself on the good, the people are fine and harmonious; can one fail to strive for it? The Book of Documents says: 'When one man has goodness, the myriad people rely on him, and peace is long-lasting.' It surely refers to this. When Zhou rose, its Ode said: 'Take King Wen as model, and the ten thousand states will trust.' This means taking the good as model. When it declined, its Ode said: 'The grandees are not even; I alone do the work and am worthy.' This means not yielding. When the world is well governed, gentlemen esteem ability and yield to those below them, and petty men work hard at farming to serve those above, so that high and low have ritual, and slanderers and the wicked are driven far away because there is no contention; this is called admirable virtue. When it falls into disorder, gentlemen boast of their merits to overbear petty men, and petty men boast of their skills to overbear gentlemen, so that high and low have no ritual, and disorder and tyranny arise together because of contending in praising oneself as good; this is called benighted virtue. The ruin of a state commonly comes from this."

楚子疾，告大夫曰：“不穀不德，少主社稷，生十年而喪先君，未及習師保之教訓，而應受多福。是以不德，而亡師於鄢，以辱社稷，為大夫憂，其弘多矣。

The Viscount of Chu fell ill and told the grandees: "I, the Bugu, lack virtue; I took charge of the altars of the state when young, lost my father the former ruler at ten, and had no time to become familiar with the instruction of tutors and guardians before I received so many blessings. Because of my lack of virtue, I lost the army at Yanling and disgraced the altars of the state, which has become a great worry to you grandees.

若以大夫之靈，獲保首領以歿於地，唯是春秋窀穸之事，所以從先君於禰廟者，請為‘靈’若‘厲’。大夫擇焉！”莫對。及五命乃許。

(The Viscount of Chu continued:) If, relying on your majesty, I can keep my head and die on the ground, then for the matter of burial in spring and autumn, by which I follow the former rulers in the father's temple, please use the posthumous name 'Ling' or 'Li.' You grandees choose." No one answered. Only after he gave the order five times did they agree.

秋，楚共王卒。子囊謀諡。大夫曰：“君有命矣。”子囊曰：“君命以共，若之何毀之？赫赫楚國，而君臨之，撫有蠻夷，奄征南海，以屬諸夏，而知其過，可不謂共乎？請諡之‘共’。”大夫從之。

In autumn, King Gong of Chu died. Zi Nang discussed the posthumous name. The grandees said: "The ruler already gave an order." Zi Nang said: "The ruler's order used 'Gong'; why spoil it? Chu is mighty, and the ruler governed it, pacified the barbarians, campaigned widely in the Southern Sea, and brought the Xia states under allegiance, yet he knew his own faults; can this not be called 'Gong'? Please give the posthumous name 'Gong.'" The grandees agreed.

吳侵楚，養由基奔命，子庚以師繼之。養叔曰：“吳乘我喪，謂我不能師也，必易我而不戒。子為三覆以待我，我請誘之。”子庚從之。戰於庸浦，大敗吳師，獲公子黨。君子以吳為不弔。《詩》曰：“不弔昊天，亂靡有定。”

Wu raided Chu, and Yang Youji rushed to the rescue, and Zi Geng brought up the army to join him. Yang Shu said: "Wu takes advantage of our mourning, thinking we cannot send out troops, and will surely despise us and be off guard. Set three ambushes to await me, and I ask to lure them." Zi Geng followed this. They fought at Yongpu and badly defeated the Wu army, capturing Prince Dang. The gentleman considered that Wu was not good at condolence. The Odes say: "The Heaven not good at condolence, disorder has no peace."

冬，城防，書事，時也。於是將早城，臧武仲請俟畢農事，禮也。

In winter, the city wall of Fang was built; the Spring and Autumn Annals records this because it accorded with the season. At that time they had planned to build the wall earlier, but Zang Wuzhong asked to wait until the farm work was finished, which accorded with ritual.

鄭良霄、大宰石猶在楚。石言於子囊曰：“先王卜征五年，而歲習其祥，祥習則行，不習則增修德而改卜。今楚實不競，行人何罪？止鄭一卿，以除其逼，使睦而疾楚，以固於晉，焉用之？使歸而廢其使，怨其君以疾其大夫，而相牽引也，不猶愈乎？”楚人歸之。

Liang Xiao and the Grand Steward Shi Huan of Zheng were in Chu. Shi said to Zi Nang: "The former kings divined for five years about a campaign, with auspicious results repeating each year; only when the auspiciousness repeated did they go out, and if not, they increased their virtue and divined again separately. Now Chu truly cannot contend for victory; what offense has an envoy committed? If you detain a minister of Zheng to remove their pressure, and Zheng is made to be friendly yet hate Chu and so cling more closely to Jin, what use is it? If you let him go back and his mission is abandoned, he will resent his ruler and hate his grandees, and they will hold each other in check; would that not be better?" The men of Chu let them go back.

【經】十有四年春王正月，季孫宿、叔老會晉士匄、齊人、宋人、衛人、鄭公孫蠆、曹人、莒人、邾人、滕人、薛人、杞人、小邾人會吳於向。二月乙朔，日有食之。夏四月，叔孫豹會晉荀偃、齊人、宋人、衛北宮括、鄭公孫蠆、曹人、莒人、邾人、滕人、薛人、杞人、小邾人伐秦。己未，衛侯出奔齊。莒人侵我東鄙。秋，楚公子貞帥師伐吳。冬，季孫宿會晉士匄、宋華閱、衛孫林父、鄭公孫蠆、莒人、邾人於戚。

[Classic] In the fourteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, Ji Sunsu and Shu Lao, with Shi Gai of Jin, the men of Qi, Song and Wei, Gongsun Chai of Zheng, the men of Cao, Ju, Zhu, Teng, Xue, Qi and Little Zhu, met with Wu at Xiang. In the second month, on the first day, there was an eclipse of the sun. (The base text lacks the day stem here and it is not supplied.) In summer, in the fourth month, Shu Sun Bao, with Xun Yan of Jin, the men of Qi, Song, Bei Gong Kuo of Wei, Gongsun Chai of Zheng, and the men of Cao, Ju, Zhu, Teng, Xue, Qi and Little Zhu, attacked Qin. On jiwei, the Marquis of Wei fled to Qi. The men of Ju raided our eastern border. In autumn, Prince Zhen of Chu led an army to attack Wu. In winter, Ji Sunsu met at Qi with Shi Gai of Jin, Hua Yue of Song, Sun Linfu of Wei, Gongsun Chai of Zheng and the men of Ju and Zhu.

【傳】十四年春，吳告敗於晉。會於向，為吳謀楚故也。範宣子數吳之不德也，以退吳人。

[Commentary] In the fourteenth year, in spring, Wu reported its defeat to Jin. The meeting at Xiang was to plan with Wu against Chu. Fan Xuanzi rebuked Wu for lack of virtue, in order to make the Wu men withdraw.

執莒公子務婁，以其通楚使也。

They seized Prince Wulou of Ju, because he had been in contact with an envoy of Chu.

將執戎子駒支。範宣子親數諸朝，曰：“來！姜戎氏！昔秦人迫逐乃祖吾離於瓜州，乃祖吾離被苫蓋，蒙荊棘，以來歸我先君。我先君惠公有不腆之田，與女剖分而食之。今諸侯之事我寡君不如昔者，蓋言語漏洩，則職女之由。詰朝之事，爾無與焉！與將執女！”對曰：“昔秦人負恃其眾，貪於土地，逐我諸戎。

They were about to seize Zhizhi, chief of the Rong. Fan Xuanzi personally rebuked him in the court, saying: "Come here, you Jiang Rong! Formerly the men of Qin drove your ancestor Wuli out from Guazhou; your ancestor Wuli, wearing thatch and covered with brambles, came to submit to our former ruler. Our former ruler Duke Hui had fields that were not rich, and divided them with you in half to eat. Now the lords serve our ruler not as before, probably because words have leaked out, which is the result of what you have done. In tomorrow's court assembly, do not take part! If you take part, you will be seized!" He replied: "Formerly the men of Qin, relying on their numbers and coveting land, drove out us, the many Rong.

惠公蠲其大德，謂我諸戎，是四嶽之裔胄也，毋是翦棄。賜我南鄙之田，狐狸所居，豺狼所嗥。我諸戎除翦其荊棘，驅其狐狸豺狼，以為先君不侵不叛之臣，至於今不貳。昔文公與秦伐鄭，秦人竊與鄭盟而舍戍焉，於是乎有殽之師。晉御其上，戎亢其下，秦師不復，我諸戎實然。譬如捕鹿，晉人角之，諸戎掎之，與晉踣之，戎何以不免？自是以來，晉之百役，與我諸戎相繼於時，以從執政，猶殽志也。豈敢離逖？今官之師旅，無乃實有所闕，以攜諸侯，而罪我諸戎！我諸戎飲食衣服，不與華同，贄幣不通，言語不達，何惡之能為？不與於會，亦無瞢焉！”賦《青蠅》而退。宣子辭焉，使即事於會，成愷悌也。於是，子叔齊子為季武子介以會，自是晉人輕魯幣，而益敬其使。

Duke Hui showed his great virtue and considered that we, the Rong, were descendants of the Four Mountains and should not be cut off and cast away like this. He granted us fields on the southern border, where foxes dwell and jackals and wolves howl. We, the many Rong, cleared away the brambles, drove out the foxes and jackals, and became the former ruler's subjects who did not invade or rebel, and to this day we have no divided heart. Formerly, when Duke Wen and Qin attacked Zheng, the men of Qin secretly made a covenant with Zheng and left a garrison, and so there was the battle of Xiao. Jin resisted them from above and the Rong blocked them below, and the Qin army could not return, which was truly done by us, the many Rong. It was like catching a deer: the men of Jin seized the horns and the Rong pulled the legs, and together with Jin we brought it down; how can the Rong be spared blame? Since then, in the hundred battles of Jin, we, the many Rong, have followed one after another, arriving in good time and following those in power, with the same resolve as in the battle of Xiao. How would we dare to stay far away? Now the officers leading your troops probably have real failings and so make the lords disaffected, yet you blame us, the many Rong! We, the many Rong, do not share food and clothing with the Chinese states, our gifts do not circulate, our language does not reach, so what evil can we do? Not taking part in the meeting will not distress us!" He recited the ode "The Blue Flies" and withdrew. Xuanzi apologized and had him take his place at the assembly, completing the harmony. At that time Zishu Qizi was Ji Wuzi's deputy at the meeting; from then on the men of Jin reduced Lu's tribute and showed more respect to its envoy.

吳子諸樊既除喪，將立季札。季札辭曰：“曹宣公之卒也，諸侯與曹人不義曹君，將立子臧。子臧去之，遂弗為也，以成曹君。君子曰：‘能守節。’君，義嗣也。誰敢奸君？有國，非吾節也。札雖不才，願附於子臧，以無失節。”固立之。棄其室而耕。乃舍之。

Zhufan, Viscount of Wu, had already taken off his mourning dress and was about to install Ji Zha. Ji Zha declined, saying: "When Duke Xuan of Cao died, the lords and the men of Cao did not consider the Cao ruler righteous and were about to install Zizang. Zizang left, and so it did not come about, thereby making the Cao ruler secure. The gentleman said: 'He could keep to his principle.' Your Majesty is the rightful heir. Who would dare to offend Your Majesty? To possess a state is not my principle. Although Zha is without talent, I wish to cling to Zizang so as not to lose my principle." They insisted on installing him. He abandoned his household and went off to plow. So they gave it up.

夏，諸侯之大夫從晉侯伐秦，以報櫟之役也。晉侯待於竟，使六卿帥諸侯之師以進。及涇，不濟。叔向見叔孫穆子。穆子賦《匏有苦葉》。叔向退而具舟，魯人、莒人先濟。鄭子蟜見衛北宮懿子曰：“與人而不固，取惡莫甚焉！若社稷何？”懿子說。二子見諸侯之師而勸之濟，濟涇而次。秦人毒涇上流，師人多死。鄭司馬子蟜帥鄭師以進，師皆從之，至於棫林，不獲成焉。荀偃令曰：“雞鳴而駕，塞井夷灶，唯餘馬首是瞻！”欒黶曰：“晉國之命，未是有也。餘馬首欲東。”乃歸。下軍從之。左史謂魏莊子曰：“不待中行伯乎？”莊子曰：“夫子命從帥。欒伯，吾帥也，吾將從之。從帥，所以待夫子也。”伯遊曰：“吾令實過，悔之何及，多遺秦禽。”乃命大還。晉人謂之遷延之役。

In summer, the grandees of the lords followed the Marquis of Jin in attacking Qin, to repay the battle of Li. The Marquis of Jin waited at the border and sent the six ministers to lead the armies of the lords forward. When they reached the Jing River, they did not cross. Shuxiang went to see Shu Sun Mu. Mu recited the ode "The Gourd Has Bitter Leaves." Shuxiang withdrew and prepared boats, and the men of Lu and Ju crossed first. Zi Jiao of Zheng saw Bei Gong Yizi of Wei and said: "To follow others but not firmly, no evil is worse than that! What will become of the altars of the state?" Yizi was pleased. The two went to see the armies of the lords and urged them to cross, and having crossed the Jing, they camped. The men of Qin poured poison into the upper reaches of the Jing, and many soldiers died. Zi Jiao, the Minister of War of Zheng, led the Zheng army forward and the armies all followed, and at Yulin they did not obtain a peace. Xun Yan gave the order: "At the cock's crow, harness the horses, fill the wells and level the stoves, and look only to where my horses' heads point!" Luan Yan said: "The orders of Jin have never been like this. My horses' heads want to go east." So he went back. The lower army followed him. The Left Scribe said to Wei Zhuangzi: "Aren't you waiting for Lord Zhonghang?" Zhuangzi said: "The master ordered us to follow the commander. Lord Luan is my commander, and I will follow him. To follow one's commander is the way to treat the master." Boyou said: "My order was truly wrong, but how could regret come in time? It would only leave more for Qin to capture." So he ordered a general withdrawal. The men of Jin called this the campaign of delay.

欒針曰：“此役也，報櫟之敗也。役又無功，晉之恥也。吾有二位於戎路，敢不恥乎？”與士鞅馳秦師，死焉。士鞅反，欒黶謂士匄曰：“餘弟不欲住，而子召之。餘弟死，而子來，是而子殺餘之弟也。弗逐，餘亦將殺之。”士鞅奔秦。

Luan Zhen said: "This campaign was to repay the defeat at Li. The campaign has no merit again, which is a disgrace to Jin. I hold two positions on the war chariot; dare I not be ashamed?" With Shi Yang he galloped toward the Qin army and died there. When Shi Yang returned, Luan Yan said to Shi Gai: "My brother did not want to go, but your son summoned him. My brother died and your son has returned; your son killed my brother. If you do not drive him out, I will kill him myself." Shi Yang fled to Qin.

於是，齊崔杼、宋華閱、仲江會伐秦，不書，惰也。向之會亦如之。衛北宮括不書於向，書於伐秦，攝也。

At that time Cui Zhu of Qi, Hua Yue and Zhong Jiang of Song joined in attacking Qin; the Spring and Autumn Annals does not record this because of their slackness. The meeting at Xiang was likewise. Bei Gong Kuo of Wei is not recorded at Xiang but is recorded in the attack on Qin, because it was supplied later.

秦伯問於士鞅曰：“晉大夫其誰先亡？”對曰：“其欒氏乎！”秦伯曰：“以其汰乎？”對曰：“然。欒黶汰虐已甚，猶可以免。其在盈乎！”秦伯曰：“何故？”對曰：“武子之德在民，如周人之思召公焉，愛其甘棠，況其子乎？欒黶死，盈之善未能及人，武子所施沒矣，而黶之怨實章，將於是乎在。”秦伯以為知言，為之請於晉而復之。

The Earl of Qin asked Shi Yang: "Which of the grandees of Jin will perish first?" He replied: "Probably the Luan clan!" The Earl of Qin said: "Because of their arrogance and extravagance?" He replied: "Yes. Luan Yan's arrogance, extravagance and cruelty are already excessive, yet he may still escape. It will probably be at Ying!" The Earl of Qin said: "For what reason?" He replied: "The virtue of Wuzi is in the hearts of the people, as the people of Zhou remember Duke Shao and love his sweet pear tree, how much more his son? With Luan Yan dead, Ying's goodness cannot yet reach people, what Wuzi bestowed is already gone, and the resentment against Yan is truly evident, so it will fall here." The Earl of Qin considered these words perceptive, and requested of Jin on his behalf and let him return.

衛獻公戒孫文子、甯惠子食，皆服而朝。日旰不召，而射鴻於囿。二子從之，不釋皮冠而與之言。二子怒。孫文子如戚，孫蒯入使。公飲之酒，使大師歌《巧言》之卒章。大師辭，師曹請為之。初，公有嬖妾，使師曹誨之琴，師曹鞭之。

Duke Xian of Wei arranged to dine with Sun Wenzi and Ning Huizi, and both put on court dress and went to court. It was late and he still had not summoned them, but was in the park shooting wild geese. The two followed him there, and he spoke with them without taking off his leather cap. The two were angry. Sun Wenzi went to Qi, and Sun Kuai went to court as envoy. The Duke gave him wine to drink and had the Grand Music Master sing the last stanza of "Clever Words." The Grand Music Master declined, and the music master Cao asked to do it. Earlier, the Duke had a favored concubine and had Shi Cao teach her the zither, but Shi Cao whipped her.

公怒，鞭師曹三百。故師曹欲歌之，以怒孫子以報公。公使歌之，遂誦之。

The Duke was angry and whipped Shi Cao three hundred times. So Shi Cao wanted to sing it in order to enrage Sun Zi into taking revenge on the Duke. The Duke told him to sing, and so he recited it.

蒯懼，告文子。文子曰：“君忌我矣，弗先。必死。”並帑於戚而入，見蘧伯玉曰：“君之暴虐，子所知也。大懼社稷之傾覆，將若之何？”對曰：“君制其國，臣敢奸之？雖奸之，庸如愈乎？”遂行，從近關出。公使子蟜、子伯、子皮與孫子盟於丘宮，孫子皆殺之。四月己未，子展奔齊。公如鄄，使子行於孫子，孫子又殺之。公出奔齊，孫氏追之，敗公徒於河澤。鄄人執之。

Kuai was frightened and told Wenzi. Wenzi said: "His lordship hates me, and if I do not strike first I will surely die." He moved his household to Qi and then came in, and saw Qu Boyu and said: "You know the Duke's cruelty. I greatly fear the altars of the state will be overturned; what shall be done?" He replied: "The ruler governs his state, and does your servant dare to offend him? Even if I did offend him, would it be any better?" So he left by the nearest pass. The Duke sent Zi Jiao, Zi Bo and Zi Pi to make a covenant with Sun Zi at Qiugong, and Sun Zi killed them all. In the fourth month, on jiwei, Zi Zhan fled to Qi. The Duke went to Juan and sent Zi Xing to Sun Zi, and Sun Zi killed him too. The Duke fled to Qi, and the Sun clan pursued and defeated the Duke's followers at Hezhe. The men of Juan seized them.

初，尹公佗學射於庚公差，庚公差學射於公孫丁。二子追公，公孫丁御公。

Earlier, Yin Gongtuo had learned archery from Gengong Chai, and Gengong Chai had learned archery from Gongsun Ding. The two pursued the Duke, and Gongsun Ding drove the chariot for the Duke.

子魚曰：“射為背師，不射為戮，射為禮乎。”射兩軥而還。尹公佗曰：“子為師，我則遠矣。”乃反之。公孫丁授公轡而射之，貫臂。

Zi Yu said: "To shoot is to betray one's teacher, and not to shoot is to be killed; is shooting in accord with ritual?" He shot and hit both yokes of the carriage and then returned. Yin Gongtuo said: "You are the teacher, and I am further removed." So he turned back. Gongsun Ding handed the reins to the Duke and then shot at him, piercing his arm.

子鮮從公，及竟，公使祝宗告亡，且告無罪。定姜曰：“無神何告？若有，不可誣也。有罪，若何告無？舍大臣而與小臣謀，一罪也。先君有冢卿以為師保，而蔑之，二罪也。餘以巾櫛事先君，而暴妾使餘，三罪也。告亡而已，無告無罪。”

Zi Xian followed the Duke, and when they reached the border the Duke had the invocator announce the flight and also announce that he was without guilt. Dingjiang said: "If there are no spirits, to whom do you announce? If there are, they cannot be deceived. If you have guilt, how can you announce that you do not? You abandoned the great ministers and plotted with petty ones: that is the first offense. The former ruler had chief ministers as tutors and guardians, yet you despised them: that is the second offense. I served the former ruler with towel and comb, yet you treated me as a cruel concubine and ordered me about: that is the third offense. Announce the flight and that is enough; do not announce that you are without guilt."

公使厚成叔吊於衛，曰：“寡君使瘠，聞君不撫社稷，而越在他竟，若之何不弔？以同盟之故，使瘠敢私於執事曰：‘有君不弔，有臣不敏，君不赦宥，臣亦不帥職，增淫發洩，其若之何？’”衛人使大叔儀對曰：“群臣不佞，得罪於寡君。寡君不以即刑而悼棄之，以為君憂。君不忘先君之好，辱吊群臣，又重恤之。敢拜君命之辱，重拜大貺。”厚孫歸，覆命，語臧武仲曰：“衛君其必歸乎！有大叔儀以守，有母弟鱄以出，或撫其內，或營其外，能無歸乎？”齊人以郲寄衛侯。及其復也，以郲糧歸。右宰谷從而逃歸，衛人將殺之。

Duke Xiang sent Hou Chengshu to Wei to offer condolence, saying: "Our ruler sends Ji to come; hearing that Your Lordship cannot keep the altars of the state and is far away in another state's territory, how could we not offer condolence? Because of our alliance, Ji dares to say privately to those in charge: 'There is a ruler who is not good at condolence, and a minister who is not quick of mind; if the ruler does not forgive and pardon, and the ministers do not do their duty, and long-accumulated evil bursts forth, what is to be done?'" The men of Wei sent Da Shu Yi to reply: "Your servants are without talent and have offended our ruler. Our ruler did not hand them over to punishment but cast them far away, which has become a worry to Your Lordship. Your Lordship has not forgotten the friendship with the former ruler and has condescended to offer condolence to your servants and further shown solicitude. We dare to bow in thanks for your condescension in coming and again bow for the great gift." Hou Sun returned to report and said to Zang Wuzhong: "The ruler of Wei will probably be able to return! With Da Shu Yi holding the state within and his brother by the same mother, Zhuan, following him abroad, with one soothing the interior and one managing the exterior, how can he not return?" The men of Qi gave Lai to the Marquis of Wei. When he returned, he went back carrying the grain of Lai. Gu, the Right Steward, followed him but fled back, and the men of Wei were about to kill him.

辭曰：“餘不說初矣，餘狐裘而羔袖。”乃赦之。衛人立公孫剽，孫林父、寧殖相之，以聽命於諸侯。

He excused himself, saying: "At first I was not pleased; I was a fox fur coat with lambskin sleeves." So he was pardoned. The men of Wei set up Gongsun Piao, with Sun Linfu and Ning Zhi assisting him, to receive the lords' commands.

衛侯在郲，臧紇如齊，唁衛侯。與之言，虐。退而告其人曰：“衛侯其不得入矣！其言糞土也，亡而不變，何以復國？”子展、子鮮聞之，見臧紇，與之言，道。臧孫說，謂其人曰：“衛君必入。夫二子者，或輓之，或推之，欲無入，得乎？”師歸自伐秦，晉侯舍新軍，禮也。成國不過半天子之軍，周為六軍，諸侯之大者，三軍可也。於是知朔生盈而死，盈生六年而武子卒，彘裘亦幼，皆未可立也。新軍無帥，故舍之。

When the Marquis of Wei was at Lai, Zang He went to Qi and condoled with the Marquis of Wei. He spoke with him, and the Marquis was cruel in his words. He withdrew and told his men: "The Marquis of Wei will probably not be able to return! His words are like dung, and in flight he does not change; how can he recover his state?" Zi Zhan and Zi Xian heard of this and met Zang He and spoke with him, and their words accorded with principle. Zang Sun was pleased and said to his men: "The ruler of Wei will surely return. Those two men, one pulling and one pushing, if they wanted him not to return, could they succeed?" When the army returned from attacking Qin, the Marquis of Jin disbanded the new army, which accorded with ritual. A great state does not exceed half the army of the Son of Heaven; Zhou has six armies, and among the lords the greatest needs only three. At that time Zhi Shuo had died after Ying was born, Ying was born and Wuzi died six years later, and Zhiqiu was also young, so none of them could be installed. The new army had no commander, and so it was disbanded.

師曠侍於晉侯。晉侯曰：“衛人出其君，不亦甚乎？”對曰：“或者其君實甚。良君將賞善而刑淫，養民如子，蓋之如天，容之如地。民奉其君，愛之如父母，仰之如日月，敬之如神明，畏之如雷霆，其可出乎？夫君，神之主而民之望也。若困民之主，匱神乏祀，百姓絕望，社稷無主，將安用之？弗去何為？天生民而立之君，使司牧之，勿使失性。有君而為之貳，使師保之，勿使過度。是故天子有公，諸侯有卿，卿置側室，大夫有貳宗，士有朋友，庶人、工、商、皂、隸、牧、圉皆有親暱，以相輔佐也。善則賞之，過則匡之，患則救之，失則革之。

Music Master Kuang was in attendance beside the Marquis of Jin. The Marquis of Jin said: "The men of Wei drove out their ruler; is that not going too far?" He replied: "Perhaps their ruler had truly gone too far. A good ruler rewards the good and punishes the wicked, nurtures the people like children, covers them like heaven and bears them like earth. The people serve their ruler, loving him like a parent, looking up to him like the sun and moon, revering him like a spirit and fearing him like thunder; could they drive him out? The ruler is the chief officiant of the spirits and the hope of the people. If he strangles the people's livelihood, leaves the spirits without sacrifice, makes the people despair and the altars of the state without a master, what use is he? What is the point of not removing him? Heaven gave birth to the people and set up rulers to govern and shepherd them, so that they do not lose their nature. Having a ruler, Heaven also set up assistants for him, tutors and guardians to instruct him, so that he does not go too far. Therefore the Son of Heaven has dukes, the lords have ministers, the ministers have collateral households, grandees have secondary clan heads, officers have friends, and commoners, artisans, merchants, grooms, servants, herdsmen and stable hands all have close companions, to assist one another. If there is goodness they reward it, if there is fault they correct it, if there is trouble they rescue, and if there is error they amend it.

自王以下，各有父兄子弟，以補察其政。史為書，瞽為詩，工誦箴諫，大夫規誨，士傳言，庶人謗，商旅於市，百工獻藝。故《夏書》曰：‘遒人以木鐸徇於路。

From the Son of Heaven downward, each has fathers, elder brothers, sons and younger brothers to supplement and examine his government. Historians record, the blind compose odes, musicians recite admonitions, grandees give counsel, officers pass on words, commoners criticize, merchants and travelers speak in the market, and the hundred artisans present their crafts. Therefore the Book of Xia says: 'The herald goes along the roads with a wooden bell.

官師相規，工執藝事以諫。’正月孟春，於是乎有之，諫失常也。天之愛民甚矣。

Officials and masters correct one another, and artisans present remonstrance with their works of skill.' In the first month, the first month of spring, there is this practice, because remonstrance had gone astray. Heaven loves the people very deeply.

豈其使一人肆於民上，以從其淫，而棄天地之性？必不然矣。”

How could it let a single man act wantonly over the people, indulging his lusts and casting away the nature of Heaven and earth? Surely not."

秋，楚子為庸浦之役故，子囊師於棠以伐吳，吳不出而還。子囊殿，以吳為不能而弗儆。吳人自皋舟之隘要而擊之，楚人不能相救。吳人敗之，獲楚公子宜谷。

In autumn, the Viscount of Chu, because of the battle of Yongpu, had Zi Nang camp at Tanglai to attack Wu; when Wu did not send out troops, he went back. Zi Nang commanded the rear, thinking Wu could not do anything and so was not on guard. The men of Wu intercepted him at the narrow pass of Gaozhou, and the men of Chu could not rescue one another. The men of Wu defeated them and captured Prince Yigu of Chu.

王使劉定公賜齊侯命，曰：“昔伯舅大公，右我先王，股肱周室，師保萬民，世胙大師，以表東海。王室之不壞，繄伯舅是賴。今餘命女環！茲率舅氏之典，纂乃祖考，無忝乃舊。敬之哉，無廢朕命！”晉侯問衛故於中行獻子，對曰：“不如因而定之。衛有君矣，伐之，未可以得志而勤諸侯。史佚有言曰：‘因重而撫之。’仲虺有言曰：‘亡者侮之，亂者取之，推亡固存，國之道也。’君其定衛以待時乎！”冬，會於戚，謀定衛也。

The Son of Heaven sent Liu Dinggong to give the Marquis of Qi a written decree, saying: "Formerly my uncle Taigong assisted our former kings and was the right and left arm of the house of Zhou, tutor and guardian of the myriad people; his descendants have been rewarded generation after generation with the post of Grand Master, to be a model for the Eastern Sea. That the royal house has not been ruined is due to my uncle. Now I command you, Huan! So follow the statutes of your maternal uncle, continue your ancestors and father, and do not disgrace your former virtue. Be reverent, and do not neglect my command!" The Marquis of Jin asked Zhonghang Xianzi about the affairs of Wei, and he replied: "It is best to follow the situation and settle it. Wei already has a ruler; attacking it may not achieve our aim yet will weary the lords. Shi Yi had a saying: 'Soothe according to what is weighty.' Zhong Hui had a saying: 'Insult the perishing, seize the disordered; to push the perishing forward and strengthen the surviving is the principle of states.' Your Majesty would do better to settle Wei and wait for the opportunity!" In winter, they met at Qi to plan the settlement of Wei.

範宣子假羽毛於齊而弗歸，齊人始貳。

Fan Xuanzi borrowed feathers from Qi and did not return them, and the men of Qi began to have divided hearts.

楚子囊還自伐吳，卒。將死，遺言謂子庚：“必城郢。”君子謂：“子囊忠。

Zi Nang of Chu died after returning from the campaign against Wu. As he was dying, he left a message for Zi Geng: "You must build the wall of Ying." The gentleman said: "Zi Nang was loyal.

君薨不忘增其名，將死不忘衛社稷，可不謂忠乎？忠，民之望也。《詩》曰：‘行歸於周，萬民所望。’忠也。”

When the ruler died he did not forget to add to his name, and when he was dying he did not forget to protect the altars of the state; can this not be called loyalty? Loyalty is what the people look up to. The Odes say: 'Conduct returns to loyalty and good faith, and the myriad people look up to it.' That is loyalty."

【經】十有五年春，宋公使向戌來聘。二月己亥，及向戌盟於劉。劉夏逆王后於齊。夏，齊侯伐我北鄙，圍成。公救成，至遇。季孫宿、叔孫豹帥師城成郛。

[Classic] In the fifteenth year, in spring, the Duke of Song sent Xiang Xu on a diplomatic visit. In the second month, on jihai, a covenant was made with Xiang Xu at Liu. Liu Xia went to Qi to welcome the queen. In summer, the Marquis of Qi attacked our northern border and besieged Cheng. Duke Xiang relieved Cheng and reached Yu. Ji Sunsu and Shu Sun Bao led an army to build the outer wall of Cheng.

秋八月丁巳，日有食之。邾人伐我南鄙。冬十有一月癸亥，晉侯周卒。

In autumn, in the eighth month, on dingsi, there was an eclipse of the sun. The men of Zhu raided our southern border. In winter, in the eleventh month, on guihai, Zhou, Marquis of Jin, died.

【傳】十五年春，宋向戌來聘，且尋盟。見孟獻子，尤其室，曰：“子有令聞，而美其室，非所望也！”對曰：“我在晉，吾兄為之，毀之重勞，且不敢間。”

[Commentary] In the fifteenth year, in spring, Xiang Xu of Song came on a diplomatic visit and renewed the covenant. He saw Meng Xianzi and rebuked him about his house, saying: "You have a fine name, yet you made your house magnificent; this is not what was hoped for!" He replied: "When I was in Jin, my elder brother had it built; to tear it down would add to the labor, and I also dare not criticize it."

官師從單靖公逆王后於齊。卿不行，非禮也。

The officials and masters followed Duke Jing of Shan to Qi to welcome the queen. The ministers did not go, which was not in accord with ritual.

楚公子午為令尹，公子罷戎為右尹，蒍子馮為大司馬，公子櫜師為右司馬，公子成為左司馬，屈到為莫敖，公子追舒為箴尹，屈蕩為連尹，養由基為宮廄尹，以靖國人。君子謂：“楚於是乎能官人。官人，國之急也。能官人，則民無覦心。

Prince Wu of Chu became chief minister, Prince Pirong became right minister, Wei Zifeng became Grand Minister of War, Prince Gaoshi became right Minister of War, Prince Cheng became left Minister of War, Qu Dao became Mo'ao, Prince Zhuishu became Zhenyin, Qu Dang became Lianyin, and Yang Youji became Master of the Palace Stables, to settle the people of the state. The gentleman said: "In this period Chu could appoint officials. Appointing officials is the urgent business of a state. When officials can be appointed, the people have no improper ambitions.

《詩》云：“嗟我懷人，置彼周行。’能官人也。王及公、侯、伯、子、男、甸、採、衛大夫，各居其列，所謂周行也。”

The Odes say: 'Alas, those I think of are set among the ranks of Zhou.' This means being able to appoint officials. The Son of Heaven, and the dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, barons, and the grandees of the Dian, Cai and Wei domains, each take their place in the ranks; this is what is meant by the ranks of Zhou."

鄭尉氏、司氏之亂，其餘盜在宋。鄭人以子西、伯有、子產之故，納賄於宋，以馬四十乘與師伐、師慧。三月，公孫黑為質焉。司城子罕以堵女父、尉翩、司齊與之。良司臣而逸之，托諸季武子，武子置諸卞。鄭人醢之，三人也。

The disorders of the Yu clan and Si clan in Zheng left remaining bandits in Song. Because of Zi Xi, Boyou and Zichan, the men of Zheng bribed Song, giving forty four-horse teams together with Shi Fa and Shi Hui. (The base text writes Shi Fa for Shi Fa of a variant form.) In the third month, Gongsun Hei was a hostage there. Sicheng Zihan handed over Du Nufu, Yu Pian and Si Qi to them. Thinking Si Chen was good, he let him go and entrusted him to Ji Wuzi, who settled him at Bian. The men of Zheng made the three men into minced meat.

師慧過宋朝，將私焉。其相曰：“朝也。”慧曰：“無人焉。”相曰：“朝也，何故無人？”慧曰：“必無人焉。若猶有人，豈其以千乘之相易淫樂之矇？必無人焉故也。”子罕聞之，固請而歸之。

Shi Hui passed through the court of Song and was about to urinate. His guide said: "This is the court." Hui said: "There is no one here." The guide said: "It is the court; how can there be no one?" Hui said: "There must be no one. If there were someone, would they exchange the chancellor of a state of a thousand chariots for a blind musician fond of licentious pleasures? It must be because there is no one." Zihan heard of it and insisted on asking for him and let him return.

夏，齊侯圍成，貳於晉故也。於是乎城成郛。

In summer, the Marquis of Qi besieged Cheng, because of his divided heart toward Jin. So the outer wall of Cheng was built.

秋，邾人伐我南鄙。使告於晉，晉將為會以討邾、莒。晉侯有疾，乃止。冬，晉悼公卒，遂不克會。

In autumn, the men of Zhu raided our southern border. We sent word to Jin, and Jin was about to hold a meeting to punish Zhu and Ju. The Marquis of Jin was ill, so it was dropped. In winter, Duke Dao of Jin died, and in the end the meeting could not be held.

鄭公孫夏如晉奔喪，子蟜送葬。

Gongsun Xia of Zheng went to Jin for the funeral, and Zi Jiao escorted the burial.

宋人或得玉，獻諸子罕。子罕弗受。獻玉者曰：“以示玉人，玉人以為寶也，故敢獻之。”子罕曰：“我以不貪為寶，爾以玉為寶，若以與我，皆喪寶也。不若人有其寶。”稽首而告曰：“小人懷璧，不可以越鄉。納此以請死也。”子罕置諸其裡，使玉人為之攻之，富而後使復其所。

A man of Song obtained a piece of jade and offered it to Zihan. Zihan did not accept it. The one who offered the jade said: "I showed it to a jade worker, and the jade worker considered it a treasure, so I dare to offer it." Zihan said: "I regard not being greedy as my treasure, and you regard the jade as your treasure; if you gave it to me, both of us would lose our treasures. It is better for each to keep his own treasure." The man bowed his head to the ground and said: "A small man who carries a jade disc cannot pass beyond his village. I submit this to ask to be spared from death." Zihan settled him in his own lane, had a jade worker work it for him, and after he became rich let him return to his former place.

十二月，鄭人奪堵狗之妻，而歸諸范氏。

In the twelfth month, the men of Zheng took away the wife of Du Gou and returned her to the Fan clan.

【經】十有六年春王正月，葬晉悼公。三月，公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子，於湨梁。戊寅，大夫盟。晉人執莒子、邾子以歸。齊侯伐我北鄙。夏，公至自會。五月甲子，地震。叔老會鄭伯、晉荀偃、衛寧殖、宋人伐許。秋，齊侯伐我北鄙，圍郕。大雩。冬，叔孫豹如晉。

[Classic] In the sixteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Dao of Jin was buried. In the third month, Duke Xiang met with the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Little Zhu at Jueliang. On wuyin, the grandees made a covenant. The men of Jin seized the Viscount of Ju and the Viscount of Zhu and took them back. The Marquis of Qi raided our northern border. In summer, Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. In the fifth month, on jiazi, there was an earthquake. Shu Lao, with the Earl of Zheng, Xun Yan of Jin, Ning Zhi of Wei and the men of Song, attacked Xu. In autumn, the Marquis of Qi raided our northern border and besieged Cheng. A great rain sacrifice was held. In winter, Shu Sun Bao went to Jin.

【傳】十六年春，葬晉悼公。平公即位，羊舌肸為傅，張君臣為中軍司馬，祁奚、韓襄、欒盈、士鞅為公族大夫，虞丘書為乘馬御。改服修官，烝於曲沃。

[Commentary] In the sixteenth year, in spring, Duke Dao of Jin was buried. Duke Ping took the throne, Yangshe Xi became Grand Tutor, Zhang Junchen became Minister of War of the central army, Qi Xi, Han Xiang, Luan Ying and Shi Yang became grandees of the ducal clan, and Yuqiu Shu became master of the stud. They changed the mourning dress, set the offices in order, and held the winter sacrifice at Quwo.

警守而下，會於湨梁。命歸侵田。以我故，執邾宣公、莒犁比公，且曰：“通齊、楚之使。”

After guarding and preparing, they went east and met at Jueliang. They ordered the return of seized fields. Because of our state, they seized Duke Xuan of Zhu and Duke Libi of Ju, and said: "They were in contact with the envoys of Qi and Chu."

晉侯與諸侯宴於溫，使諸大夫舞，曰：“歌詩必類！”齊高厚之詩不類。荀偃怒，且曰：“諸侯有異志矣！”使諸大夫盟高厚，高厚逃歸。於是，叔孫豹、晉荀偃、宋向戌、衛寧殖、鄭公孫蠆、小邾之大夫盟曰：“同討不庭。”

The Marquis of Jin feasted with the lords at Wen and had the grandees dance, saying: "When singing odes, they must match the kind!" The ode of Gao Hou of Qi did not match the kind. Xun Yan was angry and said: "The lords have a different intention!" He had the grandees make a covenant against Gao Hou, and Gao Hou fled home. At that time Shu Sun Bao, Xun Yan of Jin, Xiang Xu of Song, Ning Zhi of Wei, Gongsun Chai of Zheng and the grandee of Little Zhu made a covenant, saying: "We shall jointly punish those who do not come to court."

許男請遷於晉。諸侯遂遷許，許大夫不可。晉人歸諸侯。

The Baron of Xu asked to move to Jin. The lords then moved Xu, but the grandees of Xu did not agree. The men of Jin let the lords return.

鄭子蟜聞將伐許，遂相鄭伯以從諸侯之師。穆叔從公。齊子帥師會晉荀偃。

Zi Jiao of Zheng, hearing that Xu was to be attacked, then assisted the Earl of Zheng in following the armies of the lords. Mu Shu followed Duke Xiang. Qi Zi led an army to join Xun Yan of Jin.

書曰：“會鄭伯。”為夷故也。

The Spring and Autumn Annals records "met with the Earl of Zheng," because they were of equal rank.

夏六月，次於棫林。庚寅，伐許，次於函氏。

In summer, in the sixth month, they camped at Yulin. On gengyin, they attacked Xu and camped at Hanshi.

晉荀偃、欒黶帥師伐楚，以報宋揚梁之役。楚公子格帥師及晉師戰於湛阪，楚師敗績。晉師遂侵方城之外，復伐許而還。

Xun Yan and Luan Yan of Jin led armies to attack Chu, to repay the battle of Yangliang at Song. Prince Ge of Chu led an army to fight the Jin army at Zhanban, and the Chu army was badly defeated. The Jin army then raided beyond Fangcheng, attacked Xu once more, and went back.

秋，齊侯圍郕，孟孺子速徼之。齊侯曰：“是好勇，去之以為之名。”速遂塞海陘而還。

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi besieged Cheng, and Meng Ruzi Su intercepted him. The Marquis of Qi said: "This man loves valor; let him go and so complete his fame." Su then blocked the Haixing pass and returned.

冬，穆叔如晉聘，且言齊故。晉人曰：“以寡君之未禘祀，與民之未息。不然，不敢忘。”穆叔曰：“以齊人之朝夕釋憾於敝邑之地，是以大請！敝邑之急，朝不及夕，引領西望曰：‘庶幾乎！’比執事之間，恐無及也！”見中行獻子，賦《圻父》。獻子曰：“偃知罪矣！敢不從執事以同恤社稷，而使魯及此。”見範宣子，賦《鴻雁》之卒章。宣子曰：“匄在此，敢使魯無鳩乎？”

In winter, Mu Shu went to Jin on a diplomatic visit and also spoke about the affairs of Qi. The men of Jin said: "Because our ruler has not yet held the great ancestral sacrifice, and the people have not yet rested. Otherwise, we would not dare to forget." Mu Shu said: "Because the men of Qi vent their resentment on our humble state's land morning and evening, we ask so earnestly! The emergency of our humble state cannot wait from morning to evening, and we stretch our necks looking west, saying: 'It should be nearly time!' If we wait until you in charge have leisure, I fear it will be too late!" He saw Zhonghang Xianzi and recited the ode "Qi Fu." Xianzi said: "Yan knows his fault! How dare I not share with you in charge the care for the altars of the state, and yet let Lu come to this." He saw Fan Xuanzi and recited the last stanza of "The Wild Geese." Xuanzi said: "With Gai here, how would I dare let Lu be uneasy?"

【經】十有七年春王二月庚午，邾子卒。宋人伐陳。夏，衛石買帥師伐曹。

[Classic] In the seventeenth year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou king's calendar, on gengwu, the Viscount of Zhu died. The men of Song attacked Chen. In summer, Shi Mai of Wei led an army to attack Cao.

秋，齊侯伐我北鄙，圍桃。高厚帥師伐我北鄙，圍防。九月，大雩。宋華臣出奔陳。冬，邾人伐我南鄙。

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi raided our northern border and besieged Tao. Gao Hou led an army to raid our northern border and besieged Fang. In the ninth month, a great rain sacrifice was held. Hua Chen of Song fled to Chen. In winter, the men of Zhu raided our southern border.

【傳】十七年春，宋莊朝伐陳，獲司徒卬，卑宋也。

[Commentary] In the seventeenth year, in spring, Zhuang Chao of Song attacked Chen and captured Situ Ang, which was to look down on Song.

衛孫蒯田於曹隧，飲馬於重丘，毀其瓶。重丘人閉門而訽之，曰：“親逐而君，爾父為厲。是之不憂，而何以田為？”夏，衛石買、孫蒯伐曹，取重丘。曹人愬於晉。

Sun Kuai of Wei hunted at Caosui and watered his horses at Zhongqiu, breaking the jars. The people of Zhongqiu shut the gate and cursed him, saying: "You personally drove out your ruler, and your father has become an evil ghost. You are not worried about this, so why are you hunting?" In summer, Shi Mai and Sun Kuai of Wei attacked Cao and took Zhongqiu. The men of Cao complained to Jin.

齊人以其未得志於我故，秋，齊侯伐我北鄙，圍桃。高厚圍臧紇於防。師自陽關逆臧孫，至於旅松。郰叔紇、臧疇、臧賈帥甲三百，宵犯齊師，送之而復。

The men of Qi, because they had not been able to achieve their aim in our state, in autumn the Marquis of Qi raided our northern border and besieged Tao. Gao Hou besieged Zang He at Fang. The army met Zang Sun at Yangguan and reached Lüsong. Zhou Shu He, Zang Chou and Zang Jia led three hundred armored men to attack the Qi army at night, sent him off and then came back.

齊師去之。

The Qi army left.

齊人獲臧堅。齊侯使夙沙衛唁之，且曰：“無死！”堅稽首曰：“拜命之辱！抑君賜不終，姑又使其刑臣禮於士。”以杙抉其傷而死。

The men of Qi captured Zang Jian. The Marquis of Qi sent Susha Wei to console him and said: "Do not die!" Jian bowed his head and said: "I thank you for condescending to give the order! But your lordship's rewards have a beginning and no end, and you let his castrated servant make obeisance to a gentleman." He drove a wooden peg into his wound and died.

冬，邾人伐我南鄙，為齊故也。

In winter, the men of Zhu raided our southern border, for the sake of Qi.

宋華閱卒。華臣弱皋比之室，使賊殺其宰華吳。賊六人以鈹殺諸盧門合左師之後。左師懼曰：“老夫無罪。”賊曰：“皋比私有討於吳。”遂幽其妻，曰：“畀餘而大璧！”宋公聞之，曰：“臣也，不唯其宗室是暴，大亂宋國之政，必逐之！”左師曰：“臣也，亦卿也。大臣不順，國之恥也。不如蓋之。”乃舍之。

Hua Yue of Song died. Hua Chen encroached upon the household of Gaobi and sent robbers to kill his house steward Hua Wu. Six robbers killed him with spears behind the Left Teacher at Lu Gate. The Left Teacher was frightened and said: "I, the old man, am without guilt." The robbers said: "Gaobi has a private grievance against Wu." So they confined his wife and said: "Give me the great jade disc!" The Duke of Song heard of it and said: "This minister not only tyrannizes his clan but throws the government of Song into great disorder; he must be driven out!" The Left Teacher said: "I am also a minister. When great ministers are not in harmony, it is a disgrace to the state. It is better to cover it up." So it was let go.

左師為己短策，苟過華臣之門，必聘。

The Left Teacher made himself a short horsewhip, and whenever he passed Hua Chen's gate he would whip his horse into a gallop.

十一月甲午，國人逐瘈狗，瘈狗入於華臣氏，國人從之。華臣懼，遂奔陳。

In the eleventh month, on jiawu, the people of the state were chasing a mad dog, and the mad dog entered the house of Hua Chen, and the people followed it in. Hua Chen was frightened and so fled to Chen.

宋皇國父為大宰，為平公築臺，妨於農功。子罕請俟農功之畢，公弗許。築者謳曰：“澤門之皙，實興我役。邑中之黔，實尉我心。”子罕聞之，親執撲，以行築者，而抶其不勉者，曰：“吾儕小人，皆有闔廬以闢燥溼寒暑。今君為一臺而不速成，何以為役？”謳者乃止。或問其故，子罕曰：“宋國區區，而且詛有祝，禍之本也。”

Huangguo Fu of Song, as Grand Steward, built a terrace for Duke Ping, which hindered farm work. Zihan asked to wait until the farm work was finished, but the Duke would not allow it. The builders of the terrace sang: "The fair-skinned one at Ze Gate truly stirs up our labor service. The dark-skinned one in the city truly comforts our hearts." Zihan heard this and personally took a whip and went around the builders, whipping those who did not exert themselves, and said: "We small people all have houses with doors to shelter us from dryness, damp, cold and heat. Now His Lordship builds one terrace and does not hurry to finish it; what will we do about the labor?" Those who sang then stopped. Someone asked the reason, and Zihan said: "Song is a tiny land, and has both curses and blessings; this is the root of calamity and disorder."

齊晏桓子卒。晏嬰粗縗斬，苴絰、帶、杖，菅屨，食鬻，居倚廬，寢苫，枕草。其老曰：“非大夫之禮也。”曰：“唯卿為大夫。”

Yan Huanzi of Qi died. Yan Ying wore coarse mourning clothes with cut edges, made his sash, belt and staff of hemp, wore straw sandals, ate gruel, lived in the mourning shed, slept on a grass mat and used grass as a pillow. The chief of his household retainers said: "This is not the ritual of a grandee." He said: "Only ministers perform the ritual of a grandee."

【經】十有八年春，白狄來。夏，晉人執衛行人石買。秋，齊師伐我北鄙。

[Classic] In the eighteenth year, in spring, the White Di came. In summer, the men of Jin seized Shi Mai, envoy of Wei. In autumn, the Qi army raided our northern border.

冬十月，公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子同圍齊。曹伯負芻卒於師。楚公子午帥師伐鄭。

In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Xiang met with the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Little Zhu and together besieged Qi. Fuchu, Earl of Cao, died in the army. Prince Wu of Chu led an army to attack Zheng.

【傳】十八年春，白狄始來。

[Commentary] In the eighteenth year, in spring, the White Di began to come.

夏，晉人執衛行人石買於長子，執孫蒯於純留，為曹故也。

In summer, the men of Jin seized Shi Mai, envoy of Wei, at Zhangzi, and seized Sun Kuai at Chunliu, for the sake of Cao.

秋，齊侯伐我北鄙。中行獻子將伐齊，夢與厲公訟，弗勝，公以戈擊之，首隊於前，跪而戴之，奉之以走，見梗陽之巫皋。他日，見諸道，與之言，同。巫曰：“今茲主必死，若有事於東方，則可以逞。”獻子許諾。

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi raided our northern border. Zhonghang Xianzi was about to attack Qi, and dreamed that he was in a lawsuit with Duke Li and did not win; the Duke struck him with a spear, and his head fell in front of him; he knelt and put it back on, and ran away holding it, and met the shaman Gao of Gengyang. Later one day, he met him on the road and spoke with him, and it was the same. The shaman said: "This year the master will surely die, but if there is a matter in the east, it can be achieved." Xianzi agreed.

晉侯伐齊，將濟河。獻子以朱絲系玉二瑴，而禱曰：“齊環怙恃其險，負其眾庶，棄好背盟，陵虐神主。曾臣彪將率諸侯以討焉，其官臣偃實先後之。苟捷有功，無作神羞，官臣偃無敢復濟。唯爾有神裁之！”沉玉而濟。

The Marquis of Jin attacked Qi and was about to cross the river. Xianzi tied two jade tablets with red silk, prayed and said: "Huan of Qi relies on its strongholds, relies on its multitudes, abandons friendship and breaks covenants, and tyrannizes the spirits' lord. Your vassal Biao will lead the lords to punish him, and his official Yan truly assists before and behind. If we achieve victory and merit without bringing shame to the spirits, the official Yan will not dare to cross again. Only let the spirits decide!" He sank the jade in the river and then crossed.

冬十月，會於魯濟，尋湨梁之言，同伐齊。齊侯御諸平陰，塹防門而守之，廣裡。夙沙衛曰：“不能戰，莫如守險。”弗聽。諸侯之士門焉，齊人多死。範宣子告析文子曰：“吾知子，敢匿情乎？魯人、莒人皆請以車千乘自其鄉入，既許之矣。若入，君必失國。子盍圖之？”子家以告公，公恐。晏嬰聞之曰：“君固無勇，而又聞是，弗能久矣。”齊侯登巫山以望晉師。晉人使司馬斥山澤之險，雖所不至，必旆而疏陳之。使乘車者左實右偽，以旆先，輿曳柴而從之。齊侯見之，畏其眾也，乃脫歸。丙寅晦，齊師夜遁。師曠告晉侯曰：“鳥烏之聲樂，齊師其遁。”邢伯告中行伯曰：“有班馬之聲，齊師其遁。”叔向告晉侯曰：“城上有烏，齊師其遁。”

In winter, in the tenth month, they met at Luji, renewed the words of Jueliang, and together attacked Qi. The Marquis of Qi resisted at Pingyin, dug a moat to guard the Fang gate, one li wide. Susha Wei said: "We cannot fight; it is better to hold the strongholds." He did not listen. The soldiers of the lords attacked the city gate, and many men of Qi died. Fan Xuanzi told Xi Wenzi: "I know you; dare I hide the facts? The men of Lu and Ju both ask to enter from their side with a thousand chariots, and it has already been agreed. If they enter, Your Lordship will surely lose the state. Why do you not plan?" Zijia told the Duke, and the Duke was frightened. Yan Ying heard of it and said: "His Lordship had no courage to begin with, and hearing this, he will not last." The Marquis of Qi climbed Mount Wu and looked out at the Jin army. The men of Jin sent the Minister of War to scout the dangers of mountains and marshes, and even where the army did not reach they planted flags and set them out sparsely. They had real men on the left of the chariots and dummies on the right, with flags going in front and the chariots dragging brushwood behind. The Marquis of Qi saw this and, fearing they were many, slipped away and went back. On the last day of the month, bingyin, the Qi army fled in the night. Music Master Kuang told the Marquis of Jin: "The crows' cries are cheerful; the Qi army has probably fled." Xing Bo told Zhonghang Bo: "There is the sound of horses wheeling about; the Qi army has probably fled." Shuxiang told the Marquis of Jin: "There are crows on the city wall; the Qi army has probably fled."

十一月丁卯朔，入平陰，遂從齊師。夙沙衛連大車以塞隧而殿。殖綽、郭最曰：“子殿國師，齊之辱也。子姑先乎！”乃代之殿。衛殺馬於隘以塞道。晉州綽及之，射殖綽，中肩，兩矢夾脰，曰：“止，將為三軍獲。不止，將取其衷。”

On dingmao, the first day of the eleventh month, they entered Pingyin and then pursued the Qi army. Susha Wei linked large carts to block the tunnel and commanded the rear. Zhi Chuo and Guo Zui said: "For you to command the rear of the state's army is a disgrace to Qi. You should go first." So they took over the rear. Wei killed horses and blocked the road at the narrow pass. Zhou Chuo of Jin caught up and shot Zhi Chuo, hitting his shoulder with two arrows pinching his neck, and said: "Stop, and you will be a prisoner of the three armies. If you do not stop, I will shoot you in the middle."

顧曰：“為私誓。”州綽曰：“有如日！”乃弛弓而自後縛之。其右具丙亦舍兵而縛郭最，皆衿甲面縛，坐於中軍之鼓下。

He turned his head and said: "Let us make a private oath." Zhou Chuo said: "As surely as the sun!" So he unstrung the bow and bound him from behind. His spearman Jubing also put down his weapon and bound Guo Zui; both, in armor, were bound face to face and made to sit beneath the drum of the central army.

晉人慾逐歸者，魯、衛請攻險。己卯，荀偃、士匄以中軍克京茲。乙酉，魏絳、欒盈以下軍克邿。趙武、韓起以上軍圍盧，弗克。十二月戊戌，及秦周，伐雍門之萩。範鞅門於雍門，其御追喜以戈殺犬於門中。孟莊子斬其橁以為公琴。己亥，焚雍門及西郭、南郭。劉難、士弱率諸侯之師焚申池之竹木。壬寅，焚東郭、北郭。範鞅門於揚門。州綽門於東閭，左驂迫，還於門中，以枚數闔。

The men of Jin wanted to drive back those who returned, but Lu and Wei asked to attack the strongholds. On jimao, Xun Yan and Shi Gai took Jingzi with the central army. On yiyou, Wei Jiang and Luan Ying took Shi with the lower army. Zhao Wu and Han Qi besieged Lu with the upper army but did not take it. In the twelfth month, on wuxu, they reached Qinzhou and cut down the catalpa trees at Yong Gate. Fan Yang attacked Yong Gate, and his charioteer Zhuixi killed a dog in the gateway with a spear. Meng Zhuangzi cut down the chun trees to make zithers for the ducal house. On jihai, they burned Yong Gate and the western and southern outer wards. Liu Nan and Shi Ruo led the armies of the lords and burned the bamboo and trees of the Shen Pond. On renyin, they burned the eastern and northern outer wards. Fan Yang attacked Yang Gate. Zhou Chuo attacked the eastern gate-lane, and his left outer horse was squeezed and wheeled in the gateway, while he counted the gate studs with his whip.

齊侯駕，將走郵棠。大子與郭榮扣馬，曰：“師速而疾，略也。將退矣，君何懼焉！且社稷之主，不可以輕，輕則失眾。君必待之。”將犯之，大子抽劍斷鞅，乃止。甲辰，東侵及濰，南及沂。

The Marquis of Qi drove his chariot, about to flee to Youtang. The crown prince and Guo Rong pulled at the horses and said: "The army is swift and fierce; it is merely plundering. It is about to withdraw, so what does Your Lordship fear! Moreover the master of the altars of the soil and grain must not move lightly, for moving lightly loses the people. Your Lordship must wait." The chariot was about to dash off when the crown prince drew his sword and cut the breast-strap, and so it stopped. On the jiachen day, the invaders went east to Wei and south to Yi.

鄭子孔欲去諸大夫，將叛晉而起楚師以去之。使告子庚，子庚弗許。楚子聞之，使楊豚尹宜告子庚曰：“國人謂不穀主社稷，而不出師，死不從禮。不穀即位，於今五年，師徒不出，人其以不穀為自逸，而忘先君之業矣。大夫圖之！其若之何？”子庚嘆曰：“君王其謂午懷安乎！吾以利社稷也。”見使者，稽首而對曰：“諸侯方睦於晉，臣請嘗之。若可，君而繼之。不可，收師而退，可以無害，君亦無辱。”子庚帥師治兵於汾。於是子蟜、伯有、子張從鄭伯伐齊，子孔、子展、子西守。二子知子孔之謀，完守入保。子孔不敢會楚師。

Zikong of Zheng wanted to get rid of the various grand officers, and was about to rebel against Jin and bring in a Chu army to remove them. He sent word to Zigeng, but Zigeng did not permit it. The Viscount of Chu heard of it and sent Yang Dun Yin Yi to say to Zigeng: "The people of the state think that I, who preside over the altars of the soil and grain, do not send out troops, and that it would be contrary to ritual to die so. In the five years since I took the throne the army has not gone out, and people probably think I am idle and have forgotten the work of the former rulers. Grand officers, plan it! What shall we do?" Zigeng sighed and said: "His Majesty probably thinks Wu is greedy for ease! I am acting for the benefit of the altars of the soil and grain." He met the envoy and answered with a kowtow: "The feudal lords are now at peace with Jin, so I ask to probe. If it is possible, Your Majesty may follow up. If not, I will withdraw the army, which can do no harm, and Your Majesty will suffer no disgrace." Zigeng led the army to drill at Fen. At that time Zijiao, Boyou and Zizhang were following the Earl of Zheng to attack Qi, while Zikong, Zizhan and Zixi remained as guards. Those two knew Zikong's plan, perfected the defenses and entered the fortress. Zikong did not dare join up with the Chu army.

楚師伐鄭，次於魚陵。右師城上棘，遂涉潁，次於旃然。蒍子馮、公子格率銳師侵費滑、胥靡、獻於、雍梁，右回梅山，侵鄭東北，至於蟲牢而反。子庚門於純門，信於城下而還。涉於魚齒之下，甚雨及之，楚師多凍，役徒幾盡。

The Chu army attacked Zheng and camped at Yuling. The Right Army built up Shangji, then crossed the Han River and camped at Zhanran. Weizi Feng and Prince Ge led picked troops to invade Feihua, Xumi, Xianyu and Yongliang, circled to the right around Mount Mei, invaded the northeast of Zheng, reached Chonglao and then turned back. Zigeng attacked the Chun Gate and stayed two nights below the walls before returning. They crossed the river below Yuchi, and heavy rain caught them; the Chu troops suffered heavily from cold, and the laborers nearly all died.

晉人聞有楚師，師曠曰：“不害。吾驟歌北風，又歌南風。南風不競，多死聲。楚必無功。”董叔曰：“天道多在西北，南師不時，必無功。”叔向曰：“在其君之德也。”

When the men of Jin heard that there was a Chu army, Shi Kuang said: "It does no harm. I sang the northern wind several times and also the southern wind. The southern wind is not strong, and there are many sounds of death. Chu will surely have no success." Dong Shu said: "The way of Heaven lies mostly in the northwest; a southern army is out of season and will surely have no success." Shu Xiang said: "It depends on the virtue of their ruler."

【經】十有九年春王正月，諸侯盟於祝柯。晉人執邾子，公至自伐齊。取邾田，自漷水。季孫宿如晉。葬曹成公。夏，衛孫林父帥師伐齊。秋七月辛卯，齊侯環卒。晉士匄帥師侵齊，至谷，聞齊侯卒，乃還。八月丙辰，仲孫蔑卒。齊殺其大夫高厚。鄭殺其大夫公子嘉。冬，葬齊靈公。城西郛。叔孫豹會晉士匄於柯。城武城。

[Classic] In the nineteenth year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar, the feudal lords made a covenant at Zhuke. Men of Jin seized the Viscount of Zhu. Duke Xiang returned from attacking Qi. The lands of Zhu were taken, beginning from the Huo River. Jisun Su went to Jin. Duke Cheng of Cao was buried. In summer, Sun Linfu of Wey led an army to attack Qi. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the xinmao day, Huan, Marquis of Qi, died. Shi Gai of Jin led an army to invade Qi and reached Gu, and, hearing that the Marquis of Qi had died, returned. In the eighth month, on the bingchen day, Zhongsun Mie died. Qi killed its grand officer Gao Hou. Zheng killed its grand officer Prince Jia. In winter, Duke Ling of Qi was buried. The western outer wall was built. Shuosun Bao met Shi Gai of Jin at Ke. Wucheng was built.

【傳】十九年春，諸侯還自沂上，盟於督揚，曰：“大毋侵小。”

[Commentary] In the spring of the nineteenth year, the feudal lords returned from Yi and made a covenant at Duyang, saying: "The large shall not invade the small."

執邾悼公，以其伐我故。遂次於泗上，疆我田。取邾田，自漷水歸之於我。

The Duke of Zhu, Dao, was seized because he had attacked our state. They then camped at the Si River and fixed our state's field boundaries. The lands taken from Zhu, beginning from the Huo River, were returned to our state.

晉侯先歸。公享晉六卿於蒲圃，賜之三命之服。軍尉、司馬、司空、輿尉、候奄，皆受一命之服。賄荀偃束錦，加璧，乘馬，先吳壽夢之鼎。

The Marquis of Jin went back first. Duke Xiang gave a banquet at Pupu for the six ministers of Jin and bestowed on them robes of three commands. The military commandant, minister of war, minister of works, chariot commandant and scout commandant all received robes of one command. He bribed Xun Yan with a bundle of brocade, adding a jade disc and four horses, and first presented the tripod of Shoumeng of Wu.

荀偃癉疽，生瘍於頭。濟河，及著雍，病，目出。大夫先歸者皆反。士匄請見，弗內。請後，曰：“鄭甥可。”二月甲寅，卒，而視，不可含。宣子盥而撫之，曰：“事吳，敢不如事主！”猶視。欒懷子曰：“其為未卒事於齊故也乎？”乃復撫之曰：“主苟終，所不嗣事於齊者，有如河！”乃暝，受含。宣子出，曰：“吾淺之為丈夫也。”

Xun Yan contracted a carbuncle, and an ulcer formed on his head. When he crossed the river and reached Zhuyong, he grew gravely ill and his eyeballs protruded. The grand officers who had gone back first all returned. Shi Gai asked to see him, but was not admitted. When asked about his successor, he said: "The nephew from Zheng will do." In the second month, on the jiayin day, he died, but with his eyes open and unable to receive the jade for the mouth. Xuanzi washed his hands and stroked him, saying: "I will serve Wu, how dare I not serve him as I served my lord!" His eyes were still open. Luan Huaizi said: "Perhaps it is because the matter of Qi has not been completed?" So he stroked him again and said: "When you are gone, if anyone does not continue to use troops against Qi, may the River God deal with him!" Then the eyes closed and he received the jade. Xuanzi went out and said: "As a man, I have been too shallow."

晉欒魴帥師從衛孫文子伐齊。季武子如晉拜師，晉侯享之。範宣子為政，賦《黍苗》。季武子興，再拜稽首曰：“小國之仰大國也，如百穀之仰膏雨焉！若常膏之，其天下輯睦，豈唯敝邑？”賦《六月》。

Luan Fang of Jin led troops to follow Sun Wenzi of Wey in attacking Qi. Ji Wuzi went to Jin to thank them for sending troops, and the Marquis of Jin gave him a banquet. Fan Xuanzi, who was in power, recited "The Millet Seedlings". Ji Wuzi rose, bowed twice with a kowtow and said: "A small state looks to a great state as the hundred grains look to the rich rain! If it moistens constantly, all under Heaven will be at peace, and not only our humble city?" He recited "The Sixth Month".

季武子以所得於齊之兵，作林鐘而銘魯功焉。臧武仲謂季孫曰：“非禮也。

Ji Wuzi used the weapons obtained from Qi to make a bell of the Linzhong pitch and inscribed it with the achievements of Lu. Zang Wuzhong said to Jisun: "This is contrary to ritual.

夫銘，天子令德，諸侯言時計功，大夫稱伐。今稱伐則下等也，計功則借人也，言時則妨民多矣，何以為銘？且夫大伐小，取其所得以作彝器，銘其功烈以示子孫，昭明德而懲無禮也。今將借人之力以救其死，若之何銘之？小國幸於大國，而昭所獲焉以怒之，亡之道也。”

In inscriptions, the Son of Heaven records fine virtue, the feudal lords record what is timely and count achievements, and grand officers recount campaigns. Now to recount a campaign is lowly; to count achievements is to borrow another's strength; to speak of timeliness harms the people greatly; on what grounds can one make an inscription? Moreover, when the great attack the small, they take what they get and make ritual vessels, and inscribe the achievements to show their descendants, to display virtue and warn against discourtesy. Now you are about to borrow another's strength to save yourself from death; how can you inscribe it? A small state that is lucky before a large state, yet displays what it has gained to anger it, is on the road to destruction."

齊侯娶於魯，曰顏懿姬，無子。其侄鬲聲姬，生光，以為大子。諸子仲子、戎子，戎子嬖。仲子生牙，屬諸戎子。戎子請以為大子，許之。仲子曰：“不可。

The Marquis of Qi had taken a wife from Lu, called Yan Yi Ji, who had no son. Her niece, Lisheng Ji, bore Guang, who was made crown prince. Among the concubines were Zhongzi and Rongzi, and Rongzi was favored. Zhongzi bore Ya and entrusted him to Rongzi. Rongzi asked that he be made crown prince, and the marquis agreed. Zhongzi said: "It cannot be done.

廢常，不祥；間諸侯，難。光之立也，列於諸侯矣。今無故而廢之，是專黜諸侯，而以難犯不祥也。君必悔之。”公曰：“在我而已。”遂東大子光。使高厚傅牙，以為大子，夙沙衛為少傅。

To abandon the regular order is inauspicious; to offend the feudal lords is difficult. Guang's accession has already been entered among the feudal lords. To depose him now for no reason is to arbitrarily demote the lords, using difficulty to run into inauspiciousness. Your Lordship will surely regret it." The marquis said: "It rests with me." So he moved the crown prince Guang to the east, had Gao Hou instruct Ya and set him up as crown prince, and made Susha Wei the junior tutor.

齊侯疾，崔杼微逆光。疾病，而立之。光殺戎子，屍諸朝，非禮也。婦人無刑。雖有刑，不在朝市。

The Marquis of Qi fell ill, and Cui Zhu secretly welcomed Guang. When the illness became grave, he was set up. Guang killed Rongzi and exposed her body in the court, which was contrary to ritual. There is no such punishment for women. Even if there is a punishment, it is not carried out in the court or market.

夏五月壬辰晦，齊靈公卒。莊公即位，執公子牙於句瀆之丘。以夙沙衛易己，衛奔高唐以叛。

In summer, in the fifth month, on the renchen day, the last of the month, Duke Ling of Qi died. Duke Zhuang took the throne and seized Prince Ya at the hill of Judu. Because Susha Wei had changed himself, Wei fled to Gaotang and rebelled.

晉士匄侵齊，及谷，聞喪而還，禮也。

Shi Gai of Jin invaded Qi, reached Gu, and returned on hearing of the mourning, which was in accordance with ritual.

於四月丁未，鄭公孫蠆卒，赴於晉大夫。範宣子言於晉侯，以其善於伐秦也。

In the fourth month, on the dingwei day, Gongsun Chai of Zheng died, and the announcement was sent to the grand officers of Jin. Fan Xuanzi said to the Marquis of Jin that it was because he had performed well in the attack on Qin.

六月，晉侯請於王，王追賜之大路，使以行，禮也。

In the sixth month, the Marquis of Jin made a request to the Son of Heaven, and the Son of Heaven posthumously bestowed a grand carriage on him to be used in the funeral, which was in accordance with ritual.

秋八月，齊崔杼殺高厚於灑藍而兼其室。書曰：“齊殺其大夫。”從君於昏也。

In autumn, in the eighth month, Cui Zhu of Qi killed Gao Hou at Salan and annexed his household. The Annals records "Qi killed its grand officer," because he followed the ruler in his confusion.

鄭子孔之為政也專。國人患之，乃討西宮之難，與純門之師。子孔當罪，以其甲及子革、子良氏之甲守。甲辰，子展、子西率國人伐之，殺子孔而分其室。

Zikong of Zheng ruled by his own authority. The people of the state were troubled, and so they punished him for the disaster of the West Palace and for the troops sent out at Chun Gate. Zikong was deemed guilty, and he used his own armed men and those of the Zige and Ziliang clans to guard. On the jiachen day, Zizhan and Zixi led the people of the state to attack him, killed Zikong and divided his household.

書曰：“鄭殺其大夫。”專也。子然、子孔，宋子之子也；士子孔，圭媯之子也。

The Annals records "Zheng killed its grand officer" because he acted on his own authority. Ziran and Zikong were sons of Songzi; Shi Zikong was the son of Gui Gui.

圭媯之班亞宋子，而相親也；二子孔亦相親也。僖之四年，子然卒，簡之元年，士子孔卒。司徒孔實相子革、子良之室，三室如一，故及於難。子革、子良出奔楚，子革為右尹。鄭人使子展當國，子西聽政，立子產為卿。

Gui Gui ranked below Songzi but they were close to each other, and the two Zikongs were also close. In the fourth year of Duke Xi, Ziran died, and in the first year of Duke Jian, Shi Zikong died. Sikong Kong in fact helped the households of Zige and Ziliang, and the three families were like one household, so they met with disaster. Zige and Ziliang fled to Chu, and Zige became Right Prime Minister. The men of Zheng had Zizhan preside over state affairs, Zixi attend to government, and set up Zichan as a minister.

齊慶封圍高唐，弗克。冬十一月，齊侯圍之，見衛在城上，號之，乃下。問守備焉，以無備告。揖之，乃登。聞師將傅，食高唐人。殖綽、工僂會夜縋納師，醢衛于軍。

Qing Feng of Qi besieged Gaotang but did not take it. In winter, in the eleventh month, the Marquis of Qi besieged it, saw Wei on the wall, called to him, and Wei came down. When asked about the defenses, he said there were none. They bowed to each other and then he climbed the wall. Hearing that the army was about to scale the city, he gave the men of Gaotang food. Zhi Chuo and Gong Lou Hui lowered the army in by ropes at night, and in the army Wei was made into meat paste.

城西郛，懼齊也。

The western outer wall was built, out of fear of Qi.

齊及晉平，盟於大隧。故穆叔會範宣子於柯。穆叔見叔向，賦《載馳》之四章。叔向曰：“肸敢不承命。”穆叔曰：“齊猶未也，不可以不懼。”乃城武城。

Qi made peace with Jin and a covenant was made at Dasui. So Mu Shu met Fan Xuanzi at Ke. Mu Shu saw Shu Xiang and recited the fourth stanza of "Galloping Horses". Shu Xiang said: "Xi dare not fail to accept the command." Mu Shu said: "Qi is not yet finished, and we cannot fail to fear it." So Wucheng was built.

衛石共子卒，悼子不哀。孔成子曰：“是謂蹶其本，必不有其宗。”

Shi Gongzi of Wey died, and Daozi was not sorrowful. Kong Chengzi said: "This is called uprooting the foundation; he will certainly not keep his clan."

【經】二十年春王正月辛亥，仲孫速會莒人盟於向。夏六月庚申，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯，小邾子盟於澶淵。秋，公至自會。仲孫速帥師伐邾。蔡殺其大夫公子燮。蔡公子履出奔楚。

[Classic] In the twentieth year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar, on the xinhai day, Zhongsun Su joined the men of Ju in making a covenant at Xiang. In summer, in the sixth month, on the gengshen day, Duke Xiang met the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wey, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Xiaozhu, and made a covenant at Chanyuan. In autumn Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. Zhongsun Su led an army to attack Zhu. Cai killed its grand officer Prince Xie. Prince Lü of Cai fled to Chu.

陳侯之弟黃出奔楚。叔老如齊。冬十月丙辰朔，日有食之。季孫宿如宋。

Huang, younger brother of the Marquis of Chen, fled to Chu. Shu Lao went to Qi. In winter, in the tenth month, on the bingchen day, the first of the month, there was a solar eclipse. Jisun Su went to Song.

【傳】二十年春，及莒平。孟莊子會莒人，盟於向，督揚之盟故也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twentieth year, peace was made with Ju. Meng Zhuangzi met the men of Ju and made a covenant at Xiang, on account of the covenant of Duyang.

夏，盟於澶淵，齊成故也。

In summer a covenant was made at Chanyuan, because Qi had made peace.

邾人驟至，以諸侯之事，弗能報也。秋，孟莊子伐邾以報之。

Men of Zhu came repeatedly; because of the affairs of the feudal lords, no retaliation was possible. In autumn Meng Zhuangzi attacked Zhu in retaliation.

蔡公子燮欲以蔡之晉，蔡人殺之。公子履，其母弟也，故出奔楚。

Prince Xie of Cai wanted Cai to lean toward Jin, and the men of Cai killed him. Prince Lü was his younger brother by the same mother, so he fled to Chu.

陳慶虎、慶寅畏公子黃之逼，愬諸楚曰：“與蔡司馬同謀。”楚人以為討。

Qing Hu and Qing Yin of Chen, afraid of the pressure from Prince Huang, accused him to Chu, saying: "He plotted together with the minister of war of Cai." Thereupon the men of Chu punished him.

公子黃出奔楚。

Prince Huang fled to Chu.

初，蔡文侯欲事晉，曰：“先君與於踐士之盟，晉不可棄，且兄弟也。”畏楚，不能行而卒。楚人使蔡無常，公子燮求從先君以利蔡，不能而死。書曰：“蔡殺其大夫公子燮”，言不與民同欲也；“陳侯之弟黃出奔楚”，言非其罪也。

Earlier, Marquis Wen of Cai had wanted to serve Jin, saying: "The former ruler took part in the covenant of Jiantu, so Jin cannot be abandoned, and besides it is a brother state." Fearing Chu, he could not carry it out and died. The men of Chu had no regular rule for Cai; Prince Xie asked to follow the former ruler for the benefit of Cai, but could not and died. The Annals records "Cai killed its grand officer Prince Xie," meaning he did not share the same wish as the people; "Huang, younger brother of the Marquis of Chen, fled to Chu," meaning it was not his fault.

公子黃將出奔，呼於國曰：“慶氏無道，求專陳國，暴蔑其君，而去其親，五年不滅，是無天也。”

Prince Huang, about to flee, cried out in the state: "The Qing clan is without the Way, seeks to rule Chen on its own authority, is cruel and contemptuous toward the ruler and removes his kin; if it does not perish within five years, there is no Heaven."

齊子初聘於齊，禮也。

Qizi made his first visit to Qi, which was in accordance with ritual.

冬，季武子如宋，報向戌之聘也。褚師段逆之以受享，賦《常棣》之七章以卒。宋人重賄之。歸，覆命，公享之。賦《魚麗》之卒章。公賦《南山有臺》。

In winter, Ji Wuzi went to Song, returning the visit of Xiang Xu. Chu Shi Duan welcomed him and received him at a banquet, reciting the seventh stanza of "The Cherry Tree" through to the last stanza. The men of Song bribed him heavily. On returning to report, Duke Xiang gave him a banquet. He recited the last stanza of "The Fish in the Net". Duke Xiang recited "On the South Hill Is the Platform".

武子去所，曰：“臣不堪也。”

Wuzi left his mat and said: "I cannot bear it."

衛甯惠子疾，召悼子曰：“吾得罪於君，悔而無及也。名藏在諸侯之策，曰：‘孫林父、寧殖出其君。’君入則掩之。若能掩之，則吾子也。若不能，猶有鬼神，吾有餒而已，不來食矣。”悼子許諾，惠子遂卒。

Ning Huizi of Wey fell ill and summoned Daozi, saying: "I offended the ruler, and regret comes too late. My name is hidden in the bamboo records of the feudal lords, which say: 'Sun Linfu and Ning Zhi drove out their ruler.' When the ruler enters, he will cover it up. If it can be covered up, you are my son. If not, there are still ghosts and spirits, and I will just go hungry and will not come to eat." Daozi agreed, and Huizi died.

【經】二十有一年春王正月，公如晉。邾庶其以漆、閭丘來奔。夏，公至自晉。秋，晉盈出奔楚。九月庚戌朔，日有食之。冬十月庚辰朔，日有食之。曹伯來朝。公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子於商任。

[Classic] In the twenty-first year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang went to Jin. Shu Qi of Zhu came with Qi and Lüqiu to seek refuge. In summer, Duke Xiang returned from Jin. In autumn Ying of Jin fled to Chu. In the ninth month, on the gengxu day, the first of the month, there was a solar eclipse. In winter, in the tenth month, on the gengchen day, the first of the month, there was a solar eclipse. The Earl of Cao came to pay court. Duke Xiang met the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wey, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju and the Viscount of Zhu at Shangren.

【傳】二十一年春，公如晉，拜師及取邾田也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-first year, Duke Xiang went to Jin to thank them for sending troops and for obtaining the lands of Zhu.

邾庶其以漆、閭丘來奔。季武子以公姑姊妻之，皆有賜於其從者。

Shu Qi of Zhu came with Qi and Lüqiu to seek refuge. Ji Wuzi married Duke Xiang's paternal aunt to him and gave rewards to all his followers.

於是魯多盜。季孫謂臧武仲曰：“子盍詰盜？”武仲曰：“不可詰也，紇又不能。”季孫曰：“我有四封，而詰其盜，何故不可？子為司寇，將盜是務去，若之何不能？”武仲曰：“子召外盜而大禮焉，何以止吾盜？子為正卿，而來外盜；使紇去之，將何以能？庶其竊邑於邾以來，子以姬氏妻之，而與之邑，其從者皆有賜焉。若大盜禮焉以君之姑姊與其大邑，其次皂牧輿馬，其小者衣裳劍帶，是賞盜也。賞而去之，其或難焉。紇也聞之，在上位者，灑濯其心，壹以待人，軌度其信，可明徵也，而後可以治人。夫上之所為，民之歸也。上所不為而民或為之，是以加刑罰焉，而莫敢不懲。若上之所為而民亦為之，乃其所也，又可禁乎？《夏書》曰：‘念茲在茲，釋茲在茲，名言茲在茲，允出茲在茲，惟帝念功。’將謂由己壹也。信由己壹，而後功可念也。”

At that time Lu had many thieves. Jisun said to Zang Wuzhong: "Why do you not take action against the thieves?" Wuzhong said: "They cannot be dealt with, and I cannot do it." Jisun said: "I have borders on four sides, and to question the thieves within the borders, why not? You are Minister of Justice, and getting rid of thieves is to be your main task; how can you not?" Wuzhong said: "You summoned an outside thief and treated him with great ritual; on what grounds can you forbid our thieves? You are the chief minister, yet you bring in outside thieves; if you have me remove them, on what basis can I? Shu Qi came having stolen a city from Zhu, and you married Lady Ji to him and gave him a city, and all his followers have been rewarded. If a great thief is treated with the ruler's paternal aunt and a large city, then next with grooms, herders, chariots and horses, and the lesser ones with clothes and belts, this is rewarding thieves. To reward and yet remove them may be difficult. I have heard that those in high position wash their own hearts clean, treat people with single-mindedness, and measure their good faith by standards, so that it can be clearly verified, and then they can govern people. What those above do is where the people turn. When those above do not do it but the people do, therefore punishment is applied and no one dares not take warning. If what those above do the people also do, that is their place, and can it still be forbidden? The Book of Xia says: 'Think of this, and it is in this; set it aside, and it is in this; name it, and it is in this; send out good faith, and it is in this; only the Emperor thinks of merit.' This means it comes from one's own single-mindedness. When good faith comes from one's own single-mindedness, then merit can be thought of."

庶其非卿也，以地來，雖賤必書，重地也。

Shu Qi was not a minister, yet he came carrying land, and even though he was of low rank it was necessarily recorded, because the land was valued.

齊侯使慶佐為大夫，復討公子牙之黨，執公子買於句瀆之丘。公子鉏來奔。

The Marquis of Qi made Qing Zuo a grand officer and again punished the followers of Prince Ya, seizing Prince Mai at the hill of Judu. Prince Chu came to seek refuge.

叔孫還奔燕。

Shusun Huan fled to Yan.

夏，楚子庚卒，楚子使薳子馮為令尹。訪於申叔豫，叔豫曰：“國多寵而王弱，國不可為也。”遂以疾辭。方署，闕地，下冰而床焉。重繭衣裘，鮮食而寢。

In summer, Zigeng of Chu died, and the Viscount of Chu had Weizi Feng become prime minister. He consulted Shen Shuyu, who said: "The state has many favorites and the ruler is weak; the state cannot be governed." So he declined on grounds of illness. It was the hot season. He dug into the ground, put ice below and set a bed over it. He wore two layers of padded clothes and a fur, ate little and then slept.

楚子使醫視之，復曰：“瘠則甚矣，而血氣未動。”乃使子南為令尹。

The Viscount of Chu sent a physician to examine him, who reported: "He is very thin, but his blood and breath have not moved." So Zinan was made prime minister.

欒桓子娶於範宣子，生懷子。範鞅以其亡也，怨欒氏，故與欒盈為公族大夫而不相能。桓子卒，欒祁與其老州賓通，幾亡室矣。懷子患之。祁懼其討也，愬諸宣子曰：“盈將為亂，以范氏為死桓主而專政矣，曰：‘吾父逐鞅也，不怒而以寵報之，又與吾同官而專之，吾父死而益富。死吾父而專於國，有死而已，吾蔑從之矣！’其謀如是，懼害於主，吾不敢不言。”範鞅為之徵。懷子好施，士多歸之。宣子畏其多士也，信之。懷子為下卿，宣子使城著而遂逐之。

Luan Huanzi had married the daughter of Fan Xuanzi and she bore Huaizi. Fan Yang resented the Luan clan over his flight, so he and Luan Ying were both grand officers of the ducal clan but could not get along. When Huanzi died, Luan Qi had an affair with Zhou Bin, the chief of her household retainers, and nearly lost the household. Huaizi was troubled by this. Qi, fearing his punishment, accused him to Xuanzi, saying: "Ying is about to cause trouble, thinking that the Fan clan caused the death of Lord Huan and took government into their own hands, saying: 'My father drove out Yang, and did not become angry but repaid him with favor, and he is now in the same office as I and rules on his own authority, and since my father died he has become richer. They caused my father's death and rule the state on their own authority; I will only die, and I will not follow him!' Such is his plan, and fearing harm to my lord I dare not fail to speak." Fan Yang gave testimony for her. Huaizi liked to give and many gentlemen attached themselves to him. Xuanzi feared that he had many gentlemen and believed her. Huaizi was a junior minister, and Xuanzi had him build up Zhu and then drove him out.

秋，欒盈出奔楚。宣子殺箕遺、黃淵、嘉父、司空靖、邴豫、董叔、邴師、申書、羊舌虎、叔羆。囚伯華、叔向、籍偃。人謂叔向曰：“子離於罪，其為不知乎？”叔向曰：“與其死亡若何？《詩》曰：‘優哉遊哉，聊以卒歲。’知也。”

In autumn, Luan Ying fled to Chu. Xuanzi killed Ji Yi, Huang Yuan, Jiafu, Sikong Jing, Bing Yu, Dong Shu, Bing Shi, Shen Shu, Yangshe Hu and Shu Pi. He imprisoned Bohua, Shu Xiang and Ji Yan. Someone said to Shu Xiang: "You have fallen into guilt; is this not unwise?" Shu Xiang said: "Compared with death, how is it? The Book of Songs says: 'How leisurely, to pass out one's years.' That is wisdom."

樂王鮒見叔向曰：“吾為子請！”叔向弗應。出，不拜。其人皆咎叔向。叔向曰：“必祁大夫。。”室老聞之，曰：“樂王鮒言於君無不行，求赦吾子，吾子不許。

Yue Wangfu saw Shu Xiang and said: "I will plead for you!" Shu Xiang did not agree. He went out and did not bow. His men all blamed Shu Xiang. Shu Xiang said: "It must be the Grand Officer Qi." The chief steward heard of it and said: "There is nothing Yue Wangfu says to the ruler that is not carried out, and he asked to pardon you, yet you did not agree.

祁大夫所不能也，而曰‘必由之’，何也？”叔向曰：“樂王鮒，從君者也，何能行？祁大夫外舉不棄仇，內舉不失親，其獨遺我乎？《詩》曰：‘有覺德行，四國順之。’夫子，覺者也。”

What Grand Officer Qi cannot do, you say 'it will certainly be through him'; why?" Shu Xiang said: "Yue Wangfu is one who follows the ruler; how can he succeed? The Grand Officer Qi, in recommending outside, does not abandon enemies, and in recommending inside does not lose kin; would he alone abandon me? The Book of Songs says: 'Where there is upright virtue, the states of the four quarters comply.' That man is upright."

晉侯問叔向之罪於樂王鮒，對曰：“不棄其親，其有焉。”於是祁奚老矣，聞之，乘馹而見宣子，曰：“《詩》曰：‘惠我無疆，子孫保之。’《書》曰：‘聖有謨勳，明徵定保。’夫謀而鮮過，惠訓不倦者，叔向有焉，社稷之固也。

The Marquis of Jin asked Yue Wangfu about Shu Xiang's crime, and he answered: "He does not abandon his kin; perhaps there is something." At that time Qi Xi had already retired because of old age, and when he heard of it he rode a post carriage to see Xuanzi and said: "The Book of Songs says: 'Bestow kindness on me without limit, and may our descendants keep it.' The Book of Documents says: 'The sagely and wise have plans and achievements, clearly verified, giving stability and protection.' One who plans with few mistakes and gives kindness and instruction without tiring, Shu Xiang has these, and is a firm support of the altars of the soil and grain.

猶將十世宥之，以勸能者。今壹不免其身，以棄社稷，不亦惑乎？鯀殛而禹興。

Even for ten generations one should be lenient, to encourage the able. Now to fail to spare him for one offense, and so abandon the altars of the soil and grain, is that not confused? Gun was executed and Yu arose.

伊尹放大甲而相之，卒無怨色。管、蔡為戮，周公右王。若之何其以虎也棄社稷？子為善，誰敢不勉？多殺何為？”宣子說，與之乘，以言諸公而免之。不見叔向而歸。叔向亦不告免焉而朝。

Yi Yin banished Taijia yet assisted him, and in the end there was no sign of resentment. Guan and Cai were killed, and the Duke of Zhou assisted the king. How can one abandon the altars of the soil and grain because of a Hu? If you do good, who dares not to make an effort? What is the use of killing many?" Xuanzi was pleased, rode with him, spoke to the duke and obtained a pardon. He went back without seeing Shu Xiang. Shu Xiang also went to court without informing anyone of the pardon.

初，叔向之母妒叔虎之母美而不使，其子皆諫其母。其母曰：“深山大澤，實生龍蛇。彼美，餘懼其生龍蛇以禍女。女，敝族也。國多大寵，不仁人間之，不亦難乎？餘何愛焉！”使往視寢，生叔虎。美而有勇力，欒懷子嬖之，故羊舌氏之族及於難。

Earlier, Shu Xiang's mother was jealous that Shu Hu's mother was beautiful and would not let her attend the master's bed, and her sons all remonstrated with her. The mother said: "Deep mountains and great marshes do indeed give birth to dragons and snakes. She is beautiful, and I fear she will give birth to dragons and snakes that will harm you. You are a declining clan. The state has many great favorites, and unbenevolent people sow discord among them, is that not difficult? What is there that I would begrudge!" She let her attend the bed, and she gave birth to Shu Hu. He was handsome and had courage and strength, and Luan Huaizi loved him, so the Yangshe clan met disaster.

欒盈過於周，周西鄙掠之。辭於行人，曰：“天子陪臣盈，得罪於王之守臣，將逃罪。罪重於郊甸，無所伏竄，敢布其死。昔陪臣書能輸力於王室，王施惠焉。

When Luan Ying passed through Zhou, people on the western border of Zhou plundered him. He stated to the envoy: "I, Ying, a subordinate official of the Son of Heaven, offended the king's guardian minister and am about to flee from punishment. My guilt is heavier than the suburbs, and I have no place to flee, so I dare to state my capital crime. In former times the subordinate official Shu was able to exert himself for the royal house, and the king bestowed kindness on him.

其子黶，不能保任其父之勞。大君若不棄書之力，亡臣猶有所逃。若棄書之力，而思黶之罪，臣，戮餘也，將歸死於尉氏，不敢還矣。敢布四體，唯大君命焉！”王曰：“尤而效之，其又甚焉！”使司徒禁掠欒氏者，歸所取焉。使候出諸轘轅。

His son Yan could not preserve his father's toil. If the great lord does not abandon Shu's service, the fugitive subject still has somewhere to flee. If he abandons Shu's service and thinks of Yan's guilt, I am a remnant of executions and will go back and die at Weishi, and dare not return. I dare to spread my limbs and wait only for the great lord's command!" The king said: "To blame and yet imitate would be even worse!" He sent the Minister of Education to forbid the plundering of Luan's men and to return what had been taken. He sent scouts to escort him out from Huanyuan.

冬，曹武公來朝，始見也。

In winter, Duke Wu of Cao came to pay court, which was his first audience.

會於商任，錮欒氏也。齊侯、衛侯不敬。叔向曰：“二君者必不免。會朝，禮之經也；禮，政之輿也；政，身之守也；怠禮失政，失政不立，是以亂也。”

The meeting at Shangren was to bar the Luan clan. The Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wey were not respectful. Shu Xiang said: "These two rulers will surely not escape. Meetings and audiences are the framework of ritual; ritual is the carriage of government; government is the protection of one's person. To be negligent about ritual is to lose government, and to lose government is to be unable to stand, and so there is disorder."

知起、中行喜、州綽、邢蒯出奔齊，皆欒氏之黨也。樂王鮒謂範宣子曰：“盍反州綽、邢蒯，勇士也。”宣子曰：“彼欒氏之勇也，餘何獲焉？”王鮒曰：“子為彼欒氏，乃亦子之勇也。”

Zhi Qi, Zhonghang Xi, Zhou Chuo and Xing Kuai fled to Qi, all followers of the Luan clan. Yue Wangfu said to Fan Xuanzi: "Why not let Zhou Chuo and Xing Kuai return? They are brave men." Xuanzi said: "That is the bravery of the Luan clan, what do I gain?" Wangfu said: "If you become their Luan, it will become your bravery too."

齊莊公朝，指殖綽、郭最曰：“是寡人之雄也。”州綽曰：“君以為雄，誰敢不雄？然臣不敏，平陰之役，先二子鳴。”莊公為勇爵。殖綽、郭最欲與焉。

Duke Zhuang of Qi, at court, pointed at Zhi Chuo and Guo Zui and said: "These are my heroes." Zhou Chuo said: "If Your Lordship thinks them heroes, who dares not be a hero? But I am not so quick-witted; at the battle of Pingyin I crowed before these two." Duke Zhuang established a rank for the brave. Zhi Chuo and Guo Zui wanted to take part.

州綽曰：“東閭之役，臣左驂迫，還於門中，識其枚數。其可以與於此乎？”公曰：“子為晉君也。”對曰：“臣為隸新。然二子者，譬於禽獸，臣食其肉而寢處其皮矣。”

Zhou Chuo said: "In the battle of Dongchang, my left outer horse was crowded, and I circled in the gate and knew the number of studs on the door leaf. Perhaps I could take part in this?" The duke said: "You did it for the lord of Jin." He replied: "I am newly made a retainer. But as for those two, compare them to beasts; I have eaten their flesh and slept on their skins."

【經】二十有二年春王正月，公至自會。夏四月。秋七月辛酉，叔老卒。冬，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子於沙隨。公至自會。楚殺其大夫公子追舒。

[Classic] In the twenty-second year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. In summer, the fourth month. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the xinyou day, Shu Lao died. In winter, Duke Xiang met the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wey, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Xiaozhu at Shasui. Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. Chu killed its grand officer Prince Zhuishu.

【傳】二十二年春，臧武仲如晉，雨，過御叔。御叔在其邑，將飲酒，曰：“焉用聖人！我將飲酒而已，雨行，何以聖為？”穆叔聞之曰：“不可使也，而傲使人，國之蠹也。”令倍其賦。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-second year, Zang Wuzhong went to Jin, and it rained as he passed Yushu's place. Yushu, in his city, was about to drink and said: "What need is there of a sage! I am just going to drink; to travel on in the rain, by what standard is that sagely?" Mu Shu heard of it and said: "One who cannot be sent as an envoy but looks down on the envoy is a worm in the state." He ordered that his taxes be doubled.

夏，晉人徵朝於鄭。鄭人使少正公孫僑對曰：“在晉先君悼公九年，我寡君於是即位。即位八月，而我先大夫子駟從寡君以朝於執事。執事不禮於寡君。寡君懼，因是行也，我二年六月朝於楚，晉是以有戲之役。楚人猶競，而申禮於敝邑。敝邑欲從執事而懼為大尤，曰晉其謂我不共有禮，是以不敢攜貳於楚。我四年三月，先大夫子蟜又從寡君以觀釁於楚，晉於是乎有蕭魚之役。謂我敝邑，邇在晉國，譬諸草木，吾臭味也，而何敢差池？楚亦不競，寡君盡其土實，重之以宗器，以受齊盟。遂帥群臣隨於執事以會歲終。貳於楚者，子侯、石盂，歸而討之。湨梁之明年，子蟜老矣，公孫夏從寡君以朝於君，見於嘗酎，與執燔焉。間二年，聞君將靖東夏，四月又朝，以聽事期。不朝之間，無歲不聘，無役不從。以大國政令之無常，國家罷病，不虞薦至，無日不惕，豈敢忘職？大國若安定之，其朝夕在庭，何辱命焉？若不恤其患，而以為口實，其無乃不堪任命，而翦為仇讎，敝邑是懼。其敢忘君命？委諸執事，執事實重圖之。”

In summer, the men of Jin demanded that Zheng pay court. The men of Zheng sent the junior chief Gongsun Qiao to reply: "In the ninth year of the late Duke Dao of Jin, our ruler took the throne. Eight months after his accession, our late grand officer Zisi followed our ruler to pay court to your officials. Your officials were discourteous to our ruler. Our ruler was frightened, and because of this trip, in the sixth month of the second year we paid court to Chu, and for this Jin had the battle of Xi. The men of Chu were still strong, but they declared ritual to our humble city. Our humble city wished to follow your officials but feared it would be a great fault, saying that perhaps Jin thinks we are not respectful and ritual, so we did not dare be two-faced toward Chu. In the third month of the fourth year, our late grand officer Zijiao again followed our ruler to Chu to observe the gaps, and Jin then had the battle of Xiaoyu. We thought our humble city was close to Jin, compared to grass and trees, that we shared one flavor, so how dare we waver? Chu was no longer strong, and our ruler brought out all the produce of the land, adding the vessels of the ancestral temple, to receive the covenant of fasting. Then he led his ministers to follow your officials to meet at the end of the year. Those who were two-faced toward Chu, Zihou and Shi Meng, we punished upon returning. In the year after Jiliang, Zijiao retired due to old age, and Gongsun Xia followed our ruler to pay court to your lord, was received at the tasting of the zhou wine and took part in holding the roast meat. Two years later, hearing that Your Lordship would pacify the eastern Xia, we again came to pay court in the fourth month to hear the dates of affairs. In the intervals between court visits, there was no year without a visit and no campaign in which we did not follow. Because the great state's decrees have no regular rule, our state is exhausted and ill, and unexpected affairs come one after another, not a day passes without alertness; how dare we forget our duty? If the great state keeps our humble city at peace, we will be in the courtyard morning and evening; why need you trouble to send a command? If you do not pity its troubles but use them as a pretext, we fear we cannot bear the appointment and will be cut down and become enemies, and our humble city fears this. How would we dare forget Your Lordship's command? We entrust it to your officials; your officials must plan it carefully."

秋，欒盈自楚適齊。晏平仲言於齊侯曰：“商任之會，受命於晉。今納欒氏，將安用之？小所以事大，信也。失信不立，君其圖之。”弗聽。退告陳文子曰：“君人執信，臣人執共，忠信篤敬，上下同之，天之道也。君自棄也，弗能久矣！”九月，鄭公孫黑肱有疾，歸邑於公。召室老、宗人立段，而使黜官、薄祭。

In autumn, Luan Ying went from Chu to Qi. Yan Pingzhong said to the Marquis of Qi: "At the meeting at Shangren, we received our commands from Jin. Now you receive the Luan clan; how will you use him? A small state serves a large one by good faith. If good faith is lost, one cannot stand; Your Lordship should plan." He did not listen. On withdrawing he told Chen Wenzi: "For rulers to hold to good faith and for ministers to hold to respect, loyalty, good faith, sincerity and reverence, shared above and below, is the principle of Heaven. If Your Lordship himself abandons it, it cannot last long!" In the ninth month, Gongsun Heigong of Zheng fell ill and returned his city to the duke. He summoned the chief steward and the clan officer and set up Duan, and had them reduce the officials and make sacrifices frugally.

祭以特羊，殷以少牢。足以共祀，盡歸其餘邑。曰：“吾聞之，生於亂世，貴而能貧，民無求焉，可以後亡。敬共事君，與二三子。生在敬戒，不在富也。”己巳，伯張卒。君子曰：“善戒。《詩》曰：‘慎爾侯度，用戒不虞。’鄭子張其有焉。”

For sacrifices he used a single sheep, and for the grand sacrifice a small set of animals. Enough was provided for the sacrifices, and all the remaining cities were returned. He said: "I have heard that one born in an age of disorder who is honored yet can be poor, from whom the people demand nothing, may perish later. Respectfully serving the ruler, together with these few. Survival lies in reverence and caution, not in wealth." On the jisi day Bozhang died. The gentleman said: "He was good at taking precautions. The Book of Songs says: 'Be careful of your lordly standards, in order to guard against the unexpected.' Zizhang of Zheng probably had this."

冬，會於沙隨，復錮欒氏也。

In winter, a meeting was held at Shasui, and the Luan clan was barred again.

欒盈猶在齊，晏子曰：“禍將作矣！齊將伐晉，不可以不懼。”

Luan Ying was still in Qi, and Master Yan said: "Disaster is about to break out! Qi will attack Jin, and we cannot fail to fear it."

楚觀起有寵於令尹子南，未益祿，而有馬數十乘。楚人患之，王將討焉。子南之子棄疾為王御士，王每見之，必泣。棄疾曰：“君三泣臣矣，敢問誰之罪也？”王曰：“令尹之不能，爾所知也。國將討焉，爾其居乎？”對曰：“父戮子居，君焉用之？洩命重刑，臣亦不為。”王遂殺子南於朝，轘觀起於四竟。子南之臣謂棄疾，請徙子屍於朝，曰：“君臣有禮，唯二三子。”三日，棄疾請屍，王許之。既葬，其徒曰：“行乎？”曰：“吾與殺吾父，行將焉入？”曰：“然則臣王乎？”曰：“棄父事仇，吾弗忍也。”遂縊而死。

Guan Qi of Chu was favored by Zinan, the prime minister, and although his salary had not increased, he had several tens of chariots of horses. The men of Chu were troubled, and the king was about to punish him. Zinan's son Qiji was a guard of the king, and every time the king saw him, he wept. Qiji said: "Your Majesty has wept at me three times; may I ask whose crime it is?" The king said: "The prime minister's incompetence you know. The state is about to punish him; will you remain?" He replied: "When the father is killed and the son remains, what use is that to Your Majesty? To leak a command is a heavy punishment, and I will not do it either." The king then killed Zinan in the court and had Guan Qi torn apart by chariots at the four borders. Zinan's retainers told Qiji and asked to move his body from the court, saying: "Ruler and subject have ritual, only in these few." After three days, Qiji asked for the body and the king permitted it. After he was buried, his followers said: "Shall we leave?" He said: "I took part in killing my father; where would I go?" They said: "Then will you serve the king?" He said: "To abandon my father and serve his enemy, I cannot bear it." So he hanged himself.

復使薳子馮為令尹，公子齮為司馬。屈建為莫敖。有寵於薳子者八人，皆無祿而多馬。他日朝，與申叔豫言。弗應而退。從之，入於人中。又從之，遂歸。

Weizi Feng was again made prime minister, Prince Wei was made minister of war, and Qu Jian was made Mo'ao. Eight men favored by Weizi had no salary but many horses. Later one day at court he talked with Shen Shuyu. Shuyu did not answer and withdrew. He followed him into the crowd. He followed again and then went back.

退朝，見之，曰：“子三困我於朝，吾懼，不敢不見。吾過，子姑告我。何疾我也？”對曰：“吾不免是懼，何敢告子？”曰：“何故？”對曰：“昔觀起有寵於子南，子南得罪，觀起車裂。何故不懼？”自御而歸，不能當道。至，謂八人者曰：“吾見申叔，夫子所謂生死而肉骨也。知我者，如夫子則可。不然，請止。”

After leaving court he saw him and said: "You have cornered me three times in court, and I was afraid and dared not fail to see you. If I have fault, please tell me. Why do you dislike me?" He replied: "I fear I cannot escape guilt, how dare I tell you?" He said: "What is the reason?" He replied: "In the past Guan Qi was favored by Zinan, Zinan offended, and Guan Qi was torn apart by chariots. Why should one not fear?" He drove back himself and could not keep to the middle of the road. On arriving, he said to those eight men: "I saw Shen Shu, that gentleman is what is called one who makes the dead live and puts flesh on white bones. If someone understands me, someone like that gentleman will do. Otherwise, please stop."

辭八人者，而後王安之。

He dismissed those eight men, and only then was the king at ease.

十二月，鄭遊販將歸晉，未出竟，遭逆妻者，奪之，以館於邑。丁巳，其夫攻子明，殺之，以其妻行。子展廢良而立大叔，曰：“國卿，君之貳也，民之主也，不可以苟。請舍子明之類。”求亡妻者，使復其所。使遊氏勿怨，曰：“無昭惡也。”

In the twelfth month, You Fan of Zheng was about to return to Jin, and before he had left the state he met a man going to fetch his wife, seized her, and installed her in a city. On the dingsi day her husband attacked Ziming, killed him, and left with his wife. Zizhan deposed Liang and set up Daxu, saying: "A minister of state is a deputy to the ruler and master of the people, and must not be careless. Please give up Ziming's kind." They searched for the man who had lost his wife and let him return to his original place. He told the You clan not to resent it, saying: "Do not make evil manifest."

【經】二十有三年春王二月癸酉朔，日有食之。三月己巳，杞伯匄卒。夏，邾畀我來奔。葬杞孝公。陳殺其大夫慶虎及慶寅。陳侯之弟黃自楚歸於陳。晉欒盈復入於晉，入於曲沃。秋，齊侯伐衛，遂伐晉。八月，叔孫豹帥師救晉，次於雍榆。己卯，仲孫速卒。冬十月乙亥，臧孫紇出奔邾。晉人殺欒盈。齊侯襲莒。

[Classic] In the twenty-third year, in spring, in the second month by the Zhou calendar, on the guiyou day, the first of the month, there was a solar eclipse. In the third month, on the jisi day, Gai, Earl of Qi, died. In summer, Bi Wo of Zhu came to seek refuge. Duke Xiao of Qi was buried. Chen killed its grand officers Qing Hu and Qing Yin. Huang, younger brother of the Marquis of Chen, returned to Chen from Chu. Luan Ying of Jin entered Jin again, entering Quwo. In autumn, the Marquis of Qi attacked Wey, and then attacked Jin. In the eighth month, Shusun Bao led an army to rescue Jin and camped at Yongyu. On the jimao day, Zhongsun Su died. In winter, in the tenth month, on the yihai day, Zang Sunhe fled to Zhu. Men of Jin killed Luan Ying. The Marquis of Qi made a surprise attack on Ju.

【傳】二十三年春，杞孝公卒，晉悼夫人喪之。平公不徹樂，非禮也。禮，為鄰國闕。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-third year, Duke Xiao of Qi died, and the Lady Dao of Jin wore mourning for him. Duke Ping did not remove the music, which was contrary to ritual. By ritual, music is stopped for a neighboring state.

陳侯如楚。公子黃愬二慶於楚，楚人召之。使慶樂往，殺之。慶氏以陳叛。

The Marquis of Chen went to Chu. Prince Huang accused the two Qings to Chu, and the men of Chu summoned them. They sent Qing Yue, and he was killed. The Qing clan held Chen and rebelled.

夏，屈建從陳侯圍陳。陳人城，板隊而殺人。役人相命，各殺其長。遂殺慶虎、慶寅。楚人納公子黃。君子謂：“慶氏不義，不可肆也。故《書》曰：‘惟命不於常。’”晉將嫁女於吳，齊侯使析歸父媵之，以藩載欒盈及其士，納諸曲沃。欒盈夜見胥午而告之。對曰：“不可。天之所廢，誰能興之？子必不免。吾非愛死也，知不集也。”盈曰：“雖然，因子而死，吾無悔矣。我實不天，子無咎焉。”許諾。伏之，而觴曲沃人。樂作。午言曰：“今也得欒孺子，何如？”對曰：“得主而為之死，猶不死也。”皆嘆，有泣者。爵行，又言。皆曰：“得主，何貳之有？”盈出，遍拜之。

In summer, Qu Jian followed the Marquis of Chen in besieging Chen. The men of Chen were building a wall, and anyone who let a form-board fall was killed. The laborers passed the word to each other and each killed their overseers. Then they killed Qing Hu and Qing Yin. The men of Chu sent Prince Huang back. The gentleman considered: "The Qing clan was unrighteous and must not be tolerated. So the Book of Documents says: 'The mandate of Heaven is not constant.'" Jin was about to marry a daughter to Wu, and the Marquis of Qi sent Xi Guifu to send the secondary wives, loading Luan Ying and his men in a screened carriage and sending them into Quwo. Luan Ying saw Xu Wu at night and told him. He replied: "It cannot be done. When Heaven has abandoned someone, who can raise him? You will certainly not escape. It is not that I begrudge death, but I know the matter cannot succeed." Ying said: "Even so, to die through you I will have no regret. In truth I am not protected by Heaven; you have no fault." He agreed, hid him, and gave the men of Quwo wine to drink. Music struck up. Wu said: "Now that we have got the young Lord Luan, how is it?" They replied: "To get our lord and die for him would be like not dying." They all sighed, and some wept. When the cups went round, he spoke again. All said: "Having got our lord, what second thought is there?" Ying came out and bowed to them one by one.

四月，欒盈帥曲沃之甲，因魏獻子，以晝入絳。初，欒盈佐魏莊子於下軍，獻子私焉，故因之。趙氏以原、屏之難怨欒氏，韓、趙方睦。中行氏以伐秦之役怨欒氏，而固與范氏和親。知悼子少，而聽於中行氏。程鄭嬖於公。唯魏氏及七輿大夫與之。

In the fourth month, Luan Ying led the armed men of Quwo, relied on Wei Xianzi, and entered Jiang in broad daylight. Earlier, Luan Ying had assisted Wei Zhuangzi in the Lower Army, and Xianzi was close to him, so he relied on him. The Zhao clan resented the Luan clan over the disaster of Yuan and Ping, but Han and Zhao were on good terms. The Zhonghang clan resented the Luan clan over the campaign against Qin and had long been allied with the Fan clan. Zhi Daozi was young and obeyed the Zhonghang clan. Cheng Zheng was favored by the duke. Only the Wei clan and the grand officers of the seven chariots sided with the Luan.

樂王鮒待坐於範宣子。或告曰：“欒氏至矣！”宣子懼。桓子曰：“奉君以走固宮，必無害也。且欒氏多怨，子為政，欒氏自外，子在位，其利多矣。既有利權，又執民柄，將何懼焉？欒氏所得，其唯魏氏乎！而可強取也。夫克亂在權，子無懈矣。”公有姻喪，王鮒使宣子墨縗冒絰，二婦人輦以如公，奉公以如固宮。

Yue Wangfu was sitting in attendance beside Fan Xuanzi. Someone reported: "The Luan have arrived!" Xuanzi was afraid. Huanzi said: "Serving the ruler by running into the Gu Palace will surely do no harm. Moreover the Luan clan have many enemies; you hold the government, and the Luan come from outside; you are in position, and the advantage is greater. You already have power and also hold the people's authority; what is there to fear? What the Luan can gain is perhaps only the Wei clan! But it can be taken by force. Putting down disorder lies in authority; do not be negligent." The duke had a mourning for a relative by marriage, so Wangfu had Xuanzi wear black mourning clothes and a sash, and two women pushed the carriage to the duke, and he served the duke into the Gu Palace.

範鞅逆魏舒，則成列既乘，將逆欒氏矣。趨進，曰：“欒氏帥賊以入，鞅之父與二三子在君所矣。使鞅逆吾子。鞅請驂乘。”持帶，遂超乘，右撫劍，左援帶，命驅之出。僕請，鞅曰：“之公。”宣子逆諸階，執其手，賂之以曲沃。

Fan Yang went to meet Wei Shu, who had already lined up and boarded the chariot and was about to meet the Luan. He hurried forward and said: "The Luan have led bandits in; Yang's father and these others are with the ruler. They sent Yang to meet you, sir. Yang asks to be your chariot attendant." He took hold of the strap and leapt onto the chariot, with his right hand on his sword and his left hand holding the strap, and ordered it to be driven out. The driver asked where, and Yang said: "To the duke." Xuanzi met him at the steps, held his hand, and offered him Quwo as a bribe.

初，斐豹隸也，著于丹書。欒氏之力臣曰督戎，國人懼之。斐豹謂宣子曰：“苟焚丹書，我殺督戎。”宣子喜，曰：“而殺之，所不請於君焚丹書者，有如日！”乃出豹而閉之，督戎從之。逾隱而待之，督戎逾入，豹自後擊而殺之。范氏之徒在臺後，欒氏乘公門。宣子謂鞅曰：“矢及君屋，死之！”鞅用劍以帥卒，欒氏退。攝車從之，遇欒氏，曰：“樂免之，死將訟女於天。”樂射之，不中；又注，則乘槐本而覆。或以戟鉤之，斷肘而死。欒魴傷。欒盈奔曲沃，晉人圍之。

Earlier, Fei Bao was a slave registered in the red book. The Luan clan's strongman was called Du Rong, and the people of the state feared him. Fei Bao said to Xuanzi: "If you burn the red book, I will kill Du Rong." Xuanzi was pleased and said: "If you kill him and I do not ask the ruler to burn the red book, may the sun witness it!" So Bao was let out and the door locked, and Du Rong followed him. He leapt over a low wall and waited, and Du Rong leapt in, and Bao struck and killed him from behind. The followers of the Fan clan were behind the terrace, and the Luan climbed to the duke's gate. Xuanzi said to Yang: "Arrows have reached the ruler's house; die for this!" Yang led the soldiers with his sword and the Luan withdrew. He leapt onto a chariot to pursue and met Luan Le, who said: "Le, spare me, and when I am dead I will contend with you in Heaven." Le shot at him and missed; he nocked another arrow, but the chariot hit a locust-tree root and overturned. Someone hooked him with a halberd and cut off his elbow, and he died. Luan Fang was wounded. Luan Ying fled to Quwo, and the men of Jin besieged him.

秋，齊侯伐衛。先驅，谷榮御王孫揮，召揚為右。申驅，成秩御莒恆，申鮮虞之傅摯為右。曹開御戎，晏父戎為右。貳廣，上之登御邢公，盧蒲癸為右。啟，牢成御襄罷師，狼蘧疏為右。胠，商子車御侯朝，桓跳為右。大殿，商子游御夏之禦寇，崔如為右，燭庸之越駟乘。

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi attacked Wey. In the vanguard, Gu Rong drove for Wangsun Hui, and Zhao Yang was the spearman on the right. In the second line, Cheng Zhi drove for Ju Heng, and Fu Zhi, son of Shen Xianyu, was the spearman on the right. Cao Kai drove the command chariot and Yan Furong was the spearman on the right. In the supporting chariots, Shang Zhideng drove for Xing Gong and Lu Pugui was the spearman on the right. On the left wing, Lao Cheng drove for Xiang Pashi and Lang Qushu was the spearman on the right. On the right wing, Shang Zi Che drove for Hou Chao and Huan Tiao was the spearman on the right. In the rear, Shang Ziyou drove for Xia Zhi Yukou, Cui Ru was the spearman on the right, and Zhu Yong Zhi Yue was the fourth man on the chariot.

自衛將遂伐晉。晏平仲曰：“君恃勇力以伐盟主，若不濟，國之福也。不德而有功，憂必及君。”崔杼諫曰：“不可。臣聞之，小國間大國之敗而毀焉，必受其咎。君其圖之！”弗聽。陳文子見崔武子，曰：“將如君何？”武子曰：“吾言於君，君弗聽也。以為盟主，而利其難。群臣若急，君於何有？子姑止之。”

From Wey they were to go on to attack Jin. Yan Pingzhong said: "Your Lordship relies on bravery and strength to attack the head of the covenant; if it does not succeed, it is the state's good fortune. To have achievements without virtue means trouble will certainly fall on Your Lordship." Cui Zhu remonstrated: "It cannot be done. I have heard that when a small state exploits a large state's failure to destroy it, it will certainly suffer disaster. Your Lordship should plan!" He did not listen. Chen Wenzi saw Cui Wuzi and said: "What will you do about the ruler?" Wuzi said: "I told the ruler, but he did not listen. He took him as head of the covenant yet exploits his misfortune. If the ministers become desperate, what will the ruler have? You should stop for a while."

文子退，告其人曰：“崔子將死乎！謂君甚，而又過之，不得其死。過君以義，猶自抑也，況以惡乎？”齊侯遂伐晉，取朝歌，為二隊，入孟門，登大行，張武軍於熒庭，戍郫邵，封少水，以報平陰之役，乃還。趙勝帥東陽之師以追之，獲晏犛。八月，叔孫豹帥師救晉，次於雍榆，禮也。

Wenzi withdrew and told his men: "Master Cui will die! He said the ruler was excessive, and he himself exceeds him, and will not die well. To exceed the ruler through righteousness one must still restrain oneself, how much more through evil?" The Marquis of Qi then attacked Jin, took Chaoge, split into two columns, entered Mengmen and climbed Taihang, set up a military camp at Yingting, garrisoned Pishao, raised a mound at the Shao River to record the achievement, in revenge for the battle of Pingyin, and then returned. Zhao Sheng led the troops of Dongyang in pursuit and captured Yan Mao. In the eighth month, Shusun Bao led an army to rescue Jin and camped at Yongyu, which was in accordance with ritual.

季武子無適子，公彌長，而愛悼子，欲立之。訪於申豐，曰：“彌與紇，吾皆愛之，欲擇才焉而立之。”申豐趨退，歸，盡室將行。他日，又訪焉，對曰：“其然，將具敝車而行。”乃止。訪於臧紇，臧紇曰：“飲我酒，吾為子立之。”

Ji Wuzi had no legitimate son; Gongmi was the elder but he loved Daozi and wanted to set him up. He consulted Shen Feng, saying: "I love both Mi and He and want to choose the capable one to set up." Shen Feng hurried away, went home and arranged his household to leave. Later one day he consulted him again, and he answered: "If so, I will prepare a broken-down cart to leave." So he stopped. He consulted Zang He, who said: "Give me wine to drink, and I will set him up for you."

季氏飲大夫酒，臧紇為客。既獻，臧孫命北面重席，新尊絜之。召悼之，降，逆之。大夫皆起。及旅，而召公鉏，使與之齒，季孫失色。

The Ji clan gave wine to the grand officers, and Zang He was the guest. After the toast had been offered, Zang Sun ordered the mats to be laid in double layers facing north and the new wine vessel to be wiped clean. He summoned Daozi and went down the steps to meet him. The grand officers all rose. At the round of pledges, only then was Gongzu summoned, and he was made to take his place with them by age, and Jisun's face changed.

季氏以公鉏為馬正，慍而不出。閔子馬見之，曰：“子無然！禍福無門，唯人所召。為人子者，患不孝，不患無所。敬共父命，何常之有？若能孝敬，富倍季氏可也。奸回不軌，禍倍下民可也。”公鉏然之。敬共朝夕，恪居官次。季孫喜，使飲己酒，而以具往，盡舍旃。故公鉏氏富，又出為公左宰。

The Ji clan made Gongchu master of the horse, and he was indignant and would not leave his door. Min Zima saw him and said: "You must not do this! Disaster and blessing have no door; they are only what people summon. As a son, one worries about being unfilial and does not worry about having no position. Is there any fixed rule about respecting a father's commands? If you can be filial, your wealth may be double that of the Ji clan. If you are wicked and lawless, your disaster may be double that of the common people." Gongchu thought him right. He was respectful morning and evening and careful in his office. Jisun was pleased, had him give him wine, and went with his vessels, leaving them all. So the Gongchu clan became rich and he came out to serve as the duke's left steward.

孟孫惡臧孫，季孫愛之。孟氏之御騶豐點好羯也，曰：“從餘言，必為孟孫。”

Mengsun hated Zang Sun, but Jisun loved him. Feng Dian, chief groom of the Meng clan, liked Jie and said: "If you follow me, you will certainly become Mengsun."

再三云，羯從之。孟莊子疾，豐點謂公鉏：“苟立羯，請仇臧氏。”公鉏謂季孫曰：“孺子秩，固其所也。若羯立，則季氏信有力於臧氏矣。”弗應。己卯，孟孫卒，公鉏奉羯立於戶側。季孫至，入，哭，而出，曰：“秩焉在？”公鉏曰：“羯在此矣！”季孫曰：“孺子長。”公鉏曰：“何長之有？唯其才也。且夫子之命也。”遂立羯。秩奔邾。

After saying it several times, Jie followed him. When Meng Zhuangzi fell ill, Feng Dian said to Gongchu: "If Jie is set up, please be hostile to the Zang clan." Gongchu said to Jisun: "The young master Zhi is rightly in that position. If Jie is set up, the Ji clan will indeed have power over the Zang clan." He did not agree. On the jimao day Mengsun died, and Gongchu served Jie and set him up beside the door. When Jisun arrived, he went in, wept, came out and said: "Where is Zhi?" Gongchu said: "Jie is here!" Jisun said: "The young master is older." Gongchu said: "What does age matter? Only his ability counts. Moreover it was that gentleman's order." So Jie was set up. Zhi fled to Zhu.

臧孫入，哭甚哀，多涕。出，其御曰：“孟孫之惡子也，而哀如是。季孫若死，其若之何？”臧孫曰：“季孫之愛我，疾疢也。孟孫之惡我，藥石也。美疢不如惡石。夫石猶生我，疢之美，其毒滋多。孟孫死，吾亡無日矣。”

Zang Sun went in, wept very sorrowfully and shed many tears. On coming out, his driver said: "Mengsun hated you, yet you grieve like this. If Jisun dies, what will you do?" Zang Sun said: "Jisun's love for me is a disease. Mengsun's hatred of me is medicine and a stone needle. A pleasant disease is not as good as a bitter medicine and needle. The needle can still keep me alive, but a disease, however pleasant, carries much poison. With Mengsun dead, my ruin is not many days away."

孟氏閉門，告於季秋曰：“臧氏將為亂，不使我葬。”季孫不信。臧孫聞之，戒。冬十月，孟氏將闢，藉除於臧氏。臧孫使正夫助之，除於東門，甲從己而視之。孟氏又告季孫。季孫怒，命攻臧氏。乙亥，臧紇斬鹿門之關以出，奔邾。

The Meng clan shut its gate and told Jisun: "The Zang clan is about to rebel and will not let us bury our dead." (The base text has a variant form of the name, Jisun.) Jisun did not believe it. Zang Sun heard of this and took precautions. In winter, in the tenth month, the Meng clan was about to dig the passage to the tomb and borrowed laborers from the Zang clan. Zang Sun sent his chief steward to help, clearing the way at the East Gate, with armored men following him to look on. The Meng clan again told Jisun. Jisun was angry and ordered an attack on the Zang clan. On the yihai day, Zang He cut the bolt of the Deer Gate and went out, fleeing to Zhu.

初，臧宣叔娶於鑄，生賈及為而死。繼室以其侄，穆姜之姨子也。生紇，長於公宮。姜氏愛之，故立之。臧賈、臧為出在鑄。臧武仲自邾使告臧賈，且致大蔡焉，曰：“紇不佞，失守宗祧，敢告不弔。紇之罪，不及不祀。子以大蔡納請，其可。”賈曰：“是家之禍也，非子之過也。賈聞命矣。”再拜受龜。使為以納請，遂自為也。臧孫如防，使來告曰：“紇非能害也，知不足也。非敢私請！苟守先祀，無廢二勳，敢不闢邑。”乃立臧為。臧紇致防而奔齊。其人曰：“其盟我乎？”臧孫曰：“無辭。”將盟臧氏，季孫召外史掌惡臣，而問盟首焉，對曰：“盟東門氏也，曰：‘毋或如東門遂，不聽公命，殺適立庶。’盟叔孫氏也，曰：‘毋或如叔孫僑如，欲廢國常，蕩覆公室。’”季孫曰：“臧孫之罪，皆不及此。”

Earlier, Zang Xuanshu had taken a wife from Zhu, who bore Jia and Wei and then died. He made her niece his second wife, a daughter of Mu Jiang's maternal aunt. She bore He, who grew up in the ducal palace. Lady Jiang loved him, and so he was set up as heir. Zang Jia and Zang Wei went out and lived in Zhu. Zang Wuzhong sent word from Zhu to Zang Jia and sent him the Great Cai tortoise, saying: "He is without talent and has lost the guardianship of the ancestral temple; I dare to report this and to ask your consolation. My offense is not yet such as to cut off the sacrifices. If you present the Great Cai tortoise and make a plea, perhaps it can succeed." Jia said: "This is the misfortune of the house, not your fault. I have heard your command." He bowed twice and accepted the tortoise. He sent Wei to present it and make the plea, and Wei instead made the plea for himself. Zang Sun arrived at Fang and sent word: "He is not one who can harm others; his wisdom and plans were insufficient. I dare not make a private request! If the sacrifices of the ancestors are kept and the merits of the two predecessors are not discarded, how would I dare not leave the city?" So Wei was set up as heir. Zang He gave up Fang and fled to Qi. His men said: "Will they make a covenant with us?" Zang Sun said: "There is no text for the oath." They were about to make a covenant against the Zang clan, and Jisun summoned the outer scribe in charge of the records of wicked ministers and asked for the opening of the oath. He answered: "The covenant with the Dongmen clan said: 'Do not be like Dongmen Sui, who disobeyed the duke's command, killed the legitimate heir and set up a son by a lesser wife.' The covenant with the Shu Sun clan said: 'Do not be like Shu Sun Qiaoru, who wished to discard the state's constant rules and overturn the ducal house.'" Jisun said: "The crimes of Zang Sun do not amount to either of these."

孟椒曰：“盍以其犯門斬關？”季孫用之。乃盟臧氏曰：“無或如臧孫紇，幹國之紀，犯門斬關。”臧孫聞之，曰：“國有人焉！誰居？其孟椒乎！”晉人克欒盈於曲沃，盡殺欒氏之族黨。欒魴出奔宋。書曰：“晉人殺欒盈。”

Meng Jiao said: "Why not say it is because he forced the city gate and cut the bolt?" Jisun adopted this. So the covenant with the Zang clan said: "Do not be like Zang Sun He, who offended against the laws of the state, forced the city gate and cut its bolt." Zang Sun heard of it and said: "The state has a man in it! Who was it? Perhaps Meng Jiao!" The people of Jin defeated Luan Ying at Quwo and wiped out all the kin and partisans of the Luan clan. Luan Fang fled to Song. The Annals records: "The people of Jin killed Luan Ying."

不言大夫，言自外也。

It does not say grand officer, meaning that he came in from outside.

齊侯還自晉，不入。遂襲莒，門於且於，傷股而退。明日，將復戰，期於壽舒。杞殖、華還載甲，夜入且於之隧，宿於莒郊。明日，先遇莒子於蒲侯氏。莒子重賂之，使無死，曰：“請有盟。”華周對曰：“貪貨棄命，亦君所惡也。昏而受命，日未中而棄之，何以事君？”莒子親鼓之，從而伐之，獲杞梁。莒人行成。

The Marquis of Qi returned from Jin without entering the capital. He then raided Ju and attacked Qieyu, was wounded in the thigh and withdrew. The next day, he was to fight again, and the meeting was arranged at Shoushu. Qi Zhi and Hua Huan, concealing armored men, entered the tunnel at Qieyu by night and lodged in the outskirts of Ju. The next day, they first met the Viscount of Ju at Pohou. The Viscount of Ju offered them heavy bribes so that they would not die, saying: "Please make a covenant." Hua Zhou answered: "To be greedy for goods and abandon one's orders is also what our lord would detest. I received the command at dusk and would abandon it before noon; with what could I serve our lord?" The Viscount of Ju beat the drum himself and followed to attack them, and captured Qi Liang. The people of Ju sought peace.

齊侯歸，遇杞梁之妻於郊，使吊之。辭曰：“殖之有罪，何辱命焉？若免於罪，猶有先人之敝廬在，下妾不得與郊吊。”齊侯吊諸其室。

The Marquis of Qi turned back and met the wife of Qi Liang in the outskirts and sent someone to offer condolences. She declined, saying: "If Zhi was guilty, what need is there to trouble yourself with a command? If he is spared guilt, there is still the humble house of his forebears, and your humble handmaid cannot take part in condolences in the outskirts." The Marquis of Qi went to her house to offer condolences.

齊侯將為臧紇田。臧孫聞之，見齊侯，與之言伐晉，對曰：“多則多矣！抑君似鼠。夫鼠晝伏夜動，不穴於寢廟，畏人故也。今君聞晉之亂而後作焉。寧將事之，非鼠如何？”乃弗與田。

The Marquis of Qi was about to give Zang He fields. Zang Sun heard of it and saw the Marquis of Qi, and talked with him about attacking Jin. The marquis answered: "There are many such things! But Your Lordship is like a mouse. A mouse hides by day and moves by night, and does not dig a hole in the ancestral temple, because it fears people. Now Your Lordship hears of disorder in Jin and only then acts, though you would rather serve it; what is that if not a mouse?" So he did not give him the fields.

仲尼曰：“知之難也。有臧武仲之知，而不容於魯國，抑有由也。作不順而施不恕也。《夏書》曰：‘念茲在茲。’順事、恕施也。”

Zhongni said: "Wisdom is hard. With the wisdom of Zang Wuzhong, he still could not be tolerated in Lu, and there was a reason for it. He acted without compliance and applied no reciprocity. The Book of Xia says: 'Think of this, and it is in this.' This means to follow the matter and apply reciprocity."

【經】二十有四年春，叔孫豹如晉。仲孫羯帥師侵齊。夏，楚子伐吳。秋七月甲子朔，日有食之，既。齊崔杼帥師伐莒。大水。八月癸巳朔，日有食之。公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子於夷儀。冬，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、許男伐鄭。公至自會。陳針宜咎出奔楚。叔孫豹如京師。大飢。

[Classic] In the twenty-fourth year, spring, Shu Sun Bao went to Jin. Zhongsun Jie led troops to raid Qi. In summer, the Viscount of Chu attacked Wu. In autumn, on the first day of the seventh month, the jiazi day, there was a solar eclipse, a total eclipse. Cui Zhu of Qi led troops to attack Ju. There was a great flood. On the first day of the eighth month, the guisi day, there was a solar eclipse. Duke Xiang met the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Lesser Zhu at Yiyi. In winter, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen and the Baron of Xu attacked Zheng. The duke returned from the meeting. Zhen Yijiu of Chen fled to Chu. Shu Sun Bao went to the capital. There was a great famine.

【傳】二十四年春，穆叔如晉。範宣子逆之，問焉，曰：“古人有言曰，‘死而不朽’，何謂也？”穆叔未對。宣子曰：“昔匄之祖，自虞以上，為陶唐氏，在夏為御龍氏，在商為豕韋氏，在周為唐杜氏，晉主夏盟為范氏，其是之謂乎？”穆叔曰：“以豹所聞，此之謂世祿，非不朽也。魯有先大夫曰臧文仲，既沒，其言立。其是之謂乎！豹聞之，大上有立德，其次有立功，其次有立言，雖久不廢，此之謂不朽。若夫保姓受氏，以守宗祊，世不絕祀，無國無之，祿之大者，不可謂不朽。”

[Commentary] In the twenty-fourth year, spring, Mu Shu went to Jin. Fan Xuanzi received him and asked: "The ancients had a saying, 'to die and not perish'; what does it mean?" Mu Shu had not yet answered. Xuanzi said: "Formerly the ancestors of Gai, from the time of Yu upward, were the Taotang clan; under Xia they were the Yulong clan; under Shang they were the Shiwei clan; under Zhou they were the Tangdu clan; and the Fan clan presided over the covenants of the Chinese states for Jin. Perhaps this is what it means?" Mu Shu said: "According to what Bao has heard, this is called hereditary emolument, not imperishability. In Lu there was a former grand officer called Zang Wenzhong; he has died, yet his words still stand. Perhaps this is what it means! Bao has heard that the highest is to establish virtue, the next to establish achievement, and the next to establish words; even after a long time they are not discarded, and this is called imperishable. As for keeping one's surname, receiving a clan name, guarding the ancestral temple, and not having the sacrifices cease for generations, there is no state without such a thing; it is the greatest of emoluments and cannot be called imperishable."

範宣子為政，諸侯之幣重。鄭人病之。二月，鄭伯如晉。子產寓書於子西以告宣子，曰：“子為晉國，四鄰諸侯，不聞令德，而聞重幣，僑也惑之。僑聞君子長國家者，非無賄之患，而無令名之難。夫諸侯之賄聚於公室，則諸侯貳。若吾子賴之，則晉國貳。諸侯貳，則晉國壞。晉國貳，則子之家壞。何沒沒也！將焉用賄？夫令名，德之輿也。德，國家之基也。有基無壞，無亦是務乎！有德則樂，樂則能久。《詩》云：‘樂只君子，邦家之基。’有令德也夫！‘上帝臨女，無貳爾心。’有令名也夫！恕思以明德，則令名載而行之，是以遠至邇安。毋寧使人謂子‘子實生我’，而謂‘子濬我以生’乎？象有齒以焚其身，賄也。”宣子說，乃輕幣。是行也，鄭伯朝晉，為重幣故，且請伐陳也。鄭伯稽首，宣子辭。

Fan Xuanzi was in charge of the government, and the tribute offered by the lords was very heavy. The people of Zheng suffered from this. In the second month, the Earl of Zheng went to Jin. Zichan entrusted a letter to Zixi to tell Xuanzi: "You govern Jin, and the lords of the four neighboring regions hear nothing of its virtue but hear of its heavy tribute; Qiao is perplexed by this. Qiao has heard that for a gentleman who holds a state, the worry is not that there is no wealth but that there is no good name. If the wealth of the lords gathers in the ducal house, the lords will have divided hearts. If you, sir, profit by it, Jin will have a divided heart. If the lords have divided hearts, Jin will be ruined. If Jin has a divided heart, your house will be ruined. Why be so deluded? What use will wealth be? A good name is the carriage of virtue. Virtue is the foundation of a state. With a foundation one is not ruined; should one not devote oneself to this! With virtue there is joy, and with joy one lasts. The Odes say: 'Joyful is the gentleman, the foundation of the state and family.' This is having virtue! 'God looks down on you; let your heart not be divided.' This is having a good name! If one reflects with reciprocity to make virtue clear, a good name will carry it along, and so the far will come and the near will be at peace. Would you rather have people say 'You truly let me live,' or say 'You squeeze me to feed yourself'? The elephant has tusks and thereby destroys itself; this is wealth." Xuanzi was pleased and so lightened the tribute. On this journey, the Earl of Zheng paid court to Jin because of the heavy tribute, and also asked to attack Chen. The Earl of Zheng kowtowed, and Xuanzi declined.

子西相，曰：“以陳國之介恃大國而陵虐於敝邑，寡君是以請罪焉。敢不稽首。”

Zixi assisted and said: "Because Chen has relied on a great state to oppress our humble state, our lord therefore begs to be pardoned. How would he dare not kowtow?"

孟孝伯侵齊，晉故也。

Meng Xiaobo raided Qi, for the sake of Jin.

夏，楚子為舟師以伐吳，不為軍政，無功而還。

In summer, the Viscount of Chu formed a naval force and attacked Wu, but did not put military discipline in order and returned without achievement.

齊侯既伐晉而懼，將欲見楚子。楚子使薳啟強如齊聘，且請期。齊社，搜軍實，使客觀之。陳文子曰：“齊將有寇。吾聞之，兵不戢，必取其族。”

The Marquis of Qi, having attacked Jin, was afraid and was about to see the Viscount of Chu. The Viscount of Chu sent Wei Qiqiang to Qi on a courtesy visit and to ask for a date. Qi performed the sacrifice at the altar of the soil and reviewed its military equipment to let the guest observe. Chen Wenzi said: "Qi will have enemies. I have heard that if weapons are not put away, they will surely harm one's own clan."

秋，齊侯聞將有晉師，使陳無宇從薳啟強如楚，辭，且乞師。崔杼帥師送之，遂伐莒，侵介根。

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi heard that a Jin army was about to come, and sent Chen Wuyu to accompany Wei Qiqiang to Chu, to apologize and to ask for troops. Cui Zhu led troops to escort him, and then attacked Ju and raided Jiegen.

會於夷儀，將以伐齊，水，不克。

They met at Yiyi and were about to attack Qi, but because of the great flood they did not succeed.

冬，楚子伐鄭以救齊，門於東門，次於棘澤。諸侯還救鄭。晉侯使張骼、輔躒致楚師，求御於鄭。鄭人卜宛射犬，吉。子大叔戒之曰：“大國之人，不可與也。”對曰：“無有眾寡，其上一也。”大叔曰：“不然，部婁無松柏。”二子在幄，坐射犬於外，既食而後食之。使御廣車而行，己皆乘乘車。將及楚師，而後從之乘，皆踞轉而鼓琴。近，不告而馳之。皆取胄於櫜而胄，入壘，皆下，搏人以投，收禽挾囚。弗待而出。皆超乘，抽弓而射。既免，復踞轉而鼓琴，曰：“公孫！同乘，兄弟也。胡再不謀？”對曰：“曩者志入而已，今則怯也。”皆笑，曰：“公孫之亟也。”

In winter, the Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng to rescue Qi, assaulted the East Gate and encamped at Jize. The lords came back to rescue Zheng. The Marquis of Jin sent Zhang Ge and Fu Yue to challenge the Chu army, and asked Zheng for charioteers. The people of Zheng divined for Wan Shequan, and it was auspicious. Zi Dashu warned him: "Men from the great states must not be treated as equals." He answered: "Whether the people are many or few, those above are the same." Dashu said: "Not so; a small mound has no pines or cypresses." The two men sat in the tent and made Shequan sit outside, and when they had finished eating they gave him some. They made him drive the wide chariot while they rode in the ordinary chariot themselves. When they were about to reach the Chu army, they then rode with him, all squatting on the crossbar of the chariot and playing the zither. When they drew near, without telling him, they dashed into the enemy camp. Each took his helmet out of its bag and put it on, entered the camp, got down from the chariot, seized men and threw them out, gathered prisoners and carried captives under their arms. They went out without waiting for him. They all jumped onto the chariot, drew their bows and shot. Once out of danger, they again squatted on the crossbar and played the zither, saying: "Gongsun! Those who ride together are brothers. Why did you not consult us twice?" He answered: "At first I was thinking only of getting in; now I am simply frightened." They all laughed and said: "Gongsun is truly impatient."

楚子自棘澤還，使薳啟強帥師送陳無宇。

The Viscount of Chu returned from Jize and sent Wei Qiqiang to lead troops escorting Chen Wuyu.

吳人為楚舟師之役故，召舒鳩人，舒鳩人叛楚。楚子師於荒浦，使沈尹壽與師祁犁讓之。舒鳩子敬逆二子，而告無之，且請受盟。二子覆命，王欲伐之。薳子曰：“不可。彼告不叛，且請受盟，而又伐之，伐無罪也。姑歸息民，以待其卒。卒而不貳，吾又何求？若猶叛我，無辭有庸。”乃還。

Because of the naval battle with Chu, the people of Wu summoned the people of Shujiu, and the people of Shujiu rebelled against Chu. The Viscount of Chu stationed his army at Huangpu and sent Shen Yinshou and Shi Qili to reproach them. The Viscount of Shujiu respectfully received the two men, said there had been no such thing, and asked to receive a covenant. The two men returned to report, and the king wanted to attack. Wei Zi said: "It cannot be done. They say they have not rebelled and ask to receive a covenant; if we attack nonetheless, we attack the innocent. Let us go back for now, let the people rest, and wait for their result. If in the end they have no divided heart, what more do we seek? If they still rebel against us, they will have nothing to say and we will have merit." So they went back.

陳人復討慶氏之黨，針宜咎出奔楚。

The people of Chen again punished the partisans of the Qing clan, and Zhen Yijiu fled to Chu.

齊人城郟。穆叔如周聘，且賀城。王嘉其有禮也，賜之大路。

The people of Qi fortified Jia. Mu Shu went to Zhou on a courtesy visit and also congratulated them on the wall. The Son of Heaven praised him for having ritual and gave him a great carriage.

晉侯嬖程鄭，使佐下軍。鄭行人公孫揮如晉聘。程鄭問焉，曰：“敢問降階何由？”子羽不能對。歸以語然明，然明曰：“是將死矣。不然將亡。貴而知懼，懼而思降，乃得其階，下人而已，又何問焉？且夫既登而求降階者，知人也，不在程鄭。其有亡釁乎？不然，其有惑疾，將死而憂也。”

The Marquis of Jin favored Cheng Zheng and made him assistant of the lower army. The Zheng envoy Gongsun Hui went to Jin on a courtesy visit. Cheng Zheng asked him: "May I ask where lowering one's rank comes from?" Ziyu could not answer. He returned and told Ranming, who said: "This man is about to die. If not, he will flee. He is honored yet knows fear; fearing, he wants to go down, and so he gets his rank, but it only places him beneath others; what is there to ask? Moreover, one who has already risen yet seeks to lower his rank is wise, and that is not Cheng Zheng. Perhaps there is a sign of exile? If not, perhaps he has an affliction of confusion and, about to die, is worried."

【經】二十有五年春，齊崔杼帥師伐我北鄙。夏五月乙亥，齊崔杼弒其君光。

[Classic] In the twenty-fifth year, spring, Cui Zhu of Qi led troops to attack our northern border. In summer, on the yihai day of the fifth month, Cui Zhu of Qi killed his ruler, Guang.

公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子於夷儀。六月壬子，鄭公孫舍之帥師入陳。秋八月己巳，諸侯同盟於重丘。公至自會。衛侯入於夷儀。楚屈建帥師滅舒鳩。冬，鄭公孫夏帥師伐陳。十有二月，吳子遏伐楚，門於巢，卒。

Duke Xiang met the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Lesser Zhu at Yiyi. On the renzi day of the sixth month, Gongsun Sheizhi of Zheng led troops into Chen. In autumn, on the jisi day of the eighth month, the lords made a covenant together at Zhongqiu. The duke returned from the meeting. The Marquis of Wei entered Yiyi. Qu Jian of Chu led troops and destroyed Shujiu. In winter, Gongsun Xia of Zheng led troops to attack Chen. In the twelfth month, the Viscount of Wu, E, attacked Chu, assaulted the gate of Chao, and died.

【傳】二十五年春，齊崔杼帥師伐我北鄙，以報孝伯之師也。公患之，使告於晉。孟公綽曰：“崔子將有大志，不在病我，必速歸，何患焉！其來也不寇，使民不嚴，異於他日。”齊師徒歸。

[Commentary] In the twenty-fifth year, spring, Cui Zhu of Qi led troops to attack our northern border, in revenge for Xiaobo's campaign. Duke Xiang was worried and sent word to Jin. Meng Gongchuo said: "Master Cui has great ambitions; it is not his aim to trouble us, and he will surely go back soon; why worry! He came without plundering and did not work the people harshly, which is different from the past." The Qi army went back empty-handed.

齊棠公之妻，東郭偃之姊也。東郭偃臣崔武子。棠公死，偃御武子以吊焉。

The wife of Duke Tang of Qi was the elder sister of Dongguo Yan. Dongguo Yan was a retainer of Cui Wuzi. When Duke Tang died, Yan drove the chariot for Wuzi to offer condolences.

見棠姜而美之，使偃取之。偃曰：“男女辨姓，今君出自丁，臣出自桓，不可。”

Seeing Tang Jiang, he found her beautiful and had Yan take her as his wife. Yan said: "Men and women must distinguish their surnames. Now my lord comes from Duke Ding and your servant from Duke Huan, so it cannot be done."

武子筮之，遇《困》ⅷⅴ之《大過》ⅷⅳ。史皆曰：“吉。”示陳文子，文子曰：“夫從風，風隕，妻不可娶也。且其《繇》曰：‘困於石，據於蒺藜，入於其宮，不見其妻，兇。’困於石，往不濟也。據於蒺藜，所恃傷也。入於其宮，不見其妻，兇，無所歸也。”崔子曰：“嫠也何害？先夫當之矣。”遂取之。莊公通焉，驟如崔氏。以崔子之冠賜人，侍者曰：“不可。”公曰：“不為崔子，其無冠乎？”崔子因是，又以其間伐晉也，曰：“晉必將報。”欲弒公以說於晉，而不獲間。

Wuzi divined with the milfoil and got the hexagram Kun changing into Daguo. The scribes all said: "Auspicious." He showed it to Chen Wenzi, who said: "The husband follows the wind, and when the wind falls, the wife may not be taken. Moreover its line text says: 'Hemmed in by a rock, leaning on thorns and brambles; entering his house, he does not see his wife: ill-omened.' Hemmed in by a rock, advancing will not succeed. Leaning on thorns and brambles, what one relies on will do harm. Entering his house and not seeing his wife is ill-omened, for there is nowhere to return to." Master Cui said: "What harm is there in a widow? The late husband has already borne it." So he married her. Duke Zhuang had an affair with her and went often to the Cui house. He gave away Master Cui's cap, and an attendant said: "You may not." The duke said: "Without Master Cui, would there be no caps?" Master Cui took this to heart, and also because the duke had exploited an opening to attack Jin, saying: "Jin will surely take revenge." He wanted to kill the duke to please Jin, but had no opportunity.

公鞭侍人賈舉而又近之，乃為崔子間公。

The duke had flogged the attendant Jia Ju but remained close to him, and so Jia Ju spied for Master Cui on the duke's openings.

夏五月，莒為且於之役故，莒子朝於齊。甲戌，饗諸北郭。崔子稱疾，不視事。乙亥，公問崔子，遂從姜氏。姜入於室，與崔子自側戶出。公拊楹而歌。侍人賈舉止眾從者，而入閉門。甲興，公登臺而請，弗許；請盟，弗許；請自刃於廟，勿許。皆曰：“君之臣杼疾病，不能聽命。近於公宮，陪臣幹掫有淫者，不知二命。”公逾牆。又射之，中股，反隊，遂弒之。賈舉，州綽、邴師、公孫敖、封具、鐸父、襄伊、僂堙皆死。祝佗父祭於高唐，至，覆命。不說弁而死於崔氏。申蒯侍漁者，退，謂其宰曰：“爾以帑免，我將死。”其宰曰：“免，是反子之義也。”與之皆死。崔氏殺融蔑於平陰。

In summer, in the fifth month, because of the battle of Qieyu, the Viscount of Ju came to pay court in Qi. On the jiaxu day he was feasted at the North Suburb. Master Cui pleaded illness and did not attend to affairs. On the yihai day the duke asked after Master Cui and then followed Lady Jiang. Jiang went into the inner chamber and left with Master Cui by a side door. The duke slapped a pillar and sang. The attendant Jia Ju stopped the followers, went in and closed the door. Armored men rose; the duke climbed a terrace and begged, and was not allowed; he begged to make a covenant and was not allowed; he begged to kill himself in the temple and was not allowed. They all said: "Your lord's servant Zhu is gravely ill and cannot hear commands. Near the ducal palace, retainers on night patrol seize adulterers; we know of no second command." The duke climbed over the wall. They shot him, hit him in the thigh, he fell, and they killed him. Jia Ju, Zhou Chuo, Bing Shi, Gongsun Ao, Feng Ju, Duo Fu, Xiang Yi and Lou Yin all died. Zhu Tuofu was offering sacrifice at Gaotang; on arriving, he reported back, and died at the Cui house without taking off his cap. Shen Kuai was a fishery attendant; he withdrew and said to his steward: "Take your family and flee; I will die." His steward said: "To flee would go against your righteousness," and died with him. The Cui clan killed Rong Mie at Pingyin.

晏子立於崔氏之門外，其人曰：“死乎？”曰：“獨吾君也乎哉？吾死也。”

Yanzi stood outside the gate of the Cui house, and his men said: "Will you die?" He said: "Was he only my own ruler? I will die."

曰：“行乎？”曰：“吾罪也乎哉？吾亡也。”“歸乎？”曰：“君死，安歸？君民者，豈以陵民？社稷是主。臣君者，豈為其口實，社稷是養。故君為社稷死，則死之；為社稷亡，則亡之。若為己死而為己亡，非其私暱，誰敢任之？且人有君而弒之，吾焉得死之，而焉得亡之？將庸何歸？”門啟而入，枕屍股而哭。興，三踴而出。人謂崔子：“必殺之！”崔子曰：“民之望也！舍之，得民。”盧蒲癸奔晉，王何奔莒。

They said: "Will you flee?" He said: "Is it my crime? I will go into exile." "Will you go home?" He said: "The ruler is dead; where would I return to? To be ruler of the people, is it to ride over the people? It is to preside over the altars of state. To be a ruler's minister, is it for his salary? It is to nurture and protect the altars of state. Therefore if the ruler dies for the altars of state, one dies for him; if he goes into exile for the altars of state, one goes into exile for him. If he dies for himself or goes into exile for himself, then unless he was one's private intimate, who would dare to bear it? Moreover, others had a ruler and killed him; how could I die for him, how could I flee for him? Where would I return to?" The gate opened and he went in, laid the corpse on his thigh and wept. He rose, stamped his feet three times and went out. Someone said to Master Cui: "You must kill him!" Master Cui said: "He is a man the people look up to! Let him go, and you can win the people's hearts." Lu Pugui fled to Jin, and Wang He fled to Ju.

叔孫宣伯之在齊也，叔孫還納其女於靈公。嬖，生景公。丁丑，崔杼立而相之。慶封為左相。盟國人於大宮，曰：“所不與崔、慶者。”晏子仰天嘆曰：“嬰所不唯忠於君利社稷者是與，有如上帝。”乃歃。辛巳，公與大夫及莒子盟。

When Shu Sun Xuanbo was in Qi, Shu Sun Huan had sent his daughter to Duke Ling. She was favored and bore Duke Jing. On the dingchou day, Cui Zhu set him up and became his assistant. Qing Feng was Left Chancellor. In the Great Hall they made a covenant with the people of the state, saying: "Whoever does not side with Cui and Qing..." Yanzi looked up at the sky and sighed: "If Ying does not side only with those who are loyal to the ruler and beneficial to the altars of state, may God be my witness." Then he smeared his mouth with blood. On the xinsi day the duke made a covenant with the grand officers and the Viscount of Ju.

大史書曰：“崔杼弒其君。”崔子殺之。其弟嗣書而死者，二人。其弟又書，乃舍之。南史氏聞大史盡死，執簡以往。聞既書矣，乃還。

The Grand Scribe recorded: "Cui Zhu killed his ruler." Master Cui killed him. His younger brother continued the record, and two who died because of it. His younger brother recorded it again, and so he was let go. When the Southern Scribe heard that the Grand Scribes had all died, he took his bamboo slips and went. Hearing that it had already been recorded, he turned back.

閭丘嬰以帷縛其妻而載之，與申鮮虞乘而出，鮮虞推而下之，曰：“君昏不能匡，危不能救，死不能死，而知匿其暱，其誰納之？”行及弇中，將舍。嬰曰：“崔、慶其追我！”鮮虞曰：“一與一，誰能懼我？”遂舍，枕轡而寢，食馬而食。駕而行，出弇中，謂嬰曰：“速驅之！崔、慶之眾，不可當也。”遂來奔。

Lüqiu Ying bound his wife in a curtain and loaded her in a chariot, and went out riding with Shen Xianyu. Xianyu pushed her off the chariot and said: "You could not set a disordered ruler right, could not rescue him from danger, and could not die with him when he died, yet you know to hide an intimate; who will take you in?" On reaching Yanzhong, they were about to stay for the night. Ying said: "Cui and Qing may pursue me!" Xianyu said: "One against one, who could make me afraid?" So he stayed, slept with his head on the reins, fed the horse and then ate himself. He drove on and left Yanzhong, and said to Ying: "Drive quickly! The troops of Cui and Qing cannot be resisted." So he came as a refugee.

崔氏側莊公於北郭。丁亥，葬諸士孫之裡，四翣，不蹕，下車七乘，不以兵甲。

The Cui clan placed Duke Zhuang's coffin at the North Suburb. On the dinghai day, he was buried in the village of Shisun, with four feather fans, without barring passersby, with seven carriages, and without weapons or armor.

晉侯濟自泮，會於夷儀，伐齊，以報朝歌之役。齊人以莊公說，使隰鉏請成。

The Marquis of Jin crossed at Pan and met at Yiyi, and attacked Qi in revenge for the battle of Chaoge. The people of Qi explained the matter of Duke Zhuang and sent Xi Chu to ask for peace.

慶封如師，男女以班。賂晉侯以宗器、樂器。自六正、五吏、三十帥、三軍之大夫、百官之正長、師旅及處守者，皆有賂。晉侯許之。使叔向告於諸侯。公使子服惠伯對曰：“君舍有罪，以靖小國，君之惠也。寡君聞命矣！”晉侯使魏舒、宛沒逆衛侯，將使衛與之夷儀。崔子止其帑，以求五鹿。

Qing Feng went to the army, with men and women in ranks. They bribed the Marquis of Jin with ancestral vessels and musical instruments. From the six chief ministers, the five officials, the thirty commanders, the grand officers of the three armies, the chiefs of the hundred offices, the divisions and brigades, to those left to guard, all received bribes. The Marquis of Jin agreed. He sent Shu Xiang to inform the lords. Duke Xiang sent Zifu Huibo to reply: "Your Lordship pardons the guilty in order to settle small states; this is Your Lordship's kindness. Our lord has heard the command!" The Marquis of Jin sent Wei Shu and Wan Mo to receive the Marquis of Wei and was to have Wei give him Yiyi. Master Cui detained his family in order to seek Wulu.

初，陳侯會楚子伐鄭，當陳隧者，井堙木刊。鄭人怨之，六月，鄭子展、子產帥車七百乘伐陳，宵突陳城，遂入之。陳侯扶其大子偃師奔墓，遇司馬桓子，曰：“載餘！”曰：“將巡城。”遇賈獲，載其母妻，下之，而授公車。公曰：“舍而母！”辭曰：“不祥。”與其妻扶其母以奔墓，亦免。子展命師無入公宮，與子產親御諸門。陳侯使司馬桓子賂以宗器。陳侯免，擁社。使其眾，男女別而累，以待於朝。子展執縶而見，再拜稽首，承飲而進獻。子美入，數俘而出。祝祓社，司徒致民，司馬致節，司空致地，乃還。

Earlier, the Marquis of Chen had joined the Viscount of Chu in attacking Zheng, and wherever the Chen army passed, wells were filled in and trees cut down. The people of Zheng resented this. In the sixth month, Zizhan and Zichan of Zheng led seven hundred chariots to attack Chen, assaulted the city of Chen by night and so entered it. The Marquis of Chen, supporting Crown Prince Yanshi, fled to the cemetery and met the Minister of War Huanzi, saying: "Take me up!" He said: "I am about to patrol the walls." He met Jia Huo, who was carrying his mother and wife; he made them get down and gave the chariot to the marquis. The marquis said: "Put down your mother!" He declined, saying: "It would be inauspicious." With his wife he helped his mother flee to the cemetery, and they too escaped the disaster. Zizhan ordered the army not to enter the ducal palace and with Zichan personally stood guard at the gate. The Marquis of Chen sent the Minister of War Huanzi to offer ancestral vessels as a bribe. The Marquis of Chen took off his upper garment and embraced the altar tablet of the soil. He had his people, men and women bound in separate groups, wait in the court. Zizhan entered carrying the rope for leading sacrificial animals, bowed twice and kowtowed, and presented the drinking vessel with both hands. Zimei went in, counted the captives and came out. The invocator performed the purification before the altar of the soil, the Minister of the Masses handed back the people, the Minister of War handed back the tallies, the Minister of Works handed back the land, and then they returned.

秋七月己巳，同盟於重丘，齊成故也。

In autumn, on the jisi day of the seventh month, a covenant was made together at Zhongqiu, because Qi had made peace.

趙文子為政，令薄諸侯之幣而重其禮。穆叔見之，謂穆叔曰：“自今以往，兵其少弭矣！齊崔、慶新得政，將求善於諸侯。武也知楚令尹。若敬行其禮，道之以文辭，以靖諸侯，兵可以弭。”

Zhao Wenzi was in charge of government and ordered that the tribute of the lords be lightened and ritual be made weightier. Mu Shu saw him. He said to Mu Shu: "From now on, perhaps warfare will somewhat subside! Qi's Cui and Qing have newly taken power and will seek friendship with the lords. Wu knows the chief minister of Chu. If we reverently carry out ritual and guide with fine words in order to settle the lords, warfare can be stopped."

楚薳子馮卒，屈建為令尹。屈蕩為莫敖。舒鳩人卒叛楚。令尹子木伐之，及離城。吳人救之，子木遽以右師先，子強、息桓、子捷、子駢、子盂帥左師以退。

Wei Zifeng of Chu died, and Qu Jian became chief minister. Qu Dang became Mo'ao. The people of Shujiu finally rebelled against Chu. The chief minister Zimu attacked them and reached Licheng. The people of Wu came to the rescue. Zimu hurriedly went ahead with the right army, while Ziqiang, Xi Huan, Zijie, Zipian and Zimeng led the left army in withdrawing.

吳人居其間七日。子強曰：“久將墊隘，隘乃禽也。不如速戰！請以其私卒誘之，簡師陳以待我。我克則進，奔則亦視之，乃可以免。不然，必為吳禽。”從之。

The people of Wu lay between them for seven days. Ziqiang said: "If this goes on, we shall be hard pressed and cramped, and cramped we shall be taken. It is better to strike quickly! Let us lure them with my private troops and have the picked troops form ranks and wait for me. If I win, we advance; if I am defeated and flee, we shall see; only then can we escape. Otherwise we shall surely be captured by Wu." This was followed.

五人以其私卒先擊吳師。吳師奔，登山以望，見楚師不繼，復逐之，傅諸其軍。

The five men attacked the Wu army first with their private troops. The Wu army fled, climbed a hill to look out, saw that the Chu army had not joined up, pursued again and pressed upon their main force.

簡師會之，吳師大敗。遂圍舒鳩，舒鳩潰。八月，楚滅舒鳩。

The picked troops joined up and the Wu army was greatly defeated. They then besieged Shujiu, and Shujiu collapsed. In the eighth month, Chu destroyed Shujiu.

衛獻公入於夷儀。

Duke Xian of Wei entered Yiyi.

鄭子產獻捷於晉，戎服將事。晉人問陳之罪，對曰：“昔虞閼父為周陶正，以服事我先王。我先王賴其利器用也，與其神明之後也，庸以元女大姬配胡公，而封諸陳，以備三恪。則我周之自出，至於今是賴。桓公之亂，蔡人慾立其出。

Zichan of Zheng presented spoils to Jin, performing the affair in military dress. The people of Jin asked about the crimes of Chen, and he answered: "Formerly Yu E'fu was the Master of Pottery of Zhou and served our former king. Our former king relied on the usefulness of his vessels and on his being a descendant of the divine, and so matched his eldest daughter Da Ji to Duke Hu and enfeoffed him in Chen, to complete the three honored lines. Thus we are maternal relatives of Zhou, and still rely on that today. In the disorder of Duke Huan, the people of Cai wanted to set up their own nephew.

我先君莊公奉五父而立之，蔡人殺之。我又與蔡人奉戴厲公，至於莊、宣，皆我之自立。夏氏之亂，成公播蕩，又我之自入，君所知也。今陳忘周之大德，蔑我大惠，棄我姻親，介恃楚眾，以憑陵我敝邑，不可億逞。我是以有往年之告。未獲成命，則有我東門之役。當陳隧者，井堙木刊。敝邑大懼不竟，而恥大姬。天誘其衷，啟敝邑之心。陳知其罪，授手於我。用敢獻功！”晉人曰：“何故侵小？”對曰：“先王之命，唯罪所在，各致其闢。且昔天子之地一圻，列國一同，自是以衰。今大國多數圻矣！若無侵小，何以至焉？”晉人曰：“何故戎服？”對曰：“我先君武、莊，為平、桓卿士。城濮之役，文公佈命，曰：‘各復舊職！’命我文公戎服輔王，以授楚捷，不敢廢王命故也。”士莊伯不能詰，復於趙文子。

Our former lord Duke Zhuang served Wufu and set up Duke Li, and the people of Cai killed him. We then again joined the people of Cai in serving and upholding Duke Li, and Dukes Zhuang and Xuan were both set up by ourselves. In the disorder of the Xia clan, Duke Cheng was driven from his seat, and again it was we who sent him back, as Your Lordship knows. Now Chen has forgotten the great virtue of Zhou, despised our great kindness, abandoned our marriage tie, and relying on the Chu troops has oppressed our humble state, with desires that cannot be satisfied. Because of this we made our report last year. Not having obtained a favorable command, there was our battle at the East Gate. Wherever the Chen army passed, wells were filled and trees cut down. Our humble state greatly feared not being strong enough, and thereby shaming Da Ji. Heaven led its heart and opened the intentions of our humble state. Chen knew its crime and placed its hands in ours. For this reason we dare to present the achievement!" The people of Jin said: "Why did you raid a small state?" He answered: "The command of the former kings was only to see where the crime lay and to apply punishment accordingly. Moreover, formerly the Son of Heaven's land was a thousand li, and the feudal states a hundred li, decreasing from there. Now the great states are many times a thousand li! If they had not raided small states, how could they have come to this?" The people of Jin said: "Why did you wear military dress?" He answered: "Our former lords Dukes Wu and Zhuang were ministers to Kings Ping and Huan. At the battle of Chengpu, Duke Wen issued an order, saying: 'Let each restore his old duties!' He ordered our Duke to wear military dress and assist the Son of Heaven in presenting the spoils of victory over Chu; it is because we dared not abandon the royal command." Shi Zhuangbo could not question him further and reported to Zhao Wenzi.

文子曰：“其辭順，犯順不祥。”乃受之。

Wenzi said: "His words are reasonable, and offending against what is reasonable is inauspicious." So he accepted them.

冬十月，子展相鄭伯如晉，拜陳之功。子西復伐陳，陳及鄭平。仲尼曰：“《志》有之：‘言以足志，文以足言。’不言，誰知其志？言之無文，行而不遠。晉為伯，鄭入陳，非文辭不為功。慎辭也！”楚蒍掩為司馬，子木使庀賦，數甲兵。甲午，蒍掩書土田，度山林，鳩藪澤，辨京陵，表淳滷，數疆潦，規偃豬，町原防，牧隰皋，井衍沃，量入修賦。賦車籍馬，賦車兵、徒卒、甲楯之數。既成，以授子木，禮也。

In winter, in the tenth month, Zizhan assisted the Earl of Zheng in going to Jin to give thanks for the achievement against Chen. Zixi again attacked Chen, and Chen made peace with Zheng. Zhongni said: "The Records have this saying: 'Words are for completing one's intention, and literary grace is for completing one's words.' If one does not speak, who knows his intention? If one speaks without grace, it does not travel far. When Jin became hegemon and Zheng entered Chen, without fine words it could not have succeeded. One must be careful with words!" Wei Yan of Chu became Minister of War, and Zimu had him regulate the military levies and take stock of armor and weapons. On the jiawu day, Wei Yan recorded the land and fields, measured the hills and forests, gathered the marshes, distinguished the highlands, marked the saline land, calculated the flooded land, planned the embankment ponds, divided the fields between dikes, assigned the low wet shores for pasture, and laid out the well-field system on the level fine land; he estimated the yield and revised the military levies. For chariots he recorded the horses, and for chariot soldiers, foot soldiers, armor and shields he recorded the numbers. When it was done, he handed it to Zimu, and this accorded with ritual.

十二月，吳子諸樊伐楚，以報舟師之役。門於巢。巢牛臣曰：“吳王勇而輕，若啟之，將親門。我獲射之，必殪。是君也死，疆其少安！”從之。吳子門焉，牛臣隱於短牆以射之，卒。

In the twelfth month, Zhufan, Viscount of Wu, attacked Chu, in revenge for the naval battle. He assaulted the gate of Chao. Niuchen of Chao said: "The King of Wu is brave but rash; if we open the gate, he will attack the gate himself. If I can shoot him, I will surely shoot him dead. If this king dies, the borders will be somewhat at peace!" This was followed. The Viscount of Wu attacked the gate, and Niuchen hid behind a low wall and shot him, and he died.

楚子以滅舒鳩賞子木。辭曰：“先大夫蒍子之功也。”以與蒍掩。

Because of the destruction of Shujiu, the Viscount of Chu rewarded Zimu. He declined, saying: "It was the achievement of the former grand officer Wei Zi." It was given to Wei Yan.

晉程鄭卒。子產始知然明，問為政焉。對曰：“視民如子。見不仁者誅之，如鷹鸇之逐鳥雀也。”子產喜，以語子大叔，且曰：“他日吾見蔑之面而已，今吾見其心矣。”子大叔問政於子產。子產曰：“政如農功，日夜思之，思其始而成其終。朝夕而行之，行無越思，如農之有畔。其過鮮矣。”

Cheng Zheng of Jin died. Zichan began to know Ranming and asked him about governing. He answered: "Look on the people as sons. When you see the unkind, execute them, as hawks and kestrels chase birds and sparrows." Zichan was pleased and told Zi Dashu, adding: "Formerly I saw only Mie's face; now I see his heart." Zi Dashu asked Zichan about government. Zichan said: "Government is like farm work: think about it day and night, think of its beginning and bring about its end. Carry it out morning and evening, and let your actions not exceed what you have thought, as a field has its boundaries. Then mistakes will be few."

衛獻公自夷儀使與寧喜言，寧喜許之。大叔文子聞之，曰：“烏乎！《詩》所謂‘我躬不說，皇恤我後’者，寧子可謂不恤其後矣。將可乎哉？殆必不可。

Duke Xian of Wei sent someone from Yiyi to speak with Ning Xi, and Ning Xi agreed. Da Shu Wenzi heard of it and said: "Ah! As the Odes say, 'I myself am not yet tolerated; how can I care about my descendants?' Master Ning may be said not to care about his descendants. Will it work? Surely it will not.

君子之行，思其終也，思其復也。《書》曰：‘慎始而敬終，終以不困。’《詩》曰：‘夙夜匪解，以事一人。’今寧子視君不如弈棋，其何以免乎？弈者舉棋不定，不勝其耦。而況置君而弗定乎？必不免矣。九世之卿族，一舉而滅之。可哀也哉！”會於夷儀之歲，齊人城郟。其五月，秦、晉為成。晉韓起如秦蒞盟，秦伯車如晉蒞盟，成而不結。

In a gentleman's actions, he thinks of the end and thinks of the repetition. The Book says: 'Be careful at the beginning and respect the end, and so the end is not in difficulty.' The Odes say: 'Morning and night without laxity, to serve the one man.' Now Master Ning treats his ruler worse than a game of chess; how can he escape? One who plays chess and cannot settle on a move cannot beat his opponent. How much more so for installing a ruler without being firm? He will surely not escape. A ministerial clan of nine generations will perish with a single act. How sad!" In the year of the meeting at Yiyi, the people of Qi fortified Jia. In the fifth month of that year, Qin and Jin made peace. Han Qi of Jin went to Qin to take part in the covenant, and Bo Che of Qin went to Jin to take part in the covenant, but the peace was not firm.

【經】二十有六年春王二月辛卯，衛寧喜弒其君剽。衛孫林父入於戚以叛。

[Classic] In the twenty-sixth year, spring, the second month by the Zhou royal calendar, on the xinmao day, Ning Xi of Wei killed his ruler, Piao. Sun Linfu of Wei entered Qi and rebelled.

甲午，衛侯衎復歸於衛。夏，晉侯使荀吳來聘。公會晉人、鄭良霄、宋人、曹人於澶淵。秋，宋公殺其世子痤。晉人執衛寧喜。八月壬午，許男寧卒於楚。冬，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯伐鄭。葬許靈公。

On the jiawu day, Kan, Marquis of Wei, returned again to Wei. In summer, the Marquis of Jin sent Xun Wu on a courtesy visit. Duke Xiang met the men of Jin, Liang Xiao of Zheng, and the men of Song and Cao at Chanyuan. In autumn, the Duke of Song killed his heir Cuo. The people of Jin seized Ning Xi of Wei. On the renwu day of the eighth month, Ning, Baron of Xu, died in Chu. In winter, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai and the Marquis of Chen attacked Zheng. Duke Ling of Xu was buried.

【傳】二十六年春，秦伯之弟針如晉修成，叔向命召行人子員。行人子朱曰：“朱也當御。”三云，叔向不應。子朱怒，曰：“班爵同，何以黜朱於朝？”撫劍從之。叔向曰：“秦、晉不和久矣！今日之事，幸而集，晉國賴之。不集，三軍暴骨。子員道二國之言無私，子常易之。奸以事君者，吾所能御也。”拂衣從之。人救之。平公曰：“晉其庶乎！吾臣之所爭者大。”師曠曰：“公室懼卑。

[Commentary] In the twenty-sixth year, spring, the younger brother of the Earl of Qin, Zhen, went to Jin to renew good relations, and Shu Xiang gave the order to summon the envoy Ziyuan. The envoy Zizhu said: "Zhu should be on duty." He said it three times, and Shu Xiang did not agree. Zizhu was angry and said: "We are of equal rank; why do you demote Zhu in the court?" He put his hand on his sword and followed him. Shu Xiang said: "Qin and Jin have been at odds for a long time! In today's affair, if it succeeds by luck, Jin will rely on it. If it fails, the three armies will lie exposed in death. Ziyuan conveys the words between the two states without private motives, while you keep changing them. Those who serve the ruler with treachery, I can resist." He brushed his sleeves and followed. People pulled them apart. Duke Ping said: "Jin may be nearly in order! What my ministers contend about is a great matter." Shi Kuang said: "I fear the ducal house will decline.

臣不心競而力爭，不務德而爭善，私慾已侈，能無卑乎？”衛獻公使子鮮為復，辭。敬姒強命之。對曰：“君無信，臣懼不免。”敬姒曰：“雖然，以吾故也。”許諾。初，獻公使與寧喜言，寧喜曰：“必子鮮在，不然必敗。”故公使子鮮。子鮮不獲命於敬姒，以公命與寧喜言，曰：“苟反，政由寧氏，祭則寡人。”寧喜告蘧伯玉，伯玉曰：“瑗不得聞君之出，敢聞其入？”遂行，從近關出。告右宰谷，右宰谷曰：“不可。獲罪於兩君，天下誰畜之？”悼子曰：“吾受命於先人，不可以貳。”谷曰：“我請使焉而觀之。”遂見公於夷儀。反曰：“君淹恤在外十二年矣，而無憂色，亦無寬言，猶夫人也。若不已，死無日矣。”悼子曰：“子鮮在。”右宰谷曰：“子鮮在，何益？多而能亡，於我何為？”悼子曰：“雖然，不可以已。”孫文子在戚，孫嘉聘於齊，孫襄居守。

Ministers do not compete in their hearts but fight with force, do not devote themselves to virtue but vie to be called good, and their private desires are already excessive; how can the house not decline?" Duke Xian of Wei had Zixian seek his restoration, and he declined. Jing Si pressed him by order. He answered: "The lord has no good faith, and I fear I will not escape." Jing Si said: "Even so, do it for my sake." He agreed. Earlier, Duke Xian had sent someone to speak with Ning Xi, and Ning Xi had said: "Zixian must be present, or it will surely fail." So the duke sent Zixian. Zixian had not received an order from Jing Si and spoke to Ning Xi in the duke's name, saying: "If I return, the government will be in the hands of the Ning clan, and the sacrifices will be mine." Ning Xi told Qu Boyu, and Boyu said: "Yuan could not hear of the lord's going out; would he dare to hear of his coming in?" So he left, going out by the nearest pass. He told Youzai Gu, who said: "It cannot be done. Having offended two rulers, who in the world would take you in?" Daozi said: "I received my command from my forebears and may not have a divided heart." Gu said: "Let me go as an envoy to observe." So he saw the duke at Yiyi. Returning, he said: "The lord has been in distress abroad for twelve years and shows no look of sorrow and has no generous words; he is still the same man. If he does not stop, he will not live many more days." Daozi said: "Zixian is there." Youzai Gu said: "What good is it that Zixian is there? At most he can flee; what can he do to us?" Daozi said: "Even so, we cannot stop." Sun Wenzi was at Qi; Sun Jia went to Qi on a courtesy visit, and Sun Xiang stayed to guard.

二月庚寅，寧喜、右宰谷伐孫氏，不克。伯國傷。寧子出舍於郊。伯國死，孫氏夜哭。國人召寧子，寧子復攻孫氏，克之。辛卯，殺子叔及大子角。書曰：“寧喜弒其君剽。”言罪之在寧氏也。孫林父以戚如晉。書曰：“入於戚以叛。”

On the gengyin day of the second month, Ning Xi and Youzai Gu attacked the Sun clan and did not prevail. Boguo was wounded. Master Ning went out and lived in the outskirts. Boguo died, and the Sun clan wept by night. The people of the state summoned Master Ning, and Master Ning attacked the Sun clan again and prevailed. On the xinmao day, they killed Zishu and Crown Prince Jue. The Annals records "Ning Xi killed his ruler, Piao," meaning that the guilt lay with the Ning clan. Sun Linfu went to Jin with Qi. The Annals records "entered Qi and rebelled."

罪孫氏也。臣之祿，君實有之。義則進，否則奉身而退，專祿以周旋，戮也。

This puts the blame on the Sun clan. A minister's salary in fact belongs to the ruler. If it accords with righteousness, one advances; otherwise one protects oneself and withdraws. To monopolize the salary and maneuver is deserving of death.

甲午，衛侯入。書曰：“復歸。”國納之也。大夫逆於竟者，執其手而與之言。道逆者，自車揖之。逆於門者，頷之而已。公至，使讓大叔文子曰：“寡人淹恤在外，二三子皆使寡人朝夕聞衛國之言，吾子獨不在寡人。古人有言曰：‘非所怨勿怨。’寡人怨矣。”對曰：“臣知罪矣！臣不佞不能負羈洩，以紲扌幹牧圉，臣之罪一也。有出者，有居者。臣不能貳，通外內之言以事君，臣之罪二也。有二罪，敢忘其死？”乃行，從近關出。公使止之。

On the jiawu day, the Marquis of Wei entered. The Annals records "returned again," meaning that the state received him. Grand officers who met him at the border took his hand and spoke with him. Those who met him on the road bowed from their chariots. Those who met him at the city gate only nodded. When the duke arrived, he sent someone to reproach Da Shu Wenzi: "While I was in distress abroad, these gentlemen all let me hear of Wei morning and evening, and you alone did not take me to heart. The ancients had a saying: 'Do not resent where resentment is not due.' I have resented." He answered: "Your servant knows his guilt! Your servant is without talent and could not carry the bridle and reins to lead the oxen and horses; this is my first guilt. Some went out and some stayed. Your servant could not have a divided heart and carry words between inside and outside to serve the ruler; this is my second guilt. With two guilts, how would I dare forget death?" So he left, going out by the nearest pass. The duke sent someone to stop him.

衛人侵戚東鄙，孫氏愬於晉，晉戍茅氏。殖綽伐茅氏，殺晉戍三百人。孫蒯追之，弗敢擊。文子曰：“厲之不如！”遂從衛師，敗之圉。雍鉏獲殖綽。復愬於晉。

The people of Wei raided the eastern border of Qi, and the Sun clan appealed to Jin, and Jin garrisoned Maoshi. Zhi Chuo attacked Maoshi and killed three hundred Jin garrison soldiers. Sun Kuai pursued but did not dare to attack. Wenzi said: "You are worse than a ghost!" So he pursued the Wei army and defeated it at Yu. Yong Chu captured Zhi Chuo. Again they appealed to Jin.

鄭伯賞入陳之功。三月甲寅朔，享子展，賜之先路、三命之服，先八邑。賜子產次路、再命之服，先六邑。子產辭邑，曰：“自上以下，隆殺以兩，禮也。

The Earl of Zheng rewarded the achievement of entering Chen. On the first day of the third month, the jiayin day, he feasted Zizhan and gave him the first carriage and the robes of the third rank, with eight cities to begin with. He gave Zichan the second carriage and the robes of the second rank, with six cities to begin with. Zichan declined the cities, saying: "From above to below, the grandeur is reduced by twos in steps; this is ritual.

臣之位在四，且子展之功也。臣不敢及及賞禮，請辭邑。”公固予之，乃受三邑。

My place is fourth, and moreover it was Zizhan's achievement. Your servant dares not reach for the ritual of the reward; I beg to decline the cities." (The base text has a doubled character here, a copyist's error.) The duke insisted on giving, and so he accepted three cities.

公孫揮曰：“子產其將知政矣！讓不失禮。”

Gongsun Hui said: "Zichan will probably take charge of the government! He is modest and does not lose ritual."

晉人為孫氏故，召諸侯，將以討衛也。夏，中行穆子來聘，召公也。

Because of the Sun clan, the people of Jin summoned the lords and were about to punish Wei. In summer, Zhonghang Muzi came on a courtesy visit, which was a summons to Duke Xiang.

楚子、秦人侵吳，及雩婁，聞吳有備而還。遂侵鄭，五月，至於城麇。鄭皇頡戍之，出，與楚師戰，敗。穿封戌囚皇頡，公子圍與之爭之。正於伯州犁，伯州犁曰：“請問於囚。”乃立囚。伯州犁曰：“所爭，君子也，其何不知？”上其手，曰：“夫子為王子圍，寡君之貴介弟也。”下其手，曰：“此子為穿封戌，方城外之縣尹也。誰獲子？”囚曰：“頡遇王子，弱焉。”戌怒，抽戈逐王子圍，弗及。楚人以皇頡歸。

The Viscount of Chu and the people of Qin raided Wu, reached Yulou, and heard that Wu was prepared and went back. They then raided Zheng, and in the fifth month reached Chengjun. Huang Jie of Zheng was on garrison duty, went out of the city to fight with the Chu army and was defeated. Chuanfeng Xu took Huang Jie prisoner, and Prince Wei contended with him for the credit. They asked Bo Zhouli to judge, and Bo Zhouli said: "Please ask the prisoner." So he had the prisoner stand. Bo Zhouli said: "Those contending are gentlemen; what would they not know?" He raised his hand and said: "That gentleman is Prince Wei, the honored younger brother of our lord." He lowered his hand and said: "This one is Chuanfeng Xu, a county magistrate beyond Fangcheng. Who captured you?" The prisoner said: "Jie met the prince and was no match for him." Xu was angry, drew his dagger-axe and chased Prince Wei, but did not catch him. The people of Chu took Huang Jie back with them.

印堇父與皇頡戍城麇，楚人囚之，以獻於秦。鄭人取貨於印氏以請之，子大叔為令正，以為請。子產曰：“不獲。受楚之功而取貨於鄭，不可謂國，秦不其然。若曰：‘拜君之勤鄭國，微君之惠，楚師其猶在敝邑之城下。’其可。”弗從，遂行。秦人不予。更幣，從子產而後獲之。

Yin Jinfu and Huang Jie were on garrison duty at Chengjun, and the people of Chu imprisoned him and presented him to Qin. The people of Zheng sought wealth from the Yin clan to request his release, and Zi Dashu was Director of Orders and made the request with it. Zichan said: "You will not get him. To accept Chu's merit and then take wealth from Zheng cannot be called a state, and Qin will not do this. If you say: 'We bow in thanks for Your Lordship's labor on behalf of Zheng; without Your Lordship's kindness, the Chu army would perhaps still be beneath our humble city,' that would do." He did not follow this and went. The people of Qin did not release him. He changed the gift and followed Zichan's advice, and then got him.

六月，公會晉趙武、宋向戌、鄭良霄、曹人於澶淵以討衛，疆戚田。取衛西鄙懿氏六十以與孫氏。趙武不書，尊公也。向戌不書，後也。鄭先宋，不失所也。

In the sixth month, Duke Xiang met Zhao Wu of Jin, Xiang Xu of Song, Liang Xiao of Zheng and the men of Cao at Chanyuan to punish Wei, and fixed the boundary fields of Qi. They took sixty cities of Yishi on Wei's western border and gave them to the Sun clan. The Annals does not record Zhao Wu, out of respect for Duke Xiang. It does not record Xiang Xu, because he arrived late. Zheng is placed before Song because it had not lost its place.

於是衛侯會之。晉人執寧喜、北宮遺，使女齊以先歸。衛侯如晉，晉人執而囚之於士弱氏。

At the time the Marquis of Wei attended the meeting. The people of Jin seized Ning Xi and Beigong Yi and had Nüqi take them back first. The Marquis of Wei went to Jin, and the people of Jin seized and imprisoned him in the house of Shi Ruo.

秋七月，齊侯、鄭伯為衛侯故，如晉，晉侯兼享之。晉侯賦《嘉樂》。國景子相齊侯，賦《蓼蕭》。子展相鄭伯，賦《緇衣》。叔向命晉侯拜二君曰：“寡君敢拜齊君之安我先君之宗祧也，敢拜鄭君之不貳也。”國子使晏平仲私於叔向，曰：“晉君宣其明德於諸侯，恤其患而補其闕，正其違而治其煩，所以為盟主也。

In autumn, in the seventh month, the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng went to Jin on behalf of the Marquis of Wei, and the Marquis of Jin feasted them together. The Marquis of Jin recited "Joyful." Guo Jingzi assisted the Marquis of Qi and recited "Luxiao." Zizhan assisted the Earl of Zheng and recited "Black Robes." Shu Xiang had the Marquis of Jin bow in thanks to the two rulers, saying: "Our lord dares to thank the lord of Qi for settling our former lords' ancestral temple, and dares to thank the lord of Zheng for having no divided heart." Guo Zi had Yan Pingzhong say privately to Shu Xiang: "The lord of Jin proclaims bright virtue to the lords, shows concern for distress, makes up for deficiencies, corrects errors and orders disorder, and so is leader of the covenant.

今為臣執君，若之何？”叔向告趙文子，文子以告晉侯。晉侯言衛侯之罪，使叔向告二君。國子賦《轡之柔矣》，子展賦《將仲子兮》，晉侯乃許歸衛侯。叔向曰：“鄭七穆，罕氏其後亡者也。子展儉而壹。”

Now, for the sake of a minister, he has seized a ruler; what is to be done?" Shu Xiang told Zhao Wenzi, and Wenzi told the Marquis of Jin. The Marquis of Jin stated the crimes of the Marquis of Wei and sent Shu Xiang to tell the two rulers. Guo Zi recited "The Reins Are Soft," Zizhan recited "I Beg You, Zhong Zi," and the Marquis of Jin then agreed to release the Marquis of Wei. Shu Xiang said: "Among the seven Mu houses of Zheng, the Han clan will be the last to perish. Zizhan is frugal and single-minded."

初，宋芮司徒生女子，赤而毛，棄諸堤下，共姬之妾取以入，名之曰棄。長而美。平公入夕，共姬與之食。公見棄也，而視之，尤。姬納諸御，嬖，生佐。

Earlier, Rui, the Minister of the Masses of Song, had a daughter whose skin was red and covered with hair, and he threw her away beneath an embankment. A concubine of Gong Ji took her in and named her Qi. When she grew up she was beautiful. Duke Ping went in at night and Gong Ji was dining with him. The duke saw Qi, looked at her, and found her especially beautiful. Ji sent her into the ranks of the consorts. She was favored and bore Zuo.

惡而婉。大子痤美而很，合左師畏而惡之。寺人惠牆伊戾為大子內師而無寵。

His appearance was ugly but he was gentle. The crown prince Cuo was handsome but fierce, and the Master of the Left, He, feared and loathed him. The eunuch Hui Qiangyi Li was the crown prince's inner tutor but was not favored.

秋，楚客聘於晉，過宋。大子知之，請野享之。公使往，伊戾請從之。公曰：“夫不惡女乎？”對曰：“小人之事君子也，惡之不敢遠，好之不敢近。敬以待命，敢有貳心乎？縱有共其外，莫共其內，臣請往也。”遣之。至，則臽欠，用牲，加書，徵之，而聘告公曰：“大子將為亂，既與楚客盟矣。”公曰：“為我子，又何求？”對曰：“欲速。”公使視之，則信有焉。問諸夫人與左師，則皆曰：“固聞之。”公囚大子。大子曰：“唯佐也能免我。”召而使請，曰：“日中不來，吾知死矣。”左師聞之，聒而與之語。過期，乃縊而死。佐為大子。公徐聞其無罪也，乃亨伊戾。

In autumn, a guest from Chu went to Jin on a courtesy visit, passing through Song. The crown prince was acquainted with him and asked to feast him in the countryside. The duke let him go, and Yi Li asked to accompany him. The duke said: "Does he not loathe you?" He answered: "A petty man who serves a gentleman does not dare keep far from what he hates nor come near what he likes. I will respectfully await orders; would I dare have a divided heart? Even if someone supplies things outside, there is no one to supply them inside; I beg to go." He was sent. On arriving, he dug a pit, made a sacrifice, added a covenant text, took them as evidence, ran to tell the duke, and said: "The crown prince is about to rebel; he has already made a covenant with the Chu guest." (The base text has a variant character for the pit.) The duke said: "He is my son; what more does he seek?" He answered: "He wants it quickly." The duke sent someone to look, and it was indeed so. He asked the consort and the Master of the Left, and both said: "We had heard of it." The duke imprisoned the crown prince. The crown prince said: "Only Zuo can save me." He summoned him and had him make a request, saying: "If you do not come by noon, I will know I am to die." The Master of the Left heard of this and chatted with him at length. The deadline passed and the crown prince hanged himself and died. Zuo became crown prince. The duke gradually heard that he had been innocent, and so he boiled Yi Li alive.

左師見夫人之步馬者，問之，對曰：“君夫人氏也。”左師曰：“誰為君夫人？餘胡弗知？”圉人歸，以告夫人。夫人使饋之錦與馬，先之以玉，曰：“君之妾棄使某獻。”左師改命曰：“君夫人。”而後再拜稽首受之。

The Master of the Left saw the consort's horse groom and asked him, and he answered: "It is the Lady of the Ruler." The Master of the Left said: "Who is the Lady of the Ruler? Why do I not know?" The groom went back and told the consort. The consort sent brocade and horses as a gift, first presenting jade, and said: "Qi, the concubine of the ruler, sends so-and-so to offer these." The Master of the Left changed his form of address and said: "Lady of the Ruler." Then he bowed twice, kowtowed and accepted.

鄭伯歸自晉，使子西如晉聘，辭曰：“寡君來煩執事，懼不免於戾，使夏謝不敏。”君子曰：“善事大國。”

The Earl of Zheng returned from Jin and sent Zi Xi to Jin on a diplomatic visit, with the message: "Our humble ruler came and troubled Your Lordship's officials, and feared he would not escape blame, and so sent Xia to thank you for his lack of acuity." The gentleman said: "He is good at serving a great state."

初，楚伍參與蔡太師子朝友，其子伍舉與聲子相善也。伍舉娶於王子牟，王子牟為申公而亡，楚人曰：“伍舉實送之。”伍舉奔鄭，將遂奔晉。聲子將如晉，遇之於鄭郊，班荊相與食，而言復故。聲子曰：“子行也！吾必復子。”及宋向戌將平晉、楚，聲子通使於晉。還如楚，令尹子木與之語，問晉故焉，且曰：“晉大夫與楚孰賢？”對曰：“晉卿不如楚，其大夫則賢，皆卿材也。如杞、梓、皮革，自楚往也。雖楚有材，晉實用之。”子木曰：“夫獨無族姻乎？”對曰：“雖有，而用楚材實多。歸生聞之：‘善為國者，賞不僣而刑不濫。’賞僣，則懼及淫人；刑濫，則懼及善人。若不幸而過，寧僣無濫。與其失善，寧其利淫。

Earlier, Wu Can of Chu was friendly with Zi Chao, the Grand Master of Cai, and his son Wu Ju was friendly with Sheng Zi. Wu Ju took as wife the daughter of Prince Mou. Prince Mou, who was Lord of Shen, fled, and the people of Chu said: "In fact it was Wu Ju who sent him away." Wu Ju fled to Zheng and was about to flee on to Jin. Sheng Zi was about to go to Jin, and met him in the suburbs of Zheng; they spread brambles, sat and ate together, and talked about returning to his state. Sheng Zi said: "Go on! I will certainly have you return." When Xiang Xu of Song was about to bring about peace between Jin and Chu, Sheng Zi went to Jin as an envoy. On returning to Chu, the Prime Minister Zi Mu spoke with him and asked about Jin, and said: "Which are more worthy, the high officials of Jin or of Chu?" He replied: "The ministers of Jin are not as good as those of Chu, but its high officials are worthy, all of ministerial caliber. Like the qi and zi trees and leather, they go from Chu. Although Chu has talented people, in fact it is Jin that uses them." Zi Mu said: "Do they not have kinsmen and in-laws?" He replied: "Although they do, in using Chu's talent they are truly many. Gui Sheng has heard: 'One who is good at governing a state does not give rewards excessively and does not punish excessively.' If rewards are excessive, one fears they fall on the licentious; if punishments are excessive, one fears they fall on good people. If, unfortunately, one goes too far, it is better to err on the side of excessive reward than excessive punishment. Rather than lose good people, it is better to benefit the licentious.

無善人，則國從之。《詩》曰：‘人之雲亡，邦國殄瘁。’無善人之謂也。故《夏書》曰：‘與其殺不辜，寧失不經。’懼失善也。《商頌》有之曰：‘不僣不濫，不敢怠皇，命於下國，封建厥福。’此湯所以獲天福也。古之治民者，勸賞而畏刑，恤民不倦。賞以春夏，刑以秋冬。是以將賞，為之加膳，加膳則飫賜，此以知其勸賞也。將刑，為之不舉，不舉則徹樂，此以知其畏刑也。夙興夜寐，朝夕臨政，此以知其恤民也。三者，禮之大節也。有禮無敗。今楚多淫刑，其大夫逃死於四方，而為之謀主，以害楚國，不可救療，所謂不能也。子儀之亂，析公奔晉。晉人置諸戎車之殿，以為謀主。繞角之役，晉將遁矣，析公曰：‘楚師輕窕，易震盪也。若多鼓鈞聲，以夜軍之，楚師必遁。’晉人從之，楚師宵潰。

Without good people, the state follows to its end. The Ode says: 'When the people are lost, the state is distressed.' This refers to having no good people. Therefore the Book of Xia says: 'Rather than kill the innocent, it is better to lose one who does not keep the constant law.' This is the fear of losing good people. The Hymns of Shang have the words: 'Not excessive and not extravagant, not daring to be negligent or hasty, he commands the lower states and distributes those blessings.' This is why Tang obtained Heaven's blessing. In ancient times, those who governed the people were diligent in rewards and in awe of punishment, and tireless in caring for the people. Rewards were in spring and summer, punishments in autumn and winter. Therefore when about to give a reward, he would add to his meals, and when meals were added he would give generously to the full; thus one knew he was diligent in rewards. When about to impose punishment, he would for this reason not slaughter animals or serve a full feast, and without a full feast he would have the music removed; thus one knew he was in awe of punishment. Rising early and retiring late, attending to government morning and evening, one knew he cared for the people. These three are the great principles of ritual. With ritual there is no ruin. Now Chu has many excessive punishments, and its high officials flee from death to the four quarters and become the chief planners there, to harm Chu, which cannot be remedied; this is what is called incompetence. In the disorder of Zi Yi, Xi Gong fled to Jin. The people of Jin placed him behind the war chariots and made him chief planner. In the battle of Raojiao, when Jin was about to flee, Xi Gong said: 'The Chu army is frivolous and easily shaken. If drums are beaten in many places with the same sound and the whole army attacks at night, the Chu army will certainly flee.' The people of Jin followed this, and the Chu army collapsed in the night.

晉遂侵蔡，襲沈，獲其君；敗申、息之師於桑隧，獲申麗而還。鄭於是不敢南面。

Jin then invaded Cai, raided Shen and captured its ruler; at Sangsui it defeated the armies of Shen and Xi, captured Shen Liran, and went back. Zheng then did not dare to go south.

楚失華夏，則析公之為也。雍子之父兄譖雍子，君與大夫不善是也。雍子奔晉。

That Chu lost the Chinese states was the doing of Xi Gong. The father and elder brother of Yong Zi slandered Yong Zi, and the ruler and high officials could not handle it properly. Yong Zi fled to Jin.

晉人與之鄐，以為謀主。彭城之役，晉、楚遇於靡角之谷。晉將遁矣。雍子發命于軍曰：‘歸老幼，反孤疾，二人役，歸一人，簡兵蒐乘，秣馬蓐食，師陳焚次，明日將戰。’行歸者而逸楚囚，楚師宵潰。晉降彭城而歸諸宋，以魚石歸。

The people of Jin gave him Zhu and made him chief planner. In the battle of Pengcheng, Jin and Chu met in the valley of Mijiao. Jin was about to flee. Yong Zi issued orders to the army: 'The old and the young go back, orphans and the sick return, of two men from one household serving, one goes back; select the soldiers, review the chariots, feed the horses and have the men eat their fill, the army will form ranks and burn the camp, and tomorrow we shall fight.' He let those who were to go back leave and released the Chu prisoners, and the Chu army collapsed in the night. Jin subdued Pengcheng and returned it to Song, and went back with Yu Shi.

楚失東夷，子辛死之，則雍子之為也。子反與子靈爭夏姬，而雍害其事，子靈奔晉。晉人與之邢，以為謀主。扞禦北狄，通吳於晉，教吳叛楚，教之乘車、射御、驅侵，使其子孤庸為吳行人焉。吳於是伐巢、取駕、克棘、入州來，楚罷於奔命，至今為患，則子靈之為也。若敖之亂，伯賁之子賁皇奔晉。晉人與之苗，以為謀主。鄢陵之役，楚晨壓晉軍而陳，晉將遁矣。苗賁皇曰：‘楚師之良，在其中軍王族而已。若塞井夷灶，成陳以當之，欒、範易行以誘之，中行、二郤必克二穆。

That Chu lost the eastern Yi, for which Zi Xin died, was the doing of Yong Zi. Zi Fan and Zi Ling contended over Xia Ji, and he obstructed Zi Ling's affair, so Zi Ling fled to Jin. The people of Jin gave him Xing and made him chief planner. He resisted the northern Di, had Wu communicate with Jin, taught Wu to rebel against Chu, taught them to ride in chariots, shoot, drive and gallop in raids, and had his son Hu Yong serve as Wu's envoy. Wu then attacked Chao, took Jia, conquered Ji, and entered Zhoulai, and Chu was worn out running to respond, and it is still a calamity today; this was the doing of Zi Ling. In the disorder of Ruoao, Bo Ben's son Ben Huang fled to Jin. The people of Jin gave him Miao and made him chief planner. In the battle of Yanling, the Chu army pressed upon the Jin army's formation in the morning, and Jin was about to flee. Miao Benhuang said: 'The excellence of the Chu army lies only in its central army, the royal clan. If we fill in wells and level stoves, form ranks to resist, with Luan and Fan changing their lines to lure them, then Zhonghang and the two Xi will certainly defeat the two Mu clans.

吾乃四萃於其王族，必大敗之。’晉人從之，楚師大敗，王夷師熸，子反死之。

We then concentrate from all four sides on the royal clan and are certain to defeat them badly.' The people of Jin followed this, the Chu army was badly defeated, the king was wounded, the army's morale was extinguished, and Zi Fan died of it.

鄭叛吳興，楚失諸侯，則苗賁皇之為也。”子木曰：“是皆然矣。”聲子曰：“今又有甚於此。椒舉娶於申公子牟，子牟得戾而亡，君大夫謂椒舉：‘女實遣之！’懼而奔鄭，引領南望曰：‘庶幾赦餘！’亦弗圖也。今在晉矣。晉人將與之縣，以比叔向。彼若謀害楚國，豈不為患？”子木懼，言諸王，益其祿爵而復之。聲子使椒鳴逆之。

That Zheng rebelled, Wu rose, and Chu lost the feudal lords was the doing of Miao Benhuang." Zi Mu said: "All this is true." Sheng Zi said: "Now there is something worse than this. Jiao Ju took the daughter of Prince Mou of Shen as wife, and Prince Mou committed an offense and fled, and the king and high officials said to Jiao Ju: 'In fact it was you who sent him off!' Fearful, he fled to Zheng, craned his neck toward the south and said: 'Perhaps I shall be pardoned!' He did not scheme either. Now he is in Jin. The people of Jin are about to give him a county, to match Shu Xiang. If he plots to harm Chu, will that not be a calamity?" Zi Mu was afraid, told the king, and increased his stipend and rank to let him return. Sheng Zi sent Jiao Ming to meet him.

許靈公如楚，請伐鄭，曰：“師不興，孤不歸矣！”八月，卒於楚。楚子曰：“不伐鄭，何以求諸侯？”冬十月，楚子伐鄭。鄭人將御之，子產曰：“晉、楚將平，諸侯將和，楚王是故昧於一來。不如使逞而歸，乃易成也。夫小人之性，釁於勇，嗇於禍，以足其性而求名焉者，非國家之利也。若何從之？”子展說，不禦寇。十二月乙酉，入南里，墮其城。涉於樂氏，門於師之梁。縣門發，獲九人焉。涉入氾而歸，而後葬許靈公。

Duke Ling of Xu went to Chu and asked to attack Zheng, saying: "If the army does not move, I shall not go back!" In the eighth month he died in Chu. The Viscount of Chu said: "If we do not attack Zheng, what shall we use to seek the feudal lords?" In winter, in the tenth month, the Viscount of Chu attacked Zheng. The people of Zheng were about to resist, but Zi Chan said: "Jin and Chu are about to make peace and the feudal lords will be harmonious, and the king of Chu has come on this one occasion rashly for that reason. It is better to let him succeed and go back, and then it will be easy to achieve success. The nature of petty men is to pick quarrels over bravery and to be stingy over misfortune, using these to satisfy their nature and seek fame; this is not the benefit of a state. How can we follow them?" Zi Zhan was pleased and did not resist the invaders. In the twelfth month, on the day yiyou, they entered Nanli and tore down its wall. They crossed the river at Leshi and attacked Shiliang. The portcullis was lowered, and nine men were captured. They crossed the river, entered Fan and went back, and then buried Duke Ling of Xu.

衛人歸衛姬於晉，乃釋衛侯。君子是以知平公之失政也。

The people of Wei sent Wei Ji to Jin, and so released the Marquis of Wei. The gentleman therefore knew that Duke Ping had lost his hold on government.

晉韓宣子聘於周。王使請事。對曰：“晉士起將歸時事於宰旅，無他事矣。”

Han Xuanzi of Jin went to Zhou on a diplomatic visit. The Son of Heaven sent someone to ask what business he had. He replied: "Qi, a officer of Jin, is about to deliver the tribute of the four seasons to the officials of the royal household; there is no other business."

王聞之曰：“韓氏其昌阜於晉乎！辭不失舊。”

The Son of Heaven heard of it and said: "The Han clan will probably flourish in Jin! His words do not lose the old canons."

齊人城郟之歲，其夏，齊烏餘以廩丘奔晉，襲衛羊角，取之；遂襲我高魚。

In the year that the people of Qi built the wall of Jia, in summer of that year, Wu Yu of Qi took Linqiu and went over to Jin, raided Yangjiao of Wei and took it, and then raided Gaoyu of our state.

有大雨，自其竇入，介於其庫，以登其城，克而取之。又取邑於宋。於是範宣子卒，諸侯弗能治也，及趙文子為政，乃卒治之。文子言於晉侯曰：“晉為盟主。

There was heavy rain, and they went in through the water channel of the city wall, put on armor in the arsenal, climbed the wall, conquered and took it. They also took cities from Song. At that time Fan Xuanzi died, and the feudal lords could not be governed, until Zhao Wenzi took charge of government, and finally order was restored. Wenzi said to the Marquis of Jin: "Jin is the leader of the covenant.

諸侯或相侵也，則討而使歸其地。今烏餘之邑，皆討類也，而貪之，是無以為盟主也。請歸之！”公曰：“諾。孰可使也？”對曰：“胥梁帶能無用師。”晉侯使往。

When feudal lords attack one another, we punish them and have them return the land. Now Wu Yu's cities are all of a kind that should be punished, and yet we covet them; in this way we cannot be leader of the covenant. Please return them!" The duke said: "Good. Who can be sent?" He replied: "Xu Liangdai can do it without using an army." The Marquis of Jin sent him.

【經】二十有七春，齊侯使慶封聘。夏，叔孫豹會晉趙武、楚屈建、蔡公孫歸生、衛石惡、陳孔奐、鄭良霄、許人、曹人於宋。衛殺其大夫寧喜。衛侯之弟鱄出奔晉。秋七月辛巳，豹及諸侯之大夫盟於宋。冬十有二月乙卯朔，日有食之。

[Classic] In the twenty-seventh year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi sent Qing Feng on a diplomatic visit. [Note: the original text lacks the word "year" after "twenty-seven".] In summer, Shusun Bao met Zhao Wu of Jin, Qu Jian of Chu, Gongsun Gui Sheng of Cai, Shi E of Wei, Kong Huan of Chen, Liang Xiao of Zheng, the people of Xu and the people of Cao in Song. Wei killed its high official Ning Xi. Zhuan, the younger brother of the Marquis of Wei, fled to Jin. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day xinsi, Bao and the high officials of the feudal lords made a covenant in Song. In winter, in the twelfth month, on the new moon day yimao, there was a solar eclipse.

【傳】二十七年春，胥梁帶使諸喪邑者具具車徒以受地，必周。使烏余車徒以受封，烏餘以眾出。使諸侯偽效烏餘之封者，而遂執之，盡獲之。皆取其邑而歸諸侯，諸侯是以睦於晉。

[Commentary] In the twenty-seventh year, in spring, Xu Liangdai had those who had lost cities prepare chariots and infantry to receive the land, and it must be thorough. He had Wu Yu's chariots and infantry receive the fief, and Wu Yu came out with his men. He had the feudal lords' men pretend to present Wu Yu's fief, and then seized him and captured them all. All the cities were taken back and returned to the feudal lords, and the feudal lords therefore became harmonious with Jin.

齊慶封來聘，其車美。孟孫謂叔孫曰：“慶季之車，不亦美乎？”叔孫曰：“豹聞之：‘服美不稱，必以惡終。’美車何為？”叔孫與慶封食，不敬。為賦《相鼠》，亦不知也。衛寧喜專，公患之。公孫免餘請殺之。公曰：“微寧子不及此，吾與之言矣。事未可知，只成惡名，止也。”對曰：“臣殺之，君勿與知。”

Qing Feng of Qi came on a diplomatic visit, and his carriage was splendid. Meng Sun said to Shu Sun: "Is Qing Ji's carriage not splendid?" Shu Sun said: "Bao has heard: 'When clothing and carriage are splendid but do not match one's virtue, one will certainly come to a bad end.' What is a splendid carriage for?" Shu Sun feasted Qing Feng and was not respectful. For this he recited the ode Xiangshu, but he did not understand it either. In Wei, Ning Xi monopolized power, and the duke was troubled. Gongsun Mianyu asked to kill him. The duke said: "Without Ning Zi we would not have reached this point, and I have spoken with him. The matter cannot be known, and it will only bring a bad name; stop." He replied: "Your servant will kill him, and Your Lordship need not know of it."

乃與公孫無地、公孫臣謀，使攻寧氏。弗克，皆死。公曰：“臣也無罪，父子死餘矣！”夏，免餘復攻寧氏，殺寧喜及右宰谷，屍諸朝。石惡將會宋之盟，受命而出。衣其屍，枕之股而哭之。欲斂以亡，懼不免，且曰：“受命矣。”乃行。

So he plotted with Gongsun Wudi and Gongsun Chen and sent them to attack the Ning clan. They did not succeed and both died. The duke said: "The ministers were without fault, yet father and son died for me!" In summer, Mianyu attacked the Ning clan again and killed Ning Xi and the Right Steward Gu, and displayed their corpses at court. Shi E, about to attend the meeting in Song, received orders and went out. They dressed him in his clothes, and he wept with his head on the thigh. He wanted to flee after the burial, but feared he would not escape, and said: "I have already received the orders." So he left.

子鮮曰：“逐我者出，納我者死，賞罰無章，何以沮勸？君失其信，而國無刑。不亦難乎！且鱄實使之。”遂出奔晉。公使止之，不可。及河，又使止之。

Zi Xian said: "Those who drove me out have left, and those who took me in have died; rewards and punishments have no rule, so how can evil be stopped and good encouraged? The ruler has lost good faith and the state has no punishments. Is that not hard! Besides, in fact it was Zhuan who caused him to do this." So he fled to Jin. The duke sent someone to stop him, but he would not be stopped. When he reached the Yellow River, the duke again sent someone to stop him.

止使者而盟於河，托於木門，不鄉衛國而坐。木門大夫勸之仕，不可，曰：“仕而廢其事，罪也。從之，昭吾所以出也。將準愬乎？吾不可以立於人之朝矣。”

The messenger who stopped him made a covenant with him at the Yellow River, and he lodged at Mumen and did not sit facing Wei. The high official of Mumen urged him to take office, but he would not, saying: "To take office and neglect its duties is a crime. To follow the duties would reveal the reason I left. To whom would I appeal? I cannot stand in another man's court." [Note: the original text has a variant form for the word "who".]

終身不仕。公喪之，如稅服，終身。

He never held office for the rest of his life. The duke wore mourning for him, like the mourning of a lower grade, until the end of the duke's life.

公與免餘邑六十，辭曰：“唯卿備百邑，臣六十矣。下有上祿，亂也，臣弗敢聞。且寧子唯多邑，故死。臣懼死之速及也。”公固與之，受其半。以為少師。

The duke gave Mianyu sixty towns, but he declined, saying: "Only a minister is equipped with a hundred towns, and your servant already has sixty. For a lower rank to have the stipend of a higher rank is disorder, and your servant dares not hear of it. Besides, Ning Zi died only because he had many towns. Your servant fears death would come quickly." The duke insisted on giving, and he accepted half. He became Junior Preceptor.

公使為卿，辭曰：“大叔儀不貳，能贊大事。君其命之！”乃使文子為卿。

The duke wished to make him a minister, but he declined, saying: "Da Shuyi has no divided loyalty and can assist in great affairs. Your Lordship should rather command him!" So Wenzi was made a minister.

宋向戌善於趙文子，又善於令尹子木，欲弭諸侯之兵以為名。如晉，告趙孟。

Xiang Xu of Song was on good terms with Zhao Wenzi and also with the Prime Minister Zi Mu, and wished to stop the armies of the feudal lords in order to gain a reputation. He went to Jin and told Zhao Meng.

趙孟謀於諸大夫，韓宣子曰：“兵，民之殘也，財用之蠹，小國之大災也。將或弭之，雖曰不可，必將許之。弗許，楚將許之，以召諸侯，則我失為盟主矣。”

Zhao Meng consulted with the various high officials, and Han Xuanzi said: "War harms the people, is a weevil on resources, and is a great calamity for small states. If someone is going to stop it, even if we say it is impossible, we must agree. If we do not agree, Chu will agree and summon the feudal lords, and we shall lose our position as leader of the covenant."

晉人許之。如楚，楚亦許之。如齊，齊人難之。陳文子曰：“晉、楚許之，我焉得已。且人曰弭兵，而我弗許，則固攜吾民矣！將焉用之？”齊人許之。告於秦，秦亦許之。皆告於小國，為會於宋。

The people of Jin agreed. He went to Chu, and Chu also agreed. He went to Qi, and the people of Qi found it difficult. Chen Wenzi said: "Jin and Chu have agreed; how can we refuse? Besides, if others speak of stopping war and we do not agree, we would be alienating our own people! What use would that be?" The people of Qi agreed. He informed Qin, and Qin also agreed. All the small states were informed, and they met in Song.

五月甲辰，晉趙武至於宋。丙午，鄭良霄至。六月丁未朔，宋人享趙文子，叔向為介。司馬置折俎，禮也。仲尼使舉是禮也，以為多文辭。戊申，叔孫豹、齊慶封、陳須無、衛石惡至。甲寅，晉荀盈從趙武至。丙辰，邾悼公至。壬戌，楚公子黑肱先至，成言於晉。丁卯，宋向戌如陳，從子木成言於楚。戊辰，滕成公至。子木謂向戌：“請晉、楚之從交相見也。”庚午，向戌復於趙孟。趙孟曰：“晉、楚、齊、秦，匹也。晉之不能於齊，猶楚之不能於秦也。楚君若能使秦君辱於敝邑，寡君敢不固請於齊？”壬申，左師復言於子木。子木使馹謁諸王，王曰：“釋齊、秦，他國請相見也。”秋七月戊寅，左師至。是夜也，趙孟及子皙盟，以齊言。庚辰，子木至自陳。陳孔奐、蔡公孫歸生至。曹、許之大夫皆至。

In the fifth month, on the day jiachen, Zhao Wu of Jin arrived in Song. On bingwu, Liang Xiao of Zheng arrived. In the sixth month, on the new moon day dingwei, the people of Song feasted Zhao Wenzi, with Shu Xiang as his deputy. The Minister of War set out the cut-up offerings, which was in accord with ritual. Zhongni had this ritual recorded, considering the language of it ample. On wushen, Shusun Bao, Qing Feng of Qi, Chen Xuwu, and Shi E of Wei arrived. On jiayin, Xun Ying of Jin arrived following Zhao Wu. On bingchen, Duke Dao of Zhu arrived. On renxu, Gongzi Heigong of Chu arrived first and reached agreement with Jin. On dingmao, Xiang Xu of Song went to Chen and reached agreement with Chu following Zi Mu. On wuchen, Duke Cheng of Teng arrived. Zi Mu said to Xiang Xu: "Please have the allies of Jin and Chu pay court to each other." On gengwu, Xiang Xu reported back to Zhao Meng. Zhao Meng said: "Jin, Chu, Qi and Qin are equals. Jin cannot command Qi, just as Chu cannot command Qin. If the ruler of Chu can have the ruler of Qin condescend to visit our humble city, how could our humble ruler dare not firmly request Qi?" On renshen, the Left Chief Minister spoke again to Zi Mu. Zi Mu sent a post carriage to ask the king, and the king said: "Leave aside Qi and Qin; let the other states pay court to each other." In autumn, in the seventh month, on wuyin, the Left Chief Minister arrived. That night, Zhao Meng and Zi Xi made a covenant, unifying the wording. On gengchen, Zi Mu arrived from Chen. Kong Huan of Chen and Gongsun Gui Sheng of Cai arrived. The high officials of Cao and Xu all arrived.

以藩為軍，晉、楚各處其偏。伯夙謂趙孟曰：“楚氛甚惡，懼難。”趙孟曰：“吾左還，入於宋，若我何？”辛巳，將盟於宋西門之外，楚人衷甲。伯州犁曰：“合諸侯之師，以為不信，無乃不可乎？夫諸侯望信於楚，是以來服。若不信，是棄其所以服諸侯也。”固請釋甲。子木曰：“晉、楚無信久矣，事利而已。苟得志焉，焉用有信？”大宰退，告人曰：“令尹將死矣，不及三年。求逞志而棄信，志將逞乎？志以發言，言以出信，信以立志，參以定之。信亡，何以及三？”趙孟患楚衷甲，以告叔向。

They used hedges as the camp, with Jin and Chu each on one side. Bo Su said to Zhao Meng: "The mood among Chu is very bad; I fear trouble." Zhao Meng said: "If I turn left and enter Song, what can they do to me?" On xinsi, they were to make the covenant outside the west gate of Song, and the people of Chu wore armor under their clothes. Bo Zhouli said: "We have assembled the armies of the feudal lords, yet do something faithless; is that not improper? The feudal lords look to Chu for good faith, and so have come to submit. If there is no good faith, it is to discard what made the feudal lords submit." He insisted on asking that the armor be removed. Zi Mu said: "Jin and Chu have long been without good faith; one only looks at whether things are advantageous. If one gets one's ambition, what need is there for good faith?" The Grand Steward withdrew and told others: "The Prime Minister is going to die, within three years. He seeks to fulfill his ambition yet discards good faith; can his ambition then be fulfilled? Ambition is used to speak, speech is used to issue good faith, good faith is used to establish ambition, and the three are used for stability. If good faith is lost, how can he last three years?" Zhao Meng was troubled that the people of Chu wore armor under their clothes and told Shu Xiang.

叔向曰：“何害也？匹夫一為不信，猶不可，單斃其死。若合諸侯之卿，以為不信，必不捷矣。食言者不病，非子之患也。夫以信召人，而以僣濟之。必莫之與也，安能害我？且吾因宋以守病，則夫能致死，與宋致死，雖倍楚可也。子何懼焉？又不及是。曰弭兵以召諸侯，而稱兵以害我，吾庸多矣，非所患也。”

Shu Xiang said: "What harm is there? Even a common man who is once faithless cannot be tolerated and perishes alone. If one assembles the ministers of the feudal lords yet does something faithless, one will certainly not succeed. One who does not keep his word does not trouble others, and it is not your worry. One who summons people with good faith but achieves things by overstepping will certainly have no one to cling to him; how can he harm us? Besides, we rely on Song to hold out against hardship, and those people can fight to the death; if they fight to the death with Song, even doubling Chu's strength would be possible. What do you fear? And it will not come to that. If he says he is stopping war to gather the feudal lords but moves troops to harm us, our merit will be great, and it is not something to worry about."

季武子使謂叔孫以公命，曰：“視邾、滕。”既而齊人請邾，宋人請滕，皆不與盟。叔孫曰：“邾、滕，人之私也；我，列國也，何故視之？宋、衛，吾匹也。”乃盟。故不書其族，言違命也。

Ji Wuzi sent someone to tell Shusun Bao, in the name of Duke Xiang's command: "Take Zhu and Teng as the model." Afterward the people of Qi asked that Zhu be made their dependency, and the people of Song asked that Teng be made theirs, and neither took part in the covenant. Shusun said: "Zhu and Teng are the private dependents of others; we are a state of our own rank; why should we be compared with them? Song and Wei are our equals." So the covenant was made. That is why the Spring and Autumn Annals does not record his clan name, saying he disobeyed the order.

晉、楚爭先。晉人曰：“晉固為諸侯盟主，未有先晉者也。”楚人曰：“子言晉、楚匹也，若晉常先，是楚弱也。且晉、楚狎主諸侯之盟也久矣！豈專在晉？”叔向謂趙孟曰：“諸侯歸晉之德只，非歸其屍盟也。子務德，無爭先！且諸侯盟，小國固必有屍盟者。楚為晉細，不亦可乎？”乃先楚人。書先晉，晉有信也。

Jin and Chu contended over who should go first. The people of Jin said: "Jin has always been the leader of the feudal lords, and none has gone ahead of Jin." The people of Chu said: "You said Jin and Chu are equals; if Jin is always first, that means Chu is weak. Besides, Jin and Chu have long taken turns presiding over the covenants of the feudal lords! Is it exclusively Jin's?" Shu Xiang said to Zhao Meng: "What the feudal lords turn to is only the virtue of Jin, not its presiding over the covenant. You should strive for virtue and not contend for precedence! Besides, in a covenant of feudal lords, small states always have someone who presides. If Chu does the minor tasks for Jin, would that not also be acceptable?" So Chu was put first. The Spring and Autumn Annals records Jin as first, because Jin had good faith.

壬午，宋公兼享晉、楚之大夫，趙孟為客。子木與之言，弗能對。使叔向侍言焉，子木亦不能對也。

On renwu, the Duke of Song feasted the high officials of Jin and Chu together, with Zhao Meng as guest of honor. Zi Mu spoke with him, and he could not respond. Shu Xiang was asked to attend and converse, and Zi Mu also could not respond.

乙酉，宋公及諸侯之大夫盟於蒙門之外。子木問於趙孟曰：“範武子之德何如？”對曰：“夫人之家事治，言於晉國無隱情。其祝史陳信於鬼神，無愧辭。”

On yiyou, the Duke of Song and the high officials of the feudal lords made a covenant outside the Meng Gate. Zi Mu asked Zhao Meng: "What was the virtue of Fan Wuzi like?" He replied: "That man managed his household well, and in speaking to Jin he held nothing back. His invocators and scribes declared sincerity to the spirits and had no words of shame.

子木歸，以語王。王曰：“尚矣哉！能歆神人，宜其光輔五君以為盟主也。”子木又語王曰：“宜晉之伯也！有叔向以佐其卿，楚無以當之，不可與爭。”晉荀寅遂如楚蒞盟。

Zi Mu went back and told the king. The king said: "Noble indeed! One who can make both spirits and men glad should be able to illuminate and assist five rulers in leading the covenant." Zi Mu also said to the king: "It is right that Jin should be hegemon! With Shu Xiang assisting its ministers, Chu has nothing that can resist it, and should not contend with it." Xun Yin of Jin then went to Chu to take part in the covenant.

鄭伯享趙孟於垂隴，子展、伯有、子西、子產、子大叔、二子石從。趙孟曰：“七子從君，以寵武也。請皆賦以卒君貺，武亦以觀七子之志。”子展賦《草蟲》，趙孟曰：“善哉！民之主也。抑武也不足以當之。”伯有賦《鶉之賁賁》，趙孟曰：“床第之言不逾閾，況在野乎？非使人之所得聞也。”子西賦《黍苗》之四章，趙孟曰：“寡君在，武何能焉？”子產賦《隰桑》，趙孟曰：“武請受其卒章。”子大叔賦《野有蔓草》，趙孟曰：“吾子之惠也。”印段賦《蟋蟀》，趙孟曰：“善哉！保家之主也，吾有望矣！”公孫段賦《桑扈》，趙孟曰：“‘匪交匪敖’，福將焉往？若保是言也，欲辭福祿，得乎？”卒享。文子告叔向曰：“伯有將為戮矣！詩以言志，志誣其上，而公怨之，以為賓榮，其能久乎？幸而後亡。”叔向曰：“然。已侈！所謂不及五稔者，夫子之謂矣。”文子曰：“其餘皆數世之主也。子展其後亡者也，在上不忘降。印氏其次也，樂而不荒。樂以安民，不淫以使之，後亡，不亦可乎？”宋左師請賞，曰：“請免死之邑。”公與之邑六十。以示子罕，子罕曰：“凡諸侯小國，晉、楚所以兵威之。畏而後上下慈和，慈和而後能安靖其國家，以事大國，所以存也。無威則驕，驕則亂生，亂生必滅，所以亡也。天生五材，民並用之，廢一不可，誰能去兵？兵之設久矣，所以威不軌而昭文德也。聖人以興，亂人以廢，廢興存亡昏明之術，皆兵之由也。而子求去之，不亦誣乎？以誣道蔽諸侯，罪莫大焉。縱無大討，而又求賞，無厭之甚也！”削而投之。左師辭邑。向氏欲攻司城，左師曰：“我將亡，夫子存我，德莫大焉，又可攻乎？”君子曰：“‘彼己之子，邦之司直。’樂喜之謂乎？‘何以恤我，我其收之。’向戌之謂乎？”齊崔杼生成及強而寡。娶東郭姜，生明。

The Earl of Zheng feasted Zhao Meng at Chuilong, with Zi Zhan, Bo You, Zi Xi, Zi Chan, Zi Da Shu and the two Zi Shi in attendance. Zhao Meng said: "Seven are following your ruler, which is a favor to Wu. Please all recite odes to complete His Lordship's bestowal, and Wu will also use it to observe the aims of the seven of you." Zi Zhan recited Caochong, and Zhao Meng said: "Good! You are the master of the people. But Wu is not worthy of it." Bo You recited Chun zhi Benben, and Zhao Meng said: "Words of the bedchamber do not cross the threshold, much less in the open country? It is not something an envoy should hear." Zi Xi recited the fourth stanza of Shumiao, and Zhao Meng said: "With my ruler present, what can Wu do?" Zi Chan recited Xisang, and Zhao Meng said: "Wu asks to accept its final stanza." Zi Da Shu recited Ye you man cao, and Zhao Meng said: "This is your kindness." Yin Duan recited Xishuai, and Zhao Meng said: "Good! You are the master who will preserve the house; I have hope!" Gongsun Duan recited Sanghu, and Zhao Meng said: "'Not associating improperly and not being arrogant,' where will blessings go? If one keeps these words, even if one wished to decline blessings and stipends, could one?" The banquet ended. Wenzi told Shu Xiang: "Bo You is going to be killed! Odes are used to express aims; if the aim slanders one's superior, and is openly resentful, and is used to bring honor to guests, can it last? Only by luck will he perish later." Shu Xiang said: "Yes. He is already extravagant! The one who will not last five years, as is said, is this gentleman." Wenzi said: "The others are masters who can last several generations. Zi Zhan will be the last to perish, for above he does not forget to humble himself. The Yin clan is next, being joyful without becoming dissolute. Joy is used to pacify the people and not to overwork them; to perish later, is that not acceptable?" The Left Chief Minister of Song asked for a reward, saying: "Please give me cities of exemption from death." The duke gave him sixty towns. He showed them to Zi Han, and Zi Han said: "All the small states of the feudal lords are overawed by the military power of Jin and Chu. Only through fear are there love and harmony above and below, and only with love and harmony can the state be secure, so that they serve great states and so can continue to exist. Without awe there is arrogance, arrogance gives rise to disorder, and when disorder arises one is certainly destroyed; this is how one perishes. Heaven produces the five materials and the people all use them, and not one can be discarded; who can do away with arms? Arms have been established for a long time, used to overawe the unlawful and display civil virtue. The sages arose through them, and disorderly men are abolished by them; the way of abolition and rise, survival and destruction, confusion and clarity all comes from arms. Yet you seek to do away with them; is that not deceitful? To deceive the feudal lords with a deceitful principle, there is no greater offense. Even without a great punishment, you also ask for a reward; this is the height of greed!" He shaved the bamboo slip and threw it away. The Left Chief Minister declined the towns. The Xiang clan wished to attack the Minister of Works, and the Left Chief Minister said: "I am going to perish, and this gentleman preserves me; there is no greater kindness than this, so how could I attack him?" The gentleman said: "'That man is the one who upholds uprightness for the state.' This speaks of Yue Xi? 'How will you take pity on me? I will take it.' This speaks of Xiang Xu?" Cui Zhu of Qi, after bearing Cheng and Qiang, lost his wife. He took Dongguo Jiang and had Ming.

東郭姜以孤入，曰棠無咎，與東郭偃相崔氏。崔成有疾，而廢之，而立明。成請老於崔，崔子許之。偃與無咎弗予，曰：“崔，宗邑也，必在宗主。”成與強怒，將殺之。告慶封曰：“夫子之身亦子所知也，唯無咎與偃是從，父兄莫得進矣。大恐害夫子，敢以告。”慶封曰：“子姑退，吾圖之。”告盧蒲弊。盧蒲弊曰：“彼，君之仇也。天或者將棄彼矣。

Dongguo Jiang came in with an orphan, called Tang Wujiu, who with Dongguo Yan assisted the Cui clan. Cui Cheng was ill and was deposed, and Ming was installed. Cheng asked to retire in the Cui fief, and Cui Zi agreed. Yan and Wujiu did not give it, saying: "Cui is the ancestral town and must be with the head of the clan." Cheng and Qiang were angered and were about to kill them. They told Qing Feng: "The gentleman's situation is also known to you; he follows only Wujiu and Yan, and his father and brothers cannot speak to him. We greatly fear it will harm the gentleman, and so dare to tell you." Qing Feng said: "You may withdraw for now, and I shall plan." He told Lupu Bi. Lupu Bi said: "He is the enemy of the ruler. Heaven may be about to abandon him.

彼實家亂，子何病焉！崔之薄，慶之厚也。”他日又告。慶封曰：“苟利夫子，必去之！難，吾助女。”

In fact it is trouble within his own household; what do you worry about! If the Cui clan grows thin, the Qing clan will grow thick." Another day they told him again. Qing Feng said: "If it benefits the gentleman, they must be removed! If there is trouble, I shall help you."

九月庚辰，崔成、崔強殺東郭偃、棠無咎於崔氏之朝。崔子怒而出，其眾皆逃，求人使駕，不得。使圉人駕，寺人御而出。且曰：“崔氏有福，止餘猶可。”

In the ninth month, on the day gengchen, Cui Cheng and Cui Qiang killed Dongguo Yan and Tang Wujiu in the court of the Cui clan. Cui Zi, angered, went out, and his people all fled; he looked for someone to drive the chariot but could not find anyone. He had a groom drive it, and a eunuch drove out. He also said: "If the Cui clan has fortune, leaving only me will do."

遂見慶封。慶封曰：“崔、慶一也。是何敢然？請為子討之。”使盧蒲弊帥甲以攻崔氏。崔氏堞其宮而守之，弗克。使國人助之，遂滅崔氏，殺成與強，而盡俘其家。其妻縊。弊覆命於崔子，且御而歸之。至，則無歸矣，乃縊。崔明夜闢諸大墓。辛巳，崔明來奔，慶封當國。

So he saw Qing Feng. Qing Feng said: "Cui and Qing are one family. How dare these people do this? Please let me punish them for you." He sent Lupu Bi to lead armed men to attack the Cui clan. The Cui clan raised the palace wall higher to defend, and he did not succeed. He had the people of the state help, and so destroyed the Cui clan, killed Cheng and Qiang, and captured his entire household. His wife hanged herself. Bi reported to Cui Zi and also drove him back. When they arrived, there was nowhere left to return to, and so he hanged himself. Cui Ming hid in the great tomb at night. On xinsi, Cui Ming came to take refuge, and Qing Feng took charge of the state.

楚薳罷如晉蒞盟，晉將享之。將出，賦《既醉》。叔向曰：“薳氏之有後於楚國也，宜哉！承君命，不忘敏。子蕩將知政矣。敏以事君，必能養民。政其焉往？”崔氏之亂，申鮮虞來奔，僕賃於野，以喪莊公。冬，楚人召之，遂如楚為右尹。

Wei Ba of Chu went to Jin to take part in the covenant, and Jin was about to feast him. As he was about to go out, he recited Jizui. Shu Xiang said: "The Wei clan will have descendants in Chu, as is right! Receiving the ruler's command, he does not forget to be prompt. Zi Dang will take charge of government. Serving the ruler with promptness, he will certainly be able to nurture the people. Where else can government go?" In the disorder of the Cui clan, Shen Xianyu came to take refuge, hired a man in the countryside to drive his chariot, and wore mourning for Duke Zhuang. In winter, the people of Chu summoned him, and so he went to Chu and became Right Prime Minister.

十一月乙亥朔，日有食之。辰在申，司歷過也，再失閏矣。

In the eleventh month, on the new moon day yihai, there was a solar eclipse. Mercury was in Shen, which was an error of the calendar officers, who had twice failed to insert an intercalary month.

【經】二十有八年春，無冰。夏，衛石惡出奔晉。邾子來朝。秋八月，大雩。

[Classic] In the twenty-eighth year, in spring, there was no ice. In summer, Shi E of Wei fled to Jin. The Viscount of Zhu came to court. In autumn, in the eighth month, the great rain sacrifice was held.

仲孫羯如晉。冬，齊慶封來奔。十有一月，公如楚。十有二月甲寅，天王崩。乙未，楚子昭卒。

Zhongsun Jie went to Jin. In winter, Qing Feng of Qi came to take refuge. In the eleventh month, Duke Xiang went to Chu. In the twelfth month, on the day jiayin, the Son of Heaven died. On yiwei, Zhao, the Viscount of Chu, died.

【傳】二十八年春，無冰。梓慎曰：“今茲宋、鄭其飢乎？歲在星紀，而淫於玄枵，以有時災，陰不堪陽。蛇乘龍。龍，宋、鄭之星也，宋、鄭必飢。玄枵，虛中也。枵，耗名也。土虛而民耗，不飢何為？”夏。齊侯、陳侯、蔡侯、北燕伯、杞伯、鬍子、沈子、白狄朝於晉，宋之盟故也。齊侯將行，慶封曰：“我不與盟，何為於晉？”陳文子曰：“先事後賄，禮也。小事大，未獲事焉，從之如志，禮也。雖不與盟，敢叛晉乎？重丘之盟，未可忘也。子其勸行！”衛人討寧氏之黨，故石惡出奔晉。衛人立其從子圃以守石氏之祀，禮也。

[Commentary] In the twenty-eighth year, in spring, there was no ice. Zi Shen said: "This year Song and Zheng will probably suffer famine. Jupiter is in the position of Xingji but has passed over it to Xuanxiao, and so there is a seasonal calamity, with yin unable to bear yang. The snake rides on the dragon. The dragon is the star of Song and Zheng, and Song and Zheng will certainly have famine. Xuanxiao has Xu in its middle. Xiao is the name for consumption. The land is empty and the people are depleted; what could it be but famine?" In summer, the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Northern Yan, the Earl of Qi, the Viscount of Hu, the Viscount of Shen and the White Di went to pay court to Jin, because of the covenant of Song. When the Marquis of Qi was about to set out, Qing Feng said: "We did not take part in the covenant; why go to Jin?" Chen Wenzi said: "To do things first and talk of goods afterward is ritual. For the small to serve the great, when the service has not yet been accepted, to follow them as they wish is ritual. Even if we did not take part in the covenant, would we dare rebel against Jin? The covenant at Zhongqiu is not to be forgotten. You should urge him to go!" The people of Wei punished the followers of the Ning clan, and so Shi E fled to Jin. The people of Wei installed his nephew Pu to keep the sacrifices of the Shi clan, which was in accord with ritual.

邾悼公來朝，時事也。

Duke Dao of Zhu came to court, which was a matter of regular timing.

秋八月，大雩，旱也。

In autumn, in the eighth month, the great rain sacrifice was held, because of drought.

蔡侯歸自晉，入於鄭。鄭伯享之，不敬。子產曰：“蔡侯其不免乎？日其過此也，君使子展廷勞於東門之外，而傲。吾曰：‘猶將更之。’今還，受享而惰，乃其心也。君小國事大國，而惰傲以為己心，將得死乎？若不免，必由其子。其為君也，淫而不父。僑聞之，如是者，恆有子禍。”

The Marquis of Cai returned from Jin and entered Zheng. The Earl of Zheng feasted him but was not respectful. Zi Chan said: "The Marquis of Cai will probably not escape disaster. When he passed through here before, our ruler sent Zi Zhan to console him outside the east gate, and he was arrogant. I said: 'He will yet correct himself.' Now on his return, he received the banquet but was idle, and this is his heart. Our ruler serves a great state as a small state, yet he takes idleness and arrogance as his own heart; can he get a natural death? If he does not escape, it will certainly be by his son. As ruler, he is licentious and not like his father. Qiao has heard that those like this often meet misfortune from their sons."

孟孝伯如晉，告將為宋之盟故如楚也。

Meng Xiaobo went to Jin to inform them that he was going to Chu because of the covenant of Song.

蔡侯之如晉也，鄭伯使遊吉如楚。及漢，楚人還之，曰：“宋之盟，君實親辱。今吾子來，寡君謂吾子姑還！吾將使馹奔問諸晉而以告。”子大叔曰：“宋之盟，君命將利小國，而亦使安定其社稷，鎮撫其民人，以禮承天之休，此君之憲令，而小國之望也。寡君是故使吉奉其皮幣，以歲之不易，聘於下執事。今執事有命曰：‘女何與政令之有？必使而君棄而封守，跋涉山川，蒙犯霜露，以逞君心。’小國將君是望，敢不唯命是聽。無乃非盟載之言，以闕君德，而執事有不利焉，小國是懼。不然，其何勞之敢憚？”子大叔歸，覆命，告子展曰：“楚子將死矣！不修其政德，而貪昧於諸侯，以逞其願，欲久，得乎？《周易》有之，在《復》ⅱⅲ之《頤》ⅶⅲ，曰：‘迷復，兇。’其楚子之謂乎？欲復其願，而棄其本，復歸無所，是謂迷復。能無兇乎？君其往也！送葬而歸，以快楚心。楚不幾十年，未能恤諸侯也。吾乃休吾民矣。”裨灶曰：“今茲周王及楚子皆將死。

When the Marquis of Cai went to Jin, the Earl of Zheng sent You Ji to Chu. When he reached the Han River, the people of Chu had him go back, saying: "At the covenant of Song, the king in fact condescended to attend in person. Now that you have come, our humble ruler says you should go back for now! We shall send a post carriage running to ask Jin and then tell you." Zi Da Shu said: "At the covenant of Song, the king's command was to benefit small states, to let them secure the altars of the state, pacify the people, and receive Heaven's blessing by ritual; this is the ruler's statute and the hope of small states. Our humble ruler therefore sent Ji to present leather and silk, and because the harvest is not easy, to pay respects to the officials below. Now the officials have commanded: 'What do you have to do with government orders? You must make your ruler abandon his borders, trek over mountains and rivers, and endure frost and dew in order to satisfy the king's wishes.' The small state hopes only for the king and dares not do other than obey. We fear that this does not accord with the words of the covenant, so that the king's virtue is deficient and the officials also suffer disadvantage; the small state fears this. Otherwise, what hardship would we dare fear?" Zi Da Shu went back to report and told Zi Zhan: "The Viscount of Chu is going to die! He does not cultivate government and virtue, but is greedy and obtuse toward the feudal lords to satisfy his wishes; wanting to last long, can he? The Book of Changes has this: in Fu it changes into Yi, saying: 'Lost in returning, ominous.' It probably speaks of the Viscount of Chu? Wanting to restore his wishes but abandoning the root, he has no place to return; this is called lost in returning. Can it not be ominous? Let the ruler go! Attend the funeral and then return, so that Chu may be pleased. Chu will not, for nearly ten years, be able to take care of the feudal lords. We shall then give our people rest." Pi Zao said: "This year both the king of Zhou and the Viscount of Chu will die.

歲棄其次，而旅於明年之次，以害鳥帑。周、楚惡之。”

Jupiter has left its position and lodges in next year's position, so as to harm the tail of the bird. Zhou and Chu will suffer for it."

九月，鄭遊吉如晉，告將朝於楚，以從宋之盟。子產相鄭伯以如楚，舍不為壇。外僕言曰：“昔先大夫相先君，適四國，未嘗不為壇。自是至今，亦皆循之。

In the ninth month, You Ji of Zheng went to Jin to inform them that he would pay court in Chu to follow the covenant of Song. Zi Chan assisted the Earl of Zheng in going to Chu, and they lodged without building an altar. The outer attendant said: "In the past the former high officials assisted the former ruler and went to four states, and never failed to build an altar. From then until now they have all followed this.

今子草舍，無乃不可乎？”子產曰：“大適小，則為壇。小適大，苟舍而已，焉用壇？僑聞之，大適小有五美：宥其罪戾，赦其過失，救其災患，賞其德刑，教其不及。小國不困，懷服如歸。是故作壇以昭其功，宣告後人，無怠於德。小適大有五惡：說其罪戾，請其不足，行其政事，共某職貢，從其時命。不然，則重其幣帛，以賀其福而吊其兇，皆小國之禍也。焉用作壇以昭其禍？所以告子孫，無昭禍焉可也。”

Now you lodge on the grass; I fear this is not acceptable." Zi Chan said: "When a great state goes to a small state, an altar is built. When a small state goes to a great state, one simply lodges as convenient; what need is there for an altar? Qiao has heard that when the great goes to the small there are five good things: pardoning offenses, forgiving faults, relieving calamities, rewarding virtue and punishments, and teaching those who fall short. The small state is not distressed and submits as if returning home. Therefore an altar is built to display merit and proclaim it to later generations, so that they do not neglect virtue. When the small goes to the great there are five evils: explaining away offenses, asking for what is lacking, carrying out its government orders, supplying tribute duties, and following its orders at proper times. Otherwise, one increases the silk and gifts, to congratulate on blessings and condole on misfortune, all of which are calamities of the small state. What need is there to build an altar to display calamity? It is enough to tell one's descendants not to display calamity." [Note: the original text has a variant character in the phrase about tribute duties.]

齊莊封好田而耆酒，與慶舍政。則以其內實遷於盧蒲弊氏，易內而飲酒。數日，國遷朝焉。使諸亡人得賊者，以告而反之，故反盧蒲癸。癸臣子之，有寵，妻之。慶舍之士謂盧蒲癸曰：“男女辨姓。子不闢宗，何也？”曰：“宗不餘闢，餘獨焉闢之？賦詩斷章，餘取所求焉，惡識宗？”癸言王何而反之，二人皆嬖，使執寢戈，而先後之。

Qing Feng of Qi loved hunting and was fond of wine, and handed government over to Qing She. He then moved his inner chamber to the house of Lupu Bi, exchanging wives and concubines to drink. After some days, the people of the state went there to attend court instead. He had the various fugitives who could catch bandits report and let them return, and so he let Lupu Gui return. Gui became a retainer of Zi Zhi, was favored, and Zi Zhi married his daughter to him. Qing She's retainer said to Lupu Gui: "Men and women must distinguish surnames. You do not avoid the same clan; why?" He said: "The clan does not avoid me, so why should I alone avoid it? When reciting an ode one cuts it into sections; I take what I seek; how would I know the clan?" [Note: the original text has a variant form for Qing Feng.] Gui spoke of Wang He and had him return, and both were favored and were made to hold the bedchamber halberds, guarding in front and behind.

公膳，日雙雞。饔人竊更之以鶩。御者知之，則去其肉而以其洎饋。子雅、子尾怒。慶封告盧蒲弊。盧蒲弊曰；“譬之如禽獸，吾寢處之矣。”使析歸父告晏平仲。平仲曰：“嬰之眾不足用也，知無能謀也。言弗敢出，有盟可也。”子家曰：“子之言云，又焉用盟？”告北郭子車。子車曰：“人各有以事君，非佐之所能也。”陳文子謂桓子曰：“禍將作矣！吾其何得？”對曰：“得慶氏之木百車於莊。”文子曰：“可慎守也已！”盧蒲癸、王何卜攻慶氏，示子之兆，曰：“或卜攻讎，敢獻其兆。”子之曰：“克，見血。”冬十月，慶封田於萊，陳無宇從。丙辰，文子使召之。請曰：“無宇之母疾病，請歸。”慶季卜之，示之兆，曰：“死。”奉龜而泣。乃使歸。

The ducal household's meals were two chickens a day. The cook secretly changed them to ducks. The attendant learned of it and removed the meat, serving only the broth. Zi Ya and Zi Wei were angered. Qing Feng told Lupu Bi. Lupu Bi said: "Compare them to birds and beasts; I have already slept on their hides." He sent Xi Guifu to tell Yan Pingzhong. Pingzhong said: "Ying's troops are not enough for use and his wisdom cannot make plans. I dare not speak, but if there is a covenant that will do." Zi Jia said: "Since you have already said so, what need is there for a covenant?" He told Beiguo Zi Che. Zi Che said: "Each person has his own way of serving the ruler, and it is not something an assistant can do." Chen Wenzi said to Huanzi: "Disaster is about to break out! What shall we get?" He replied: "At Zhuang we shall get one hundred cartloads of the Qing clan's timber." Wenzi said: "Guard it carefully!" Lupu Gui and Wang He divined about attacking the Qing clan and showed the crack to Zi Zhi, saying: "Someone divined about attacking an enemy; may I offer the crack." Zi Zhi said: "It can succeed; I see blood." In winter, in the tenth month, Qing Feng hunted at Lai, and Chen Wuyu followed. On bingchen, Wenzi sent someone to summon him. He requested: "Wuyu's mother is seriously ill; please let me go back." Qing Ji divined about it, showed him the crack, and said: "Death." Holding the tortoise shell he wept. So he let him go back.

慶嗣聞之，曰：“禍將作矣！謂子家：“速歸！禍作必於嘗，歸猶可及也。”子家弗聽，亦無悛志。子息曰：“亡矣！幸而獲在吳、越。”陳無宇濟水而戕舟發梁。盧蒲姜謂癸曰：“有事而不告我，必不捷矣。”癸告之。姜曰：“夫子愎，莫之止，將不出，我請止之。”癸曰：“諾。”十一月乙亥，嘗於大公之廟，慶舍蒞事。盧蒲姜告之，且止之。弗聽，曰：“誰敢者！”遂如公。麻嬰為屍，慶圭為上獻。盧蒲癸、王何執寢戈。慶氏以其甲環公宮。陳氏、鮑氏之圉人為優。

Qing Si heard of it and said: "Disaster is about to break out!" He said to Zi Jia: "Go back quickly! The disaster will certainly break out at the autumn sacrifice, and going back is still in time." Zi Jia did not listen and had no intention of repenting. Zi Xi said: "It is over! By luck we may find a place to take shelter in Wu or Yue." Chen Wuyu, after crossing the water, destroyed the boat and tore down the bridge. Lupu Jiang said to Gui: "If you have a matter and do not tell me, you will certainly not succeed." Gui told her. Jiang said: "The gentleman is stubborn and no one can stop him; he will not come out, and I ask to stop him." Gui said: "Good." In the eleventh month, on the day yihai, the autumn sacrifice was held in the Temple of Taigong, and Qing She came to preside. Lupu Jiang told him and also tried to stop him. He did not listen and said: "Who would dare!" So he went to the duke. Ma Ying served as the impersonator of the dead and Qing Gui as the presenter of the first offering. Lupu Gui and Wang He held the bedchamber halberds. The Qing clan surrounded the ducal palace with armed men. The grooms of the Chen and Bao clans acted as entertainers.

慶氏之馬善驚，士皆釋甲束馬而飲酒，且觀優，至於魚裡。欒、高、陳、鮑之徒介慶氏之甲。子尾抽桷擊扉三，盧蒲癸自後刺子之，王何以戈擊之，解其左肩。

The Qing clan's horses were easily startled, and the soldiers all took off their armor, tethered the horses and drank, and also watched the entertainers, until the fish formation. The followers of the Luan, Gao, Chen and Bao clans put on the Qing clan's armor. Zi Wei pulled out a rafter and knocked on the door three times, and Lupu Gui stabbed Zi Zhi from behind, and Wang He struck him with a halberd and took off his left shoulder.

猶援廟桷，動於甍，以俎壺投，殺人而後死。遂殺慶繩、麻嬰。公懼，鮑國曰：“群臣為君故也。”陳須無以公歸，稅服而如內宮。

He still gripped the temple rafter and shook the ridgepole, threw the sacrificial table and wine vessels, killed people and then died. Then they killed Qing Sheng and Ma Ying. The duke was frightened, and Bao Guo said: "The ministers did it for the sake of Your Lordship." Chen Xuwu took the duke back, and they took off his sacrificial robes and entered the inner palace.

慶封歸，遇告亂者，丁亥，伐西門，弗克。還伐北門，克之。入，伐內宮，弗克。反，陳於嶽，請戰，弗許。遂來奔。獻車於季武子，美澤可以鑑。展莊叔見之，曰：“車甚澤，人必瘁，宜其亡也。”叔孫穆子食慶封，慶封汜祭。穆子不說，使工為之誦《茅鴟》，亦不知。既而齊人來讓，奔吳。吳句餘予之朱方，聚其族焉而居之，富於其舊。子服惠伯謂叔孫曰：“天殆富淫人，慶封又富矣。”

Qing Feng returned and met the one reporting the disorder; on dinghai he attacked the west gate and did not succeed. He turned to attack the north gate and succeeded. He went in and attacked the inner palace but did not succeed. He withdrew, formed ranks at Yue and requested battle, but it was not granted. So he came to take refuge. He presented his carriage to Ji Wuzi, and it was so lustrous it could serve as a mirror. Zhan Zhuangshu saw it and said: "The carriage is very lustrous, so the man will certainly be haggard and should perish." Shusun Muzi feasted Qing Feng, and Qing Feng made offerings all around. Muzi was displeased and had the musicians recite Maochi for him, but he did not understand it either. Afterward the people of Qi came to reproach, and he fled to Wu. Juyu of Wu gave him Zhufang, and he gathered his clan and lived there, richer than before. Zifu Huibo said to Shusun: "Perhaps Heaven makes the licentious rich; Qing Feng is rich again."

穆子曰：“善人富謂之賞，淫人富謂之殃。天其殃之也，其將聚而殲旃？”癸巳，天王崩。未來赴，亦未書，禮也。

Muzi said: "For a good man to be rich is called a reward; for a licentious man to be rich is called calamity. Perhaps Heaven is about to give him calamity, to gather them and then wipe them out?" On guisi, the Son of Heaven died. The announcement had not yet arrived and so was not recorded, which was in accord with ritual.

崔氏之亂，喪群公子。故鉏在魯，叔孫還在燕，賈在句瀆之丘。及慶氏亡，皆召之，具其器用而反其邑焉。與晏子邶殿，其鄙六十，弗受。子尾曰：“富，人之所欲也，何獨弗欲？”對曰：“慶氏之邑足欲，故亡。吾邑不足欲也。益之以邶殿，乃足欲。足欲，亡無日矣。在外，不得宰吾一邑。不受邶殿，非惡富也，恐失富也。且夫富如布帛之有幅焉，為之制度，使無遷也。夫民生厚而用利，於是乎正德以幅之，使無黜嫚，謂之幅利。利過則為敗。吾不敢貪多，所謂幅也。”

In the disorder of the Cui clan, the various princes were lost. So Chu was in Lu, Shusun was still in Yan, and Jia was at Judu Hill. When the Qing clan was destroyed, all were summoned back, given equipment and had their cities returned. Yan Zi was given the border towns of Beidian, sixty of them, but did not accept. Zi Wei said: "Wealth is what people want; why do you alone not want it?" He replied: "The Qing clan's cities satisfied their desires, and so they perished. My cities do not yet satisfy my desires. Adding Beidian would satisfy my desires. If desires are satisfied, destruction is not many days away. Abroad, I could not control even one of my towns. I do not accept Beidian not because I hate wealth, but because I fear losing wealth. Besides, wealth is like cloth and silk with a width; one sets a measure for it so that it does not shift. When the people's livelihood is abundant and their implements are good, one then rectifies virtue to limit the width, so that they are not diminished or neglected; this is called the width of profit. If profit goes beyond, it is ruined. I do not dare to be greedy; this is what is called width."

與北郭佐邑六十，受之。與子雅邑，辭多受少。與子尾邑，受而稍致之。公以為忠，故有寵。

Beiguo Zuo was given sixty towns and accepted. Zi Ya was given towns and declined most, accepting few. Zi Wei was given towns and gradually returned them after accepting. The duke considered him loyal, and so he was favored.

釋盧蒲弊於北竟。求崔杼之屍，將戮之，不得。叔孫穆子曰：“必得之。武王有亂臣十人，崔杼其有乎？不十人，不足以葬。”既，崔氏之臣曰：“與我其拱璧，吾獻其柩。”於是得之。十二月乙亥朔，齊人遷莊公，殯於大寢。以其棺屍崔杼於市，國人猶知之，皆曰：“崔子也。”

Lupu Bi was banished to the northern border. They sought the corpse of Cui Zhu, intending to mutilate it, but could not find it. Shusun Muzi said: "You will certainly find it. King Wu had ten capable ministers; does Cui Zhu have them? Fewer than ten would not be enough to bury him." Afterward, a retainer of the Cui clan said: "Give me that great jade disc, and I shall give up the coffin." So they obtained it. In the twelfth month, on the new moon day yihai, the people of Qi moved Duke Zhuang's coffin and set it in the main chamber. They used his coffin to display Cui Zhu's corpse in the market, and the people of the state still recognized him and all said: "It is Cui Zi."

為宋之盟故，公及宋公、陳侯、鄭伯、許男如楚。公過鄭，鄭伯不在。伯有勞於黃崖，不敬。穆叔曰：“伯有無戾於鄭，鄭必有大咎。敬，民之主也，而棄之，何以承守？鄭人不討，必受其辜，濟澤之阿，行潦之蘋藻，置諸宗室，季蘭屍之，敬也。敬可棄乎？”及漢，楚康王卒。公欲反，叔仲昭伯曰：“我楚國之為，豈為一人？行也！”子服惠伯曰：“君子有遠慮，小人從邇。飢寒之不恤，誰遑其後？不如姑歸也。”

Because of the covenant of Song, Duke Xiang, together with the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Earl of Zheng and the Baron of Xu, went to Chu. Duke Xiang passed through Zheng, and the Earl of Zheng was not there. Bo You offered greetings at Huangya and was not respectful. Mu Shu said: "If Bo You is without offense in Zheng, Zheng will certainly have great calamity. Respect is the master of the people, yet he abandons it; on what will he bear his responsibility? If the people of Zheng do not punish him, they will certainly bear the guilt. The earth mound by the marsh, the duckweed in roadside pools, placed in the ancestral hall with Ji Lan as the impersonator of the dead, are respect. Can respect be abandoned?" When they reached the Han River, King Kang of Chu died. Duke Xiang wished to go back, and Shuzhong Zhaobo said: "We have come for Chu, not for one man! Go on!" Zifu Huibo said: "The gentleman makes far-reaching plans and the petty man follows what is near. If they do not take pity even on hunger and cold, who has time to care about later matters? It is better to go back for now."

叔孫穆子曰：“叔仲子專之矣，子服子始學者也。”榮成伯曰：“遠圖者，忠也。”

Shusun Muzi said: "Shuzhong Zi is acting arbitrarily, and Zifu Zi is one who has just begun to learn." Rongcheng Bo said: "To plan far ahead is loyalty."

公遂行。宋向戌曰：“我一人之為，非為楚也。飢寒之不恤，誰能恤楚？姑歸而息民，待其立君而為之備。”宋公遂反。

Duke Xiang then went forward. Xiang Xu of Song said: "We came for one man, not for Chu. If we do not care for hunger and cold, who will care for Chu? Let us go back for now, let the people rest, and wait until they have set up a ruler to make preparations." The Duke of Song then turned back.

楚屈建卒。趙文子喪之如同盟，禮也。

Qu Jian of Chu died. Zhao Wenzi observed mourning for him as for an ally, which accords with ritual.

王人來告喪，問崩日，以甲寅告，故書之，以徵過也。

The royal house sent men to report a death, and when asked the day of death, they reported it as jiayin, so it is recorded, in order to verify the error.

【經】二十有九年春王正月，公在楚。夏五月，公至自楚。庚午，衛侯衎卒，閽弒吳子餘祭。仲孫羯會晉荀盈、齊高止、宋華定、衛世叔儀、鄭公孫段、曹人、莒人、滕子、薛人、小邾人城杞。晉侯使士鞅來聘。杞子來盟。吳子使札來聘。

[Classic] In the twenty-ninth year, spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang was in Chu. In summer, in the fifth month, Duke Xiang returned from Chu. On the gengwu day, Kan, Marquis of Wei, died, and a gatekeeper murdered Yuji, Viscount of Wu. Zhongsun Jie, together with Xun Ying of Jin, Gao Zhi of Qi, Hua Ding of Song, Shi Shuyi of Wei, Gongsun Duan of Zheng, and the men of Cao, Ju, Teng (Viscount), Xue and Little Zhu, built the wall of Qi. The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Yang on a courtesy visit. The Viscount of Qi came to conclude a covenant. The Viscount of Wu sent Zha on a courtesy visit.

秋九月，葬衛獻公。齊高止出奔北燕。冬，仲孫羯如晉。

In autumn, in the ninth month, Duke Xian of Wei was buried. Gao Zhi of Qi fled to Northern Yan. In winter, Zhongsun Jie went to Jin.

【傳】二十九年春，王正月，公在楚，釋不朝正於廟也。楚人使公親襚，公患之。穆叔曰：“祓殯而襚，則布幣也。”乃使巫以桃列先祓殯。楚人弗禁，既而悔之。

[Commentary] In the twenty-ninth year, spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang was in Chu, which explains why he did not receive the new year in the temple. The men of Chu had Duke Xiang personally dress the dead king, and Duke Xiang was troubled. Mu Shu said: "First purify the coffin, then dress him; this is the same as displaying the offerings." And so he had a shaman use peach branches and reed brooms to purify the coffin first. The men of Chu did not forbid it, and later regretted it. (The original text's "tao lie" means peach and reed broom.)

二月癸卯，齊人葬莊公於北郭。

On the guimao day of the second month, the men of Qi buried Duke Zhuang at the North Outer Wall.

夏四月，葬楚康王。公及陳侯、鄭伯、許男送葬，至於西門之外。諸侯之大夫皆至於墓。楚郟敖即位。王子圍為令尹。鄭行人子羽曰：“是謂不宜，必代之昌。松柏之下，其草不殖。”

In summer, in the fourth month, King Kang of Chu was buried. Duke Xiang and the Marquis of Chen, the Earl of Zheng and the Baron of Xu escorted the coffin as far as outside the west gate. The grandees of the feudal lords all went up to the tomb. Jia Ao took the throne in Chu. Prince Wei became Prime Minister. Ziyu, the envoy of Zheng, said: "This is called unsuitable; he will certainly flourish by replacing him. Beneath pines and cypresses, grass cannot grow."

公還，及方城。季武子取卞，使公冶問，璽書追而與之，曰：“聞守卞者將叛，臣帥徒以討之，既得之矣，敢告。”公冶致使而退，及舍而後聞取卞。公曰：“欲之而言叛，只見疏也。”公謂公冶曰：“吾可以入乎？”對曰：“君實有國，誰敢違君！”公與公冶冕服。固辭，強之而後受。公欲無入，榮成伯賦《式微》，乃歸。五月，公至自楚。公冶致其邑於季氏，而終不入焉。曰：“欺其君，何必使餘？”季孫見之，則言季氏如他日。不見，則終不言季氏。及疾，聚其臣，曰：“我死，必以在冕服斂，非德賞也。且無使季氏葬我。”

Duke Xiang returned and reached Fangcheng. Jiwuzi had taken Bian and sent Gong Ye to greet him, giving him a sealed letter that caught up with him, saying: "I heard that those who guarded Bian were about to rebel, and so I led my followers to attack and have already taken it; I venture to report." Gong Ye finished his mission and withdrew, and only after reaching his lodging did he hear that Bian had been taken. Duke Xiang said: "If you wanted it you should have said it rebelled; I am merely being estranged." Duke Xiang said to Gong Ye: "May I go in?" He replied: "My lord truly has the state; who dares to disobey my lord!" Duke Xiang gave Gong Ye a ceremonial cap and robe. He firmly declined, and only after being pressed accepted. Duke Xiang wished not to enter the city, but Rongchengbo recited the Shi Wei, and so he went back. In the fifth month, Duke Xiang returned from Chu. Gong Ye returned his city to the Ji clan and in the end did not enter. He said: "If you deceive the ruler, why send me?" When Jisun saw him, he would speak of the Ji clan as in former days. When he did not see him, he never spoke of the Ji clan at all. When he fell ill, he gathered his household retainers and said: "When I die, you must encoffin me in the cap and robe given here; it is not a reward for virtue. And do not let the Ji clan bury me."

葬靈王，鄭上卿有事，子展使印段往。伯有曰：“弱，不可。”子展曰：“與其莫往，弱不猶愈乎？《詩》云：‘王事靡盬，不遑啟處，東西南北，誰敢寧處？堅事晉、楚，以蕃王室也。王事無曠，何常之有？”遂使印段如周。

When King Ling was buried, the chief minister of Zheng had business, and Zizhan sent Yin Duan. Boyou said: "He is too young; it will not do." Zizhan said: "Rather than have no one go, is it not better to send a young man? The Odes say: 'The king's business is without end, there is no leisure to rest; east, west, south and north, who dares to dwell in peace? Steadfastly serve Jin and Chu to screen the royal house.' The king's business must not be neglected; what other regular rule is there?" So he sent Yin Duan to Zhou.

吳人伐越，獲俘焉，以為閽，使守舟。吳子餘祭觀舟，閽以刀弒之。

The men of Wu attacked Yue, took prisoners, made them gatekeepers, and sent them to guard the boats. Yuji, Viscount of Wu, went to view the boats, and a gatekeeper murdered him with a knife.

鄭子展卒，子皮即位。於是鄭飢而未及麥，民病。子皮以子展之命，餼國人粟，戶一鍾，是以得鄭國之民。故罕氏常掌國政，以為上卿。宋司城子罕聞之，曰：“鄰於善，民之望也。”宋亦飢，請於平公，出公粟以貸。使大夫皆貸。司城氏貸而不書，為大夫之無者貸。宋無飢人。叔向聞之，曰：“鄭之罕，宋之樂，其後亡者也！二者其皆得國乎！民之歸也。施而不德，樂氏加焉，其以宋升降乎！”晉平公，杞出也，故治杞。六月，知悼子合諸侯之大夫以城杞，孟孝伯會之。

Zizhan of Zheng died, and Zipi took his place. At that time Zheng was in famine and the wheat had not yet ripened, and the people were suffering. Zipi, using Zizhan's order, distributed millet to the people of the state, one zhong per household, and thereby won the people of Zheng. Hence the Han clan has long held the government of the state as chief minister. Zihan, the Director of Works of Song, heard of it and said: "Drawing close to the good is what the people look up to." Song was also in famine, and he asked Duke Ping to take out the public millet and lend it. He had all the grandees lend. The Director of Works lent but did not record it, lending for grandees who had no millet. There were no starving people in Song. Shuxiang heard of this and said: "The Han of Zheng and the Yue of Song will be the last to perish! Probably both houses will come to hold the state! They are where the people turn. He gave without considering himself virtuous, and the Yue clan will increase still more; they will probably rise and fall with Song!" Duke Ping of Jin was born of a lady of Qi, and so he repaired Qi. In the sixth month, Zhidaozi joined the grandees of the feudal lords in building the wall of Qi, and Meng Xiaobo joined them.

鄭子大叔與伯石往。子大叔見大叔文子，與之語。文子曰：“甚乎！其城杞也。”

Zidashu of Zheng and Boshi went there. Zidashu saw Dashu Wenzi and spoke with him. Wenzi said: "How excessive! Building the wall of Qi."

子大叔曰：“若之何哉？晉國不恤周宗之闕，而夏肄是屏。其棄諸姬，亦可知也已。諸姬是棄，其誰歸之？吉也聞之，棄同即異，是謂離德。《詩》曰：‘協比其鄰，昏姻孔雲。’晉不鄰矣，其誰雲之？”齊高子容與宋司徒見知伯，女齊相禮。賓出，司馬侯言於知伯曰：“二子皆將不免。子容專，司徒移，皆亡家之主也。”知伯曰：“何如？”對曰：“專則速及，侈將以其力斃，專則人實斃之，將及矣。”

Zidashu said: "What can be done? Jin does not care about the lack of the Zhou clan but protects the remnants of Xia. That it has abandoned all the Ji-surnamed states can also be seen. If all the Ji-surnamed states are abandoned, who will turn to it? I, Ji, have heard that to abandon the like and draw close to the different is called separation from virtue. The Odes say: 'Be close to his neighbors, and marriages will flourish.' If Jin does not treat people as neighbors, who will still attach to it?" Gao Zirong of Qi and the Minister of Instruction of Song saw Zhibo, with Nuqi assisting in the ritual. After the guests left, Sima Hou said to Zhibo: "Both of these men will not escape. Zirong is arbitrary and the Minister of Instruction is extravagant; both are masters who ruin their clans." Zhibo said: "How so?" He replied: "Arbitrariness comes quickly, extravagance will bring death by one's own strength, but arbitrariness means others kill him, and it is coming."

範獻子來聘，拜城杞也。公享之，展莊叔執幣。射者三耦，公臣不足，取於家臣，家臣：展瑕、展玉父為一耦。公臣，公巫召伯、仲顏莊叔為一耦，鄫鼓父、黨叔為一耦。

Fan Xianzi came on a courtesy visit to thank us for building the wall of Qi. Duke Xiang gave him a banquet, and Zhan Zhuangshu held the gifts. For the archery there were three pairs of archers, but the ducal ministers were not enough, so they took from the household retainers: retainers Zhan Xia and Zhan Yufu made one pair. Of the ducal ministers, Gongwu Zhaobo and Zhongyan Zhuangshu were one pair, and Zeng Gufu and Dangshu another pair.

晉侯使司馬女叔侯來治杞田，弗盡歸也。晉悼夫人慍曰：“齊也取貨。先君若有知也，不尚取之！”公告叔侯，叔侯曰：“虞、虢、焦、滑、霍、揚、韓、魏，皆姬姓也，晉是以大。若非侵小，將何所取？武、獻以下，兼國多矣，誰得治之？杞，夏餘也，而即東夷。魯，周公之後也，而睦於晉。以杞封魯猶可，而何有焉？魯之於晉也，職貢不乏，玩好時至，公卿大夫相繼於朝，史不絕書，府無虛月。如是可矣，何必瘠魯以肥杞？且先君而有知也，毋寧夫人，而焉用老臣？”杞文公來盟。書曰“子”，賤之也。

The Marquis of Jin sent the Marshal Nushu Hou to settle the land of Qi, and it was not all returned. The widow of Duke Dao of Jin was angry and said: "Qi is taking wealth. If the former ruler had knowledge, he would not approve taking it this way!" The Duke told Shu Hou, and Shu Hou said: "Yu, Guo, Jiao, Hua, Huo, Yang, Han and Wei were all Ji-surnamed, and Jin became great because of them. If it was not by invading small states, where would it have taken from? From Dukes Wu and Xian onward, how many states were annexed, and who could settle them? Qi is a descendant of Xia but is close to the Eastern Yi. Lu is a descendant of the Duke of Zhou and is in harmony with Jin. To give Qi to Lu would be acceptable; what else is there? Lu toward Jin has never been short in tribute and duties, sends its playthings on time, its ministers and grandees follow one another in the court, its historians' records are unbroken, and its treasuries have no empty month. This is enough; why starve Lu to fatten Qi? Besides, if the former ruler had knowledge, he would rather reproach the Lady, so what need is there for an old minister?" Duke Wen of Qi came to conclude a covenant. The Annals records him as "Viscount," to demean him.

吳公子札來聘，見叔孫穆子，說之。謂穆子曰：“子其不得死乎？好善而不能擇人。吾聞‘君子務在擇人’。吾子為魯宗卿，而任其大政，不慎舉，何以堪之？禍必及子！”請觀於周樂。使工為之歌《周南》、《召南》，曰：“美哉！始基之矣，猶未也。然勤而不怨矣。”為之歌《邶》、《鄘》、《衛》，曰：“美哉，淵乎！憂而不困者也。吾聞衛康叔、武公之德如是，是其《衛風》乎？”為之歌《王》，曰：“美哉！思而不懼，其周之東乎？”為之歌《鄭》，曰：“美哉！其細已甚，民弗堪也，是其先亡乎！”為之歌《齊》，曰：“美哉！泱泱乎！大風也哉！表東海者，其大公乎！國未可量也。”為之歌《豳》，曰：“美哉！蕩乎！樂而不淫，其周公之東乎？”為之歌《秦》，曰：“此之謂夏聲。夫能夏則大，大之至也，其周之舊乎？”為之歌《魏》，曰：“美哉！渢渢乎！大而婉，險而易行，以德輔此，則明主也。”為之歌《唐》，曰：“思深哉！其有陶唐氏之遺民乎？不然，何憂之遠也？非令德之後，誰能若是？”為之歌《陳》，曰：“國無主，其能久乎？”自《鄶》以下無譏焉。為之歌《小雅》，曰：“美哉！思而不貳，怨而不言，其周德之衰乎？猶有先王之遺民焉。”為之歌《大雅》，曰：“廣哉！熙熙乎！曲而有直體，其文王之德乎？”為之歌《頌》，曰：“至矣哉！直而不倨，曲而不屈，邇而不逼，遠而不攜，遷而不淫，復而不厭，哀而不愁，樂而不荒，用而不匱，廣而不宣，施而不費，取而不貪，處而不底，行而不流，五聲和，八風平，節有度，守有序，盛德之所同也。”

Gongzi Zha of Wu came on a courtesy visit, saw Shusun Muzi, and liked him. He said to Muzi: "Will you perhaps not die a natural death? You love the good but cannot choose men. I have heard that 'the gentleman's chief duty lies in choosing men.' You, sir, are the senior minister of the ruling clan of Lu and hold great government; if you do not recommend with care, how will you bear it? Disaster will certainly fall on you!" He asked to view the music of Zhou. He had the musicians sing for him the Zhounan and Shaonan, and said: "Beautiful! The foundation is first laid, but not yet complete. Yet they toil without resentment." They sang for him the Bei, Yong and Wei, and he said: "Beautiful, and deep! Sorrowful but not distressed. I have heard that the virtue of Kangshu and Duke Wu of Wei was like this; this must be its Wei airs?" They sang the Wang, and he said: "Beautiful! Thoughtful but not fearful; it must be the Zhou after moving east?" They sang the Zheng, and he said: "Beautiful! Its delicacy is already excessive, and the people cannot bear it; this will be the first to perish!" They sang the Qi, and he said: "Beautiful! Vast and expansive! It is a great wind! The model for the eastern seas must be Taigong! The state is immeasurable." They sang the Bin, and he said: "Beautiful! Open and broad! Joyful but not excessive; must it be the Duke of Zhou's eastern campaign?" They sang the Qin, and he said: "This is called the Xia sound. If it can be Xia it is great, and when great to the utmost, it must be the old land of Zhou!" They sang the Wei, and he said: "Beautiful! Light and gentle! Great yet mild, dangerous yet easy to carry out; if virtue assists this, he would be a wise ruler." They sang the Tang, and he said: "Deep in thought! Probably there are survivors of the Tao-Tang clan? Otherwise why such distant concern? If not descendants of a person of fine virtue, who could be like this?" They sang the Chen, and he said: "A state without a master, can it last long?" From the Kuai on, he made no comment. They sang the Lesser Odes, and he said: "Beautiful! Thoughtful but with no divided mind, resentful but not speaking of it; this must be the decline of Zhou virtue? There are still the survivors of the former kings." They sang the Greater Odes, and he said: "Broad! Harmonious and joyful! Winding yet with an upright substance; this must be the virtue of King Wen?" They sang the Hymns, and he said: "Reaching the utmost! Upright but not arrogant, bending but not submitting, close but not pressing, distant but not estranged, shifting but not excessive, repeating but not wearying, sad but not grieving, joyful but not dissolute, used but not depleted, broad but not conspicuous, giving but not wasting, taking but not greedy, dwelling but not stagnant, moving but not drifting; the five tones are in harmony, the eight winds are calm, the rhythm has measure, the keeping has order; these are shared by all of abundant virtue."

見舞《象箾》《南籥》者，曰：“美哉！猶有憾。”見舞《大武》者，曰：“美哉！周之盛也，其若此乎！”見舞《韶濩》者，曰：“聖人之弘也，而猶有慚德，聖人之難也。”見舞《大夏》者，曰：“美哉！勤而不德，非禹其誰能修之？”見舞《韶箾》者，曰：“德至矣哉！大矣！如天之無不幬也，如地之無不載也，雖甚盛德，其蔑以加於此矣。觀止矣！若有他樂，吾不敢請已！”其出聘也，通嗣君也。故遂聘於齊，說晏平仲，謂之曰：“子速納邑與政！無邑無政，乃免於難。齊國之政，將有所歸，未獲所歸，難未歇也。”故晏子因陳桓子以納政與邑，是以免於欒、高之難。

Seeing the dance of the Xiang Shuo and the Nan Yue, he said: "Beautiful! Yet there is still regret." Seeing the dance of the Da Wu, he said: "Beautiful! The flourishing time of Zhou must have been like this!" Seeing the dance of the Shao Hu, he said: "The greatness of a sage, and yet there is virtue that feels shame; that is the difficulty of a sage." Seeing the dance of the Da Xia, he said: "Beautiful! Toiling yet not taking it as virtue; if not Yu, who could have accomplished it?" Seeing the dance of the Shao Shuo, he said: "Virtue has reached the utmost! Great! Like Heaven there is nothing it does not cover, like Earth there is nothing it does not carry; even the most abundant virtue cannot add anything to this. Viewing stops here! If there is other music, I dare not ask!" His visits to other states were to establish relations for the successor ruler. So he went on to Qi on a courtesy visit, liked Yan Pingzhong, and said to him: "You should quickly hand over your city and your political affairs! Without city and without affairs, you can escape calamity. The government of Qi will return to someone, but until it finds its place, calamity will not cease." Therefore Master Yan handed over his government and city through Chen Huanzi, and thereby escaped the calamity of the Luan and Gao clans.

聘於鄭，見子產，如舊相識，與之縞帶，子產獻紵衣焉。謂子產曰：“鄭之執政侈，難將至矣！政必及子。子為政，慎之以禮。不然，鄭國將敗。”

He visited Zheng on a courtesy visit and saw Zichan; it was as if they were old acquaintances. He gave him a white silk belt, and Zichan presented a ramie garment. He said to Zichan: "The ruler of Zheng is extravagant, and calamity will arrive! The government will certainly come to you. When you hold the government, be careful and use ritual. Otherwise Zheng will be ruined."

適衛，說蘧瑗、史狗、史鰍，公子荊、公叔發、公子朝，曰：“衛多君子，未有患也。”

He went to Wei and liked Qu Yuan, Shi Gou, Shi Qiu, Gongzi Jing, Gongshu Fa and Gongzi Chao, and said: "There are many gentlemen in Wei; there will not yet be calamity."

自衛如晉，將宿於戚。聞鐘聲焉，曰：“異哉！吾聞之也：‘辯而不德，必加於戮。’夫子獲罪於君以在此，懼猶不足，而又何樂？夫子之在此也，猶燕之巢於幕上。君又在殯，而可以樂乎？”遂去之。文子聞之，終身不聽琴瑟。

From Wei he went to Jin and was about to lodge at Qi. Hearing the sound of bells, he said: "How strange! I have heard: 'One who has eloquence but no virtue will surely suffer execution.' That gentleman offended his ruler here and yet fears not enough, so what is there to be joyful about? That gentleman here is like a swallow nesting on a tent. And with his ruler still in the coffin, can he make music?" So he left. Wenzi heard of it and for the rest of his life did not listen to zithers.

適晉，說趙文子、韓宣子、魏獻子，曰：“晉國其萃於三族乎！”說叔向，將行，謂叔向曰：“吾子勉之！君侈而多良，大夫皆富，政將在家。吾子好直，必思自免於難。”

He went to Jin and liked Zhao Wenzi, Han Xuanzi and Wei Xianzi, and said: "Jin will probably gather in these three clans!" He liked Shuxiang, and when about to leave said to Shuxiang: "Make an effort, sir! The ruler is extravagant and there are many worthy men, the grandees are all rich, and government will be in private houses. You like uprightness; you must try to keep yourself from calamity."

秋九月，齊公孫蠆、公孫灶放其大夫高止於北燕。乙未，出。書曰：“出奔。”

In autumn, in the ninth month, Gongsun Chai and Gongsun Zao of Qi banished their grandee Gao Zhi to Northern Yan. On the yiwei day, he left the state. The Annals records it as "fled."

罪高止也。高止好以事自為功，且專，故難及之。

This puts the blame on Gao Zhi. Gao Zhi liked to take credit for himself in affairs and was also arbitrary, and so calamity fell on him.

冬，孟孝伯如晉，報范叔也。

In winter, Meng Xiaobo went to Jin to return the visit to Fan Shu.

為高氏之難故，高豎以盧叛。十月庚寅，閭丘嬰帥師圍盧。高豎曰：“苟請高氏有後，請致邑。”齊人立敬仲之曾孫宴酀，良敬仲也。十一月乙卯，高豎致盧而出奔晉，晉人城綿而置旃。

Because of the calamity of the Gao clan, Gao Shu rebelled, holding Lu. On the gengyin day of the tenth month, Lüqiu Ying led troops and besieged Lu. Gao Shu said: "If you ask that the Gao clan have heirs, I ask to hand over the city." The men of Qi set up Yan Chou, great-grandson of Jingzhong, because they thought Jingzhong was good. On the yimao day of the eleventh month, Gao Shu handed over Lu and fled to Jin, and the men of Jin built Mian to settle him.

鄭伯有使公孫黑如楚，辭曰：“楚、鄭方惡，而使餘往，是殺餘也。”伯有曰：“世行也。”子皙曰：“可則往，難則已，何世之有？”伯有將強使之。子皙怒，將伐伯有氏，大夫和之。十二月己巳，鄭大夫盟於伯有氏。裨諶曰：“是盟也，其與幾何？《詩》曰：‘君子屢盟，亂是用長。’今是長亂之道也。禍未歇也，必三年而後能紓。”然明曰：“政將焉往？”裨諶曰：“善之代不善，天命也，其焉闢子產？舉不逾等，則位班也。擇善而舉，則世隆也。天又除之，奪伯有魄，子西即世，將焉闢之？天禍鄭久矣，其必使子產息之，乃猶可以戾。不然，將亡矣。”

Boyou of Zheng sent Gongsun Hei to Chu, but he declined, saying: "Chu and Zheng are on bad terms just now, and yet you send me; that is to kill me." Boyou said: "It has been the family tradition for generations to serve as envoys." Zixi said: "If I can go, I go; if it is difficult, I stop; what generations?" Boyou was about to force him to go. Zixi was angry and was about to attack the Boyou clan, and the grandees mediated. On the jisi day of the twelfth month, the grandees of Zheng made a covenant at the Boyou house. Pi Chen said: "How long can this covenant last? The Odes say: 'The gentlemen repeatedly make covenants, and disorder grows because of it.' Now this is the road of growing disorder. Disaster will not cease, and it will surely take three years before it eases." Ranming said: "Where will the government go?" Pi Chen said: "The good replacing the not good is the mandate of Heaven; how can Zichan be avoided? To recommend without going beyond rank is order. To choose the good and recommend them is the flourishing of an age. Heaven is also clearing away, taking away Boyou's spirit; Zixi has died, where will he flee? Heaven has been afflicting Zheng for a long time, and must make Zichan end it before it can be settled. Otherwise it will perish."

【經】三十年春王正月，楚子使薳罷來聘。夏四月，蔡世子般弒其君固。五月甲午。宋災。宋伯姬卒。天王殺其弟佞夫。王子瑕奔晉。秋七月，叔弓如宋，葬宋共姬。鄭良霄出奔許，自許入於鄭，鄭人殺良霄。冬十月，葬蔡景公。晉人、齊人、宋人、衛人、鄭人、曹人、莒人、邾人、滕子、薛人、杞人、小邾人會於澶淵，宋災故。

[Classic] In the thirtieth year, spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, the Viscount of Chu sent Wei Ba on a courtesy visit. In summer, in the fourth month, Prince Ban of Cai murdered his ruler Gu. On the jiawu day of the fifth month, there was a fire in Song. Bo Ji of Song died. The Son of Heaven killed his younger brother Ningfu. Prince Xia fled to Jin. In autumn, in the seventh month, Shu Gong went to Song to bury Gong Ji of Song. Liang Xiao of Zheng fled to Xu, and from Xu entered Zheng, and the men of Zheng killed Liang Xiao. In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Jing of Cai was buried. The men of Jin, Qi, Song, Wei, Zheng, Cao, Ju, Zhu, Teng (Viscount), Xue, Qi and Little Zhu met at Chanyuan, because of the fire in Song.

【傳】三十年春，王正月，楚子使薳罷來聘，通嗣君也。穆叔問：“王子之為政何如？”對曰：“吾儕小人，食而聽事，猶懼不給命而不免於戾，焉與知政？”固問焉，不告。穆叔告大夫曰：“楚令尹將有大事，子蕩將與焉，助之匿其情矣。”

[Commentary] In the thirtieth year, spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, the Viscount of Chu sent Wei Ba on a courtesy visit, to establish relations for the successor ruler. Mu Shu asked: "How is the prince's government?" He replied: "We petty men eat and take orders, and fear that we cannot keep up with commands and will not escape blame; how could we take part in knowing the government?" He pressed the question but was not told. Mu Shu told the grandees: "The Prime Minister of Chu will soon have a great undertaking, and Zidang will take part and help conceal the truth."

子產相鄭伯以如晉，叔向問鄭國之政焉。對曰：“吾得見與否，在此歲也。

Zichan assisted the Earl of Zheng in going to Jin, and Shuxiang asked about the government of Zheng. He replied: "Whether I shall get to see it depends on this year.

駟、良方爭，未知所成。若有所成，吾得見，乃可知也。”叔向曰：“不既和矣乎？”對曰：“伯有侈而愎，子皙好在人上，莫能相下也。雖其和也，猶相積惡也，惡至無日矣。”

The Si and Liang clans are contending, and I do not know how it will end. If it ends and I get to see it, then I can know." Shuxiang said: "Have they not already made peace?" He replied: "Boyou is extravagant and stubborn, and Zixi likes to be above others, and neither can place himself below the other. Even if they make peace, they will still pile up grievances against each other. When the bad comes, it will not be many days."

三月癸未，晉悼夫人食輿人之城杞者。絳縣人或年長矣，無子，而往與於食。

On the guiwei day of the third month, the widow of Duke Dao of Jin fed the laborers who built the wall of Qi. A man of Jiang County who was old and had no son went to share the meal.

有與疑年，使之年。曰：“臣小人也，不知紀年。臣生之歲，正月甲子朔，四百有四十五甲子矣，其季於今三之一也。”吏走問諸朝，師曠曰：“魯叔仲惠伯會郤成子於承匡之歲也。是歲也，狄伐魯。叔孫莊叔於是乎敗狄於鹹，獲長狄僑如及虺也豹也，而皆以名其子。七十三年矣。”史趙曰：“亥有二首六身，下二如身，是其日數也。”士文伯曰：“然則二萬六千六百有六旬也。”

Someone doubted his age and had him state his years. He said: "I am a petty man and do not know how to count years. In the year I was born, the first day of the first month was jiazi, and it has been four hundred and forty-five jiazi cycles, and the last of them reaches a third to today." The official ran to the court to ask, and Shi Kuang said: "That was the year when Shuzhong Huibo of Lu met Xi Chengzi at Chengkuang. In that year the Di attacked Lu. Shusun Zhuangshu then defeated the Di at Xian and captured the tall Di Qiaoru as well as Hui and Bao, and all were used to name his sons. That is seventy-three years ago." Shi Zhao said: "The character 'hai' has two as its head and six as its body; move the two down and it looks like the body, and that is his count of days." Shi Wenbo said: "Then it is twenty-six thousand six hundred and sixty days."

趙孟問其縣大夫，則其屬也。召之，而謝過焉，曰：“武不才，任君之大事，以晉國之多虞，不能由吾子，使吾子辱在泥塗久矣，武之罪也。敢謝不才。”遂仕之，使助為政。辭以老。與之田，使為君復陶，以為絳縣師，而廢其輿尉。於是，魯使者在晉，歸以語諸大夫。季武子曰：“晉未可媮也。有趙孟以為大夫，有伯瑕以為佐，有史趙、師曠而諮度焉，有叔向、女齊以師保其君。其朝多君子，其庸可媮乎？勉事之而後可。”

Zhao Meng asked his county grandee, and he was his own subordinate. He summoned him and apologized: "Wu has no talent and holds the lord's great affairs; because Jin has many troubles, I could not employ you, sir, and left you humiliated in the mud for a long time, which is Wu's fault. I dare to apologize for my lack of talent." And so he made him an official to assist the government. He declined on account of old age. He was given land and made to manage the ruler's garments, as Master of Jiang County, and the Commandant of the laborers was dismissed. At that time, the envoy from Lu was in Jin and returned and told the grandees. Jiwuzi said: "Jin cannot be taken lightly. It has Zhao Meng as grandee, Bo Xia as assistant, Shi Zhao and Shi Kuang to consult and measure, and Shuxiang and Nuqi as the ruler's tutors. The court has many gentlemen; how could one take it lightly? Serve it with effort and only then will it do."

夏四月己亥，鄭伯及其大夫盟。君子是以知鄭難之不已也。

In summer, on the jihai day of the fourth month, the Earl of Zheng made a covenant with his grandees. The gentleman knew from this that Zheng's disasters would not cease.

蔡景侯為大子般娶於楚，通焉。大子弒景侯。

Marquis Jing of Cai took a wife from Chu for his heir Ban, and had an illicit relation with her. The heir murdered Marquis Jing.

初，王儋季卒，其子括將見王，而嘆。單公子愆期為靈王御士，過諸廷，聞其嘆而言曰：“烏乎！必有此夫！”入以告王，且曰：“必殺之！不戚而願大，視躁而足高，心在他矣。不殺，必害。”王曰：“童子何知？”及靈王崩，儋括欲立王子佞夫，佞夫弗知。戊子，儋括圍蒍，逐成愆。成愆奔平畦。五月癸巳，尹言多、劉毅、單蔑、甘過、鞏成殺佞夫。括、瑕、廖奔晉。書曰“天王殺其弟佞夫。”罪在王也。

In the beginning, when Dan Ji of the royal house died, his son Kuo was about to see the King and sighed. Gongzi Qianqi of Shan was the King's attendant to King Ling, and passing through the court he heard him sigh, and said: "Ah! He must be wanting to get this!" He went in and told the King, and added: "You must kill him! He is not sorrowful but has great ambition, his gaze is restless and his steps are high; his heart is elsewhere. If you do not kill him, there will certainly be harm." The King said: "What does a child know?" When King Ling died, Dan Kuo wished to set up Prince Ningfu, and Ningfu did not know. On the wuzi day, Dan Kuo besieged Wei and drove out Cheng Qian. Cheng Qian fled to Pingqi. On the guisi day of the fifth month, Yin Yanduo, Liu Yi, Shan Mie, Gan Guo and Gong Cheng killed Ningfu. Kuo, Xia and Liao fled to Jin. The Annals records "the Heavenly King killed his younger brother Ningfu," placing the guilt on the King.

或叫於宋大廟，曰：“譆，譆！出出！”鳥鳴於亳社，如曰：“譆譆。”甲午，宋大災。宋伯姬卒，待姆也。君子謂：“宋共姬，女而不婦。女待人，婦義事也。”

Someone shouted in the Grand Temple of Song: "Xi, xi! Get out, get out!" A bird cried at the Bo altar, as if saying: "Xi xi." On the jiawu day, there was a great fire in Song. Bo Ji of Song died, because she was waiting for her governess. The gentleman considered: "Gong Ji of Song was a maiden and not a wife. A maiden waits for others, while a wife may act as the occasion requires."

六月，鄭子產如陳蒞盟。歸，覆命。告大夫曰：“陳，亡國也，不可與也。

In the sixth month, Zichan of Zheng went to Chen to take part in a covenant. On returning he reported, and told the grandees: "Chen is a state about to perish and should not be befriended.

聚禾粟，繕城郭，恃此二者，而不撫其民。其君弱植，公子侈，大子卑，大夫敖，政多門，以介於大國，能無亡乎？不過十年矣。”

They gather grain, repair the walls, and rely on those two, yet do not comfort the people. The ruler's foundation is weak, the princes are extravagant, the heir is humble, the grandees are arrogant, government has many gates, and they are placed among great states; can they avoid destruction? It will be no more than ten years."

秋七月，叔弓如宋，葬共姬也。

In autumn, in the seventh month, Shu Gong went to Song to bury Gong Ji.

鄭伯有耆酒，為窟室，而夜飲酒擊鐘焉，朝至未已。朝者曰：“公焉在？”其人曰：“吾公在壑谷。”皆自朝布路而罷。既而朝，則又將使子皙如楚，歸而飲酒。庚子，子皙以駟氏之甲伐而焚之。伯有奔雍梁，醒而後知之，遂奔許。大夫聚謀，子皮曰：“《仲虺之志》云：‘亂者取之，亡者侮之。推亡固存，國之利也。’罕、駟、豐同生。伯有汰侈，故不免。”

Boyou of Zheng was fond of wine, made an underground chamber, and at night drank and struck bells there; those who came to court arrived and he had still not finished. Those who came to court said: "Where is the lord?" His men said: "Our lord is in the ravine." They all dispersed from the court by separate roads. Later he went to court, and was about to send Zixi to Chu, and on returning he drank. On the gengzi day, Zixi attacked with the armored men of the Si clan and burned his house. Boyou fled to Yongliang, and only after sobering up did he know, and so he fled to Xu. The grandees gathered to deliberate, and Zipi said: "The Zhonghui's Records says: 'Seize the chaotic, bully those who are perishing. Promoting the perishing and strengthening the surviving is the interest of the state.' The Han, Si and Feng clans are of the same womb. Boyou was arrogant and extravagant, and so did not escape."

人謂子產：“就直助強！”子產曰：“豈為我徒？國之禍難，誰知所儆？或主強直，難乃不生。姑成吾所。”辛丑，子產斂伯有氏之死者而殯之，不及謀而遂行。印段從之。子皮止之，眾曰：“人不我順，何止焉？”子皮曰：“夫人禮於死者，況生者乎？”遂自止之。壬寅，子產入。癸卯，子石入。皆受盟於子皙氏。乙巳，鄭伯及其大夫盟於大宮。盟國人於師之梁之外。

Someone said to Zichan: "Be close to the upright and help the strong!" Zichan said: "Are they my partisans? In the calamities of a state, who knows who warns whom? Perhaps someone upholds strength and uprightness, so that calamity does not arise. Let me for now fulfill my place." On the xinchou day, Zichan encoffined and laid out the dead of the Boyou clan, and left before having time to plan. Yin Duan followed. Zipi stopped him, and the others said: "People do not follow us, so why stop him?" Zipi said: "That man shows propriety to the dead, how much more to the living?" So he stopped him in person. On the renyin day, Zichan came in. On the guimao day, Zishi came in. All accepted the covenant at the Zixi house. On the yisi day, the Earl of Zheng made a covenant with his grandees in the Grand Palace. He made a covenant with the people of the state outside the Bridge of Shi.

伯有聞鄭人之盟己也，怒。聞子皮之甲不與攻己也，喜。曰：“子皮與我矣。”

Boyou heard that the men of Zheng had made a covenant against him, and was angry. He heard that Zipi's armored men did not take part in attacking him, and was pleased, saying: "Zipi is attached to me."

癸丑，晨，自墓門之瀆入，因馬師頡介於襄庫，以伐舊北門。駟帶率國人以伐之。

On the guichou day, in the morning, he entered through the water channel at the Mu Gate, relying on Ma Shiji to put on armor in the Xiang storehouse, and attacked the Old North Gate. Si Dai led the people of the state to attack him.

皆召子產。子產曰：“兄弟而及此，吾從天所與。”伯有死於羊肆，子產襚之，枕之股而哭之，斂而殯諸伯有之臣在市側者。既而葬諸斗城。子駟氏欲攻子產，子皮怒之曰：“禮，國之幹也，殺有禮，禍莫大焉。”乃止。

Both summoned Zichan. Zichan said: "When brothers have come to this pass, I follow what Heaven gives." Boyou died at the Yang market, and Zichan dressed him, laid his head on his thigh and wept, encoffined him and placed the coffin at the house of Boyou's retainer beside the market. Afterward he was buried at Doucheng. The Ziyi clan wished to attack Zichan, and Zipi said angrily: "Ritual is the backbone of the state, and to kill one who has ritual brings no greater calamity." And so it stopped.

於是遊吉如晉還，聞難不入，覆命於介。八月甲子，奔晉。駟帶追之，及酸棗。與子上盟，用兩珪質於河。使公孫肸入盟大夫。己巳，復歸。書曰“鄭人殺良霄。”不稱大夫，言自外入也。

At that time You Ji returned from Jin, and hearing that the disaster was not coming into the city, he reported to his deputy. On the jiazi day of the eighth month, he fled to Jin. Si Dai pursued him as far as Suanzao. He made a covenant with Zishang, using two jade tablets as pledge at the Yellow River. He sent Gongsun Xi into the city to make a covenant with the grandees. On the jisi day, he came back again. The Annals records "the men of Zheng killed Liang Xiao." He is not called a grandee, to show that he came in from outside.

於子蟜之卒也，將葬，公孫揮與裨灶晨會事焉。過伯有氏，其門上生莠。

When Zijiao died and was about to be buried, Gongsun Hui and Pi Zao met in the morning to handle matters. Passing the Boyou house, they saw foxtail weeds growing at the gate.

子羽曰：“其莠猶在乎？”於是歲在降婁，降婁中而旦。裨灶指之曰：“猶可以終歲，歲不及此次也已。”及其亡也，歲在娵訾之口。其明年，乃及降婁。

Ziyu said: "Is that foxtail still there?" At that time Jupiter was in Jianglou, with Jianglou at the meridian at dawn. Pi Zao pointed and said: "He can still last through this year; Jupiter will not reach this position." When he perished, Jupiter was at the mouth of Juzi. The next year, it reached Jianglou.

僕展從伯有，與之皆死。羽頡出奔晉，為任大夫。雞澤之會，鄭樂成奔楚，遂適晉。羽頡因之，與之比，而事趙文子，言伐鄭之說焉。以宋之盟故，不可。

Pu Zhan followed Boyou and died with him. Yu Jie fled to Jin and became a grandee of Ren. At the meeting at Jize, Yue Cheng of Zheng fled to Chu and then went to Jin. Yu Jie relied on him and was in league with him, and served Zhao Wenzi, speaking of the plan to attack Zheng. Because of the covenant of Song, it could not be done.

子皮以公孫鉏為馬師。

Zipi made Gongsun Chu the Master of Horse.

楚公子圍殺大司馬蒍掩而取其室。申無宇曰：“王子必不免。善人，國之主也。王子相楚國，將善是封殖，而虐之，是禍國也。且司馬，令尹之偏，而王之四體也。絕民之主，去身之偏，艾王之體，以禍其國，無不祥大焉！何以得免？”為宋災故，諸侯之大夫會，以謀歸宋財。冬十月，叔孫豹會晉趙武、齊公孫蠆、宋向戌、衛北宮佗、鄭罕虎及小邾之大夫，會於澶淵。既而無歸於宋，故不書其人。

Gongzi Wei of Chu killed the Grand Marshal Wei Yan and seized his household. Shen Wuyu said: "The prince will certainly not escape. A good man is the master of the state. The prince assists Chu and should nurture the good, yet he tyrannizes them; this brings harm to the state. Moreover, the Marshal is the assistant of the Prime Minister and the limbs of the King. To cut off the master of the people, remove his own assistant, and cut off the King's limbs, in order to harm his state: nothing is more inauspicious than this! How could he escape?" Because of the fire in Song, the grandees of the feudal lords met to plan returning wealth to Song. In winter, in the tenth month, Shusun Bao joined Zhao Wu of Jin, Gongsun Chai of Qi, Xiang Xu of Song, Beigong Tuo of Wei, Han Hu of Zheng and the grandees of Little Zhu to meet at Chanyuan. Afterward nothing was given to Song, and so the Annals does not record those men.

君子曰：“信其不可不慎乎！澶淵之會，卿不書，不信也夫！諸侯之上卿，會而不信，寵名皆棄，不信之不可也如是！《詩》曰：‘文王陟降，在帝左右。’信之謂也。又曰：‘淑慎爾止，無載爾偽。’不信之謂也。”書曰“某人某人會於澶淵，宋災故。”尤之也。不書魯大夫，諱之也。

The gentleman said: "One cannot but be careful about good faith! At the meeting at Chanyuan, the ministers are not recorded because they did not keep faith! The senior ministers of the feudal lords, meeting yet not keeping faith, have thrown away both favor and name; those who do not keep faith must not be like this! The Odes say: 'King Wen ascends and descends, at the left and right of the Lord on High.' This speaks of good faith. It also says: 'Be careful in your demeanor, and do not carry falsehood.' This speaks of not keeping faith." The Annals records "So-and-so and so-and-so met at Chanyuan, because of the fire in Song," as a reproach. It does not record the grandee of Lu, as a taboo.

鄭子皮授子產政，辭曰：“國小而逼，族大寵多，不可為也。”子皮曰：“虎帥以聽，誰敢犯子？子善相之，國無小，小能事大，國乃寬。”

Zipi of Zheng handed government to Zichan, who declined, saying: "The state is small and pressed upon, the clans are large and those favored are many; it cannot be governed." Zipi said: "I, Hu, will lead and take orders, and who would dare offend you? Assist well; no state is small, and when the small can serve the great, the state is at ease."

子產為政，有事伯石，賂與之邑。子大叔曰：“國，皆其國也。奚獨賂焉？”子產曰：“無慾實難。皆得其欲，以從其事，而要其成，非我有成，其在人乎？何愛於邑？邑將焉往？”子大叔曰：“若四國何？”子產曰：“非相違也，而相從也，四國何尤焉？《鄭書》有之曰：‘安定國家，必大焉先。’姑先安大，以待其所歸。”既，伯石懼而歸邑，卒與之。伯有既死，使大史命伯石為卿，辭。

When Zichan held the government, when he needed Boshi, he bribed him with a city. Zidashu said: "The state is all his state. Why bribe him alone?" Zichan said: "To have no desires is truly hard. When all get their desires and follow the affair, and demand success, is it not I who have success, and does it lie in others? What is there to begrudge about a city? Where would the city go?" Zidashu said: "What about the states of the four quarters?" Zichan said: "It is not that we go against each other but that we follow each other; what will the states of the four quarters blame? The Zheng Records says: 'To settle the state, first look after the great clans.' Let us first settle the great and wait for them to turn to us." Later, Boshi was afraid and returned the city, but in the end it was still given to him. After Boyou had died, they sent the Grand Historian to command Boshi to be a minister, and he declined.

大史退，則請命焉。覆命之，又辭。如是三，乃受策入拜。子產是以惡其為人也，使次己位。

After the Grand Historian withdrew, he asked for the appointment. When commanded again, he again declined. After doing this three times, he accepted the document, entered and bowed in thanks. Because of this, Zichan disliked his character, and made his rank below himself.

子產使都鄙有章，上下有服，田有封洫，廬井有伍。大人之忠儉者，從而與之。泰侈者，因而斃之。

Zichan made the capital and outlying towns have regulations, high and low have their dress, the fields have boundary markers and ditches, and the huts and wells have registers. Among the great men, those loyal and thrifty were kept close; those arrogant and extravagant were thereby brought down.

豐卷將祭，請田焉。弗許，曰：“唯君用鮮，眾給而已。”子張怒，退而徵役。子產奔晉，子皮止之而逐豐卷。豐卷奔晉。子產請其田裡，三年而復之，反其田裡及其入焉。

Feng Juan was about to make a sacrifice and asked to go hunting. It was not allowed, saying: "Only the ruler uses fresh game; it suffices for the others to have enough." Zizhang was angry, withdrew and levied laborers. Zichan fled toward Jin, and Zipi stopped him and drove out Feng Juan. Feng Juan fled to Jin. Zichan asked to keep his fields and village, and after three years let him return, restoring his fields and village and their income.

從政一年，輿人誦之，曰：“取我衣冠而褚之，取我田疇而伍之。孰殺子產，吾其與之！”及三年，又誦之，曰；“我有子弟，子產誨之。我有田疇，子產殖之。子產而死，誰其嗣之？”

After a year of governing, the laborers chanted: "Take away my robe and cap and store them; take away my fields and register them. If anyone kills Zichan, I will join!" After three years, they chanted again: "I have sons and brothers, and Zichan teaches them. I have fields, and Zichan makes them flourish. If Zichan dies, who will succeed him?"

【經】三十有一年春王正月。夏六月辛巳，公薨於楚宮。秋九月癸巳，子野卒。己亥，仲孫羯卒。冬十月，滕子來會葬。癸酉，葬我君襄公。十有一月，莒人殺其君密州。

[Classic] In the thirty-first year, spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar. In summer, on the xinsi day of the sixth month, Duke Xiang died in the Chu Palace. In autumn, on the guisi day of the ninth month, Ziye died. On the jihai day, Zhongsun Jie died. In winter, in the tenth month, the Viscount of Teng came to attend the burial. On the guiyou day, our ruler Duke Xiang was buried. In the eleventh month, the men of Ju killed their ruler Mizhou.

【傳】三十一年春，王正月，穆叔至自會，見孟孝伯，語之曰：“趙孟將死矣。其語偷，不似民主。且年未盈五十，而諄諄焉如八九十者，弗能久矣。若趙孟死，為政者其韓子乎！吾子盍與季孫言之，可以樹善，君子也。晉君將失政矣，若不樹焉，使早備魯，既而政在大夫，韓子懦弱，大夫多貪，求欲無厭，齊、楚未足與也，魯其懼哉！”孝伯曰：“人生幾何？誰能無偷？朝不及夕，將安用樹？”穆叔出而告人曰：“孟孫將死矣。吾語諸趙孟之偷也，而又甚焉。”又與季孫語晉故，季孫不從。

[Commentary] In the thirty-first year, spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, Mu Shu returned from the meeting and saw Meng Xiaobo, and said to him: "Zhao Meng is about to die. His words are makeshift, not like the master of a people. Moreover, his years are not yet fifty and yet he speaks earnestly as a man of eighty or ninety; he cannot last long. If Zhao Meng dies, the one in charge will probably be Master Han! Why do you not speak to Jisun, so that friendship can be established, as a gentleman would? The ruler of Jin will lose control of the government; if friendship is not established, and he is made to guard against Lu early, then government will be in the hands of the grandees, Master Han is weak, and the grandees are mostly greedy and their demands are never satisfied; Qi and Chu are still not enough to rely on, and Lu will probably have cause to fear!" Xiaobo said: "How long does a person live? Who can avoid being makeshift? In the morning one cannot wait for the evening; what use is establishing anything?" Mu Shu went out and told others: "Meng Sun is about to die. I spoke to him of Zhao Meng's makeshift ways, and he is even worse himself." He also spoke to Jisun of the affairs of Jin, but Jisun did not listen.

及趙文子卒，晉公室卑，政在侈家。韓宣子為政，為能圖諸侯。魯不堪晉求，讒慝弘多，是以有平丘之會。

When Zhao Wenzi died, the ducal house of Jin became humble, and government lay with extravagant private houses. Han Xuanzi held the government and could still plan for the feudal lords. Lu could not bear Jin's demands, and slanderers were many, and so there was the meeting at Pingqiu.

齊子尾害閭丘嬰，欲殺之，使帥師以伐陽州。我問師故。夏五月，子尾殺閭丘嬰以說於我師。工僂灑、渻灶、孔虺、賈寅出奔莒。出群公子。

Zi Wei of Qi was jealous of and harmed Lüqiu Ying, and wished to kill him; he sent him leading troops to attack Yangzhou. Our state asked the reason for the troop deployment. In summer, in the fifth month, Zi Wei killed Lüqiu Ying and explained it to our army. Gong Lou Sa, Sheng Zao, Kong Hui and Jia Yin fled to Ju. The various princes were released.

公作楚宮。穆叔曰：“《大誓》云：‘民之所欲，天必從之。’君欲楚也夫！故作其宮。若不復適楚，必死是宮也。”六月辛巳，公薨於楚宮。叔仲帶竊其拱璧，以與御人，納諸其懷而從取之，由是得罪。

Duke Xiang built the Chu Palace. Mu Shu said: "The Great Declaration says: 'What the people want, Heaven will surely follow.' My lord must want Chu! That is why he builds such a palace. If he does not go to Chu again, he will surely die in this palace." On the xinsi day of the sixth month, Duke Xiang died in the Chu Palace. Shuzhong Dai stole his great jade disc, gave it to the driver, who put it in his bosom, and then took it back, and from this he was held guilty.

立胡女敬歸之子子野，次於季氏。秋九月癸巳，卒，毀也。

Ziye, son of Jing Gui, the lady of Hu, was set up and lived at the Ji clan's house. In autumn, on the guisi day of the ninth month, he died, from excessive grief.

己亥，孟孝伯卒。

On the jihai day, Meng Xiaobo died.

立敬歸之娣齊歸之子公子裯，穆叔不欲，曰：“大子死，有母弟則立之，無則長立。年鈞擇賢，義鈞則卜，古之道也。非適嗣，何必娣之子？且是人也，居喪而不哀，在戚而有嘉容，是謂不度。不度之人，鮮不為患。若果立之，必為季氏憂。”武子不聽，卒立之。比及葬，三易衰，衰衽如故衰。於是昭公十九年矣，猶有童心，君子是以知其不能終也。

They set up Gongzi Chou, the son of Qi Gui, younger sister of Jing Gui, and Mu Shu did not want this, saying: "When the heir dies, if there is a younger brother of the same mother, set him up; if not, set up the elder. If of the same age, choose the worthy; if equal in righteousness, divine. This is the ancient way. If he is not the legitimate heir, why must we set up the son of the younger sister? Moreover, this person, in mourning, shows no grief, and in sorrow has a joyful look; this is called not following standards. Those who do not follow standards rarely avoid causing disaster. If we really set him up, he will surely become a worry to the Ji clan." Wuzi did not listen and in the end set him up. At the burial, he changed his mourning clothes three times, and the hem of the mourning garment was as ragged as an old one. At that time Duke Zhao was nineteen and still had a childish mind, and so the gentleman knew he would not die a good death.

冬十月，滕成公來會葬，惰而多涕。子服惠伯曰：“滕君將死矣！怠於其位，而哀已甚，兆於死所矣。能無從乎？”癸酉，葬襄公。

In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Cheng of Teng came to attend the burial, and was indolent and shed many tears. Zifu Huibo said: "The ruler of Teng will die soon! He is indolent in his seat, his grief is already excessive, and an omen appears at the place of death. Can he fail to follow?" On the guiyou day, Duke Xiang was buried.

公薨之月，子產相鄭伯以如晉，晉侯以我喪故，未之見也。子產使盡壞其館之垣而納車馬焉。士文伯讓之，曰：“敝邑以政刑之不修，寇盜充斥，無若諸侯之屬辱在寡君者何？是以令吏人完客所館，高其閈閎，厚其牆垣，以無憂客使。

In the month Duke Xiang died, Zichan assisted the Earl of Zheng in going to Jin, and the Marquis of Jin, because of our state's mourning, had not yet seen him. Zichan had them tear down all the walls of the lodging house and put the chariots and horses in. Shi Wenbo reproached him: "Because the government and punishments of our humble state are not in order, and bandits fill the land, we had no means to deal with the officials of the feudal lords who came to humble themselves before my lord, and so we ordered the officers to make the guest lodgings complete, raise the village gates and main gate, and thicken the walls, so as not to cause the guests and envoys worry.

今吾子壞之，雖從者能戒，其若異客何？以敝邑之為盟主，繕完葺牆，以待賓客，若皆毀之，其何以共命？寡君使匄請命。”對曰：“以敝邑褊小，介於大國，誅求無時，是以不敢寧居，悉索敝賦，以來會時事。逢執事之不間，而未得見，又不獲聞命，未知見時，不敢輸幣，亦不敢暴露。其輸之，則君之府實也，非薦陳之，不敢輸也。其暴露之，則恐燥溼之不時而朽蠹，以重敝邑之罪。僑聞文公之為盟主也，宮室卑庳，無觀臺榭，以崇大諸侯之館。館如公寢，庫廄繕修，司空以時平易道路，圬人以時塓館宮室。諸侯賓至，甸設庭燎，僕人巡宮，車馬有所，賓從有代，巾車脂轄，隸人牧圉，各瞻其事，百官之屬，各展其物。公不留賓，而亦無廢事，憂樂同之，事則巡之，教其不知，而恤其不足。賓至如歸，無寧災患？不畏寇盜，而亦不患燥溼。今銅鞮之宮數里，而諸侯舍於隸人。門不容車，而不可逾越。盜賊公行，而天厲不戒。賓見無時，命不可知。若又勿壞，是無所藏幣，以重罪也。敢請執事，將何以命之？雖君之有魯喪，亦敝邑之憂也。

Now you, sir, have torn it down; even if your followers can stand guard, what shall we do about other guests? Because our humble state is the leader of the covenant, we repair and mend the walls to await guests; if they are all destroyed, with what shall we supply orders? My lord has sent Gai to ask your orders." He replied: "Because our humble state is small and placed among great states, demands come at no fixed time, and so we dared not rest in peace, and gathered all the levies of our humble state to meet the four-season tribute. When the officials had no leisure, we could not yet be received, nor did we receive orders, and not knowing the time of audience, we did not dare to hand over the gifts, nor dare to let them be exposed. If we hand them over, they are the goods of my lord's treasury, and without offering and displaying them we dare not hand them over. If exposed, we fear that dryness and damp out of season will cause rot and worms, and so increase the guilt of our humble state. I, Qiao, have heard that when Duke Wen was the leader of the covenant, his palaces were low, and he had no observation towers or pavilions, in order to raise and enlarge the lodging houses of the feudal lords. The lodgings were like the Duke's own bedchamber, with storehouses and stables repaired, the Minister of Works leveled the roads at the proper time, and masons plastered the lodgings and palaces at the proper time. When the feudal lords' guests arrived, the garden men lit torches in the courtyard, the attendants patrolled the palaces, the chariots and horses had places, the guests' followers had people to relieve them, the carriage officials oiled the axles, the servants and herdsmen each looked after their duties, and the officials of every department displayed their things. The Duke did not detain guests, nor were any matters neglected; he shared sorrow and joy with them, patrolled when there was business, taught those who did not know, and cared for those who lacked. The guests arrived as if returning home; what calamity could there be? They feared neither bandits nor dryness and damp. Now the palace at Tongdi is several li in extent, yet the feudal lords lodge among the servants. The gate cannot admit chariots, and one cannot climb over it. Bandits walk openly, and natural calamities and plague are not guarded against. Guests are received at no fixed time, and the orders cannot be known. If we again did not tear it down, there would be no place to store the gifts, which would increase our guilt. May I ask, what orders will you give? Even if my lord has the mourning of Lu, it is also a worry for our humble state.

若獲薦幣，修垣而行，君之惠也，敢憚勤勞？”文伯覆命，趙文子曰：“信！我實不德，而以隸人之垣以贏諸侯，是吾罪也。”使士文伯謝不敏焉。晉侯見鄭伯，有加禮，厚其宴好而歸之。乃築諸侯之館。

If we are permitted to present the gifts, we will repair the wall and leave; this will be my lord's kindness, and how would we dare fear toil?" Wenbo reported, and Zhao Wenzi said: "True! We truly have no virtue, and to receive the feudal lords behind the walls of servants is our fault." He sent Shi Wenbo to apologize for his lack of intelligence. The Marquis of Jin saw the Earl of Zheng, with increased ritual, gave him a generous banquet and friendship, and then sent him home. And so he had the lodgings of the feudal lords built.

叔向曰：“辭之不可以已也如是夫！子產有辭，諸侯賴之，若之何其釋辭也？《詩》曰：‘辭之輯矣，民之協矣。辭之繹矣，民之莫矣。’其知之矣。”

Shuxiang said: "Words cannot be dispensed with, as shown here! Zichan has words, and the feudal lords rely on them; how could he put words aside? The Odes say: 'When words are harmonious, the people are in concord. When words are continuous, the people are settled.' He knew this."

鄭子皮使印段如楚，以適晉告，禮也。

Zipi of Zheng sent Yin Duan to Chu to report on the visit to Jin, which accords with ritual.

莒犁比公生去疾及展輿，既立展輿，又廢之。犁比公虐，國人患之。十一月，展輿因國人以攻莒子，弒之，乃立。去疾奔齊，齊出也。展輿，吳出也。書曰“莒人弒其君買朱鉏。”言罪之在也。

Duke Lipi of Ju had two sons, Qüji and Zhanyu; he had already set up Zhanyu and then removed him. Duke Lipi was cruel and the people of the state were troubled. In the eleventh month, Zhanyu relied on the people of the state to attack the Viscount of Ju, killed him, and took the throne. Qüji fled to Qi, being the son of a lady of Qi. Zhanyu was the son of a lady of Wu. The Annals records "the men of Ju murdered their ruler Maizhu Chu," placing the guilt on the ruler.

吳子使屈狐庸聘於晉，通路也。趙文子問焉，曰：“延州來季子其果立乎？巢隕諸樊，閽戕戴吳，天似啟之，何如？”對曰：“不立。是二王之命也，非啟季子也。若天所啟，其在今嗣君乎！甚德而度，德不失民，度不失事，民親而事有序，其天所啟也。有吳國者，必此君之子孫實終之。季子，守節者也。雖有國，不立。”

The Viscount of Wu sent Qu Huyong to Jin on a courtesy visit, to open the road. Zhao Wenzi asked him: "Will Jizi of Yanzhou truly be set up? Chao yielded and Zhufan fell, the gatekeeper killed Daiwu; Heaven seems to be opening the way for him; what do you think?" He replied: "He will not be set up. This is the fate of the two kings and does not mean Heaven is opening for Jizi. If Heaven is opening the way, perhaps it is for the present successor! He has much virtue and has standards; virtue does not lose the people, and standards do not lose affairs; the people are close and affairs are in order, and this is what Heaven opens. Whoever keeps Wu will in the end be the descendants of this ruler. Jizi is a man who keeps his integrity. Even if he had the state, he would not be set up."

十二月，北宮文子相衛襄公以如楚，宋之盟故也。過鄭，印段勞於棐林，如聘禮而以勞辭。文子入聘。子羽為行人，馮簡子與子大叔逆客。事畢而出，言於衛侯曰：“鄭有禮，其數世之福也，其無大國之討乎！《詩》曰：‘誰能執熱，逝不以濯。’禮之於政，如熱之有濯也。濯以救熱，何患之有？”子產之從政也，擇能而使之。馮簡子能斷大事，子大叔美秀而文，公孫揮能知四國之為，而辨於其大夫之族姓、班位、貴賤、能否，而又善為辭令，裨諶能謀，謀於野則獲，謀於邑則否。鄭國將有諸侯之事，子產乃問四國之為於子羽，且使多為辭令。與裨諶乘以適野，使謀可否。而告馮簡子，使斷之。事成，乃授子大叔使行之，以應對賓客。是以鮮有敗事。北宮文子所謂有禮也。

In the twelfth month, Beigong Wenzi assisted Duke Xiang of Wei in going to Chu, because of the covenant of Song. Passing through Zheng, Yin Duan came to console them at Feilin, in the manner of a courtesy visit but using words of consolation. Wenzi entered the city on a courtesy visit. Ziyu was the envoy, and Feng Jianzi and Zidashu received the guest. When the business was finished and he went out, he said to the Marquis of Wei: "Zheng has ritual; this is the blessing of several generations, and probably no great state will attack it! The Odes say: 'Who can hold something hot without rinsing it in water?' Ritual in government is like water for rinsing heat. Rinsing to relieve heat, what calamity can there be?" When Zichan held the government, he selected those with talent and used them. Feng Jianzi could decide great affairs, Zidashu was handsome and cultured, Gongsun Hui could understand what the four states were doing and distinguish the clans, ranks, nobility and ability of the grandees, and was also good at speech, and Pi Chen could plan, and plans made in the countryside were fitting but plans made in the city were not. When Zheng had business with the feudal lords, Zichan would ask Ziyu about the actions of the four states and have him prepare many speeches. He would ride with Pi Chen out to the countryside and have him plan whether to do it or not. Then he told Feng Jianzi to decide it. When the matter was settled, he handed it to Zidashu to carry out and to meet the guests. Therefore there were few failures. This is what Beigong Wenzi meant by having ritual.

鄭人遊於鄉校，以論執政。然明謂子產曰：“毀鄉校，何如？”子產曰：“何為？夫人朝夕退而遊焉，以議執政之善否。其所善者，吾則行之。其所惡者，吾則改之。是吾師也，若之何毀之？我聞忠善以損怨，不聞作威以防怨。豈不遽止，然猶防川，大決所犯，傷人必多，吾不克救也。不如小決使道。不如吾聞而藥之也。”然明曰：“蔑也今而後知吾子之信可事也。小人實不才，若果行此，其鄭國實賴之，豈唯二三臣？”仲尼聞是語也，曰：“以是觀之，人謂子產不仁，吾不信也。”

The men of Zheng roamed at the village school and discussed the government. Ranming said to Zichan: "What about destroying the village schools?" Zichan said: "Why? Those people come back in the morning and evening to roam, and discuss the good and bad of the government. What they think good I will carry out. What they dislike I will correct. They are my teachers, so how can I destroy them? I have heard that one reduces resentment by loyalty and goodness, but have not heard of using intimidation to prevent resentment. Could it not be stopped immediately? But it is like damming water: when a great breach breaks through, those it harms will surely be many, and I would not be able to save them. It is better to open a small outlet and guide it. It is better that I hear it and take it as medicine." Ranming said: "From now on, I, Mie, know that you, sir, can truly be served. We petty men truly have no ability; if this is really carried out, Zheng will truly depend on it, not only these few ministers!" Zhongni (Confucius) heard these words and said: "Seen from this, when people say that Zichan is not benevolent, I do not believe it."

子皮欲使尹何為邑。子產曰：“少，未知可否？”子皮曰：“願，吾愛之，不吾叛也。使夫往而學焉，夫亦愈知治矣。”子產曰：“不可。人之愛人，求利之也。今吾子愛人則以政，猶未能操刀而使割也，其傷實多。子之愛人，傷之而已，其誰敢求愛於子？子於鄭國，棟也，棟折榱崩，僑將厭焉，敢不盡言？子有美錦，不使人學制焉。大官、大邑，身之所庇也，而使學者制焉，其為美錦，不亦多乎？僑聞學而後入政，未聞以政學者也。若果行此，必有所害。譬如田獵，射御貫則能獲禽，若未嘗登車射御，則敗績厭覆是懼，何暇思獲？”子皮曰：“善哉！虎不敏。吾聞君子務知大者、遠者，小人務知小者、近者。我，小人也。

Zipi wanted to have Yin He govern a town. Zichan said, "He is young; I do not know whether he is up to it." Zipi said, "He is careful and sincere, I am fond of him, and he will not betray me. Let him go and learn, and he will come to know more about governing." Zichan said, "No. When one person loves another, he seeks to benefit him. Now you love a man but give him the work of government; it is like letting someone who cannot yet hold a knife do the cutting, and the harm will certainly be great. Your love for him will only injure him; who then would dare to seek your love? You are the ridgepole of Zheng, and if the ridgepole breaks and the rafters collapse, Qiao will be crushed; how dare I not speak fully? You have fine brocade, and you do not let others learn to cut it. High office and great towns are what protect one's own person, yet you let a learner cut them; compared with the brocade, is that not far too much? I have heard of learning and then entering government, but have not heard of using government to learn. If this is really done, there will surely be harm. It is like hunting: when one is practiced at shooting and driving, one can take game, but if one has not yet mounted a chariot to shoot and drive, one fears a defeat and an overturned chariot that crushes one, and what leisure is there to hope for game?" Zipi said, "Well said! Hu is not clever. I have heard that a gentleman strives to know what is great and distant, and a petty man strives to know what is small and near. I am a petty man.

衣服附在吾身，我知而慎之。大官、大邑所以庇身也，我遠而慢之。微子之言，吾不知也。他日我曰：‘子為鄭國，我為吾家，以庇焉，其可也。’今而後知不足。自今，請雖吾家，聽子而行。”子產曰：“人心之不同，如其面焉。吾豈敢謂子面如吾面乎？抑心所謂危，亦以告也。”子皮以為忠，故委政焉。子產是以能為鄭國。

Clothing is attached to my body, and I know it and am careful with it. High office and great towns are what protect my person, and I treat them as distant and with negligence. Without your words, I would not have known. In the past I said: 'You govern Zheng and I govern my own house, as protection, and that will probably do.' From now on I know it is not enough. From now on, please, even in my own house, I will listen to you and carry out your advice." Zichan said, "People's hearts differ as their faces differ. How would I dare say your face is like mine? But what I think is dangerous I say to you." Zipi thought him loyal, and so entrusted government to him. Zichan was thereby able to govern Zheng.

衛侯在楚，北宮文子見令尹圍之威儀，言於衛侯曰：“令尹似君矣！將有他志，雖獲其志，不能終也。《詩》云：‘靡不有初，鮮克有終。’終之實難，令尹其將不免？”公曰：“子何以知之？”對曰：“《詩》云：‘敬慎威儀，惟民之則。’令尹無威儀，民無則焉。民所不則，以在民上，不可以終。”公曰：“善哉！何謂威儀？”對曰：“有威而可畏謂之威，有儀而可象謂之儀。君有君之威儀，其臣畏而愛之，則而象之，故能有其國家，令聞長世。臣有臣之威儀，其下畏而愛之，故能守其官職，保族宜家。順是以下皆如是，是以上下能相固也。

The Marquis of Wei was in Chu, and Beigong Wenzi saw the dignified bearing of the Chancellor Wei, and said to the Marquis of Wei, "The Chancellor is like a ruler! He will have other ambitions, and even if he gets what he wants, he will not come to a good end. The Odes say: 'There is none that has no beginning, but few can have an end.' An end is truly hard; will the Chancellor probably not escape?" The duke said, "How do you know?" He replied, "The Odes say: 'Be reverent and careful in dignified bearing, and be a model for the people.' The Chancellor has no dignified bearing, and the people have no model. One whom the people do not take as a model yet who is above them cannot come to a good end." The duke said, "Well said! What is called dignified bearing?" He replied, "To have awesomeness that can be feared is called wei; to have deportment that can be imitated is called yi. A ruler has a ruler's dignified bearing, and his ministers fear and love him, take him as a model and imitate him, and so he can keep the state and his fine name is handed down. A minister has a minister's dignified bearing, and those below him fear and love him, and so he can keep his office, protect his clan and make his house orderly. Following this, all below are likewise, and so above and below can reinforce each other.

《衛詩》曰：‘威儀棣棣，不可選也。’言君臣、上下、父子、兄弟、內外、大小皆有威儀也。《周詩》曰：‘朋友攸攝，攝以威儀。’言朋友之道，必相教訓以威儀也。《周書》數文王之德，曰：‘大國畏其力，小國懷其德。’言畏而愛之也。《詩》云：‘不識不知，順帝之則。’言則而象之也。紂囚文王七年，諸侯皆從之囚。紂於是乎懼而歸之，可謂愛之。文王伐崇，再駕而降為臣，蠻夷帥服，可謂畏之。文王之功，天下誦而歌舞之，可謂則之，文王之行，至今為法，可謂象之。有威儀也。故君子在位可畏，施捨可愛，進退可度，周旋可則，容止可觀，作事可法，德行可象，聲氣可樂，動作有文，言語有章，以臨其下，謂之有威儀也。”

The Odes of Wei say: 'Dignified bearing, ample and composed, cannot be reckoned.' This says that ruler and minister, above and below, father and son, elder and younger brother, inside and outside, great and small, all have dignified bearing. The Odes of Zhou say: 'What friends help with, they help with dignified bearing.' This says that the principle of friendship is that they must instruct one another with dignified bearing. The Book of Zhou, reckoning King Wen's virtue, says: 'Great states feared his strength, small states cherished his virtue.' This says fearing and loving. The Odes say: 'Without knowing or understanding, he follows the model of the Lord on High.' This says taking as a model and imitating. Zhou imprisoned King Wen for seven years, and the feudal lords all followed him into captivity. Zhou then grew afraid and released him, which may be called love. King Wen attacked Chong, and after two campaigns it submitted as a subject, and the Man and Yi led one another in submission, which may be called fear. King Wen's achievements are recited, sung and danced to throughout the world, which may be called taking as a model; his conduct is still a norm today, which may be called imitating. This is having dignified bearing. Therefore a gentleman in his position is to be feared, his giving is to be loved, his advancing and withdrawing can be measured, his turning about can be taken as a model, his manner can be gazed upon, his work can be emulated, his virtue can be imitated, his voice and breath bring joy, his movements have grace, his words have order, and when he looks down upon those below, this is called having dignified bearing."

【經】元年春王正月，公即位。叔孫豹會晉趙武、楚公子圍、齊國弱、宋向戌、衛齊惡、陳公子招、蔡公孫歸生、鄭罕虎、許人、曹人於虢。三月，取鄆。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Zhao took the throne. Shusun Bao joined Zhao Wu of Jin, Prince Wei of Chu, Guo Ruo of Qi, Xiang Xu of Song, Qi E of Wei, Prince Zhao of Chen, Gongsun Guisheng of Cai, Han Hu of Zheng, the men of Xu, and the men of Cao at Guo. In the third month, Yun was taken.

夏，秦伯之弟針出奔晉。六月丁巳，邾子華卒。晉荀吳帥師敗狄於大滷。秋，莒去疾自齊入於莒。莒展輿出奔吳。叔弓帥師疆鄆田。葬邾悼公。冬十有一月己酉，楚子麇卒。公子比出奔晉。

In summer, Zhen, younger brother of the Earl of Qin, fled to Jin. In the sixth month, on dingsi, Hua, Viscount of Zhu, died. Xun Wu of Jin led an army and defeated the Di at Dalu. In autumn, Qu Ji of Ju entered Ju from Qi. Zhanyu of Ju fled to Wu. Shu Gong led an army to fix the field boundaries of Yun. Duke Dao of Zhu was buried. In winter, in the eleventh month, on jiyou, Jun, Viscount of Chu, died. Prince Bi fled to Jin.

【傳】元年春，楚公子圍聘於鄭，且娶於公孫段氏，伍舉為介。將入館，鄭人惡之，使行人子羽與之言，乃館於外。既聘，將以眾逆。子產患之，使子羽辭，曰：“以敝邑褊小，不足以容從者，請墠聽命！”令尹命大宰伯州犁對曰：“君辱貺寡大夫圍，謂圍：‘將使豐氏撫有而室。圍布几筵，告於莊、共之廟而來。若野賜之，是委君貺於草莽也！是寡大夫不得列於諸卿也！不寧唯是，又使圍蒙其先君，將不得為寡君老，其蔑以復矣。唯大夫圖之！”子羽曰：“小國無罪，恃實其罪。將恃大國之安靖己，而無乃包藏禍心以圖之。小國失恃而懲諸侯，使莫不憾者，距違君命，而有所壅塞不行是懼！不然，敝邑，館人之屬也，其敢愛豐氏之祧？”伍舉知其有備也，請垂橐而入。許之。

[Commentary] In the first year, in spring, Prince Wei of Chu went on a mission to Zheng and also married the daughter of the Gongsun Duan clan, with Wu Ju as deputy. When about to enter the guesthouse, the men of Zheng disliked it and sent the envoy Ziyu to speak with them, and so they lodged outside. After the mission, he was about to bring his men to welcome his bride. Zichan was troubled and sent Ziyu to decline, saying, "Because our humble city is small and cannot hold your retinue, please hear the command on a cleared stretch of ground!" The Chancellor ordered the Grand Steward Bo Zhouli to reply, "His Majesty graciously rewarded our humble grand officer Wei, saying to Wei: 'The Feng clan will be allowed to take care of your household.' Wei set out mats and stands, announced it in the temples of Kings Zhuang and Gong, and then came. If we are given her in the open country, it is throwing away the king's reward in the wilds! It would mean that our humble grand officer cannot take his place among the ministers! Not only this, it would make Wei deceive his former rulers and he could not be an old minister of our humble ruler, and would have no face to return. We only ask that the grand officer consider!" Ziyu said, "A small state has no crime; its reliance on others is its crime. If it relies on a great state to secure itself, probably it harbors evil intent to scheme. If a small state loses its reliance and puts the feudal lords on guard, so that there is none who does not feel resentment, and if it resists and defies the king's order and there is blockage that cannot be carried out, this is what we fear! Otherwise, our humble city is merely a kind of lodge-keeper; how would we dare begrudge the ancestral temple of the Feng clan?" Wu Ju knew there were preparations and asked to enter with his quiver turned upside down. This was permitted.

正月乙未，入，逆而出。遂會於虢，尋宋之盟也。祁午謂趙文子曰：“宋之盟，楚人得志於晉。今令尹之不信，諸侯之所聞也。子弗戒，懼又如宋。子木之信稱於諸侯，猶詐晉而駕焉，況不信之尤者乎？楚重得志於晉，晉之恥也。子相晉國以為盟主，於今七年矣！再合諸侯，三合大夫，服齊、狄，寧東夏，平秦亂，城淳于，師徒不頓，國家不罷，民無謗讟，諸侯無怨，天無大災，子之力也。有令名矣，而終之以恥，午也是懼。吾子其不可以不戒！”文子曰：“武受賜矣！然宋之盟，子木有禍人之心，武有仁人之心，是楚所以駕於晉也。今武猶是心也，楚又行僣，非所害也。武將信以為本，循而行之。譬如農夫，是穮是蓘，雖有饑饉，必有豐年。且吾聞之：‘能信不為人下。’吾未能也。《詩》曰：‘不僣不賊，鮮不為則。’信也。能為人則者，不為人下矣。吾不能是難，楚不為患。”

In the first month, on yiwei, he entered the city, welcomed his bride and went out. They then met at Guo to renew the covenant of Song. Qi Wu said to Zhao Wenzi, "At the covenant of Song, the men of Chu got their way over Jin. Now the Chancellor does not keep good faith, as the feudal lords have heard. If you are not on guard, I fear it will be like Song again. Zimu's good faith was praised by the feudal lords, and yet he deceived Jin to get the upper hand; how much more one who is even less faithful? For Chu once again to get its way over Jin would be a disgrace to Jin. You have assisted Jin as leader of the covenant until now, seven years! Twice you gathered the feudal lords, three times you gathered the grand officers, made Qi and the Di submit, pacified the eastern Xia, quelled the disorder in Qin, built the walls of Chunyu, the army was not worn down, the state was not exhausted, the people had no complaint, the feudal lords had no resentment, and Heaven sent no great calamity; this is your strength. You have a fine name now, but if you end in disgrace, Wu fears this. You must be on guard!" Wenzi said, "Wu accepts your instruction! But at the covenant of Song, Zimu had a heart to harm others, and Wu had a heart of humaneness; this is why Chu got the upper hand over Jin. Now Wu still has this heart, and if Chu again does something presumptuous, it will not be able to harm us. Wu will take good faith as root and follow it in practice. It is like a farmer who weeds and hills up the soil; even if there is famine, there will surely be a good harvest. Moreover, I have heard: 'One who can keep good faith will not be below others.' I am not yet able to. The Odes say: 'Neither overstepping nor harming, he rarely fails to be a model.' This is good faith. One who can be a model for others will not be below them. My difficulty is that I cannot do this; Chu is not the calamity."

楚令尹圍請用牲，讀舊書，加於牲上而已。晉人許之。

The Chancellor Wei of Chu asked to use the sacrificial animal, read the old covenant text and put it on the animal, and that was all. The men of Jin agreed.

三月甲辰，盟。楚公子圍設服離衛。叔孫穆子曰：“楚公子美矣，君哉！”鄭子皮曰：“二執戈者前矣！”蔡子家曰：“蒲宮有前，不亦可乎？”楚伯州犁曰：“此行也，辭而假之寡君。”鄭行人揮曰：“假不反矣！”伯州犁曰：“子姑憂子皙之慾背誕也。”子羽曰：“當璧猶在，假而不反，子其無憂乎？”齊國子曰：“吾代二子愍矣！”陳公子招曰：“不憂何成，二子樂矣。”衛齊子曰：“苟或知之，雖憂何害？”宋合左師曰：“大國令，小國共。吾知共而已。”晉樂王鮒曰：“《小旻》之卒章善矣，吾從之。”

In the third month, on jiachen, they made the covenant. Prince Wei of Chu set out the ruler's garments and two rows of guards. Shusun Muzi said, "The Prince of Chu is splendid, like a ruler!" Zipi of Zheng said, "Two men carrying spears are in front!" Zijia of Cai said, "The Pu palace has outriders in front; is that not also acceptable?" Bo Zhouli of Chu said, "On this journey, he declined and then borrowed these from our humble ruler." Hui, the envoy of Zheng, said, "Having borrowed, he won't return them!" Bo Zhouli said, "Rather you should worry that Zixi intends to rebel and be dissolute." Ziyu said, "The one who faced the jade disc is still alive; having borrowed and not returning, do you have no worry?" Guozi of Qi said, "I grieve for these two!" Prince Zhao of Chen said, "If there were no worry, how could they succeed? These two are happy." Qizi of Wei said, "If someone knows it, what harm is there even in worrying?" Hezuoshi of Song said, "When a great state commands, a small state respectfully supplies. I only know to respectfully supply." Yue Wangfu of Jin said, "The last stanza of 'Xiao Min' is good, and I follow it."

退會，子羽謂子皮曰：“叔孫絞而婉，宋左師簡而禮，樂王鮒字而敬，子與子家持之，皆保世之主也。齊、衛、陳大夫其不免乎？國子代人憂，子招樂憂，齊子雖憂弗害。夫弗及而憂，與可憂而樂，與憂而弗害，皆取憂之道也，憂必及之。《大誓》曰：‘民之所欲，天必從之。’三大夫兆憂，能無至乎？言以知物，其是之謂矣。”

After leaving the meeting, Ziyu said to Zipi, "Shusun is direct yet tactful, the Left Minister of Song is brief yet courteous, Yue Wangfu is caring yet respectful, and you and Zijia hold the middle; all are lords who can keep their houses for several generations. The grand officers of Qi, Wei, and Chen probably will not escape. Guozi worries on behalf of others, Zizhao takes sorrow as joy, and Qizi, though worried, does not regard it as harm. To worry before one's turn, to be happy with what one should worry about, and to be worried yet not regard it as harm, all these are roads to bringing on sorrow, and sorrow will surely fall on them. The Great Declaration says: 'What the people want, Heaven will surely follow.' When three grand officers foretell sorrow, how can it fail to come? 'To know things from words' says exactly this."

季武子伐莒，取鄆，莒人告於會。楚告於晉曰：“尋盟未退，而魯伐莒，瀆齊盟，請戮其使。”樂桓子相趙文子，欲求貨於叔孫而為之請，使請帶焉，弗與。

Jisun Wuzi attacked Ju, took Yun, and the men of Ju reported it to the meeting. Chu told Jin, "The renewal of the covenant has not yet dispersed, yet Lu has attacked Ju and profaned the fasting covenant; please kill its envoy." Luan Huanzi, assisting Zhao Wenzi, wished to ask Shusun for goods to plead for him, and sent someone to ask for a belt, which was not given.

梁其踁曰：“貨以藩身，子何愛焉？”叔孫曰：“諸侯之會，衛社稷也。我以貨免，魯必受師。是禍之也，何衛之為？人之有牆，以蔽惡也。牆之隙壞，誰之咎也？衛而惡之，吾又甚焉。雖怨季孫，魯國何罪？叔出季處，有自來矣，吾又誰怨？然鮒也賄，弗與，不已。”召使者，裂裳帛而與之，曰：“帶其褊矣。”

Liang Qijing said, "Goods are used to fence in and protect oneself; what do you begrudge?" Shusun said, "The meeting of the feudal lords is to protect the altars of the state. If I use goods to escape guilt, Lu will surely be attacked by armies. This would be harming it; what then am I protecting? A person has walls to screen off evil. If a gap in the wall breaks, whose fault is that? To protect and yet add to the evil, I would be even worse. Even if I resent Jisun, what crime has Lu? That Shusun goes on missions while Jisun stays to guard has long been so; whom should I blame? But Wangfu is greedy for bribes, and if I do not give, he will not stop." He summoned the envoy, tore off a strip of his skirt silk and gave it to him, saying, "The belt is too narrow."

趙孟聞之，曰：“臨患不忘國，忠也。思難不越官，信也；圖國忘死，貞也；謀主三者，義也。有是四者，又可戮乎？”乃請諸楚曰：“魯雖有罪，其執事不闢難，畏威而敬命矣。子若免之，以勸左右可也。若子之群吏處不闢汙，出不逃難，其何患之有？患之所生，汙而不治，難而不守，所由來也。能是二者，又何患焉？不靖其能，其誰從之？魯叔孫豹可謂能矣，請免之以靖能者。子會而赦有罪，又賞其賢，諸侯其誰不欣焉望楚而歸之，視遠如邇？疆埸之邑，一彼一此，何常之有？王伯之令也，引其封疆，而樹之官。舉之表旗，而著之制令。過則有刑，猶不可壹。於是乎虞有三苗，夏有觀、扈，商有姺、邳，周有徐、奄。自無令王，諸侯逐進，狎主齊盟，其又可壹乎？恤大舍小，足以為盟主，又焉用之？封疆之削，何國蔑有？主齊盟者，誰能辯焉？吳、濮有釁，楚之執事豈其顧盟？莒之疆事，楚勿與知，諸侯無煩，不亦可乎？莒、魯爭鄆，為日久矣，苟無大害於其社稷，可無亢也。去煩宥善，莫不競勸。子其圖之！”固請諸楚，楚人許之，乃免叔孫。

Zhao Meng heard of this and said, "To face trouble without forgetting one's state is loyalty. To think of disaster without exceeding one's office is good faith; to plan for the state and forget death is constancy; to put these three first in one's planning is righteousness. With these four, can he still be killed?" So he pleaded with Chu, saying, "Though Lu has committed a crime, its officials did not avoid disaster; they feared your majesty and respectfully followed commands. If you pardon them, it can be used to encourage your attendants. If your officials within do not avoid foulness and without do not flee disaster, what trouble can there be? How trouble arises is that foulness is not dealt with and disaster is not guarded against; this is the cause. If you can do these two, what is there to fear? If you do not give peace to the capable, who will follow you? Shusun Bao of Lu may be said to be capable; please pardon him in order to give peace to the capable. At a meeting you pardon the guilty and also reward the worthy, and which feudal lord would not look joyfully toward Chu and turn to it, regarding what is far as near? As for border towns, now one side's, now the other's, what constant rule is there? The commands of kings and hegemons fixed the boundaries and set up officials. They raised markers and recorded them in the regulations and orders. Crossing them brought punishment, yet it could not be made uniform. Thus Yu had the Three Miao, Xia had Guan and Hu, Shang had Shen and Pi, and Zhou had Xu and Yan. Since there have been no good Sons of Heaven, the feudal lords have competed to advance, taking turns to preside over fasting covenants, and how can they be uniform? To have compassion for the great and to set aside the small is enough to be leader of the covenant; what need is there of this? Which state has not had its boundaries cut away? Who among those presiding at fasting covenants could put it right? When Wu and Pu have a rift, would the officials of Chu even care about the covenant? As for the matter of Ju's border, Chu need not take part in knowing it, and if the feudal lords are not troubled, is that not also fine? Ju and Lu have contended over Yun for a long time; if it does no great harm to the altars of the state, it need not be protected. Remove the trouble and show leniency to the good, and none will fail to vie in encouragement. You should plan this!" He made a firm plea to Chu, and the men of Chu agreed, and so Shusun was pardoned.

令尹享趙孟，賦《大明》之首章。趙孟賦《小宛》之二章。事畢，趙孟謂叔向曰：“令尹自以為王矣，何如？”對曰：“王弱，令尹強，其可哉！雖可，不終。”趙孟曰：“何故？”對曰：“強以克弱而安之，強不義也。不義而強，其斃必速。《詩》曰：‘赫赫宗周，褒姒滅之。’強不義也。令尹為王，必求諸侯。

The Chancellor feasted Zhao Meng and recited the first stanza of "Da Ming." Zhao Meng recited the second stanza of "Xiao Wan." When it was over, Zhao Meng said to Shuxiang, "The Chancellor thinks himself king; how is that?" He replied, "The king is weak and the Chancellor is strong, so perhaps it may work! But even if it works, he will not come to a good end." Zhao Meng said, "Why?" He replied, "Using strength to overcome weakness and being at ease in it is strength without righteousness. Strength without righteousness will meet its end quickly. The Odes say: 'Splendid Zongzhou, Bao Si destroyed it.' This is strength without righteousness. The Chancellor, becoming king, will certainly seek the feudal lords.

晉少懦矣，諸侯將往。若獲諸侯，其虐滋甚。民弗堪也，將何以終？夫以強取，不義而克，必以為道。道以淫虐，弗可久已矣！”夏四月，趙孟、叔孫豹、曹大夫入於鄭，鄭伯兼享之。子皮戒趙孟，禮終，趙孟賦《瓠葉》。子皮遂戒穆叔，且告之。穆叔曰：“趙孟欲一獻，子其從之！”子皮曰：“敢乎？”穆叔曰：“夫人之所欲也，又何不敢？”及享，具五獻之籩豆於幕下。趙孟辭，私於子產曰：“武請於冢宰矣。”乃用一獻。趙孟為客，禮終乃宴。穆叔賦《鵲巢》。趙孟曰：“武不堪也。”又賦《采蘩》，曰：“小國為蘩，大國省穡而用之，其何實非命？”子皮賦《野有死麇》之卒章。趙孟賦《常棣》，且曰：“吾兄弟比以安，尨也可使無吠。”穆叔、子皮及曹大夫興，拜，舉兕爵，曰：“小國賴子，知免於戾矣。”飲酒樂。趙孟出，曰：“吾不復此矣。”

Jin has become a little weak, and the feudal lords will go to him. If he gets the feudal lords, his tyranny will be even worse. The people will not be able to bear it, and how will it end? To take by strength, to prevail over what is righteous without righteousness, he will certainly regard it as proper. When principle is used for excess and cruelty, it cannot last long!" In summer, in the fourth month, Zhao Meng, Shusun Bao, and the grand officers of Cao entered Zheng, and the Earl of Zheng feasted them together. Zipi warned Zhao Meng, and when the ritual was complete, Zhao Meng recited "Hu Ye." Zipi then warned Mu Shu and told him of it. Mu Shu said, "Zhao Meng wants a single offering; you should follow him!" Zipi said, "Dare we?" Mu Shu said, "It is what that man wants; why would we not dare?" When it came to the feast, five offerings' worth of bamboo and wooden vessels were laid out under the curtain. Zhao Meng declined, and privately said to Zichan, "Wu has already asked the Chief Steward." So a single offering was used. Zhao Meng was the guest, and after the ritual they drank. Mu Shu recited "Que Chao." Zhao Meng said, "Wu cannot bear this." He then recited "Cai Fan," saying, "A small state is the fan, and a great state uses it sparingly and cherishes it; how could it not be an order?" Zipi recited the last stanza of "Ye You Si Jun." Zhao Meng recited "Chang Di," and said, "We brothers are close and at peace; even the shaggy dog can be made not to bark." Mu Shu, Zipi, and the grand officers of Cao rose, bowed, and raised the rhinoceros horn cup, saying, "The small states rely on you and know they will be spared guilt." They drank merrily. Zhao Meng went out and said, "I shall not have such a time again."

天王使劉定公勞趙孟於潁，館於洛汭。劉子曰：“美哉禹功，明德遠矣！微禹，吾其魚乎！吾與子弁冕端委，以治民臨諸侯，禹之力也。子盍亦遠績禹功，而大庇民乎？”對曰：“老夫罪戾是懼，焉能恤遠？吾儕偷食，朝不謀夕，何其長也？”劉子歸，以語王曰：“諺所為老將知而耄及之者，其趙孟之謂乎！為晉正卿，以主諸侯，而儕於隸人，朝不謀夕，棄神人矣。神怒民叛，何以能久？趙孟不復年矣。神怒，不歆其祀；民叛，不即其事。祀事不從，又何以年？”叔孫歸，曾夭御季孫以勞之。旦及日中不出。曾夭謂曾阜曰：“旦及日中，吾知罪矣。魯以相忍為國也，忍其外不忍其內，焉用之？”阜曰：“數月於外，一旦於是，庸何傷？賈而欲贏，而惡囂乎？”阜謂叔孫曰：“可以出矣！”叔孫指楹曰：“雖惡是，其可去乎？”乃出見之。

The Son of Heaven sent Liu Dinggong to console Zhao Meng on the banks of the River Ying, and he stayed at Luorui. Liuzi said, "How splendid are Yu's achievements, his bright virtue reaching far! Without Yu, we would probably be fish! You and I wear caps and ceremonial robes to govern the people and look over the feudal lords, and it is Yu's power. Why do you not also continue Yu's achievements far into the future, to greatly protect the people?" He replied, "This old man fears only guilt; how can he be concerned for the long term? We people only eat casually, in the morning not thinking of the evening; how can one talk of the long term?" Liuzi returned and told the king, "The proverb that says that when old they should have wisdom but have become muddled and senile is probably about Zhao Meng! As chief minister of Jin, presiding over the feudal lords, he stands alongside menials, in the morning not thinking of the evening, abandoning the spirits and the people. When the spirits are angry and the people rebel, how can he last long? Zhao Meng will not last out the year. When the spirits are angry, they do not partake of his sacrifices; when the people rebel, they do not do his work. When sacrifice and duties are not followed, how will he last out the year?" Shusun returned, and Zeng Yao drove the chariot for Jisun to console him. From morning to midday he did not come out. Zeng Yao said to Zeng Fu, "From morning to midday, I know I am guilty. Lu governs through mutual forbearance, but forbearing outside and not forbearing within, what use is it?" Fu said, "He was several months outside, and a morning here; what harm is there? Merchants who want to make a profit, do they hate the clamor?" Fu said to Shusun, "You may go out!" Shusun pointed at a pillar and said, "Even if I hated this, could I remove it?" So he went out to see him.

鄭徐吾犯之妹美，公孫楚聘之矣，公孫黑又使強委禽焉。犯懼，告子產。子產曰：“是國無政，非子之患也。唯所欲與。”犯請於二子，請使女擇焉。皆許之，子皙盛飾入，布幣而出。子南戎服入。左右射，超乘而出。女自房觀之，曰：“子皙信美矣，抑子南夫也。夫夫婦婦，所謂順也。”適子南氏。子皙怒，既而櫜甲以見子南，欲殺之而取其妻。子南知之，執戈逐之。及沖，擊之以戈。子皙傷而歸，告大夫曰：“我好見之，不知其有異志也，故傷。”

The sister of Xu Wufan of Zheng was beautiful, and Gongsun Chu had already betrothed her, but Gongsun Hei also sent someone to force the gift of a bird in betrothal. Fan was afraid and told Zichan. Zichan said, "This is because the state has no government, and is not your trouble. Just give her to whom she wants." Fan asked both men and requested to let his sister choose. Both agreed. Zixi entered in fine clothes, laid out his gifts and went out. Zinan entered in military dress, shot left and right, and leapt onto his chariot and went out. The girl watched from her chamber and said, "Zixi is truly handsome, but Zinan is a husband. A husband who is like a husband, a wife who is like a wife, this is what is called proper." She went to Zinan's house. Zixi was angry and afterward put on armor and went to see Zinan, wanting to kill him and take his wife. Zinan knew and took a spear and pursued him. At the crossroads he struck him with the spear. Zixi was wounded and went back and told the grand officers, "I went to see him in friendship and did not know he had a different intention, and so I was wounded."

大夫皆謀之。子產曰：“直鈞，幼賤有罪。罪在楚也。”乃執子南而數之，曰：“國之大節有五，女皆奸之：畏君之威，聽其政，尊其貴，事其長，養其親。

The grand officers all deliberated. Zichan said, "When right and wrong are equal, the younger and lower-ranking is guilty. The fault lies with Chu." So he seized Zinan and rebuked him, saying, "The state has five great principles and you have violated all of them: to fear the ruler's majesty, to obey his government, to honor his nobles, to serve one's elders, and to support one's kin.

五者所以為國也。今君在國，女用兵焉，不畏威也。奸國之紀，不聽政也。子皙，上大夫，女，嬖大夫，而弗下之，不尊貴也。幼而不忌，不事長也。兵其從兄，不養親也。君曰：‘餘不女忍殺，宥女以遠。’勉，速行乎，無重而罪！”五月庚辰，鄭放遊楚於吳，將行子南，子產諮於大叔。大叔曰：“吉不能亢身，焉能亢宗？彼，國政也，非私難也。子圖鄭國，利則行之，又何疑焉？周公殺管叔而蔡蔡叔，夫豈不愛？王室故也。吉若獲戾，子將行之，何有於諸遊？”秦後子有寵於桓，如二君於景。其母曰：“弗去，懼選。”癸卯，針適晉，其車千乘。書曰：“秦伯之弟針出奔晉。”罪秦伯也。後子享晉侯，造舟於河，十里舍車，自雍及絳。歸取酬幣，終事八反。司馬侯問焉，曰：“子之車，盡於此而已乎？”對曰：“此之謂多矣！若能少此，吾何以得見？”女叔齊以告公，且曰：“秦公子必歸。臣聞君子能知其過，必有令圖。令圖，天所贊也。”

These five are what establish a state. Now the ruler is in the state and you have used weapons; this is not fearing his majesty. To violate the state's laws is not obeying his government. Zixi is a senior grand officer and you are a favored grand officer, yet you did not stay below him; this is not honoring nobles. You are young but unafraid; this is not serving elders. Using weapons on a cousin is not supporting kin. The ruler said: 'I cannot bear to kill you, and pardon you to a distant place.' Make an effort, go quickly, and do not add to your guilt!" In the fifth month, on gengchen, Zheng banished You Chu to Wu. As Zinan was about to leave, Zichan consulted Dashu. Dashu said, "Ji cannot protect his own person; how can he protect his clan? That is state affairs, not a private family's calamity. You plan for Zheng; if it is beneficial, carry it out; what is there to doubt? The Duke of Zhou killed Guan Shu and exiled Cai Shu; was it that he did not love them? It was for the sake of the royal house. If Ji incurs guilt, you will carry it out; what does it matter to the You clans?" Prince Hou of Qin was favored by Duke Huan and under Duke Jing was like a second ruler. His mother said, "If you do not leave, I fear you will be expelled." On guimao, Zhen went to Jin with a thousand chariots. The Spring and Autumn records "Zhen, younger brother of the Earl of Qin, fled to Jin," placing the blame on the Earl of Qin. Prince Hou feasted the Marquis of Jin, and on the Yellow River he linked boats into a bridge, with a chariot station every ten li, from Yong to Jiang. He went back to fetch the return gifts, and in completing the matter made eight round trips. Si Mahou asked him, "Are all your chariots here?" He replied, "This is called many! If it could be fewer than this, how could I have come to see you?" Nu Shuqi told the duke, and added, "The prince of Qin will surely be able to return. I have heard that a gentleman who can know his own faults will certainly have good plans. Good plans are what Heaven assists."

後子見趙孟。趙孟曰：“吾子其曷歸？”對曰：“針懼選於寡君，是以在此，將待嗣君。”趙孟曰：“秦君何如？”對曰：“無道。”趙孟曰：“亡乎？”對曰：“何為？一世無道，國未艾也。國於天地，有與立焉。不數世淫，弗能斃也。”趙孟曰：“天乎？”對曰：“有焉。”趙孟曰：“其幾何？”對曰：“針聞之，國無道而年穀和熟，天贊之也。鮮不五稔。”趙孟視蔭，曰：“朝夕不相及，誰能待五？”後子出，而告人曰：“趙孟將死矣。主民，玩歲而愒日，其與幾何？”鄭為遊楚亂故，六月丁巳，鄭伯及其大夫盟於公孫段氏，罕虎、公孫僑、公孫段、印段、遊吉、駟帶私盟於閨門之外，實薰隧。公孫黑強與於盟，使大史書其名，且曰七子。子產弗討。

Prince Hou saw Zhao Meng. Zhao Meng said, "When will you return?" He replied, "Zhen feared being expelled by our humble ruler, and so is here, and will wait for the next ruler to succeed." Zhao Meng said, "What of the ruler of Qin?" He replied, "Without the Way." Zhao Meng said, "Will he perish?" He replied, "Why? One generation without the Way does not bring a state to its end. A state stands between Heaven and Earth, with things that stand together with it. It cannot be doomed without several generations of dissoluteness." Zhao Meng said, "Is that Heaven's will?" He replied, "Yes." Zhao Meng said, "About how long?" He replied, "Zhen has heard that when a state is without the Way and the harvests are good and ripe, this is Heaven's assistance. It is rarely less than five years." Zhao Meng looked at the shadow of the sun and said, "We cannot continue from morning to evening; who can wait five years?" Prince Hou went out and told someone, "Zhao Meng is about to die. Presiding over the people, he trifles with the years and covets the days; how long can that last?" Because of the disorder of You Chu, in the sixth month, on dingsi, the Earl of Zheng and his grand officers made a covenant at the house of Gongsun Duan, and Han Hu, Gongsun Qiao, Gongsun Duan, Yin Duan, You Ji, and Si Dai made a private covenant outside the inner gate, actually at Xunsui. Gongsun Hei forcibly joined the covenant, had the Grand Historian record his name, and they were called the Seven Masters. Zichan did not punish him.

晉中行穆子敗無終及群狄於大原，崇卒也。將戰，魏舒曰：“彼徒我車，所遇又厄，以什共車必克。困諸厄，又克。請皆卒，自我始。”乃毀車以為行，五乘為三伍。荀吳之嬖人不肯即卒，斬以徇。為五陳以相離，兩於前，伍於後，專為右角，參為左角，偏為前拒，以誘之。翟人笑之。未陳而薄之，大敗之。

Zhongxing Muzi of Jin defeated the Wuzhong and the various Di at Dayuan, exalting infantry. As they were about to fight, Wei Shu said, "They are infantry and we are chariots, and the ground is narrow; if we use ten men against one chariot we will surely win. Trapped on narrow ground, we can still win. Please let us all be infantry, beginning with me." So he broke up the chariots and organized an infantry formation, with five chariots organized into three squads. Xun Wu's favorite would not be organized into the infantry, and was beheaded and displayed. They set up five kinds of formations separated from one another, with two in front, the five behind, one dedicated to the right wing, three to the left wing, and one detached to the front as a lure. The Di laughed at them. Before they had drawn up ranks, the Jin pressed on and utterly defeated them.

莒展輿立，而奪群公子秩。公子召去疾於齊。秋，齊公子鉏納去疾，展輿奔吳。

Zhanyu of Ju took the throne and stripped the princes of their emoluments. The princes summoned Qu Ji from Qi. In autumn, Prince Chu of Qi escorted Qu Ji back to the state, and Zhanyu fled to Wu.

叔弓帥師疆鄆田，因莒亂也。於是莒務婁、瞀胡及公子滅明以大厖與常儀靡奔齊。君子曰：“莒展之不立，棄人也夫！人可棄乎？《詩》曰：‘無競維人。’善矣。”

Shu Gong led an army to fix the field boundaries of Yun, taking advantage of the disorder in Ju. At that time Wulou, Maohu, and Prince Mieming of Ju took Dahuang and Changyi Mi and fled to Qi. The gentleman said, "Zhan of Ju could not establish himself because he abandoned people! Can one abandon people? The Odes say: 'Strength lies only in people.' How true."

晉侯有疾，鄭伯使公孫僑如晉聘，且問疾。叔向問焉，曰：“寡君之疾病，卜人曰：‘實沈、臺駘為祟。’史莫之知，敢問此何神也？”子產曰：“昔高辛氏有二子，伯曰閼伯，季曰實沈，居於曠林，不相能也。日尋干戈，以相征討。

The Marquis of Jin was ill, and the Earl of Zheng sent Gongsun Qiao to Jin on a mission and to inquire after his illness. Shuxiang asked him, "Our humble ruler's illness; the diviner said: 'Shichen and Taitai are making trouble.' None of the historians know; may I ask what spirits these are?" Zichan said, "Formerly Gaoxin had two sons, the elder called Yanbo and the younger called Shichen, who lived in the Kuang forest and could not get along. Every day they took up shields and spears and attacked each other.

后帝不臧，遷閼伯於商丘，主辰。商人是因，故辰為商星。遷實沈於大夏，主參。

The High Sovereign thought this bad and moved Yanbo to Shangqiu, to preside over the star Chen. The men of Shang followed this, and so Chen is the star of Shang. He moved Shichen to Daxia, to preside over the star Shen.

唐人是因，以服事夏、商。其季世曰唐叔虞。當武王邑姜方震大叔，夢帝謂己：‘餘命而子曰虞，將與之唐，屬諸參，而蕃育其子孫。’及生，有文在其手曰：‘虞’，遂以命之。及成王滅唐而封大叔焉，故參為晉星。由是觀之，則實沈，參神也。昔金天氏有裔子曰昧，為玄冥師，生允格、臺駘。臺駘能業其官，宣汾、洮，障大澤，以處大原。帝用嘉之，封諸汾川。沈、姒、蓐、黃，實守其祀。今晉主汾而滅之矣。由是觀之，則臺駘，汾神也。抑此二者，不及君身。山川之神，則水旱癘疫之災，於是乎禜之。日月星辰之神，則雪霜風雨之不時，於是乎禜之。

The men of Tang followed this and served Xia and Shang. In its last age it was called Tang Shuyu. When Yi Jiang, wife of King Wu, was pregnant with Dashu, she dreamed that the Lord said to her: 'I give your son the name Yu, and will give him Tang, belonging to Shen, to multiply his descendants.' When he was born, the lines on his hand looked like the character 'Yu,' and so he was named so. When King Cheng destroyed Tang and enfeoffed Dashu there, Shen therefore became the star of Jin. From this, Shichen is the spirit of Shen. Formerly Jintianshi had a descendant called Mei, who was a master of Xuanming, and who bore Yunge and Taitai. Taitai could continue his office, cleared the Fen and Tao rivers, built dikes to hold back the great marsh, and so settled in Dayuan. The Lord therefore commended him and enfeoffed him at the Fen river. Shen, Si, Ru, and Huang actually guarded his sacrifices. Now Jin presides over the Fen and has destroyed them. From this, Taitai is the spirit of the Fen. But these two cannot reach the person of your ruler. The spirits of mountains and rivers are propitiated by yong sacrifice for floods, droughts and epidemics. The spirits of the sun, moon, and stars are propitiated by yong sacrifice for snow, frost, wind, and rain out of season.

若君身，則亦出入飲食哀樂之事也，山川星辰之神，又何為焉”？僑聞之，君子有四時：朝以聽政，晝以訪問，夕以修令，夜以安身。於是乎節宣其氣，勿使有所壅閉湫底，以露其體。茲心不爽，而昏亂百度。今無乃壹之，則生疾矣。僑又聞之，內官不及同姓，其生不殖，美先盡矣，則相生疾，君子是以惡之。故《志》曰：‘買妾不知其姓，則卜之。’違此二者，古之所慎也。男女辨姓，禮之大司也。今君內實有四姬焉，其無乃是也乎？若由是二者，弗可為也已。四姬有省猶可，無則必生疾矣。”叔向曰：“善哉！肸未之聞也。此皆然矣。”

As for the ruler's own person, it is a matter of going out and in, drinking and eating, grief and joy; what do the spirits of mountains, rivers, and stars have to do with it?" Qiao has heard that a gentleman has four times: in the morning he hears government, in the day he makes inquiries, in the evening he drafts orders, and at night he settles his body. Thereby he regulates and releases his breath, and does not let it be blocked or stagnant, which would weaken the body. When the heart is not clear and bright, all the measures are muddled. Now, perhaps by concentrating on one thing, he has fallen ill. Qiao has also heard that the inner chambers do not include those of the same surname, so that reproduction flourishes; if beauty has first been used up, they make each other ill, and the gentleman hates this. Therefore the Records say: 'In buying a concubine, if you do not know her surname, divine.' To violate these two things was what the ancients were careful about. Distinguishing surnames between men and women is a great principle of ritual. Now your ruler actually has four ladies of the Ji surname within; perhaps this is the cause? If it is due to these two things, it can no longer be remedied. If the four Ji ladies are reduced, it can be put right; if not reduced, he will surely fall ill." Shuxiang said, "Well said! Xi had not heard this. All of it is right."

叔向出，行人揮送之。叔向問鄭故焉，且問子皙。對曰：“其與幾何？無禮而好陵人，怙富而卑其上，弗能久矣。”

Shuxiang went out, and the envoy Hui saw him off. Shuxiang asked about matters in Zheng, and also asked about Zixi. He replied, "How long can he last? Without ritual, he likes to bully others, and relying on his wealth he looks down on his superiors; he cannot last long."

晉侯聞子產之言，曰：“博物君子也。”重賄之。

The Marquis of Jin, hearing Zichan's words, said, "He is a gentleman of broad knowledge of things." He gave him generous gifts.

晉侯求醫於秦。秦伯使醫和視之，曰：“疾不可為也。是謂：‘近女室，疾如蠱。非鬼非食，惑以喪志。良巨將死，天命不佑’”公曰：“女不可近乎？”對曰：“節之。先王之樂，所以節百事也。故有五節，遲速本末以相及，中聲以降，五降之後，不容彈矣。於是有煩手淫聲，慆堙心耳，乃忘平和，君子弗德也。物亦如之，至於煩，乃舍也已，無以生疾。君子之近琴瑟，以儀節也，非以慆心也。天有六氣，降生五味，發為五色，徵為五聲，淫生六疾。六氣曰陰、陽、風、雨、晦、明也。分為四時，序為五節，過則為災。陰淫寒疾，陽淫熱疾，風淫末疾，雨淫腹疾，晦淫惑疾，明淫心疾。女，陽物而晦時，淫則生內熱惑蠱之疾。今君不節不時，能無及此乎？”出，告趙孟。趙孟曰：“誰當良臣？”對曰：“主是謂矣！主相晉國，於今八年，晉國無亂，諸侯無闕，可謂良矣。和聞之，國之大臣，榮其寵祿，任其寵節，有災禍興而無改焉，必受其咎。今君至於淫以生疾，將不能圖恤社稷，禍孰大焉！主不能御，吾是以雲也。”趙孟曰：“何謂蠱”對曰：“淫溺惑亂之所生也。於文，皿蟲為蠱。谷之飛亦為蠱。在《周易》，女惑男，風落山，謂之《蠱》ⅶⅳ。皆同物也。”趙孟曰：“良醫也。”厚其禮歸之。

The Marquis of Jin asked Qin for a physician. The Earl of Qin sent the physician He to examine him, and he said, "The illness cannot be treated. It is called: 'By being near the women's chamber, the illness is like gu. It is not ghosts and not food; delusion and loss of one's will. A good minister will die and Heaven's mandate will not protect.'" The base text's "liang ju" is "liang chen." The duke said, "Must one not be near women?" He replied, "One must be moderate. The music of the former kings was used to moderate all things. Hence there are five measures, with slow and fast, beginning and end connected, and after the middle tone comes down, after the five descents one should no longer play. If there are complex fingerings and excessive sounds that fill the heart and ears, then one forgets harmony, and the gentleman does not take this. Things are like this; when they reach vexation and confusion, one should simply put them down, and not fall ill because of them. When a gentleman is near the zither, it is for ceremony and not to confuse the heart. Heaven has six qi, which produce the five flavors, issue as five colors, and are verified as five sounds; excess brings six illnesses. The six qi are yin, yang, wind, rain, darkness, and light. They divide into four seasons and are ordered as five measures, and excess is calamity. Excess of yin is cold illness, excess of yang is heat illness, excess of wind is illness of the limbs, excess of rain is illness of the belly, excess of darkness is illness of delusion, and excess of light is illness of the heart. Women are of the yang kind and belong to the time of darkness, and in excess give rise to inner heat and the illness of delusion and gu. Now your ruler is not moderate and not timely; can he fail to come to this?" He went out and told Zhao Meng. Zhao Meng said, "Who is the good minister?" He replied, "It means you, my lord! You have assisted Jin until now for eight years; Jin has had no disorder and the feudal lords no lapses, which may be called good. I have heard that a great minister of a state, who glories in his favored salary, bears the measure of his favor, and when disaster arises does not change, will surely receive the blame. Now your ruler has become licentious and fallen ill and will not be able to plan for and care for the altars of the state; is there any greater disaster than this! You cannot resist it, and so I say this." Zhao Meng said, "What is called gu?" He replied, "It is born of indulgence and confusion. In writing, a worm in a vessel is gu. What flies out of grain is also gu. In the Book of Changes, a woman bewitching a man, wind felling a mountain, is called Gu. They are all of one kind." Zhao Meng said, "A good physician." He added generous gifts and sent him back.

楚公子圍使公子黑肱、伯州犁城犨、櫟、郟，鄭人懼。子產曰：“不害。令尹將行大事，而先除二子也。禍不及鄭，何患焉？”冬，楚公子圍將聘於鄭，伍舉為介。未出竟，聞王有疾而還。伍舉遂聘。十一月己酉，公子圍至，入問王疾，縊而弒之。遂殺其二子幕及平夏。右尹子幹出奔晉。宮廄尹子皙出奔鄭。殺大宰伯州犁於郟。葬王於郟，謂之郟敖。使赴於鄭，伍舉問應為後之辭焉。對曰：“寡大夫圍。”伍舉更之曰：“共王之子圍為長。”

Prince Wei of Chu sent Prince Heigong and Bo Zhouli to fortify Chou, Li, and Jia, and the men of Zheng were afraid. Zichan said, "It does no harm. The Chancellor is about to do something great and will first remove these two men. The disaster will not reach Zheng; what is there to worry about?" In winter, Prince Wei of Chu was about to go to Zheng on a mission, with Wu Ju as deputy. Before they left the borders, they heard the king was ill and went back. Wu Ju then went on the mission. In the eleventh month, on jiyou, Prince Wei arrived, went in to ask after the king's illness, and strangled and murdered him. He then killed the king's two sons, Mu and Pingxia. The Right Minister Zigan fled to Jin. The Director of the Palace Stables Zixi fled to Zheng. He killed the Grand Steward Bo Zhouli at Jia. He buried the king at Jia, and called him Jia Ao. He sent someone to Zheng with the announcement of death, and Wu Ju asked what the wording would be for the one who should succeed. The reply was, "Our humble grand officer Wei." Wu Ju changed it to: "Wei, the elder son of King Gong."

子幹奔晉，從車五乘。叔向使與秦公子同食，皆百人之餼。趙文子曰：“秦公子富。”叔向曰：“厎祿以德，德鈞以年，年同以尊。公子以國，不聞以富。

Zigan fled to Jin with five chariots in his train. Shuxiang had him receive the same salary as the prince of Qin, a hundred measures of provisions each. Zhao Wenzi said, "The prince of Qin is wealthy." Shuxiang said, "Salary is set by virtue, when virtue is equal by age, and when age is the same by rank. A prince is judged by his state; I have not heard of judging by wealth.

且夫以千乘去其國，強御已甚。《詩》曰：‘不侮鰥寡，不畏強禦。’秦、楚，匹也。”使後子與子幹齒。辭曰：“針懼選，楚公子不獲，是以皆來，亦唯命。

Moreover, he left his state with a thousand chariots, which is already excess of force. The Odes say: 'Do not bully widowers and widows, and do not fear the powerful.' Qin and Chu are equals." He placed Prince Hou and Zigan on the same level. Prince Hou declined, saying, "Zhen feared being expelled, and the Prince of Chu has not achieved his aims, and so both have come, and we only listen to commands.

且臣與羈齒，無乃不可乎？史佚有言曰：‘非羈何忌？’”楚靈王即位，薳罷為令尹，薳啟強為大宰。鄭遊吉如楚，葬郟敖，且聘立君。

Moreover, for me to rank with a wandering stranger, I fear is not appropriate. Shi Yi had a saying: 'If not a wandering stranger, what is there to hold back from?'" King Ling of Chu took the throne, with Wei Ba as Chancellor and Wei Qijiang as Grand Steward. You Ji of Zheng went to Chu to bury Jia Ao and also to make a mission for the installation of the ruler.

歸，謂子產曰：“具行器矣！楚王汰侈而自說其事，必合諸侯。吾往無日矣。”

On returning, he said to Zichan, "Prepare the equipment for travel! The king of Chu is arrogant, wasteful, and extravagant and admires his own deeds, and will surely gather the feudal lords. I shall have few days before I go."

子產曰：“不數年，未能也。”

Zichan said, "Not in a few years; it cannot be."

十二月，晉既烝，趙孟適南陽，將會孟子餘。甲辰朔，烝於溫。庚戌，卒。

In the twelfth month, Jin had already held the winter sacrifice, and Zhao Meng went to Nanyang to meet Meng Ziyu. On the first day, jiachen, he held the winter sacrifice at Wen. On gengxu, he died.

鄭伯如晉吊，及雍乃復。

The Earl of Zheng went to Jin to offer condolences, and returned upon reaching Yong.

【經】二年春，晉侯使韓起來聘。夏，叔弓如晉。秋，鄭殺其大夫公孫黑。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Han Qi on a mission. In summer, Shu Gong went to Jin. In autumn, Zheng killed its grand officer Gongsun Hei.

冬，公如晉，至河乃復。季孫宿如晉。

In winter, Duke Zhao went to Jin and turned back upon reaching the Yellow River. Jisun Su went to Jin.

【傳】二年春，晉侯使韓宣子來聘，且告為政而來見，禮也。觀書於大史氏，見《易》《象》與《魯春秋》，曰：“周禮盡在魯矣。吾乃今知周公之德，與周之所以王也。”公享之。季武子賦《綿》之卒章。韓子賦《角弓》。季武子拜，曰：“敢拜子之彌縫敝邑，寡君有望矣。”武子賦《節》之卒章。既享，宴於季氏，有嘉樹焉，宣子譽之。武子曰：“宿敢不封殖此樹，以無忘《角弓》。”遂賦《甘棠》。宣子曰：“起不堪也，無以及召公。”

[Commentary] In the second year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Han Xuanzi on a mission, and also to announce that he had taken up government and come to pay a visit, which accorded with ritual. At the Grand Historian's office he viewed the documents and saw the Changes, the Images, and the Spring and Autumn of Lu, and said, "All the rites of Zhou are in Lu. Only now do I understand the virtue of the Duke of Zhou and the reason why Zhou became king." Duke Zhao feasted him. Jisun Wuzi recited the last stanza of "Mian." Han Zi recited "Jiao Gong." Jisun Wuzi bowed and said, "I dare to bow in thanks that you mend and patch our humble state, and our humble ruler has something to hope for." Wuzi recited the last stanza of "Jie." After the feast, they drank at the Ji house, where there was a fine tree, and Xuanzi praised it. Wuzi said, "How would Su dare not cultivate this tree, so as not to forget 'Jiao Gong'?" Then he recited "Gan Tang." Xuanzi said, "Qi cannot bear it; I cannot compare to Duke Shao."

宣子遂如齊納幣。見子雅。子雅召子旗，使見宣子。宣子曰：“非保家之主也，不臣。”見子尾。子尾見強，宣子謂之如子旗。大夫多笑之，唯晏子信之，曰：“夫子，君子也。君子有信，其有以知之矣。”自齊聘於衛。衛侯享之，北宮文子賦《淇澳》。宣子賦《木瓜》。

Xuanzi then went to Qi to deliver betrothal gifts. He saw Ziya. Ziya summoned Ziqi and had him see Xuanzi. Xuanzi said, "He is not a master who can keep a house; he is not like a minister." He saw Zi Wei. Zi Wei had Qiang come in to see him, and Xuanzi said he was like Ziqi. Many grand officers laughed, only Yanzi believed it, saying, "The master is a gentleman. A gentleman has good faith, and there is that by which he knows." From Qi he went on a mission to Wei. The Marquis of Wei feasted him, and Beigong Wenzi recited "Qi Ao." Xuanzi recited "Mu Gua."

夏四月，韓須如齊逆女。齊陳無宇送女，致少姜。少姜有寵於晉侯，晉侯謂之少齊。謂陳無宇非卿，執諸中都。少姜為之請曰：“送從逆班，畏大國也，猶有所易，是以亂作。”

In summer, in the fourth month, Han Xu went to Qi to welcome the new bride. Chen Wuyu of Qi escorted the bride, and brought her to Shaojiang. Shaojiang was favored by the Marquis of Jin, who called her Shao Qi. Considering that Chen Wuyu was not a minister, he seized him at Zhongdu. Shaojiang pleaded for him, saying, "The escort follows the rank of those who come to welcome her out of fear of the great state, and if it is changed, disorder arises from it."

叔弓聘於晉，報宣子也。晉侯使郊勞。辭曰：“寡君使弓來繼舊好，固曰：‘女無敢為賓！’徹命於執事，敝邑弘矣。敢辱郊使？請辭。”致館。辭曰：“寡君命下臣來繼舊好，好合使成，臣之祿也。敢辱大館？”叔向曰：“子叔子知禮哉！吾聞之曰：‘忠信，禮之器也。卑讓，禮之宗也。’辭不忘國，忠信也。

Shu Gong went to Jin on a mission, returning Xuanzi's visit. The Marquis of Jin sent men to console him in the suburbs. He declined, saying, "Our humble ruler sent Gong to continue the old friendship, and said from the beginning: 'You must not dare to be a guest!' That our orders are communicated to your officials would already magnify our humble state. How dare I trouble an envoy in the suburbs? Please excuse me." When he was escorted to the guesthouse, he declined, saying, "Our humble ruler ordered your servant to come to continue the old friendship, and that friendship is made and the mission completed is my blessing and emolument. How dare I trouble the great guesthouse?" Shuxiang said, "Zishu Zi knows ritual! I have heard: 'Loyalty and good faith are the vessels of ritual. Humility and yielding are the main point of ritual.' That his words do not forget the state is loyalty and good faith.

先國後己，卑讓也。《詩》曰：‘敬慎威儀，以近有德。’夫子近德矣。”

To put the state first and oneself later is humility. The Odes say: 'Be reverent and careful in dignified bearing, to be near those with virtue.' This master is near virtue."

秋，鄭公孫黑將作亂，欲去遊氏而代其位，傷疾作而不果。駟氏與諸大夫欲殺之。子產在鄙，聞之，懼弗及，乘遽而至。使吏數之，曰：“伯有之亂，以大國之事，而未爾討也。爾有亂心，無厭，國不女堪。專伐伯有，而罪一也。昆弟爭室，而罪二也。薰隧之盟，女矯君位，而罪三也。有死罪三，何以堪之？不速死，大刑將至。”再拜稽首，辭曰：“死在朝夕，無助天為虐。”子產曰：“人誰不死？兇人不終，命也。作凶事，為兇人。不助天，其助兇人乎？”請以印為褚師。子產曰：“印也若才，君將任之。不才，將朝夕從女。女罪之不恤，而又何請焉？不速死，司寇將至。”七月壬寅，縊。屍諸周氏之衢，加木焉。

In autumn, Gongsun Hei of Zheng was about to make disorder, wishing to remove the You clan and take their place, but his wound and illness flared up and it was not carried out. The Si clan and the grand officers wished to kill him. Zichan was at the border, heard of it, feared he would not arrive in time, and came by post-chariot. He sent an officer to rebuke him, saying, "In the disorder of Bo You, because of the affairs of a great state, you were not yet punished. You have a rebellious heart and have not been satisfied, and the state cannot bear you. To attack Bo You on your own authority is your first crime. For brothers to fight over a household is your second crime. In the covenant at Xunsui, you falsely used the ruler's position, your third crime. With three capital crimes, how can you be spared? If you do not die at once, the great punishment will come." He bowed twice and touched his head to the ground, and pleaded, "I shall die sooner or later; do not help Heaven do a cruel thing." Zichan said, "Who does not die? A violent man not coming to a good end is fate. One who does violent things is a violent man. Not helping Heaven, would I help a violent man?" He asked that Yin be made Chushi. Zichan said, "If Yin has ability, the ruler will use him. If he has none, he will soon follow you. You need not worry about your crimes, what more do you ask? If you do not die quickly, the Minister of Crime will come." In the seventh month, on renyin, he hanged himself. His body was exposed at the crossroads of the Zhou clan, with a tablet written with his crimes.

晉少姜卒。公如晉，及河。晉侯使士文伯來辭，曰：“非伉儷也。請君無辱！”公還，季孫宿遂致服焉。叔向言陳無宇於晉侯曰：“彼何罪？君使公族逆之，齊使上大夫送之。猶曰不共，君求以貪。國則不共，而執其使。君刑已頗，何以為盟主？且少姜有辭。”冬十月，陳無宇歸。

Shaojiang of Jin died. Duke Zhao went to Jin and reached the Yellow River. The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Wenbo to decline, saying, "She was not a true consort. Please, Your Majesty, do not trouble yourself!" Duke Zhao went back, and Jisun Su then sent clothing. Shuxiang spoke to the Marquis of Jin about Chen Wuyu, saying, "What crime has he? Your Majesty sent a member of the ducal clan to welcome her, and Qi sent a senior grand officer to escort her. Yet it is said that Qi was not respectful; your Majesty's demands are too greedy. The state is not respectful, yet you seize the envoy. Your Majesty's punishment is already biased; how can you be leader of the covenant? Moreover, Shaojiang had something to say." In winter, in the tenth month, Chen Wuyu returned.

十一月，鄭印段如晉吊。

In the eleventh month, Yin Duan of Zheng went to Jin to offer condolences.

【經】三年春王正月丁未，滕子原卒。夏，叔弓如滕。五月，葬滕成公。秋，小邾子來朝。八月，大雩。冬，大雨雹。北燕伯款出奔齊。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, on dingwei, Yuan, Viscount of Teng, died. In summer, Shu Gong went to Teng. In the fifth month, Duke Cheng of Teng was buried. In autumn, the Viscount of Little Zhu came to court. In the eighth month, a great rain-sacrifice was held. In winter, there was a great hailstorm. Kuan, Earl of Northern Yan, fled to Qi.

【傳】三年春，王正月，鄭遊吉如晉，送少姜之葬。梁丙與張趯見之。梁丙曰：“甚矣哉！子之為此來也。”子大叔曰：“將得已乎？昔文、襄之霸也，其務不煩諸侯。令諸侯三歲而聘，五歲而朝，有事而會，不協而盟。君薨，大夫吊，卿共葬事。夫人，士吊，大夫送葬。足以昭禮命事謀闕而已，無加命矣。今嬖寵之喪，不敢擇位，而數於守適，唯懼獲戾，豈敢憚煩？少姜有寵而死，齊必繼室。

[Commentary] In the third year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, You Ji of Zheng went to Jin to attend the burial of Shaojiang. Liang Bing and Zhang Yue saw him. Liang Bing said, "This is excessive! You have come for this." Zi Dashu said, "Can it be stopped? Formerly, when Wen and Xiang were hegemons, their main concern was not to burden the feudal lords. They ordered the feudal lords to make missions every three years and attend court every five years, to meet when there was business, and to make covenants when there was disagreement. When a ruler died, grand officers offered condolences and ministers supplied the funeral. For a lady, officers offered condolences and grand officers attended the burial. This was enough to make ritual clear, issue orders, and plan for failings, and there were no extra commands. Now for the funeral of a favored concubine, we dare not choose the rank, and the number of times compares with guarding a principal consort, and we fear only incurring guilt; how dare we fear the burden? Shaojiang died in favor, and Qi will surely send another to be the successor consort.

今茲吾又將來賀，不唯此行也。”張趯曰：“善哉！吾得聞此數也。然自今，子其無事矣。譬如火焉，火中，寒暑乃退。此其極也，能無退乎？晉將失諸侯，諸侯求煩不獲。”二大夫退。子大叔告人曰：“張趯有知，其猶在君子之後乎！”丁未，滕子原卒。同盟，故書名。

This year I shall come again to congratulate, and not only this trip." Zhang Yue said, "Well said! I was able to hear these rites. But from now on, you probably will have no business. It is like the Great Fire star: when the Great Fire is at the zenith, cold and heat then retreat. This is the extreme; can it not retreat? Jin will lose the feudal lords, and the feudal lords will seek to be burdened but will not get it." The two grand officers withdrew. Zi Dashu told someone, "Zhang Yue has wisdom; he is probably still behind the gentleman!" On dingwei, Yuan, Viscount of Teng, died. It was a covenant ally, and so the Spring and Autumn records his name.

齊侯使晏嬰請繼室於晉，曰：“寡君使嬰曰：‘寡人願事君，朝夕不倦，將奉質幣，以無失時，則國家多難，是以不獲。不腆先君之適，以備內官，焜耀寡人之望，則又無祿，早世殞命，寡人失望。君若不忘先君之好，惠顧齊國，辱收寡人，徼福於大公、丁公，照臨敝邑，鎮撫其社稷，則猶有先君之適及遺姑姊妹若而人。君若不棄敝邑，而辱使董振擇之，以備嬪嬙，寡人之望也。’”韓宣子使叔向對曰：“寡君之願也。寡君不能獨任其社稷之事，未有伉儷。在縗絰之中，是以未敢請。君有辱命，惠莫大焉。若惠顧敝邑，撫有晉國，賜之內主，豈唯寡君，舉群臣實受其貺。其自唐叔以下，實寵嘉之。”

The Marquis of Qi sent Yan Ying to Jin to request a secondary wife, saying: "My ruler sent Ying to say: 'I wish to serve Your Majesty morning and evening without weariness, and would present betrothal gifts so as not to miss the season, but my state has had many calamities, and so I could not. The legitimate daughter of my unworthy former ruler was to fill your inner palace and fulfill my hope, but she had no good fortune and died young, and I am disappointed. If Your Majesty does not forget the friendship of the former rulers, and graciously favors Qi, deigning to take me in and seek blessings from Taigong and Dinggong, looking upon our humble town and pacifying the altars of the state, then there are still the legitimate daughters of the former ruler and several aunts and sisters left behind. If Your Majesty does not abandon our humble town and deigns to send an impartial person to choose among them to fill your consorts' ranks, that is my hope.'" Han Xuanzi sent Shu Xiang to reply: "It is my ruler's wish. My ruler cannot bear the affairs of the altars alone and has not yet a spouse. As we are in mourning dress, we did not yet dare to ask. Your Majesty's command, graciously spoken, is a kindness than which none is greater. If you favor our humble town and look after Jin and bestow an inner mistress, not only my ruler but all the ministers actually receive the gift. From Tang Shu on down, we truly are favored and commended."

既成昏，晏子受禮。叔向從之宴，相與語。叔向曰：“齊其何如？”晏子曰：“此季世也，吾弗知。齊其為陳氏矣！公棄其民，而歸於陳氏。齊舊四量，豆、區、釜、鍾。四升為豆，各自其四，以登於釜。釜十則鍾。陳氏三量，皆登一焉，鍾乃大矣。以家量貸，而以公量收之。山木如市，弗加於山。魚鹽蜃蛤，弗加於海。民參其力，二入於公，而衣食其一。公聚朽蠹，而三老凍餒。國之諸市，屨賤踴貴。民人痛疾，而或燠休之，其愛之如父母，而歸之如流水，欲無獲民，將焉闢之？箕伯、直柄、虞遂、伯戲，其相胡公、大姬，已在齊矣。”

The betrothal was settled, and Master Yan received the ritual. Shu Xiang joined him at the feast, and they talked with each other. Shu Xiang said: "What will become of Qi?" Master Yan said: "This is the last age; I do not know. Qi will probably become the Chen clan's! The duke has abandoned his people and they turn to the Chen clan. Qi formerly had four measures: dou, ou, fu, and zhong. Four sheng make a dou, each multiplied by four up to the fu. Ten fu make a zhong. The Chen clan's three measures all add one, so their zhong is large. They lend out with their family measure and collect back with the ducal measure. Timber from the mountains arrives at the market without a higher price than on the mountain. Fish, salt, clams, and oysters arrive without a higher price than at the sea. The people divide their labor into three parts: two go to the ducal house and only one is used for their own clothing and food. The ducal storehouses pile up and rot and breed worms, while the Three Elders freeze and starve. In all the markets of the state, shoes are cheap and yong (leg-cut footwear) are dear. The people are in pain, yet someone consoles them and loves them like parents, and they flow to him like water; if he wishes not to win the people, where could he avoid it? Ji Bo, Zhi Bing, Yu Sui, and Bo Xi, who assisted Duke Hu and Da Ji, are already in Qi."

叔向曰：“然。雖吾公室，今亦季世也。戎馬不駕，卿無軍行，公乘無人，卒列無長。庶民罷敝，而宮室滋侈。道殣相望，而女富溢尤。民聞公命，如逃寇仇。欒、郤、胥、原、狐、續、慶、伯，降在皂隸。政在家門，民無所依，君日不悛，以樂慆憂。公室之卑，其何日之有？《讒鼎之銘》曰：‘昧旦丕顯，後世猶怠。’況日不悛，其能久乎？”宴子曰：“子將若何？”叔向曰：“晉之公族盡矣。肸聞之，公室將卑，其宗族枝葉先落，則公從之。肸之宗十一族，唯羊舌氏在而已。肸又無子。公室無度，幸而得死，豈其獲祀？”初，景公欲更晏子之宅，曰：“子之宅近市，湫隘囂塵，不可以居，請更諸爽塏者。”辭曰：“君之先臣容焉，臣不足以嗣之，於臣侈矣。且小人近市，朝夕得所求，小人之利也。敢煩裡旅？”公笑曰：“子近市，識貴賤乎？”對曰：“既利之，敢不識乎？”公曰：“何貴何賤？”於是景公繁於刑，有鬻踴者。故對曰：“踴貴屨賤。”既已告於君，故與叔向語而稱之。景公為是省於刑。君子曰：“仁人之言，其利博哉。晏子一言而齊侯省刑。《詩》曰：‘君子如祉，亂庶遄已。’其是之謂乎！”及宴子如晉，公更其宅，反，則成矣。既拜，乃毀之，而為裡室，皆如其舊。

Shu Xiang said: "So it is. Even our ducal house is now in the last age. The war horses are not harnessed, the ministers have no army ranks, the duke's carriages have no one to attend them, and the ranks of soldiers have no leaders. The common people are exhausted while the palaces grow ever more extravagant. On the roads the starved can be seen looking at each other, while the houses of the favored women overflow with wealth. When the people hear the duke's commands, they flee as from bandits. The Luan, Xi, Xu, Yuan, Hu, Xu, Qing, and Bo clans have fallen to the rank of menials. Government is in private houses and the people have nothing to rely on; the ruler does not change from day to day, covering his worry with pleasure. How many days has the lowly ducal house left? The inscription on the Chan tripod says: 'At first light be clear and bright, yet the later generations are still idle.' How much more one who does not change from day to day; can he last long?" Master Yan said: "What will you do?" Shu Xiang said: "The ducal clan of Jin is finished. I, Xi, have heard that when a ducal house is to decline, the branches and leaves of its clan fall first and the duke follows. Of my clan's eleven lineages, only the Yangshe clan remains. And I have no son. The ducal house has no laws; if I am lucky enough to die well, how could I still receive sacrifices?" Earlier, Duke Jing wished to change Master Yan's residence, saying: "Your house is near the market, low, damp, narrow, noisy, and dusty; it is not fit to live in. Please move to a high and dry place." He declined: "It was where Your Majesty's former ministers lived; I am not worthy to succeed them, and it is already extravagant for me. Moreover, a petty man living near the market gets what he seeks morning and evening, which is the petty man's advantage. How dare I trouble the village neighbors?" The duke laughed and said: "You live near the market; do you know what is dear and what is cheap?" He answered: "Having gained from it, how dare I not know?" The duke said: "What is dear and what is cheap?" At that time Duke Jing used many punishments, and there were people selling yong. So he answered: "Yong are dear and shoes are cheap." Having told the ruler already, he repeated it when speaking with Shu Xiang. Duke Jing therefore reduced punishments. The gentleman said: "The words of a benevolent man bring wide benefit! One sentence from Master Yan and the Marquis of Qi reduced punishments. The Odes say: 'If the gentleman is pleased, disorder will probably soon stop.' This is what is meant!" When Master Yan went to Jin, the duke had his residence replaced, and by the time he returned it had been built. After giving thanks, he then tore it down and rebuilt the village houses, all as they were before.

則使宅人反之，曰：“諺曰：‘非宅是卜，唯鄰是卜。’二三子先卜鄰矣，違卜不祥。君子不犯非禮，小人不犯不祥，古之制也。吾敢違諸乎？”卒復其舊宅。

Then he had the former residents move back, saying: "The proverb says: 'It is not the house that needs to be divined, but only the neighbors.' These gentlemen first divined about their neighbors, and to go against the divination would be inauspicious. A gentleman does not offend against ritual, a petty man does not offend against the inauspicious; this is the ancient rule. How dare I go against it?" In the end he restored the old residence.

公弗許，因陳桓子以請，乃許之。

The duke did not permit this, and only through Chen Huanzi's request was it permitted.

夏四月，鄭伯如晉，公孫段相，甚敬而卑，禮無違者。晉侯嘉焉，授之以策，曰：“子豐有勞於晉國，餘聞而弗忘。賜女州田，以胙乃舊勳。”伯石再拜稽首，受策以出。君子曰：“禮，其人之急也乎！伯石之汰也，一為禮於晉，猶荷其祿，況以禮終始乎？《詩》曰：‘人而無禮，胡不遄死？’其是之謂乎！”初，州縣，欒豹之邑也。及欒氏亡，範宣子、趙文子、韓宣子皆欲之。文子曰：“溫，吾縣也。”二宣子曰：“自郤稱以別，三傳矣。晉之別縣不唯州，誰獲治之？”文子病之，乃舍之。二子曰：“吾不可以正議而自與也。”皆舍之。

In summer, in the fourth month, the Earl of Zheng went to Jin, with Gongsun Duan assisting, and was very respectful and humble, with no deviation from ritual. The Marquis of Jin commended him and gave him a written decree, saying: "Zifeng labored for Jin, and I have heard of it and not forgotten. I give you the fields of Zhou to repay your former merit." Bo Shi bowed twice, kowtowed, received the decree, and went out. The gentleman said: "Ritual is probably the urgent business of man! Bo Shi was so arrogant, yet by performing ritual once in Jin he received a stipend; how much more by following ritual from beginning to end? The Odes say: 'A man without ritual, why does he not die quickly?' This is what is meant!" At first, Zhou district had been the city of Luan Bao. When the Luan clan was destroyed, Fan Xuanzi, Zhao Wenzi, and Han Xuanzi all wanted it. Wenzi said: "Wen is my district." The two Xuanzi said: "Since it was separated from Xi Cheng, it has been passed down three times. Of the districts separately divided in Jin, not only Zhou, who could govern them?" Wenzi was distressed over this, and so gave it up. The two said: "We cannot argue impartially and then take it ourselves." Both gave it up.

及文子為政，趙獲曰：“可以取州矣。”文子曰：“退！二子之言，義也。違義，禍也。餘不能治餘縣，又焉用州？其以徼禍也？君子曰：‘弗知實難。’知而弗從，禍莫大焉。有言州必死。”

When Wenzi took over the government, Zhao Huo said: "Zhou can now be taken." Wenzi said: "Stand back! The words of those two were righteous. To go against righteousness is disaster. I cannot even govern my own district, so what use is Zhou to me? That would be to seek disaster. The gentleman said: 'Not knowing is truly hard.' To know and not follow is the greatest disaster. Moreover, whoever takes Zhou will surely die."

豐氏故主韓氏，伯石之獲州也，韓宣子為請之，為其復取之之故。

The Feng clan had originally taken the Han clan as their patron; that Bo Shi obtained Zhou was because Han Xuanzi requested it for him, so that he might take it back again.

五月，叔弓如滕，葬滕成公，子服椒為介。及郊，遇懿伯之忌，敬子不入。

In the fifth month, Shu Gong went to Teng and buried Duke Cheng of Teng, with Zifu Jiao as his deputy. When they reached the outskirts, they met the anniversary of Yibo's death, and Jingzi did not enter the city.

惠伯曰：“公事有公利，無私忌，椒請先入。”乃先受館。敬子從之。

Huibo said: "In public affairs there is public benefit and no private taboo; Jiao asks to enter first." So he first received the lodgings. Jingzi followed.

晉韓起如齊逆女。公孫蠆為少姜之有寵也，以其子更公女而嫁公子。人謂宣子：“子尾欺晉，晉胡受之？”宣子曰：“我欲得齊而遠其寵，寵將來乎？”秋七月，鄭罕虎如晉，賀夫人，且告曰：“楚人日徵敝邑，以不朝立王之故。

Han Qi of Jin went to Qi to welcome the new wife. Gongsun Chai, because Shao Jiang was favored, substituted his own daughter for the duke's daughter and married the duke's daughter out. Someone said to Xuanzi: "Zi Wei is deceiving Jin; why does Jin accept it?" Xuanzi said: "I want to gain Qi but I am keeping away from its favorites; would the favorites then still come?" In autumn, in the seventh month, Han Hu of Zheng went to Jin to congratulate on the consort, and also reported: "The people of Chu demand things of our humble town every day, because we have not paid court to the newly installed king.

敝邑之往，則畏執事，其謂寡君‘而固有外心。’其不往，則宋之盟雲。進退罪也。寡君使虎布之。”宣子使叔向對曰：“君若辱有寡君，在楚何害？修宋盟也。

If our humble town goes, we fear that the officials will say of my ruler, 'You always had a mind outside.' If we do not go, the Covenant of Song says the same. Advancing and retreating are both offenses. My ruler sent Hu to explain." Xuanzi sent Shu Xiang to reply: "If Your Majesty, when you condescend to go, keep my ruler in mind, what harm is there in Chu? It is renewing the Covenant of Song.

君苟思盟，寡君乃知免於戾矣。君若不有寡君，雖朝夕辱於敝邑，寡君猜焉。君實有心，何辱命焉？君其往也！苟有寡君，在楚猶在晉也。”

If Your Majesty remembers the covenant, my ruler will know that he is free of blame. If Your Majesty has no thought of my ruler in your heart, then even if you condescended to visit our humble town morning and evening, my ruler would be suspicious. If Your Majesty truly has the thought, what need is there of a command to condescend? Your Majesty should just go! If you have my ruler in mind, being in Chu will be like being in Jin."

張趯使謂大叔曰：“自子之歸也，小人糞除先人之敝廬，曰子其將來。今子皮實來，小人失望。”大叔曰：“吉賤，不獲來，畏大國，尊夫人也。且孟曰：‘而將無事。’吉庶幾焉。”

Zhang Di sent someone to say to Da Shu: "Since you returned, the humble people have swept out the old houses of their forefathers, saying you would probably come. Now it is actually Zi Pi who came, and the humble people are disappointed." Da Shu said: "Ji is lowly and could not come, because he fears the great state and honors the consort. Moreover Meng said: 'You will have no trouble.' Ji is nearly there."

小邾穆公來朝。季武子欲卑之，穆叔曰：“不可。曹、滕、二邾，實不忘我好，敬以逆之，猶懼其貳。又卑一睦，焉逆群好也？其如舊而加敬焉！《志》曰：‘能敬無災。’又曰：‘敬逆來者，天所福也。’”季孫從之。

Duke Mu of Xiao Zhu came to pay court. Ji Wuzi wished to lower the ritual toward him, but Mu Shu said: "It cannot be done. Cao, Teng, and the two Zhu truly do not forget friendship with us, and even respectfully welcoming them we still fear they may have divided minds. If we lower one who is on friendly terms, how can we welcome the many friends? Better to treat him as before and be even more respectful! The Records say: 'One who can be respectful has no calamity.' It also says: 'Respectfully welcoming those who come is what Heaven sends blessings upon.'" Jisun followed this.

八月，大雩，旱也。

In the eighth month, the great rain-sacrifice was held, because of drought.

齊侯田於莒，盧蒲弊見，泣且請曰：“餘發如此種種，餘奚能為？”公曰：“諾，吾告二子。”歸而告之。子尾欲復之，子雅不可，曰：“彼其發短而心甚長，其或寢處我矣。”九月，子雅放盧蒲弊於北燕。

The Marquis of Qi hunted at Ju, and Lupu Bi came to see him, weeping and asking: "My hair is as short as this; what more can I do?" The duke said: "Good, I will tell those two." He returned and told them. Zi Wei wanted to let him return, but Zi Ya did not agree, saying: "His hair is short but his heart is long; he may yet sleep on our hides." In the ninth month, Zi Ya banished Lupu Bi to Northern Yan.

燕簡公多嬖寵，欲去諸大夫而立其寵人。冬，燕大夫比以殺公之外嬖。公懼，奔齊。書曰：“北燕伯款出奔齊。”罪之也。

Duke Jian of Yan had many favorites and wished to remove the grandees and install his favorites. In winter, the grandees of Yan conspired and killed the duke's outer favorites. The duke was afraid and fled to Qi. The Spring and Autumn Annals records "Kuan, Earl of Northern Yan, fled to Qi," to place the blame on him.

十月，鄭伯如楚，子產相。楚子享之，賦《吉日》。既享，子產乃具田備，王以田江南之夢。

In the tenth month, the Earl of Zheng went to Chu, with Zi Chan assisting. The Viscount of Chu feasted him and recited the ode "Auspicious Day." After the feast, Zi Chan then prepared hunting equipment, and the King hunted at Yunmeng south of the river.

齊公孫灶卒。司馬灶見晏子，曰：“又喪子雅矣。”晏子曰：“惜也！子旗不免，殆哉！姜族弱矣，而媯將始昌。二惠競爽，猶可，又弱一個焉，姜其危哉！”

Gongsun Zao of Qi died. Sima Zao saw Master Yan and said: "We have lost Zi Ya again." Master Yan said: "What a pity! Zi Qi will not escape, and is in danger! The Jiang clan is weak, and the Gui will begin to prosper. The descendants of the two Dukes Hui contend for shrewdness, which is still acceptable, but with another weakened, the Jiang are probably in danger!"

【經】四年春王正月，大雨雹。夏，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、鄭伯、許男、徐子、滕子、頓子、鬍子、沈子、小邾子、宋世子佐、淮夷會於申。楚子執徐子。秋七月，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、許男、頓子、鬍子、沈子、淮夷伐吳，執齊慶封，殺之。

[Classic] In the fourth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, there was a great hailstorm. In summer, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Viscount of Xu, the Viscount of Teng, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Hu, the Viscount of Shen, the Viscount of Xiao Zhu, Zuo, heir of Song, and the Huai Yi met at Shen. The Viscount of Chu seized the Viscount of Xu. In autumn, in the seventh month, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, the Baron of Xu, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Hu, the Viscount of Shen, and the Huai Yi attacked Wu, seized Qing Feng of Qi, and killed him.

遂滅賴。九月，取鄫。冬十有二月乙卯，叔孫豹卒。

Thereupon Lai was destroyed. In the ninth month, Zeng was taken. In winter, on the day yimao of the twelfth month, Shu Sun Bao died.

【傳】四年春，王正月，許男如楚，楚子止之，遂止鄭伯，復田江南，許男與焉。使椒舉如晉求諸侯，二君待之。椒舉致命曰：“寡君使舉曰：‘日君有惠，賜盟於宋，曰：晉、楚之從，交相見也。以歲之不易，寡人願結歡於二三君。’使舉請間。君若苟無四方之虞，則願假寵以請於諸侯。”

[Commentary] In the fourth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Baron of Xu went to Chu, and the Viscount of Chu detained him, and then detained the Earl of Zheng, and again hunted south of the river, with the Baron of Xu taking part. He sent Jiao Ju to Jin to seek the feudal lords, and the two rulers waited. Jiao Ju delivered the message: "My ruler sent Ju to say: 'In the past Your Majesty was gracious and granted a covenant at Song, saying that the allies of Jin and Chu would pay court to each other. Because the harvests were not easy, I wish to share joy with these rulers.' He sent Ju to ask for an opening. If Your Majesty for the moment has no worries in the four quarters, we hope to rely on your favor to ask the feudal lords."

晉侯欲勿許。司馬侯曰：“不可。楚王方侈，天或者欲逞其心，以厚其毒而降之罰，未可知也。其使能終，亦未可知也。晉、楚唯天所相，不可與爭。君其許之，而修德以待其歸。若歸於德，吾猶將事之，況諸侯乎？若適淫虐，楚將棄之，吾又誰與爭？”曰：“晉有三不殆，其何敵之有？國險而多馬，齊、楚多難。

The Marquis of Jin wished not to permit it. Sima Hou said: "It cannot be done. The King of Chu is now extravagant, and Heaven may wish to let him have his way, to increase his poison and then send down punishment; this is not yet known. Whether he may end well is also unknown. Jin and Chu look only to whom Heaven assists, and one cannot contend with it. Your Majesty should permit it and cultivate virtue to await his turning toward it. If he turns toward virtue, we shall serve him as well; how much more the feudal lords? If he turns toward licentious cruelty, Chu will abandon him, and with whom would we contend?" The Marquis said: "Jin has three things that are not in danger; what rival do we have? Our state is strategically strong and has many horses, and Qi and Chu have many calamities.

有是三者，何鄉而不濟？”對曰：“恃險與馬，而虞鄰國之難，是三殆也。四嶽、三塗、陽城、大室、荊山、中南，九州之險也，是不一姓。冀之北土，馬之所生，無興國焉。恃險與馬，不可以為固也，從古以然。是以先王務修德音以亨神人，不聞其務險與馬也。鄰國之難，不可虞也。或多難以固其國，啟其疆土；或無難以喪其國，失其守宇。若何虞難？齊有仲孫之難而獲桓公，至今賴之。晉有裡、丕之難而獲文公，是以為盟主。衛、邢無難，敵亦喪之。故人之難，不可虞也。

With these three, where would we fail to succeed?" He answered: "To rely on strongholds and horses and to reckon on the neighbors' calamities are three dangers. The Four Peaks, Santu, Yangcheng, Taishi, Mount Jing, and Zhongnan are the strongholds of the Nine Regions, and do not belong to one clan. The land north of Ji is where horses are bred, and no state has risen from it. To rely on strongholds and horses cannot be considered firm; it has been so since ancient times. Therefore the former kings devoted themselves to cultivating virtue and good repute to communicate with spirits and men, and I have not heard of devoting themselves to strongholds and horses. The calamities of neighbors cannot be reckoned on. Some states with many calamities strengthen themselves and open up territory; some without calamities lose their state and lose their territory. How can calamities be reckoned on? Qi had the calamity of Zhongsun but obtained Duke Huan, and to this day relies on him. Jin had the calamities of Li and Pi but obtained Duke Wen, and so became leader of the covenant. Wei and Xing had no calamities, yet their enemies destroyed them. Therefore other people's calamities cannot be reckoned on.

恃此三者，而不修政德，亡於不暇，又何能濟？君其許之！紂作淫虐，文王惠和，殷是以隕，周是以興，夫豈爭諸侯？”乃許楚使。使叔向對曰：“寡君有社稷之事，是以不獲春秋時見。諸侯，君實有之，何辱命焉？”椒舉遂請昏，晉侯許之。

To rely on these three without cultivating government and virtue, destruction would come too fast to prevent; how could one succeed? Your Majesty should permit it! Zhou of Shang was licentious and cruel, while King Wen was kind and harmonious, and so Yin fell and Zhou rose; was it by contending for the feudal lords?" Then he permitted the Chu envoy. He sent Shu Xiang to reply: "My ruler has affairs of the altars of the state and so cannot come to meet in spring and autumn at the proper times. As for the feudal lords, Your Majesty truly has them; what need is there of a command to condescend?" Jiao Ju then asked for a marriage, and the Marquis of Jin permitted it.

楚子問於子產曰：“晉其許我諸侯乎？”對曰：“許君。晉君少安，不在諸侯。其大夫多求，莫匡其君。在宋之盟，又曰如一，若不許君，將焉用之？”王曰：“諸侯其來乎？”對曰：“必來。從宋之盟，承君之歡，不畏大國，何故不來？不來者，其魯、衛、曹、邾乎？曹畏宋，邾畏魯，魯、衛逼於齊而親於晉，唯是不來。其餘，君之所及也，誰敢不至？”王曰：“然則吾所求者，無不可乎？”對曰：“求逞於人，不可；與人同欲，盡濟。”

The Viscount of Chu asked Zi Chan: "Will Jin probably allow me to assemble the feudal lords?" He answered: "They will allow Your Majesty. The ruler of Jin is a bit at ease and does not care about the feudal lords. His grandees seek much and none corrects the ruler. In the Covenant of Song it was also said that they are as one state; if they did not allow Your Majesty, what use would that be?" The King said: "Will the feudal lords probably come?" He answered: "They will surely come. Following the Covenant of Song, receiving Your Majesty's favor, and not fearing the great state, why would they not come? Those who do not come are probably Lu, Wei, Cao, and Zhu? Cao fears Song, Zhu fears Lu, and Lu and Wei, pressed by Qi, are close to Jin, and only for this reason do not come. The rest are within reach of Your Majesty's power; who dares not to come?" The King said: "Then there is nothing I seek that cannot be done?" He answered: "To seek to fulfill one's own ambitions from others, no; to share the same wish with others, all can succeed."

大雨雹。季武子問於申豐曰：“雹可御乎？”對曰：“聖人在上，無雹，雖有，不為災。古者，日在北陸而藏冰；西陸，朝覿而出之。其藏冰也，深山窮谷，固陰冱寒，於是乎取之。其出之也，朝之祿位，賓食喪祭，於是乎用之。其藏之也，黑牲、秬黍，以享司寒。其出之也，桃弧、棘矢，以除其災。其出入也時。

There was a great hailstorm. Ji Wuzi asked Shen Feng: "Can hail be guarded against?" He answered: "When a sage is above, there is no hail, and even if there is, it does not cause disaster. In ancient times, when the sun was at the Northern Station, ice was stored; at the Western Station, it was taken out when seen in the morning. When ice was stored, it was taken from deep mountains and remote valleys where cold yin had congealed. When it was taken out, it was used by those with ranks at court, and for guests, food and drink, and funeral sacrifices. When storing, black animals and black millet were used to sacrifice to the god of cold. When taking it out, peachwood bows and thornwood arrows were used to drive away calamity. Both taking out and putting in followed the proper time.

食肉之祿，冰皆與焉。大夫命婦，喪浴用冰。祭寒而藏之，獻羔而啟之，公始用之。火出而畢賦。自命夫、命婦，至於老疾，無不受冰。山人取之，縣人傳之，輿人納之，隸人藏之。夫冰以風壯，而以風出。其藏之也周，其用之也遍，則冬無愆陽，夏無伏陰，春無悽風，秋無苦雨，雷不出震，無災霜雹，癘疾不降，民不夭札。今藏川池之冰，棄而不用。風不越而殺，雷不發而震。雹之為災，誰能御之？《七月》之卒章，藏冰之道也。”

Those who have a meat stipend all share in the ice. For grandees and ladies with titles, ice is used for bathing at funerals. They sacrifice to the cold and then store it, offer lambs and then open it, and the duke begins to use it. When the Great Fire star appears, the distribution is complete. From ministers and their wives to the elderly and the sick, none do not receive ice. Mountain men gather it, district men transport it, carriage men deliver it, and servants store it. Ice becomes firm through wind and is taken out through wind. If it is stored thoroughly and used universally, then in winter there is no excess of yang, in summer no hidden yin, in spring no bleak wind, in autumn no bitter rain, thunder does not roll at the wrong time, there is no frost or hail that does damage, plagues do not descend, and the people do not die young. Now the ice of rivers and ponds is stored but discarded unused. The wind does not disperse and is therefore deadly, the thunder does not break forth and so rumbles. When hail causes damage, who can guard against it? The last stanza of 'The Seventh Month' is the principle of storing ice."

夏，諸侯如楚，魯、衛、曹、邾不會。曹、邾辭以難，公辭以時祭，衛侯辭以疾。鄭伯先待於申。六月丙午，楚子合諸侯於申。椒舉言於楚子曰：“臣聞諸侯無歸，禮以為歸。今君始得諸侯，其慎禮矣。霸之濟否，在此會也。夏啟有鈞臺之享，商湯有景亳之命，周武有孟津之誓，成有岐陽之搜，康有酆宮之朝，穆有塗山之會，齊桓有召陵之師，晉文有踐土之盟。君其何用？宋向戌、鄭公孫僑在，諸侯之良也，君其選焉。”王曰：“吾用齊桓。”王使問禮於左師與子產。

In summer, the feudal lords went to Chu, but Lu, Wei, Cao, and Zhu did not attend the meeting. Cao and Zhu declined because of calamity, Duke Zhao declined because of the seasonal sacrifice, and the Marquis of Wei declined because of illness. The Earl of Zheng waited first at Shen. On the day bingwu of the sixth month, the Viscount of Chu assembled the feudal lords at Shen. Jiao Ju said to the Viscount of Chu: "I have heard that when the feudal lords have no one to turn to, they turn to ritual. Now Your Majesty has begun to gain the feudal lords, so be careful about ritual. Whether the hegemony succeeds or not lies in this meeting. Qi of Xia had the banquet at Juntai, Tang of Shang had the command at Jingbo, Wu of Zhou had the oath-taking at Mengjin, Cheng had the great hunt at Qiyang, Kang had the audience at the Feng palace, Mu had the meeting at Mount Tu, Huan of Qi had the campaign at Zhaoling, and Wen of Jin had the covenant at Jiantu. Which will Your Majesty follow? Xiang Xu of Song and Gongsun Qiao of Zheng are present, and are the worthy and good among the feudal lords; Your Majesty should choose." The King said: "I will follow Huan of Qi." The King sent men to ask the Left Master and Zi Chan about the ritual.

左師曰：“小國習之，大國用之，敢不薦聞？”獻公合諸侯之禮六。子產曰：“小國共職，敢不薦守？”獻伯、子、男會公之禮六。君子謂合左師善守先代，子產善相小國。王使椒舉侍於後，以規過。卒事，不規。王問其故，對曰：“禮，吾所未見者有六焉，又何以規？”宋大子佐後至，王田於武城，久而弗見。椒舉請辭焉。王使往，曰：“屬有宗祧之事於武城，寡君將墮幣焉，敢謝後見。”

The Left Master said: "A small state practices it and a great state uses it; how dare we not offer what we have heard?" He offered six items of the ritual by which a duke assembles the feudal lords. Zi Chan said: "A small state respectfully performs its duty; how dare we not offer what we keep?" He offered six items of the ritual by which earls, viscounts, and barons meet a duke. The gentleman held that the Left Master was good at preserving the earlier age and that Zi Chan was good at assisting a small state. The King had Jiao Ju stand behind him to correct errors. When the affair was over, nothing needed correcting. The King asked the reason, and he answered: "There are six items of the ritual that I had not seen, so what could I correct?" Zuo, heir of Song, arrived late, and the King hunted at Wucheng and was not seen for a long time. Jiao Ju asked to deliver an apology. The King sent men to say: "It happens that there is an ancestral temple matter at Wucheng, and my ruler is about to set out the offerings; we dare to apologize and meet later."

徐子，吳出也，以為貳焉，故執諸申。

The Viscount of Xu was born of a woman of Wu, and it was thought that he had a divided mind, so he was seized at Shen.

楚子示諸侯侈，椒舉曰：“夫六王二公之事，皆所以示諸侯禮也，諸侯所由用命也。夏桀為仍之會，有緍叛之。商紂為黎之蒐，東夷叛之。周幽為大室之盟，戎狄叛之。皆所以示諸侯汰也，諸侯所由棄命也。今君以汰，無乃不濟乎？”王弗聽。

The Viscount of Chu displayed extravagance to the feudal lords. Jiao Ju said: "The matters of the six kings and two dukes were all used to display ritual to the feudal lords, and so the feudal lords obeyed commands. When Jie of Xia held the meeting at Reng, Min rebelled. When Zhou of Shang held the great hunt at Li, the Eastern Yi rebelled. When King You of Zhou held the covenant at Taishi, the Rong and Di rebelled. All of these displayed arrogance to the feudal lords, and so the feudal lords abandoned their commands. Now Your Majesty uses arrogance; I fear you cannot succeed." The King did not listen.

子產見左師曰：“吾不患楚矣，汰而愎諫，不過十年。”左師曰：“然。不十年侈，其惡不遠，遠惡而後棄。善亦如之，德遠而後興。”

Zi Chan saw the Left Master and said: "I no longer worry about Chu; arrogant, stubborn, and refusing remonstrance, he will not last more than ten years." The Left Master said: "So it is. Not ten years of extravagance; his evil is not yet far, and when evil is far, then he will be abandoned. Goodness is like this too: when virtue is far-reaching, then one rises."

秋七月，楚子以諸侯伐吳。宋大子、鄭伯先歸。宋華費遂、鄭大夫從。使屈申圍朱方，八月甲申，克之。執齊慶封而盡滅其族。將戮慶封。椒舉曰：“臣聞無瑕者可以戮人。慶封唯逆命，是以在此，其肯從於戮乎？播於諸侯，焉用之？”王弗聽，負之斧鉞，以徇於諸侯，使言曰：“無或如齊慶封，弒其君，弱其孤，以盟其大夫。”慶封曰：“無或如楚共王之庶子圍，弒其君、兄之子麇而代之，以盟諸侯。”王使速殺之。

In autumn, in the seventh month, the Viscount of Chu led the feudal lords in attacking Wu. The heir of Song and the Earl of Zheng went back first. Hua Fei Sui of Song and the grandees of Zheng followed. He sent Qu Shen to besiege Zhufang, and on the day jiashen of the eighth month it was taken. He seized Qing Feng of Qi and wiped out his clan. He was about to execute Qing Feng. Jiao Ju said: "I have heard that only a man without blemish may execute others. Qing Feng is here only because he disobeyed orders; will he willingly accept execution? When it spreads among the feudal lords, what use will it be?" The King did not listen. He made him carry the axe and paraded him among the feudal lords, making him say: "Do not be like Qing Feng of Qi, who assassinated his ruler, weakened an orphan, and made covenants with the grandees." Qing Feng said: "Do not be like Wei, the junior son of King Gong of Chu, who assassinated his ruler, Jun, his elder brother's son, and took his place, and made covenants with the feudal lords." The King sent men to kill him at once.

遂以諸侯滅賴。賴子面縛銜璧，士袒，輿櫬從之，造於中軍。王問諸椒舉，對曰：“成王克許，許僖公如是，王親釋其縛，受其璧，焚其櫬。”王從之。遷賴於鄢。楚子欲遷許於賴，使鬥韋龜與公子棄疾城之而還。申無宇曰：“楚禍之首，將在此矣。召諸侯而來，伐國而克，城竟莫校。王心不違，民其居乎？民之不處，其誰堪之？不堪王命，乃禍亂也。”

Then he led the feudal lords and destroyed Lai. The Viscount of Lai had his hands bound behind him and held a jade disc in his mouth, his officers bared their shoulders, and carts carrying a coffin followed, and he walked to the central army. The King asked Jiao Ju, who answered: "When King Cheng took Xu, Duke Xi of Xu did just this, and the King himself untied him, took the jade disc, and burned the coffin." The King followed this. He moved Lai to Yan. The Viscount of Chu wished to move Xu to Lai and sent Dou Weigui and Prince Qiji to build it and then return. Shen Wuyu said: "The beginning of Chu's disaster will lie here. He assembles the feudal lords and they come, attacks a state and conquers it, builds a city on the border and no one objects. The King's wishes are not opposed, but can the people still live in peace? If the people cannot dwell in peace, who can bear it? If they cannot bear the King's command, there is disorder."

九月，取鄫，言易也。莒亂，著丘公立而不撫鄫，鄫叛而來，故曰取。

In the ninth month, Zeng was taken; this is said to mean it was easy. Ju was in disorder, Duke Zhuqiu took the throne but did not pacify Zeng, and Zeng rebelled and came over, so it is called "taken."

凡克邑不用師徒曰取。

Whenever a city is conquered without using the army, it is called "taken."

鄭子產作丘賦。國人謗之，曰：“其父死於路，己為蠆尾。以令於國，國將若之何？”子寬以告。子產曰：“何害？苟利社稷，死生以之。且吾聞為善者不改其度，故能有濟也。民不可逞，度不可改。《詩》曰：‘禮義不愆，何恤於人言。’吾不遷矣。渾罕曰：“國氏其先亡乎！君子作法於涼，其敝猶貪。作法於貪，敝將若之何？姬在列者，蔡及曹、滕其先亡乎！逼而無禮。鄭先衛亡，逼而無法。政不率法，而制於心。民各有心，何上之有？”冬，吳伐楚，入棘、櫟、麻，以報朱方之役。楚沈尹射奔命於夏汭，鹹尹宜咎城鍾離，薳啟強城巢，然丹城州來。東國水，不可以城。彭生罷賴之師。

Zi Chan of Zheng instituted the qiu levy. The people of the state criticized, saying: "His father died on the road, and he himself is a scorpion's tail. To issue this order to the state, what will become of it?" Zi Kuan told him. Zi Chan said: "What harm is there? If it benefits the altars of the state, I accept life or death. Moreover I have heard that one who does good does not change the standards, and so can succeed. The people cannot be indulged, and the standards cannot be changed. The Odes say: 'If ritual and righteousness have no fault, why should we care about what people say?' I will not move." Hun Han said: "The Guo clan will probably perish first! A gentleman who sets a law on thin ground still ends in greed. If he sets a law on greed, what will the evil effects be? Among the Ji-surnamed states in the ranks, Cai, Cao, and Teng will probably perish first! They are pressed and have no ritual. Zheng will perish before Wei, pressed and without law. Government does not follow law but is decided by one's own mind. When the people each have their own minds, what superior is there?" In winter, Wu attacked Chu and entered Ji, Li, and Ma, in revenge for the battle of Zhufang. Shen Yin She of Chu hurried to his post at Xiarui, Xian Yin Yijiu built Zhongli, Wei Qiqiang built Chao, and Ran Dan built Zhoulai. The eastern states have water, and walls cannot be built. Peng Sheng stopped the army in the land of Lai.

初，穆子去叔孫氏，及庚宗，遇婦人，使私為食而宿焉。問其行，告之故，哭而送之。適齊，娶於國氏，生孟丙、仲壬。夢天壓己，弗勝。顧而見人，黑而上僂，深目而豭喙。號之曰：“牛！助餘！”乃勝之。旦而皆召其徒，無之。且曰：“志之。”及宣伯奔齊，饋之。宣伯曰：“魯以先子之故，將存吾宗，必召女。召女，何如？”對曰：“願之久矣。”魯人召之，不告而歸。既立，所宿庚宗之婦人，獻以雉。問其姓，對曰：“餘子長矣，能奉雉而從我矣。”召而見之，則所夢也。未問其名，號之曰：“牛！”曰：“唯”。皆召其徒，使視之，遂使為豎。有寵，長使為政。公孫明知叔孫於齊，歸，未逆國姜，子明取之。故怒，其子長而後使逆之。田於丘蕕，遂遇疾焉。豎牛欲亂其室而有之，強與孟盟，不可。叔孫為孟鍾，曰：“爾未際，饗大夫以落之。”既具，使豎牛請日。入，弗謁。出，命之日。及賓至，聞鐘聲。牛曰：“孟有北婦人之客。”怒，將往，牛止之。賓出，使拘而殺諸外，牛又強與仲盟，不可。仲與公御萊書觀於公，公與之環。使牛入示之。入，不示。出，命佩之。牛謂叔孫：“見仲而何？”叔孫曰：“何為？”曰：“不見，既自見矣。公與之環而佩之矣。”遂逐之，奔齊。疾急，命召仲，牛許而不召。

At first, when Muzi left the Shu Sun clan, he reached Gengzong and met a woman, and had her privately make food and stayed. She asked about his journey, and he told her the reason, and she wept as she sent him off. In Qi he married a woman of the Guo clan and had Meng Bing and Zhong Ren. He dreamed that the sky pressed down on him and he could not withstand it. He turned and saw a man, dark, with hunched shoulders, deep-set eyes, and a mouth like a boar's. He called to him: "Ox! Help me!" Then he prevailed. In the morning he summoned all his followers, but this man was not there. He said: "Remember." When Xuan Bo fled to Qi, he sent him gifts. Xuan Bo said: "Lu will, because of my former father, preserve my clan, and will surely summon you. If they summon you, what will you do?" He answered: "It has long been my wish." The people of Lu summoned him, and he went back without telling anyone. When he had been installed, the woman of Gengzong where he had once stayed presented a pheasant. He asked about her child, and she answered: "My son has grown and can carry a pheasant and follow me." He summoned him to meet, and it was the man he had dreamed of. Before asking his name, he called him: "Ox!" and he said: "Yes." He called all his followers to look at him, and then made him a page. He was favored, and when grown he put him in charge of affairs. Gongsun Ming had known Shu Sun in Qi; on returning, before Guo Jiang had been welcomed, Ziming married her. Therefore Shu Sun was angry, and only after his son was grown did he send to welcome her. He hunted at Qiuyou, and there fell ill. Shu Niu wished to throw his household into chaos and take possession of it, and forced Meng to make a covenant with him, which he did not agree to. Shu Sun made a bell for Meng, saying: "You have not yet made social connections; feast the grandees to celebrate its completion." When it was ready, he sent Shu Niu to ask for a date. He went in and did not report; coming out, he fixed the date. When the guests arrived, the sound of the bell was heard. Niu said: "Meng has a guest, a woman from the north." Shu Sun was angry and was about to go, but Niu blocked him. After the guests left, he sent men to seize and kill Meng outside. Niu again forced Zhong to make a covenant with him, which he did not agree to. Zhong and Lai Shu, the duke's charioteer, were looking around at the duke's place, and the duke gave him a jade ring. He sent Niu in to show it to Shu Sun. He went in and did not show it. Coming out, he ordered him to wear it. Niu said to Shu Sun: "What of seeing Zhong?" Shu Sun said: "What for?" He said: "He has not seen you, and has already gone to see someone himself. The duke gave him a ring and told him to wear it." So he was driven out and fled to Qi. When he was gravely ill, he ordered that Zhong be summoned, and Niu agreed but did not summon him.

杜洩見，告之飢渴，授之戈。對曰：“求之而至，又何去焉？”豎牛曰：“夫子疾病，不欲見人。”使置饋於個而退。牛弗進，則置虛，命徹。十二月癸丑，叔孫不食。乙卯，卒。牛立昭子而相之。

Du Xie came in and saw him, told him he was hungry and thirsty, and gave him a spear. He answered: "If you ask him, he will come; why remove him?" Shu Niu said: "The master is gravely ill and does not wish to see people." He had the food placed in the side room and then withdrew. Niu did not carry it in, and instead emptied the vessels and ordered them cleared away. On the day guichou of the twelfth month, Shu Sun did not eat. On the day yimao, he died. Niu installed Zhaozi and assisted him.

公使杜洩葬叔孫。豎牛賂叔仲昭子與南遺，使惡杜洩於季孫而去之。杜洩將以路葬，且盡卿禮。南遺謂季孫曰：“叔孫未乘路，葬焉用之？且冢卿無路，介卿以葬，不亦左乎？”季孫曰：“然。”使杜洩舍路。不可，曰：“夫子受命於朝，而聘於王。王思舊勳而賜之路。覆命而致之君，君不敢逆王命而復賜之，使三官書之。吾子為司徒，實書名。夫子為司馬，與工正書服。孟孫為司空，以書勳。今死而弗以，是棄君命也。書在公府而弗以，是廢三官也。若命服，生弗敢服，死又不以，將焉用之？”乃使以葬。

Duke Zhao sent Du Xie to bury Shu Sun. Shu Niu bribed Shuzhong Zhaozi and Nan Yi to make them hate Du Xie before Ji Sun and remove him. Du Xie was going to use the senior chariot in the burial, and use all the ritual of a minister. Nan Yi said to Ji Sun: "Shu Sun never rode the senior chariot; how could it be used in burial? Moreover the chief minister has no senior chariot, and for the deputy minister to use it for burial would also be partial." Ji Sun said: "So it is." He had Du Xie put down the senior chariot. He refused, saying: "The master received the command in court and went on a mission to the Son of Heaven. The Son of Heaven, remembering his former merit, gave the senior chariot. After reporting back, he handed it over to the ruler, and the ruler did not dare to go against the king's command and gave it to him again and had three officers record it. You, sir, were Minister of Education, and truly recorded the name. The master was Minister of War and recorded the ceremonial dress with the Director of Works. Meng Sun was Minister of Works and recorded the merit. Now that he is dead it is not used; this is abandoning the ruler's command. It is recorded in the ducal archive but not used; this is neglecting the three officers. If it is a ceremonial dress by command, while alive he did not dare wear it, and when dead it is not used, where will it be used?" So he had it used for the burial.

季孫謀去中軍。豎牛曰：“夫子固欲去之。”

Ji Sun planned to abolish the central army. Shu Niu said: "The master had wanted to abolish it."

【經】五年春王正月，舍中軍。楚殺其大夫屈申。公如晉。夏，莒牟夷以牟婁及防、茲來奔。秋七月，公至自晉。戊辰，叔弓帥師敗莒師於蚡泉。秦伯卒。

[Classic] In the fifth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, the central army was abolished. Chu killed its grandee Qu Shen. Duke Zhao went to Jin. In summer, Mouyi of Ju came over with Moulou, Fang, and Zi. In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Zhao returned from Jin. On the day wuchen, Shu Gong led troops and defeated the Ju army at Fenquan. The Earl of Qin died.

冬，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、許男、頓子、沈子、徐人、越人伐吳。

In winter, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, the Baron of Xu, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Shen, the people of Xu, and the people of Yue attacked Wu.

【傳】五年春，王正月，舍中軍，卑公室也。毀中軍於施氏，成諸臧氏。初作中軍，三分公室而各有其一。季氏盡徵之，叔孫氏臣其子弟，孟氏取其半焉。

[Commentary] In the fifth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the central army was abolished, to make the ducal house lowly. The central army was destroyed at the Shi clan's place and completed at the Zang clan's place. When the central army was first established, the ducal house was divided into three parts, each taking one. The Ji clan levied all of its share, the Shu Sun clan made its sons and younger brothers its subjects, and the Meng clan took half.

及其舍之也，四分公室，季氏擇二，二子各一。皆盡徵之，而貢於公。以書。使杜洩告於殯，曰：“子固欲毀中軍，既毀之矣，故告。”杜洩曰：“夫子唯不欲毀也，故盟諸僖閎，詛諸五父之衢。”受其書而投之，帥士而哭之。叔仲子謂季孫曰：“帶受命於子叔孫曰：‘葬鮮者自西門。’”季孫命杜洩。杜洩曰：“卿喪自朝，魯禮也。吾子為國政，未改禮，而又遷之。群臣懼死，不敢自也。”既葬而行。

When it was abolished, the ducal house was divided into four parts; the Ji clan chose two parts and each of the other two chose one. All of them levied all of it and paid tribute to the duke. It was written in a document. They sent Du Xie to report to the coffin, saying: "You had wanted to destroy the central army; it has been destroyed, and so we report it." Du Xie said: "The master only did not want to destroy it, and so made a covenant at the gate of the temple of Duke Xi and cursed at the crossroads of Wufu." He took the document and threw it away and led the officers in weeping. Shuzhong Zi said to Ji Sun: "Daicong Zi Shu Sun received the command saying: 'Bury the short-lived through the western gate.'" Ji Sun ordered Du Xie. Du Xie said: "A minister's funeral sets out from the court; this is the ritual of Lu. You, sir, hold the government of the state and have not yet changed the ritual, yet you are moving it again. We ministers fear death and dare not follow." After the burial he left.

仲至自齊，季孫欲立之。南遺曰：“叔孫氏厚則季氏薄。彼實家亂，子勿與知，不亦可乎？”南遺使國人助豎牛以攻諸大庫之庭。司宮射之，中目而死。豎牛取東鄙三十邑，以與南遺。

Zhong arrived from Qi, and Ji Sun wished to install him. Nan Yi said: "When the Shu Sun clan is rich, the Ji clan is poor. It is truly chaos within their house; would it not be all right for you not to take part in it or know of it?" Nan Yi had the people of the state help Shu Niu to attack in the courtyard of the great storehouse. The Si Gong shot him, hit him in the eye, and he died. Shu Niu took thirty towns in the eastern border and gave them to Nan Yi.

昭子即位，朝其家眾，曰：“豎牛禍叔孫氏，使亂大從，殺適立庶，又披其邑，將以赦罪，罪莫大焉。必速殺之。”豎牛懼，奔齊。孟、仲之子殺諸塞關之外，投其首於寧風之棘上。

Zhaozi took the throne and, in court before his household, said: "Shu Niu brought disaster upon the Shu Sun clan, upset the great order, killed the legitimate heir and installed a concubine's son, and also split up the towns to use them to pardon his crimes; no crime is greater than this. He must be killed at once." Shu Niu was afraid and fled to Qi. The sons of Meng and Zhong killed him outside the Sai pass and threw his head on the thorn bushes of Ningfeng.

仲尼曰：“叔孫昭子之不勞，不可能也。周任有言曰：‘為政者不賞私勞，不罰私怨。’《詩》云：‘有覺德行，四國順之。’”初，穆子之生也，莊叔以《周易》筮之，遇《明夷》ⅱⅵ之《謙》ⅱⅶ，以示卜楚丘。曰：“是將行，而歸為子祀。以讒人入，其名曰牛，卒以餒死。《明夷》，日也。日之數十，故有十時，亦當十位。自王已下，其二為公，其三為卿。

Zhongni said: "For Shu Sun Zhaozi not to reward service is impossible. Zhou Ren had a saying: 'One who governs does not reward private service and does not punish private grudges.' The Odes say: 'When there is upright virtue, the states of the four quarters follow.'" Earlier, when Muzi was born, Zhuang Shu divined with the Book of Changes and got Mingyi changing into Qian, and showed it to Bu Chuqiu. He said: "This man will travel and return to sacrifice for you. He will bring in a slanderer, who will be named Niu, and will in the end starve to death. Mingyi is the sun. The number of the sun is ten, and so there are ten hours of the day, corresponding also to ten positions. From the king downward, the second is the duke and the third is the minister.

日上其中，食日為二，旦日為三。《明夷》之《謙》，明而未融，其當旦乎，故曰：‘為子祀’。日之《謙》，當鳥，故曰‘明夷于飛’。明之未融，故曰‘垂其翼’。象日之動，故曰‘君子於行’。當三在旦，故曰‘三日不食’。《離》，火也。《艮》，山也。《離》為火，火焚山，山敗。於人為言，敗言為讒，故曰‘有攸往，主人有言’，言必讒也。純《離》為牛，世亂讒勝，勝將適《離》，故曰‘其名曰牛’。謙不足，飛不翔，垂不峻，翼不廣，故曰‘其為子後乎’。

The sun rising to the middle is the first, mealtime is the second, and dawn is the third. Mingyi changing to Qian is bright but not yet fully open, corresponding probably to dawn, and so it says 'sacrifice for you.' The sun's Qian corresponds to the bird, and so it says 'the bright pheasant in flight.' Because the brightness is not yet fully open, it says 'folds its wings.' Like the movement of the sun, it says 'the gentleman travels.' Corresponding to the third position at dawn, it says 'three days without eating.' Li is fire. Gen is mountain. Li as fire burns the mountain, and the mountain is ruined. In people it is speech, and ruined speech is slander, and so it says 'when he goes forward, the master has words,' and the words are surely slander. Pure Li is the ox; when the age is disordered and slander prevails, and when it prevails it will reach Li, and so it says 'he will be named Niu.' Qian is insufficient, the flight does not soar, the drooping is not high, and the wings are not broad, and so it says 'he is probably your descendant.'

吾子，亞卿也，抑少不終。”

You, sir, are a junior minister, and will at most fail to end well to a small degree."

楚子以屈申為貳於吳，乃殺之。以屈生為莫敖，使與令尹子蕩如晉逆女。過鄭，鄭伯勞子蕩於汜，勞屈生於菟氏。晉侯送女於邢丘。子產相鄭伯，會晉侯於邢丘。

The Viscount of Chu thought that Qu Shen had a divided mind toward Wu, and so killed him. He made Qu Sheng the Mo Ao and sent him with Zi Dang, chief minister, to Jin to welcome the new wife. Passing through Zheng, the Earl of Zheng comforted Zi Dang at Si and comforted Qu Sheng at Tushi. The Marquis of Jin escorted the bride to Xingqiu. Zi Chan assisted the Earl of Zheng and met the Marquis of Jin at Xingqiu.

公如晉，自郊勞至於贈賄，無失禮。晉侯謂女叔齊曰：“魯侯不亦善於禮乎？”對曰：“魯侯焉知禮？”公曰：“何為？自郊勞至於贈賄，禮無違者，何故不知？”對曰：“是儀也，不可謂禮。禮所以守其國，行其政令，無失其民者也。今政令在家，不能取也。有子家羈，弗能用也。奸大國之盟，陵虐小國。利人之難，不知其私。公室四分，民食於他。思莫在公，不圖其終。為國君，難將及身，不恤其所。禮之本末，將於此乎在，而屑屑焉習儀以亟。言善於禮，不亦遠乎？君子謂：“叔侯於是乎知禮。”

Duke Zhao went to Jin, and from the welcome in the outskirts to the parting gift, there was no lapse in ritual. The Marquis of Jin said to Nu Shuqi: "Is the Marquis of Lu not good at ritual?" He answered: "How would the Marquis of Lu know ritual?" The Marquis said: "Why? From welcoming in the outskirts to the parting gift, there was no deviation from ritual; why would he not know?" He answered: "This is deportment and cannot be called ritual. Ritual is what is used to hold the state, carry out governmental orders, and not lose the people. Now government is in private houses and cannot be taken back. He has Zijia Ji and cannot use him. He offends the covenants of the great state and oppresses small states. He profits from others' calamities and does not know his own private troubles. The ducal house is divided into four, and the people eat from others. His mind is not on the duke, and he does not plan for the end. As ruler, calamity will reach his own person, and he does not care where he is. The root and branches of ritual lie here, yet he busily practices deportment in trivial matters. To say he is good at ritual, is it not far from the truth?" The gentleman held: "At this time, Shu Hou knew ritual."

晉韓宣子如楚送女，叔向為介。鄭子皮、子大叔勞諸索氏。大叔謂叔向曰：“楚王汰侈已甚，子其戒之。”叔向曰：“汰侈已甚，身之災也，焉能及人？若奉吾幣帛，慎吾威儀，守之以信，行之以禮，敬始而思終，終無不復，從而不失儀，敬而不失威，道之以訓辭，奉之以舊法，考之以先王，度之以二國，雖汰侈，若我何？”及楚，楚子朝其大夫，曰：“晉，吾仇敵也。苟得志焉，無恤其他。今其來者，上卿、上大夫也。若吾以韓起為閽，以羊舌肸為司宮，足以辱晉，吾亦得志矣。可乎？”大夫莫對。薳啟強曰：“可。苟有其備，何故不可？恥匹夫不可以無備，況恥國乎？是以聖王務行禮，不求恥人，朝聘有珪，享覜有璋。小有述職，大有巡功。設機而不倚，爵盈而不飲；宴有好貨，飧有陪鼎，入有郊勞，出有贈賄，禮之至也。國家之敗，失之道也，則禍亂興。城濮之役，晉無楚備，以敗於邲。邲之役，楚無晉備，以敗於鄢。自鄢以來，晉不失備，而加之以禮，重之以睦，是以楚弗能報而求親焉。既獲姻親，又欲恥之，以召寇仇，備之若何？誰其重此？若有其人，恥之可也。若其未有，君亦圖之。晉之事君，臣曰可矣：求諸侯而麇至；求昏而薦女，君親送之，上卿及上大夫致之。猶欲恥之，君其亦有備矣。不然，奈何？韓起之下，趙成、中行吳、魏舒、範鞅、知盈；羊舌肸之下，祁午、張趯、籍談、女齊、梁丙、張骼、輔躒、苗賁皇，皆諸侯之選也。韓襄為公族大夫，韓須受命而使矣。箕襄、邢帶、叔禽、叔椒、子羽，皆大家也。

Han Xuanzi of Jin went to Chu to escort the bride, with Shu Xiang as deputy. Zi Pi and Zi Da Shu of Zheng comforted them at Suo. Da Shu said to Shu Xiang: "The King of Chu is already arrogant and extravagant to excess; you should be on guard." Shu Xiang said: "Arrogance and extravagance to excess are one's own calamity; how could they reach others? If we offer our silks and goods, are careful about our deportment, hold to good faith and carry out ritual, honor the beginning and think of the end, there is no end that does not return; if we follow without losing proper conduct, are respectful without losing dignity, guide with admonitory words, act by old law, test by the former kings, and measure by the standards of the two states, then even if he is arrogant and extravagant, what can he do to us?" On reaching Chu, the Viscount of Chu had the grandees come to court and said: "Jin is our enemy. If we gain our wish, we need not care about anything else. Now the ones who have come are the senior minister and the senior grandee. If I made Han Qi a gatekeeper and Yangshe Xi a palace attendant, that would be enough to shame Jin, and I would have gained my wish. May it be done?" None of the grandees answered. Wei Qiqiang said: "It can be done. If one has preparation, why not? Even to shame an ordinary man one must not be unprepared; how much more to shame a state? Therefore the sage kings devoted themselves to carrying out ritual and did not seek to shame people. At court visits there are jade tablets, at audience and presentation there are jade zhang. The small have the report of duties, and the great have the tour of merit. A stool is set but not leaned on, a cup is full but not drunk; at banquets there are fine goods, at meals there are accompanying cauldrons; on arrival there is welcome in the outskirts, on departure there is a parting gift; this is the height of ritual. The ruin of a state is the loss of this principle, and then disorder arises. At the battle of Chengpu, Jin had no preparation against Chu, and so was defeated at Bi. At the battle of Bi, Chu had no preparation against Jin, and so was defeated at Yan. Since Yan, Jin has not lost its preparation, adds ritual, and has increased harmony, and so Chu has been unable to take revenge and seeks closeness. Having obtained a marriage alliance, to wish to shame them would summon enemies; how prepared are we? Who will bear this? If there were such a man, shaming would be possible. If not yet, Your Majesty should also plan. Jin serves Your Majesty, and I say it is enough: you sought the feudal lords and they came in throngs; you sought a marriage and they presented a woman, their ruler escorting her in person, and the senior minister and senior grandee delivering her. If you still wish to shame them, Your Majesty probably has preparation. If not, what will you do? Below Han Qi there are Zhao Cheng, Zhonghang Wu, Wei Shu, Fan Yang, and Zhi Ying; below Yangshe Xi there are Qi Wu, Zhang Di, Ji Tan, Nu Qi, Liang Bing, Zhang Ge, Fu Yue, and Miao Benhuang, all chosen from among the feudal lords. Han Xiang is the grandee of the ducal clan, and Han Xu has already received orders to go on missions. Ji Xiang, Xing Dai, Shu Qin, Shu Jiao, and Zi Yu are all great houses.

韓賦七邑，皆成縣也。羊舌四族，皆強家也。晉人若喪韓起、楊肸，五卿八大夫輔韓須、楊石，因其十家九縣，長轂九百，其餘四十縣，遺守四千，奮其武怒，以報其大恥，伯華謀之，中行伯、魏舒帥之，其蔑不濟矣。君將以親易怨，實無禮以速寇，而未有其備，使群臣往遺之禽，以逞君心，何不可之有？”王曰：“不穀之過也，大夫無辱。”厚為韓子禮。王欲敖叔向以其所不知，而不能，亦厚其禮。

The Han clan's taxes come from seven towns, all of them full districts. The four Yangshe lineages are all powerful houses. If the people of Jin lost Han Qi and Yang Xi, the five ministers and eight grandees would assist Han Xu and Yang Shi, relying on ten houses and nine districts, nine hundred long-hubbed chariots, the other forty districts, and four thousand garrison chariots, and rouse their martial anger to avenge the great disgrace, with Bohua planning and Zhonghang Bo and Wei Shu leading; there is nothing they would not accomplish. Your Majesty would be exchanging kinship for enmity, truly without ritual hastening the enemy, and without preparation, sending your ministers to be captured by them to satisfy Your Majesty's wishes; what is there that cannot be done?" The King said: "It is my fault, and the grandees need not suffer humiliation." He increased the ritual toward Han Zi. The King wished to look down on Shu Xiang with something he did not know, but could not, and so increased the ritual for him too.

韓起反，鄭伯勞諸圉。辭不敢見，禮也。

Han Qi returned, and the Earl of Zheng comforted him at Yu. He declined and did not dare to see him, which accorded with ritual.

鄭罕虎如齊，娶於子尾氏。晏子驟見之，陳桓子問其故，對曰：“能用善人，民之主也。”

Han Hu of Zheng went to Qi and married a woman of the Zi Wei clan. Master Yan saw him several times. Chen Huanzi asked the reason, and he answered: "One who can use good men is the master of the people."

夏，莒牟夷以牟婁及防茲來奔。牟夷非卿而書，尊地也。莒人愬於晉。晉侯欲止公，範獻子曰：“不可。人朝而執之，誘也。討不以師，而誘以成之，惰也。

In summer, Mouyi of Ju came over with Moulou, Fang, and Zi. Mouyi was not a minister, yet the Spring and Autumn Annals records it, because it valued the land. The people of Ju made a complaint to Jin. The Marquis of Jin wished to detain Duke Zhao, but Fan Xianzi said: "It cannot be done. For one who comes to pay court to be seized is enticement. To attack not with an army but to succeed by enticement is laziness.

為盟主而犯此二者，無乃不可乎？請歸之，間而以師討焉。”乃歸公。秋七月，公至自晉。

To be leader of the covenant yet commit these two faults, I fear it cannot be. Let him go back, and when there is an opening attack with the army." So he let Duke Zhao return. In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Zhao returned from Jin.

莒人來討，不設備。戊辰，叔弓敗諸蚡泉，莒未陳也。

The people of Ju came to attack and set no guard. On the day wuchen, Shu Gong defeated them at Fenquan, before the Ju army had formed its ranks.

冬十月，楚子以諸侯及東夷伐吳，以報棘、櫟、麻之役。薳射以繁揚之師，會於夏汭。越大夫常壽過帥師會楚子於瑣。聞吳師出，薳啟強帥師從之，遽不設備，吳人敗諸鵲岸。

In winter, in the tenth month, the Viscount of Chu led the feudal lords and the Eastern Yi in attacking Wu, in revenge for the battles of Ji, Li, and Ma. Wei She used the army of Fanyang and joined at Xiarui. Chang Shouguo, grandee of Yue, led troops and joined the Viscount of Chu at Suo. Hearing that the Wu army had set out, Wei Qiqiang led troops to follow, hurriedly and without guard, and the people of Wu defeated them at Que'an.

楚子以馹至於羅汭。吳子使其弟蹶由犒師，楚人執之，將以釁鼓。王使問焉，曰：“女卜來吉乎？”對曰：“吉。寡君聞君將治兵於敝邑，卜之以守龜，曰：‘餘亟使人犒師，請行以觀王怒之疾徐，而為之備，尚克知之。’龜兆告吉，曰：‘克可知也。’君若歡焉，好逆使臣，滋敝邑休殆，而忘其死，亡無日矣。今君奮焉，震電馮怒，虐執使臣，將以釁鼓，則吳知所備矣。敝邑雖羸，若早修完，其可以息師。難易有備，可謂吉矣。且吳社稷是卜，豈為一人？使臣獲釁軍鼓，而敝邑知備，以御不虞，其為吉孰大焉？國之守龜，其何事不卜？一臧一否，其誰能常之？城濮之兆，其報在邲。今此行也，其庸有報志？”乃弗殺。

The Viscount of Chu rode a courier carriage to Luorui. The Viscount of Wu sent his younger brother Jue You to feast the troops, and the people of Chu seized him and were about to use his blood to anoint the drum. The King sent a man to ask him: "When you divined before coming, was it auspicious?" He answered: "It was auspicious. My ruler heard that Your Majesty would review troops in our humble town and divined with the tortoise, saying: 'Let me quickly send someone to feast the troops, and ask him to go and observe how fast or slow the King's anger is, in order to make preparations, in the hope that I may know.' The tortoise crack announced auspiciousness and said: 'Victory can be known.' If Your Majesty is pleased and receives the envoy with friendship, increasing the laxity of our humble town and making us forget death, destruction will come in a few days. Now Your Majesty rouses yourself, enraged like thunder and lightning, and cruelly seizes the envoy and is about to use his blood to anoint the drum; Wu will then know to prepare. Though our humble town is weak, if we repair our defenses early and fully, perhaps we can halt the army. Whether it is easy or hard, we have preparation, and this can be called auspicious. Moreover Wu divines for the altars of the state; would it be for one man? That the envoy's blood be used to anoint the army drum, and our humble town know to prepare against the unexpected, what auspiciousness is greater than this? The tortoise of the state, on what matter does it not divine? One good, one bad, who can be constant? The omen of Chengpu was fulfilled at Bi. Now in this expedition, is there not a will for it to be fulfilled?" So he was not killed.

楚師濟於羅汭，沈尹赤會楚子，次於萊山。薳射帥繁揚之師，先入南懷，楚師從之。及汝清，吳不可入。楚子遂觀兵於坻箕之山。是行也，吳早設備，楚無功而還，以蹶由歸。楚子懼吳，使沈尹射待命於巢，薳啟強待命於雩婁，禮也。

The Chu army crossed at Luorui, and Shen Yin Chi joined the Viscount of Chu and encamped at Mount Lai. Wei She led the troops of Fanyang and entered Nanhuai first, and the Chu army followed. When they reached Ruqing, Wu could not be entered. The Viscount of Chu then reviewed the army at Mount Diqi. On this expedition Wu had made preparations early, and Chu returned without achievement, bringing Jue You back. The Viscount of Chu, fearing Wu, sent Shen Yin She to await orders at Chao and Wei Qijiang to await orders at Yulou, which accorded with ritual propriety.

秦後子復歸於秦，景公卒故也。

Houzi of Qin returned to Qin again, because Duke Jing had died.

【經】六年春王正月，杞伯益姑卒。葬秦景公。夏，季孫宿如晉。葬杞文公。

[Classic] In the sixth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, Yigu, the Earl of Qi, died. Duke Jing of Qin was buried. In summer, Ji Sunsu went to Jin. Duke Wen of Qi was buried.

宋華合比出奔衛。秋九月，大雩。楚薳罷帥師伐吳。冬，叔弓如楚。齊侯伐北燕。

Hua Hebi of Song fled to Wei. In autumn, in the ninth month, the great rain sacrifice was held. Wei Ba of Chu led an army to attack Wu. In winter, Shu Gong went to Chu. The Marquis of Qi attacked Northern Yan.

【傳】六年春，王正月，杞文公卒，吊如同盟，禮也。大夫如秦，葬景公，禮也。

[Commentary] In the sixth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Wen of Qi died, and condolences were offered as with an allied state, which accorded with ritual propriety. A grandee went to Qin to bury Duke Jing, which accorded with ritual propriety.

三月，鄭人鑄刑書。叔向使詒子產書，曰：“始吾有虞於子，今則已矣。昔先王議事以制，不為刑辟，懼民之有爭心也。猶不可禁御，是故閒之以義，糾之以政，行之以禮，守之以信，奉之以仁，製為祿位以勸其從，嚴斷刑罰以威其淫。

In the third month, the men of Zheng cast a penal code. Shu Xiang sent Zichan a letter, saying: “At first I had hopes for you, but now it is over. In the past the former kings weighed matters and made rulings and did not make penal laws, for fear that the people would develop a contentious spirit. Even so they could not prevent it, and so they guarded against it with righteousness, supervised it with government, carried it out with ritual, protected it with good faith and upheld it with benevolence, established emoluments and ranks to encourage compliance, and strictly determined punishments to intimidate the dissolute.

懼其未也，故誨之以忠，聳之以行，教之以務，使之以和，臨之以敬，蒞之以強，斷之以剛。猶求聖哲之上，明察之官，忠信之長，慈惠之師，民於是乎可任使也，而不生禍亂。民知有闢，則不忌於上，並有爭心，以徵於書，而徼倖以成之，弗可為矣。夏有亂政而作《禹刑》，商有亂政而作《湯刑》，周有亂政而作《九刑》，三辟之興，皆叔世也。今吾子相鄭國，作封洫，立謗政，制參闢，鑄刑書，將以靖民，不亦難乎？《詩》曰：‘儀式刑文王之德，日靖四方。’又曰：‘儀刑文王，萬邦作孚。’如是，何闢之有？民知爭端矣，將棄禮而徵於書。錐刀之末，將盡爭之。亂獄滋豐，賄賂並行，終子之世，鄭其敗乎！肸聞之，國將亡，必多制，其此之謂乎！”復書曰：“若吾子之言，僑不才，不能及子孫，吾以救世也。

Fearing that was still not enough, they instructed with loyalty, stirred with good conduct, taught through duties, employed with harmony, supervised with reverence, approached with strength, and decided with firmness. They also sought sage and wise superiors, discerning officials, loyal and trustworthy heads, and kind and gracious teachers, and the people could then be employed and put to work without giving rise to disorder. When the people know that there are laws, they do not fear their superiors, and moreover have a contentious spirit, citing the written texts and hoping to succeed by luck, and they cannot be governed. Xia had disordered government and made the Penal Code of Yu, Shang had disordered government and made the Penal Code of Tang, and Zhou had disordered government and made the Nine Penal Codes; the rise of all three codes was in a declining age. Now you, sir, assist Zheng, have made ditches and boundaries, established a government that invites slander, drawn up three kinds of law, and cast a penal code, and you will use it to bring peace to the people; will that not be difficult? The Odes say: ‘Take King Wen's virtue as the model, and daily bring peace to the four quarters.’ It also says: ‘Take King Wen as the model, and the ten thousand states will trust you.’ In this way, where would laws be? When the people know the grounds of dispute, they will abandon ritual and cite the written texts. They will contend to the last over the tip of an awl or knife. Disorderly lawsuits will increase all the more, bribery will go hand in hand, and in your generation Zheng will probably perish! I, Xi, have heard that when a state is about to perish, it surely makes many regulations; this is probably what is meant!” The reply said: “As you say, sir, I, Qiao, have no talent and cannot look after my descendants; I am doing this to save the age.

既不承命，敢忘大惠？”士文伯曰：“火見，鄭其火乎？火未出而作火以鑄刑器，藏爭闢焉。火如象之，不火何為？”夏，季孫宿如晉，拜莒田也。晉侯享之，有加籩。武子退，使行人告曰：“小國之事大國也，苟免於討，不敢求貺。得貺不過三獻。今豆有加，下臣弗堪，無乃戾也。”韓宣子曰：“寡君以為歡也。”對曰：“寡君猶未敢，況下臣，君之隸也，敢聞加貺？”固請徹加而後卒事。晉人以為知禮，重其好貨。

Since I cannot accept your instruction, how would I dare forget your great kindness?” Shi Wenbo said: “The Great Fire star has appeared; Zheng will probably have a fire? The fire has not yet come out, yet they use fire to cast penal instruments and store the laws of lawsuits. If fire symbolizes this, what could happen if not a fire?” In summer, Ji Sunsu went to Jin to give thanks for the fields of Ju. The Marquis of Jin held a banquet with an extra dish. Wuzi withdrew and sent an envoy to say: “A small state serving a great state, if it is spared from attack, does not dare to seek rewards. Rewards received do not exceed three offerings. Now the bowls have been added; your servant cannot accept this and fears it would be an offense.” Han Xuanzi said: “My lord regards it as a joy.” He replied: “My lord would not dare, much less your servant, who is only the king's lowly servant; how dare I hear of an increase in reward?” He insisted on having the addition removed before completing the matter. The men of Jin thought he knew ritual and increased the gifts.

宋寺人柳有寵，大子佐惡之。華合比曰：“我殺之。”柳聞之，乃坎、用牲、埋書，而告公曰：“合比將納亡人之族，既盟於北郭矣。”公使視之，有焉，遂逐華合比，合比奔衛。於是華亥欲代右師，乃與寺人柳比，從為之徵，曰“聞之久矣。”公使代之，見於左師，左師曰：“女夫也。必亡！女喪而宗室，於人何有？人亦於女何有？《詩》曰：‘宗子維城，毋俾城壞，毋獨斯畏。’女其畏哉！”六月丙戌，鄭災。

The eunuch Liu of Song was in favor, and Crown Prince Zuo hated him. Hua Hebi said: “I will kill him.” Liu heard of it, and so he dug a pit, used a sacrificial animal and buried a document, and told the duke: “Hebi is going to receive the clan of the exiles and has already made a covenant at the northern outskirts.” The duke sent people to look, and it was there, and so he expelled Hua Hebi, who fled to Wei. At this time Hua Hai wanted to replace the Right Master, and so colluded with the eunuch Liu, following him to testify for him, saying: “I heard of it long ago.” The duke let him replace him. He went to see the Left Master, who said: “You. You will surely perish! You have lost your own clan; what do you have with others? What do others have with you? The Odes say: ‘The heir of the clan is the wall; do not let the wall be destroyed, and do not be so afraid alone.’ You are probably afraid!” In the sixth month, on the day bingxu, there was a fire in Zheng.

楚公子棄疾如晉，報韓子也。過鄭，鄭罕虎、公孫僑、遊吉從鄭伯以勞諸柤。辭不敢見，固請見之，見，如見王，以其乘馬八匹私面。見子皮如上卿，以馬六匹。見子產，以馬四匹。見子大叔，以馬二匹。禁芻牧採樵，不入田，不樵樹，不採刈，不抽屋，不強匄。誓曰：“有犯命者，君子廢，小人降。”舍不為暴，主不慁賓。往來如是。鄭三卿皆知其將為王也。

Prince Qiji of Chu went to Jin to return Han Zi's visit. Passing through Zheng, Han Hu, Gongsun Qiao and You Ji of Zheng followed the Earl of Zheng to offer condolences at Zha. He declined, not daring to see them, but they insisted on seeing him; when they saw him, it was as if seeing a king, and he privately met them with a team of eight horses. He saw Zipi as if seeing a senior minister, with six horses. He saw Zichan with four horses. He saw Zi Dashu with two horses. He forbade foraging, grazing and gathering firewood, not entering the fields, not cutting trees, not gathering or reaping, not pulling out thatch, and not forcibly begging. He swore: “Whoever violates this order, if a gentleman will be dismissed, if a commoner will be demoted.” Where he lodged he did no violence, and the host was not troubled by the guest. This was so both coming and going. The three ministers of Zheng all knew that he would become king.

韓宣子之適楚也，楚人弗逆。公子棄疾及晉竟，晉侯將亦弗逆。叔向曰：“楚闢我衷，若何效闢？《詩》曰：‘爾之教矣，民胥效矣。’從我而已，焉用效人之闢？《書》曰：‘聖作則。’無寧以善人為則，而則人之闢乎？匹夫為善，民猶則之，況國君乎？”晉侯說，乃逆之。

When Han Xuanzi went to Chu, the men of Chu did not go to meet him. When Prince Qiji reached the border of Jin, the Marquis of Jin was also not going to meet him. Shu Xiang said: “Chu is crooked and we are upright; why imitate the crooked? The Odes say: ‘Your teachings, the people all follow.’ It is enough to follow ourselves; why imitate others' crookedness? The Book of Documents says: ‘The sage establishes the standard.’ Would you rather take good people as the standard, or imitate others' crookedness? When a commoner does good, the people still follow, how much more a ruler?” The Marquis of Jin was pleased and so went to meet him.

秋九月，大雩，旱也。

In autumn, in the ninth month, the great rain sacrifice was held because of drought.

徐儀楚聘於楚。楚子執之，逃歸。懼其叛也，使薳洩伐徐。吳人救之。令尹子蕩帥師伐吳，師於豫章，而次於乾溪。吳人敗其師於房鍾，獲宮廄尹棄疾。子蕩歸罪於薳洩而殺之。

Xu Yichu went to Chu on a visit. The Viscount of Chu arrested him, and he fled back. Fearing that he would rebel, Chu sent Wei Xie to attack Xu. Wu rescued it. The Prime Minister Zidang led an army to attack Wu; the army was at Yuzhang and encamped at Qianxi. The men of Wu defeated his army at Fangzhong and captured Qiji, Chief of the Palace Stables. Zidang laid the blame on Wei Xie and killed him.

冬，叔弓如楚聘，且吊敗也。

In winter, Shu Gong went to Chu on a visit and also offered condolences for the defeat.

十一月，齊侯如晉，請伐北燕也。士匄相士鞅，逆諸河，禮也。晉侯許之。

In the eleventh month, the Marquis of Qi went to Jin and asked to attack Northern Yan. Shi Gai assisted Shi Yang and met him at the Yellow River, which accorded with ritual propriety. The Marquis of Jin gave permission.

十二月，齊侯遂伐北燕，將納簡公。晏子曰：“不入。燕有君矣，民不貳。吾君賄，左右諂諛，作大事不以信，未嘗可也。”

In the twelfth month, the Marquis of Qi then attacked Northern Yan and was going to restore Duke Jian. Yanzi said: “You cannot get in. Yan has a ruler now, and the people have no divided heart. Our ruler is greedy for bribes, and those around him flatter; undertaking great affairs without good faith has never succeeded.”

【經】七年春王正月，暨齊平。三月，公如楚。叔孫婼如齊蒞盟。夏四月甲辰朔，日有食之。秋八月戊辰，衛侯惡卒。九月，公至自楚。冬十有一月癸未，季孫宿卒。十有二月癸亥，葬衛襄公。

[Classic] In the seventh year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, peace was made with Qi. In the third month, Duke Zhao went to Chu. Shusun Chuo went to Qi to take part in a covenant. In summer, in the fourth month, on the first day, jiachen, there was an eclipse of the sun. In autumn, in the eighth month, on the day wuchen, E, the Marquis of Wei, died. In the ninth month, Duke Zhao returned from Chu. In winter, in the eleventh month, on the day guiwei, Ji Sunsu died. In the twelfth month, on the day guihai, Duke Xiang of Wei was buried.

【傳】七年春，王正月，暨齊平，齊求之也。癸巳，齊侯次於虢。燕人行成，曰：“敝邑知罪，敢不聽命？先君之敝器，請以謝罪。”公孫皙曰：“受服而退，俟釁而動，可也。”二月戊午，盟於濡上。燕人歸燕姬，賂以瑤甕、玉櫝、鬥耳，不克而還。

[Commentary] In the seventh year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, peace was made with Qi, which Qi sought. On the day guisi, the Marquis of Qi encamped at Guo. The men of Yan sought peace, saying: “Our humble state knows its offense; how would it dare not obey the command? The worn-out vessels of our former lord, please accept them as an apology.” Gongsun Xi said: “Accept their submission and withdraw, and move again when there is an opening; that will do.” In the second month, on the day wuwu, they made a covenant at Ru Shang. The men of Yan returned Yan Ji and bribed with a jade urn, a jade case and a dou-eared vessel, and not succeeding, they went back.

楚子之為令尹也，為王旌以田。芋尹無宇斷之，曰：“一國兩君，其誰堪之？”及即位，為章華之宮，納亡人以實之。無宇之閽入焉。無宇執之，有司弗與，曰：“執人於王宮，其罪大矣。”執而謁諸王。王將飲酒，無宇辭曰：“天子經略，諸侯正封，古之制也。封略之內，何非君土？食土之毛，誰非君臣？故《詩》曰：‘普天之下，莫非王土。率土之濱，莫非王臣。’天有十日，人有十等，下所以事上，上所以共神也。故王臣公，公臣大夫，大夫臣士，士臣皂，皂臣輿，輿臣隸，隸臣僚，僚臣僕，僕臣臺。馬有圉，牛有牧，以待百事。今有司曰：‘女胡執人於王宮？’將焉執之？周文王之法曰：‘有亡，荒閱’，所以得天下也。吾先君文王，作僕區之法，曰：‘盜所隱器，與盜同罪’，所以封汝也。若從有司，是無所執逃臣也。逃而舍之，是無陪臺也。王事無乃闕乎？昔武王數紂之罪，以告諸侯曰：‘紂為天下逋逃主，萃淵藪’，故夫致死焉。君王始求諸侯而則紂，無乃不可乎？若以二文之法取之，盜有所在矣。”王曰：“取而臣以往，盜有寵，未可得也。”遂赦之。

When the Viscount of Chu was Prime Minister, he went hunting with the king's banners. Wu Yu, the Yun Yin, cut them off, saying: “One state with two rulers; who can bear it?” When he took the throne, he built the Zhanghua Palace and took in fugitives to fill it. Wu Yu's gatekeeper went in. Wu Yu arrested him, but the officials would not give him up, saying: “To arrest someone in the king's palace is a grave offense.” They arrested him and took him to see the king. The king was about to drink wine, and Wu Yu stated his case: “The Son of Heaven administers and surveys the land, and the lords set right their borders; this is the ancient institution. Within the borders, where is there land that is not the ruler's? Those who eat the produce of the land, who is not a ruler's subject? Therefore the Odes say: ‘Under the whole sky, there is no land that is not the king's. Along the land to the sea, there is no one who is not the king's subject.’ Heaven has ten suns, and humans have ten ranks, by which the lower serve the upper and the upper serve the spirits. So the king takes dukes as subjects, dukes take grandees as subjects, grandees take officers as subjects, officers take zao as subjects, zao take yu as subjects, yu take li as subjects, li take liao as subjects, liao take pu as subjects, and pu take tai as subjects. Horses have grooms and cattle have herdsmen, to deal with the hundred matters. Now the officials say: ‘Why did you arrest someone in the king's palace?’ Where else would one arrest him? The law of King Wen of Zhou said: ‘If there are fugitives, search them out thoroughly,’ and so he gained the world. Our former lord King Wen made the law of Puqu, saying: ‘Those who conceal what a thief has hidden are guilty of the same crime as the thief,’ and so he was enfeoffed at Ru. If we followed the officials, there would be nowhere to arrest runaway servants. If runaways were simply abandoned, there would be no menials left. The king's affairs would probably be lacking. In the past, when King Wu listed the crimes of Zhou, he told the lords: ‘Zhou is the master of the fugitives of the world, gathering them in a deep marsh,’ and so people fought to the death. When you, my king, begin to seek the lords but imitate Zhou, I fear that will not do. If you take according to the law of the two King Wens, then the thief has a place to be found.” The king said: “Take your servant and go; the thief is favored and still cannot be caught.” So he pardoned him.

楚子成章華之臺，願與諸侯落之。大宰薳啟強曰：“臣能得魯侯。”薳啟強來召公，辭曰：“昔先君成公，命我先大夫嬰齊曰：‘吾不忘先君之好，將使衡父照臨楚國，鎮撫其社稷，以輯寧爾民’。嬰齊受命於蜀，奉承以來，弗敢失隕，而致諸宗祧。日我先君共王，引領北望，日月以冀。傳序相授，於今四王矣。嘉惠未至，唯襄公之辱臨我喪。孤與其二三臣，悼心失圖，社稷之不皇，況能懷思君德！今君若步玉趾，辱見寡君，寵靈楚國，以信蜀之役，致君之嘉惠，是寡君既受貺矣，何蜀之敢望？其先君鬼神，實嘉賴之，豈唯寡君？君若不來，使臣請問行期，寡君將承質幣而見於蜀，以請先君之貺。”

The Viscount of Chu completed the Zhanghua Terrace and hoped to hold the inauguration with the lords. The Grand Steward Wei Qijiang said: “Your servant can obtain the Marquis of Lu.” Wei Qijiang came to summon Duke Zhao and stated: “In the past our former lord Duke Cheng commanded our late grandee Yingqi: ‘I will not forget the friendship of my former lord, and will have Hengfu shine upon Chu, pacify the altars of the state, and bring peace to your people.’ Yingqi received the command at Shu, upheld it ever since without daring to let it fall, and delivered it to the ancestral temple. In former days our former lord King Gong stretched his neck and looked north, day after day and month after month. Handing down and receiving, now four kings have passed. The gracious favor has not yet arrived, but only Duke Xiang deigned to attend our funeral. I and two or three ministers were grieved to the heart and lost our wits, unable to look after even the altars of the state, how much less to remember the king's virtue! Now if the king would take a step of his jade foot, deign to see my lord, bestow favor upon Chu, restate the battle of Shu, and deliver the king's gracious favor, then my lord will have already received a reward, and would we still dare hope for Shu? The spirits of our former lords will truly be grateful, not only my lord. If the king does not come, the envoy asks for the date of departure, and my lord will carry the pledge of silk to meet at Shu, to seek the reward of the former lords.”

公將往，夢襄公祖。梓慎曰：“君不果行。襄公之適楚也，夢周公祖而行。

Duke Zhao was about to go, and dreamed that Duke Xiang was setting out to sacrifice to the god of the road. Zi Shen said: “My lord will in the end not set out. When Duke Xiang went to Chu, he dreamed that the Duke of Zhou set out to sacrifice to the god of the road and then left.

今襄公實祖，君其不行。”子服惠伯曰：“行。先君未嘗適楚，故周公祖以道之。

Now Duke Xiang is actually setting out to sacrifice to the god of the road, and my lord should not go.” Zifu Huibo said: “Go. The former lord had never been to Chu, so the Duke of Zhou set out to sacrifice to the god of the road to guide him.

襄公適楚矣，而祖以道君，不行，何之？”三月，公如楚，鄭伯勞於師之梁。孟僖子為介，不能相儀。及楚，不能答郊勞。

Duke Xiang has already been to Chu, and yet he sets out to sacrifice to the god of the road to guide my lord; if he does not go, where will he go?” In the third month, Duke Zhao went to Chu, and the Earl of Zheng offered condolences at Shizhiliang. Meng Xizi was his deputy but could not assist in the ritual. When they reached Chu, he could not respond to the welcome in the suburbs.

夏四月甲辰朔，日有食之。晉侯問於士文伯曰：“誰將當日食？”對曰：“魯、衛惡之，衛大魯小。”公曰：“何故？”對曰：“去衛地，如魯地。於是有災，魯實受之。其大咎，其衛君乎？魯將上卿。”公曰：“《詩》所謂‘彼日而食，於何不臧’者，何也？”對曰：“不善政之謂也。國無政，不用善，則自取謫於日月之災，故政不可不慎也。務三而已，一曰擇人，二曰因民，三曰從時。”

In summer, in the fourth month, on the first day, jiachen, there was an eclipse of the sun. The Marquis of Jin asked Shi Wenbo: “Who will bear the eclipse?” He replied: “Lu and Wei will suffer ill fortune, Wei the greater and Lu the smaller.” The duke said: “What is the reason?” He replied: “It left the region of Wei and reached the region of Lu. At this time there is calamity, and Lu will actually bear it. The great misfortune will probably fall on the ruler of Wei? In Lu it will be the senior minister.” The duke said: “What are the words of the Odes, ‘That eclipse of the sun, why is it not good’?” He replied: “It speaks of bad government. When a state has no government and does not employ good people, it brings reproof on itself from the calamities of the sun and moon, and so government must be handled with care. One only needs to devote oneself to three things: first, choosing people; second, following the people; third, complying with the seasons.”

晉人來治杞田，季孫將以成與之。謝息為孟孫守，不可。曰：“人有言曰：‘雖有挈瓶之知，守不假器，禮也’。夫子從君，而守臣喪邑，雖吾子亦有猜焉。”

The men of Jin came to settle the fields of Qi, and Ji Sun was going to give them Cheng. Xie Xi, who was guarding it for Meng Sun, did not agree, saying: “There is a saying: ‘Even with only the wisdom of one who carries a jar, one guards it and does not lend the vessel; this is ritual.’ The master follows the ruler; if the guard minister loses the city, even you, sir, will be suspected.”

季孫曰：“君之在楚，於晉罪也。又不聽晉，魯罪重矣。晉師必至，吾無以待之，不如與之，間晉而取諸杞。吾與子桃，成反，誰敢有之？是得二成也。魯無憂而孟孫益邑，子何病焉？”辭以無山，與之萊、柞，乃遷於桃。晉人為杞取成。

Ji Sun said: “The ruler being in Chu is an offense to Jin. If we also do not obey Jin, Lu's offense will be even heavier. The army of Jin will surely come, and I have nothing with which to meet it; it is better to give it, and when Jin has an opening, take it back from Qi. I will give you Tao, and Cheng will return; who would dare hold it? This is gaining two Chengs. Lu has no worries and Meng Sun gains a city; what are you worried about?” He declined on the ground that Tao had no mountains, and was given Lai and Zuo, and so moved to Tao. The men of Jin took Cheng for Qi.

楚子享公於新臺，使長鬛者相，好以大屈。既而悔之。薳啟強聞之，見公。

The Viscount of Chu held a banquet for Duke Zhao at Xintai, had a long-bearded man serve as attendant, and used the great Qu bow to show friendship. Afterward he regretted it. Wei Qijiang heard of it and went to see Duke Zhao.

公語之，拜賀。公曰：“何賀？對曰：“齊與晉、越欲此久矣。寡君無適與也，而傳諸君，君其備禦三鄰。慎守寶矣，敢不賀乎？”公懼，乃反之。

Duke Zhao told him, and he bowed and congratulated him. Duke Zhao said: “What do you congratulate me on?” He replied: “Qi, Jin and Yue have wanted this for a long time. My lord had no one suitable to give it to, but passed it to you, my king, who should still guard against the three neighbors. Carefully guard the treasure; how would I dare not congratulate you?” Duke Zhao was afraid and so returned it.

鄭子產聘於晉。晉侯疾，韓宣子逆客，私焉，曰：“寡君寢疾，於今三月矣，並走群望，有加而無瘳。今夢黃熊入於寢門，其何厲鬼也？”對曰：“以君之明，子為大政，其何厲之有？昔堯殛鯀於羽山，其神化為黃熊，以入於羽淵，實為夏郊，三代祀之。晉為盟主，其或者未之祀也乎？”韓子祀夏郊，晉侯有間，賜子產莒之二方鼎。

Zichan of Zheng went to Jin on a visit. The Marquis of Jin was ill, and Han Xuanzi welcomed the guest and said privately: “My lord has been ill in bed for three months now, has visited all the sacred sites, and grown worse rather than better. Now he has dreamed that a yellow bear entered the bedchamber gate; what malevolent ghost is this?” He replied: “With your lord's enlightenment and you holding the great government, how could there be a malevolent ghost? In the past Yao executed Gun at Mount Yu, and his spirit turned into a yellow bear and entered the Yu abyss; he is in fact the object of the suburban sacrifice of Xia, which the Three Dynasties sacrificed to. Jin is the lord of covenants; perhaps it has not yet sacrificed to him?” Han Zi sacrificed at the suburban sacrifice of Xia, and the Marquis of Jin's illness improved for a time, and he gave Zichan two square tripods of Ju.

子產為豐施歸州田於韓宣子，曰：“日君以夫公孫段為能任其事，而賜之州田，今無祿早世，不獲久享君德。其子弗敢有，不敢以聞於君，私致諸子。”宣子辭。子產曰：“古人有言曰：‘其父析薪，其子弗克負荷’。施將懼不能任其先人之祿，其況能任大國之賜？縱吾子為政而可，後之人若屬有疆場之言，敝邑獲戾，而豐氏受其大討。吾子取州，是免敝邑於戾，而建置豐氏也。敢以為請。”

Zichan, on behalf of Feng Shi, returned the fields of Zhou to Han Xuanzi, saying: “In former days your lord considered that Gongsun Duan could handle affairs and gave him the fields of Zhou; now he has died early without emolument and could not long enjoy your lord's virtue. His son does not dare keep it and does not dare let your lord hear of it, and privately sends it to you.” Xuanzi declined. Zichan said: “The ancients had a saying: ‘When the father splits the firewood, the son cannot bear the load.’ Shi fears he will not be able to bear his ancestors' emolument, how much less a great state's gift? Even if you, sir, are in government, it may be acceptable, but if later people happen to have a border dispute, our humble state will be blamed and the Feng clan will be heavily punished. If you take Zhou, it spares our humble state from blame and establishes a place for the Feng clan. I venture to request this.”

宣子受之，以告晉侯。晉侯以與宣子。宣子為初言，病有之，以易原縣於樂大心。

Xuanzi accepted and informed the Marquis of Jin. The Marquis of Jin gave it to Xuanzi. Xuanzi, because of his earlier words, was troubled at possessing it, and exchanged it with Yue Daxin for the county of Yuan.

鄭人相驚以伯有，曰“伯有至矣”，則皆走，不知所往。鑄刑書之歲二月，或夢伯有介而行，曰：“壬子，餘將殺帶也。明年壬寅，餘又將殺段也。”及壬子，駟帶卒，國人益懼。齊、燕平之月壬寅，公孫段卒。國人愈懼。其明月，子產立公孫洩及良止以撫之，乃止。子大叔問其故，子產曰：“鬼有所歸，乃不為厲，吾為之歸也。”大叔曰：“公孫洩何為？”子產曰：“說也。為身無義而圖說，從政有所反之，以取媚也。不媚，不信。不信，民不從也。”

The men of Zheng frightened one another with Bo You, saying “Bo You has come,” and all ran, not knowing where to go. In the second month of the year the penal code was cast, someone dreamed of Bo You walking in armor, saying: “On renzi I will kill Dai. Next year on renyin I will kill Duan.” When renzi came, Si Dai died, and the people of the state were more afraid. In the month that Qi and Yan made peace, on renyin, Gongsun Duan died. The people of the state were still more afraid. The next month, Zichan installed Gongsun Xie and Liang Zhi to pacify him, and then it stopped. Zi Dashu asked the reason, and Zichan said: “When a ghost has a place to go, it does not become malevolent; I gave him a place to go.” Dashu said: “What was Gongsun Xie for?” Zichan said: “To please. Having no righteousness in oneself yet seeking to please, in government one sometimes turns to ingratiation. Without ingratiation, there is no trust. Without trust, the people do not follow.”

及子產適晉，趙景子問焉，曰：“伯有猶能為鬼乎？”子產曰：“能。人生始化曰魄，既生魄，陽曰魂。用物精多，則魂魄強。是以有精爽，至於神明。匹夫匹婦強死，其魂魄猶能馮依於人，以為淫厲，況良霄，我先君穆公之胄，子良之孫，子耳之子，敝邑之卿，從政三世矣。鄭雖無腆，抑諺曰‘蕞爾國’，而三世執其政柄，其用物也弘矣，其取精也多矣。其族又大，所馮厚矣。而強死，能為鬼，不亦宜乎？”子皮之族飲酒無度，故馬師氏與子皮氏有惡。齊師還自燕之月，罕朔殺罕魋。

When Zichan went to Jin, Zhao Jingzi asked him: “Can Bo You still become a ghost?” Zichan said: “He can. When a person's life begins to change, it is called po, and when po has been born, the yang part is called hun. When the essence of what one uses is abundant, hun and po are strong. Therefore there is spiritual vigor, reaching the divine and bright. Even ordinary men and women who die by violence can have hun and po that still attach to others and become malevolent spirits, how much more Liangxiao, a descendant of our former lord Duke Mu, grandson of Ziliang and son of Zier, a minister of our humble state, in government for three generations. Although Zheng is not rich, as the proverb says, ‘a tiny state,’ yet for three generations he held the reins of government, used great resources and took much essence. His clan is also large, and what he leaned on is substantial. And yet he died violently; could he not become a ghost, as is only fitting?” The clan of Zipi drank without restraint, and so the Mashi clan and the Zipi clan were on bad terms. In the month the Qi army returned from Yan, Han Shuo killed Han Tui.

罕朔奔晉。韓宣子問其位於子產。子產曰：“君之羈臣，苟得容以逃死，何位之敢擇？卿違，從大夫之位，罪人以其罪降，古之制也。朔於敝邑，亞大夫也，其官，馬師也。獲戾而逃，唯執政所置之。得免其死，為惠大矣，又敢求位？”宣子為子產之敏也，使從嬖大夫。

Han Shuo fled to Jin. Han Xuanzi asked Zichan about his rank. Zichan said: “If an official of the king's, a bridled retainer, can be taken in to escape death, how dare he choose any rank? When a minister leaves, he follows the rank of a grandee, and a criminal is lowered according to the crime; this is the ancient institution. Shuo in our humble state was a lower grandee, and his office was Master of the Horse. Having been found guilty and fled, he is to be settled only as the one in government decides. That he can escape death is already a great kindness; how dare he seek a rank?” Xuanzi, because of Zichan's quickness, had him follow the favored grandees.

秋八月，衛襄公卒。晉大夫言於範獻子曰：“衛事晉為睦，晉不禮焉，庇其賊人而取其地，故諸侯貳。《詩》曰：‘鶺鴒在原，兄弟急難。’又曰：‘死喪之威，兄弟孔懷。’兄弟之不睦，於是乎不弔，況遠人，誰敢歸之？今又不禮於衛之嗣，衛必叛我，是絕諸侯也。”獻子以告韓宣子。宣子說，使獻子如衛吊，且反戚田。

In autumn, in the eighth month, Duke Xiang of Wei died. A grandee of Jin said to Fan Xianzi: “Wei has served Jin in harmony, but Jin has not treated it with ritual, has sheltered traitors and taken their land, and so the lords have divided hearts. The Odes say: ‘The wagtail is in the fields; brothers rescue one another in distress.’ It also says: ‘The dread of death and mourning, brothers care deeply.’ If brothers are not in harmony and so do not offer condolences, how much less people from afar; who would dare submit? Now if we again do not treat the heir of Wei with ritual, Wei will surely turn against us, and this is cutting off the lords.” Xianzi told Han Xuanzi. Xuanzi was pleased and sent Xianzi to Wei to offer condolences and return the fields of Qi.

衛齊惡告喪於周，且請命。王使成簡公如衛吊，且追命襄公曰：“叔父陟恪，在我先王之左右，以佐事上帝。餘敢高圉、亞圉？”九月，公至自楚。孟僖子病不能相禮，乃講學之，苟能禮者從之。及其將死也，召其大夫曰：“禮，人之幹也。無禮，無以立。吾聞將有達者曰孔丘，聖人之後也，而滅於宋。其祖弗父何，以有宋而授厲公。及正考父，佐戴、武、宣，三命茲益共。故其鼎銘云：‘一命而僂，再命而傴，三命而俯。循牆而走，亦莫餘敢侮。饘於是，鬻於是，以糊餘口。’其共也如是。臧孫紇有言曰：‘聖人有明德者，若不當世，其後必有達人。’今其將在孔丘乎？我若獲沒，必屬說與何忌於夫子，使事之，而學禮焉，以定其位。”故孟懿子與南宮敬叔師事仲尼。

Qi E of Wei reported the death to Zhou and asked for a ritual commission. The king sent Duke Jian of Cheng to Wei to offer condolences and posthumously commissioned Duke Xiang, saying: “Uncle has ascended to Heaven and is at the side of our former kings, assisting in serving the Lord on High. How would I dare compare him to Gaoyu or Yayu?” In the ninth month, Duke Zhao returned from Chu. Meng Xizi was troubled that he had been unable to assist in ritual, and so he studied and practiced it, following anyone who was skilled in ritual. When he was about to die, he summoned his grandees and said: “Ritual is the trunk of a person. Without ritual, there is nothing with which to establish oneself. I have heard that there will be a man of great understanding called Kong Qiu, a descendant of sages, whose family perished in Song. His ancestor Fufu He possessed Song but gave it to Duke Li. By the time of Zheng Kaofu, he assisted Dai, Wu and Xuan, and with each of three appointments grew more respectful. Therefore the inscription on the tripod says: ‘At the first appointment he bowed his back, at the second he stooped, at the third he bent low. He walked along the wall, and no one dared insult me. Here I eat thick gruel and here thin gruel, to fill my mouth.’ Such was his respect. Zang Sun He had a saying: ‘If a sage has bright virtue but does not hold office in his age, among his descendants there will surely be a man of great understanding.’ Now this will probably be in Kong Qiu? If I am able to die well, I will certainly entrust Shuo and Heji to the master, so that they serve him and learn ritual, in order to secure their positions.” And so Meng Yizi and Nangong Jingshu took Zhongni (Confucius) as their teacher.

仲尼曰：“能補過者，君子也。《詩》曰：‘君子是則是效。’孟僖子可則效已矣。”

Zhongni said: “One who can make up for faults is a gentleman. The Odes say: ‘The gentleman is the model and the example.’ Meng Xizi can be taken as a model and example.”

單獻公棄親用羈。冬十月辛酉，襄、頃之族殺獻公而立成公。

Duke Xian of Shan abandoned his kin and used travelers. In winter, in the tenth month, on the day xinyou, the clans of Xiang and Qing killed Duke Xian and installed Duke Cheng.

十一月，季武子卒。晉侯謂伯瑕曰：“吾所問日食，從矣，可常乎？”對曰：“不可。六物不同，民心不一，事序不類，官職不則，同始異終，胡可常也？《詩》曰：‘或燕燕居息，或憔悴事國。’其異終也如是。”公曰：“何謂六物？”對曰：“歲、時、日、月、星、辰，是謂也。”公曰：“多語寡人辰，而莫同。

In the eleventh month, Ji Wuzi died. The Marquis of Jin said to Bo Xia: “What I asked about the eclipse has come true; can this be constant?” He replied: “No. When the six things differ, the people's hearts are not one, the order of affairs is not alike, official posts are not regulated, and beginning is the same but end is different; how can it be constant? The Odes say: ‘Some rest at ease, and some are worn out serving the state.’ The end being different is like this.” The duke said: “What are the six things?” He replied: “The year, the season, the day, the moon, the stars and the chen; these are what is meant.” The duke said: “You have told me many times about chen, but there is no agreement.

何謂辰？”對曰：“日月之會，是謂辰，故以配日。”

What is chen?” He replied: “The meeting of the sun and moon is called chen, and so it is used to be paired with the day.”

衛襄公夫人姜氏無子，嬖人婤姶生孟縶。孔成子夢康叔謂己：“立元，餘使羈之孫圉與史苟相之。”史朝亦夢康叔謂己：“餘將命而子苟與孔烝鉏之曾孫圉相元。”史朝見成子，告之夢，夢協。晉韓宣子為政聘於諸侯之歲，婤姶生子，名之曰元。孟縶之足不良，能行。孔成子以《周易》筮之，曰：“元尚享衛國主其社稷。”遇《屯》ⅴⅲ。又曰：“餘尚立縶，尚克嘉之。”遇《屯》ⅴⅲ之比ⅴⅱ。以示史朝。史朝曰：‘元亨’，又何疑焉？”成子曰：“非長之謂乎？”對曰：“康叔名之，可謂長矣。孟非人也，將不列於宗，不可謂長。且其繇曰‘利建侯’。嗣吉，何建？建非嗣也。二卦皆云，子其建之。康叔命之，二筮襲於夢，武王所用也，弗從何為？弱足者居，侯主社稷，臨祭祀，奉民人，事民人，鬼神，從會朝，又焉得居？各以所利，不亦可乎？”故孔成子立靈公。

Duke Xiang of Wei's wife Lady Jiang had no son, and his favored concubine Zhouqi bore Meng Zhi. Kong Chengzi dreamed that Kang Shu said to him: “Install Yuan, and I will have Yu, the grandson of Ji, and Shi Gou assist him.” Shi Chao also dreamed that Kang Shu said to him: “I will order your son Gou and Yu, the great-grandson of Kong Zhengchu, to assist Yuan.” Shi Chao saw Chengzi and told him the dream, and the dreams matched. In the year Han Xuanzi of Jin was in government and the lords came on visits, Zhouqi bore a son and he was named Yuan. Meng Zhi's foot was bad, but he could walk. Kong Chengzi divined with the Book of Changes, saying: “I hope Yuan will possess Wei and preside over its altars.” He got Zhun. He also said: “I would still like to install Zhi, and hope it will be approved.” He got Zhun changing to Bi. He showed it to Shi Chao. Shi Chao said: “‘Primal, penetrating’; what more is there to doubt?” Chengzi said: “Does it not speak of the elder?” He replied: “Kang Shu named him, so it can be said he is the elder. Meng is not a complete person and will not be ranked in the clan, so he cannot be called the elder. Moreover the line text says ‘beneficial to establish a marquis.’ If he were to succeed to the position, what would be established? Establishing is not succeeding. Both hexagrams speak in this way, and you should simply establish him. Kang Shu's order, with two divinations coinciding with the dream, is what King Wu used; what is there not to follow? A man with weak feet dwelling at home, a marquis presiding over the altars, attending the sacrifices, serving the people, serving the spirits, following the court meetings; how could he stay at home? Each according to what is beneficial for him; would that not also be acceptable?” And so Kong Chengzi installed Duke Ling.

十二月癸亥，葬衛襄公。

In the twelfth month, on the day guihai, Duke Xiang of Wei was buried.

【經】八年春，陳侯之弟招殺陳世子偃師。夏四月辛丑，陳侯溺卒。叔弓如晉。楚人執陳行人幹徵師殺之。陳公子留出奔鄭。秋，蒐於紅。陳人殺其大夫公子過。大雩，冬十月壬午，楚師滅陳。執陳公子招，放之於越。殺陳孔奐。葬陳哀公。

[Classic] In the eighth year, in spring, Zhao, the younger brother of the Marquis of Chen, killed Yanshi, the heir apparent of Chen. In summer, in the fourth month, on the day xinchou, Ni, the Marquis of Chen, died. Shu Gong went to Jin. The men of Chu arrested Gan Zhengshi, the envoy of Chen, and killed him. Prince Liu of Chen fled to Zheng. In autumn, a great hunt was held at Hong. The men of Chen killed their grandee Prince Guo. The great rain sacrifice was held. In winter, in the tenth month, on the day renwu, the Chu army destroyed Chen. They arrested Prince Zhao of Chen and exiled him to Yue. They killed Kong Huan of Chen. Duke Ai of Chen was buried.

【傳】八年春，石言於晉魏榆。晉侯問於師曠曰：“石何故言？”對曰：“石不能言，或馮焉。不然，民聽濫也。抑臣又聞之曰：‘作事不時，怨讟動於民，則有非言之物而言。’今宮室崇侈，民力凋盡，怨讟並作，莫保其性。石言，不亦宜乎？”於是晉侯方築虒祁之宮。叔向曰：“子野之言，君子哉！君子之言，信而有徵，故怨遠於其身。小人之言，僣而無徵，故怨咎及之。《詩》曰：‘哀哉不能言，匪舌是出，唯躬是瘁。哿矣能言，巧言如流，俾躬處休。’其是之謂乎？是宮也成，諸侯必叛，君必有咎，夫子知之矣。”

[Commentary] In the eighth year, in spring, a stone spoke at Weiyu in Jin. The Marquis of Jin asked Shi Kuang: “Why did the stone speak?” He replied: “A stone cannot speak; perhaps someone is possessing it. Otherwise, the people heard wrongly. But your servant has also heard: ‘When affairs are done out of season, and resentment and slander arise among the people, then things that should not speak will speak.’ Now the palaces are high and extravagant, the people's strength is exhausted, and resentment and slander break out together, and no one can preserve their lives. Is it not fitting that the stone speaks?” At this time the Marquis of Jin was building the Siqi Palace. Shu Xiang said: “Ziye's words are those of a gentleman! A gentleman's words are sincere and are borne out, and so resentment is far from him. A petty man's words are overstepping and are not borne out, and so blame falls upon him. The Odes say: ‘Alas, those who cannot speak, it is not the tongue that speaks, only their own selves that toil. Happy are those who can speak, with clever words flowing like a stream, keeping themselves in comfort.’ This is probably what is meant? When this palace is completed, the lords will surely turn away, and the king will surely have blame; the master knows this.”

陳哀公元妃鄭姬，生悼大子偃師，二妃生公子留，下妃生公子勝。二妃嬖，留有寵，屬諸徒招與公子過。哀公有廢疾。三月甲申，公子招、公子過殺悼大子偃師，而立公子留。

The principal consort of Duke Ai of Chen, Zheng Ji, bore Crown Prince Dao, Yanshi; the second consort bore Prince Liu, and the lesser consort bore Prince Sheng. The second consort was favored, and Liu was favored, and entrusted to Tu Zhao and Prince Guo. Duke Ai had a chronic illness. In the third month, on the day jiashen, Prince Zhao and Prince Guo killed Crown Prince Dao, Yanshi, and installed Prince Liu.

夏四月辛亥，哀公縊。幹徵師赴於楚，且告有立君。公子勝愬之於楚，楚人執而殺之。公子留奔鄭。書曰“陳侯之弟招殺陳世子偃師”，罪在招也；“楚人執陳行人幹徵師殺之”，罪不在行人也。

In summer, in the fourth month, on the day xinhai, Duke Ai hanged himself. Gan Zhengshi reported the death to Chu and also announced that a ruler had already been installed. Prince Sheng complained to Chu, and the men of Chu arrested Gan Zhengshi and killed him. Prince Liu fled to Zheng. The Annals records “Zhao, the younger brother of the Marquis of Chen, killed Yanshi, the heir apparent of Chen,” putting the guilt on Zhao; and “The men of Chu arrested Gan Zhengshi, the envoy of Chen, and killed him,” where the guilt does not lie with the envoy.

叔弓如晉，賀虒祁也。遊吉相鄭伯以如晉，亦賀虒祁也。史趙見子大叔，曰：“甚哉，其相蒙也！可吊也，而又賀之？”子大叔曰：“若何吊也？其非唯我賀，將天下實賀。”

Shu Gong went to Jin to congratulate it on the Siqi Palace. You Ji assisted the Earl of Zheng in going to Jin and also congratulated it on Siqi. Shi Zhao saw Zi Dashu and said: “This is going too far, deceiving one another! One could offer condolences, and yet one congratulates?” Zi Dashu said: “How can we offer condolences? Not only do we congratulate, but the whole world will.”

秋，大蒐於紅，自根牟至於商、衛，革車千乘。

In autumn, a great hunt was held at Hong, from Genmou reaching Shang and Wei, with a thousand war chariots.

七月甲戌，齊子尾卒，子旗欲治其室。丁丑，殺梁嬰。八月庚戌，逐子成、子工、子車，皆來奔，而立子良氏之宰。其臣曰：“孺子長矣，而相吾室，欲兼我也。”授甲，將攻之。陳桓子善於子尾，亦授甲，將助之。或告子旗，子旗不信。則數人告。將往，又數人告於道，遂如陳氏。桓子將出矣，聞之而還，遊服而逆之。請命，對曰：“聞強氏授甲將攻子，子聞諸？”曰：“弗聞。”“子盍亦授甲？無宇請從。”子旗曰：“子胡然？彼孺子也，吾誨之猶懼其不濟，吾又寵秩之。其若先人何？子盍謂之？《周書》曰：‘惠不惠，茂不茂。’康叔所以服弘大也。”桓子稽顙曰：“頃、靈福子，吾猶有望。”遂和之如初。

In the seventh month, on the day jiaxu, Ziwei of Qi died, and Ziqi wanted to put his household in order. On the day dingchou, he killed Liang Ying. In the eighth month, on the day gengxu, Zicheng, Zigong and Zijue were expelled and all came to seek refuge, and the steward of the Ziliang clan was installed. His servants said: “The young master has grown up and yet manages our household; he wants to take us over.” They issued armor and were about to attack. Chen Huanzi was on good terms with Ziwei, and also issued armor to help. Someone told Ziqi, who did not believe it. Several people told him. As he was about to go, several more told him on the road, and so he went to the Chen clan. Huanzi was about to set out, and when he heard, he returned and changed into informal clothes to meet him. He asked for instructions and was told: “I have heard that the Qiang clan has issued armor and is going to attack you; have you heard?” He said: “I have not.” “Why do you not issue armor too? Wu Yu asks to follow you.” Ziqi said: “Why do you act this way? He is a young man, and I fear that even teaching him he will not succeed, and I have given him favor and rank. What would I say to his ancestors? Why do you not go and speak to him? The Book of Zhou says: ‘Bestow kindness on the ungrateful, and encourage those who do not strive.’ This is why Kang Shu could be great.” Huanzi bowed his head to the ground and said: “Qing and Ling have bestowed blessings on you, and I still have hope.” So they reconciled as before.

陳公子招歸罪於公子過而殺之。九月，楚公子棄疾帥師奉孫吳圍陳，宋戴惡會之。冬十一月壬午，滅陳。輿嬖袁克，殺馬毀玉以葬。楚人將殺之，請置之。

Prince Zhao of Chen put the guilt on Prince Guo and killed him. In the ninth month, Prince Qiji of Chu led an army carrying Sun Wu to besiege Chen, and Dai E of Song joined. In winter, in the eleventh month, on the day renwu, Chen was destroyed. Yuan Ke, the favorite of the chariot, killed a horse and destroyed a jade to bury it. The men of Chu were about to kill him, and he asked for pardon.

既又請私，私於幄，加絰於顙而逃。使穿封戌為陳公，曰：“城麇之役，不諂。”

Then he asked again privately, in the tent, put a hemp mourning band on his forehead and fled. He sent Chuanfeng Xu to be Duke of Chen, saying: “In the battle at Chengjun, he did not flatter.”

侍飲酒於王，王曰：“城麇之役，女知寡人之及此，女其闢寡人乎？”對曰：“若知君之及此，臣必致死禮，以息楚國。”晉侯問於史趙，曰：“陳其遂亡乎？”對曰：“未也。”公曰：“何故？”對曰：“陳，顓頊之族也。歲在鶉火，是以卒滅，陳將如之。今在析木之津，猶將復由。且陳氏得政於齊而後陳卒亡。自幕至於瞽瞍，無違命。舜重之以明德，置德於遂，遂世守之。及胡公不淫，胡周賜之姓，使祀虞帝。臣聞盛德必百世祀，虞之世數未也。繼守將在齊，其兆既存矣。”

While attending the king at wine, the king said: “In the battle at Chengjun, if you had known that I would come to this, would you have avoided me?” He replied: “If I had known that you would come to this, I would certainly have fought to the death to uphold ritual in order to pacify Chu.” The Marquis of Jin asked Shi Zhao: “Has Chen then been destroyed?” He replied: “Not yet.” The duke said: “What is the reason?” He replied: “Chen is of the clan of Zhuanxu. Jupiter is in Chunhuo, and so it ends in perishing; Chen will be like that. Now it is at the Xi Mu ford, and will rise again. Moreover, only after the Chen clan gains government in Qi will Chen finally perish. From Mu to Gusou, they never disobeyed orders. Shun added bright virtue and settled virtue in Sui, which Sui kept for generations. When it came to Duke Hu, who was not licentious, Zhou gave him a surname and had him sacrifice to Emperor Yu. Your servant has heard that great virtue is surely sacrificed to for a hundred generations, and the generations of Yu have not yet reached that number. The continuation will be in Qi, and the omen already exists.”

【經】九年春，叔弓會楚子於陳。許遷於夷。夏四月，陳災。秋，仲孫玃如齊。冬，築郎囿。

[Classic] In the ninth year, in spring, Shu Gong met the Viscount of Chu at Chen. Xu moved to Yi. In summer, in the fourth month, there was a fire in Chen. In autumn, Zhongsun Jue went to Qi. In winter, the Lang Park was built.

【傳】九年春，叔弓、宋華亥、鄭遊吉、衛趙黶會楚子於陳。

[Commentary] In the ninth year, in spring, Shu Gong, Hua Hai of Song, You Ji of Zheng and Zhao Yan of Wei met the Viscount of Chu at Chen.

二月庚申，楚公子棄疾遷許於夷，實城父，取州來淮北之田以益之。伍舉授許男田。然丹遷城父人於陳，以夷濮西田益之。遷方城外人於許。

In the second month, on the day gengshen, Prince Qiji of Chu moved Xu to Yi, which is in fact Chengfu, and took the fields of Zhoulai north of the Huai to add to it. Wu Ju gave the Baron of Xu fields. Ran Dan moved the people of Chengfu to Chen and added the fields west of Yipu. The people from outside Fangcheng were moved to Xu.

周甘人與晉閻嘉爭閻田。晉梁丙、張趯率陰戎伐潁。王使詹桓伯辭於晉曰：“我自夏以後稷，魏、駘、芮、岐、畢，吾西土也。及武王克商，蒲姑、商奄，吾東土也；巴、濮、楚、鄧，吾南土也；肅慎、燕、亳，吾北土也。吾何邇封之有？文、武、成、康之建母弟，以蕃屏周，亦其廢隊是為，豈如弁髦而因以敝之？先王居檮杌於四裔，以御螭魅，故允姓之奸，居於瓜州，伯父惠公歸自秦，而誘以來，使逼我諸姬，入我郊甸，則戎焉取之。戎有中國，誰之咎也？后稷封殖天下，今戎制之，不亦難乎？伯父圖之。我在伯父，猶衣服之有冠冕，木水之有本原，民人之有謀主也。伯父若裂冠毀冕，拔本塞原，專棄謀主，雖戎狄其何有餘一人？”叔向謂宣子曰：“文之伯也，豈能改物？翼戴天子而加之以共。自文以來，世有衰德而暴滅宗周，以宣示其侈，諸侯之貳，不亦宜乎？且王辭直，子其圖之。”宣子說。

The men of Gan of Zhou and Yan Jia of Jin contested the fields of Yan. Liang Bing and Zhang Di of Jin led the Yin Rong to attack Ying. The king sent Zhan Huanbo to state the case to Jin: “Since Xia, we have relied on Hou Ji; Wei, Tai, Rui, Qi and Bi are our western lands. When King Wu conquered Shang, Pugu and Shang Yan were our eastern lands; Ba, Pu, Chu and Deng were our southern lands; Sushen, Yan and Bo were our northern lands. Where have we had near borders? Kings Wen, Wu, Cheng and Kang established brothers born of the same mother as a screen for Zhou, also to prevent decline and fall; would they be thrown away after use like a cap and a boy's hair? The former kings placed Taowu in the four borderlands to resist the chimei, and so the treacherous men of the Yun surname lived at Guazhou. Your uncle Duke Hui returned from Qin and lured them here, letting them press on our Ji-surname states and enter our outskirts, and so the Rong gained ground. That the Rong possess the Central Plain, whose fault is it? Hou Ji planted the world, and now the Rong control it; is that not hard? Uncle, consider this. To us, uncle, we are as a robe has a cap, as trees and water have roots and sources, and as people have a strategist. If uncle splits the cap and ruins the crown, pulls up the root and blocks the source, and arbitrarily abandons the strategist, even if the Rong and Di do something, what is that to me, the one man?” Shu Xiang said to Xuanzi: “Duke Wen became hegemon, how could he change things? He supported the Son of Heaven and added reverence. Since Duke Wen, generation after generation there has been declining virtue and the violent destruction of the Zhou house in order to display extravagance, and so the lords have divided hearts; is that not fitting? Moreover the king's words are upright; you should plan.” Xuanzi was pleased.

王有姻喪，使趙成如周吊，且致閻田與襚，反潁俘。王亦使賓滑執甘大夫襄以說於晉，晉人禮而歸之。

The king had mourning for an in-law, and sent Zhao Cheng to Zhou to offer condolences, and also returned the fields of Yan and gave funeral garments, and returned the captives of Ying. The king also sent Bin Hua to arrest Xiang, Grand Master of Gan, to please Jin, and the men of Jin sent him back with ritual.

夏四月，陳災。鄭裨灶曰：“五年，陳將復封。封五十二年而遂亡。”子產問其故，對曰：“陳，水屬也，火，水妃也，而楚所相也。今火出而火陳，逐楚而建陳也。妃以五成，故曰五年。歲五及鶉火，而後陳卒亡，楚克有之，天之道也，故曰五十二年。”

In summer, in the fourth month, there was a fire in Chen. Bi Zao of Zheng said: “In five years, Chen will be enfeoffed again. After being enfeoffed for fifty-two years it will perish.” Zichan asked the reason, and he replied: “Chen belongs to water, and fire is the consort of water, and is what Chu is aided by. Now the Great Fire star has appeared and Chen has a fire; this is driving out Chu and establishing Chen. A consort is completed by five, and so I say five years. After Jupiter goes five times to Chunhuo, Chen will finally perish and Chu will be able to possess it; this is the principle of Heaven, so I say fifty-two years.”

晉荀盈如齊逆女，還，六月，卒於戲陽。殯於絳，未葬。晉侯飲酒，樂。膳宰屠蒯趨入，請佐公使尊，許之。而遂酌以飲工，曰：“女為君耳，將司聰也。

Xun Ying of Jin went to Qi to receive a new bride and, on returning, died in the sixth month at Xiyang. His coffin lay in Jiang and was not yet buried. The Marquis of Jin was drinking and making music. The Chief Cook Tu Kuai hurried in and asked to help the duke hold the wine vessel, and was allowed. He then poured wine for the musicians to drink and said: “You are the ruler's ears, in charge of hearing keenly.

辰在子卯，謂之疾日。君徹宴樂，學人舍業，為疾故也。君之卿佐，是謂股肱。

When chen falls on zi or mao, it is called an inauspicious day. The ruler dismisses banquets and music, and scholars put down their studies, because of the inauspicious day. The ministers and assistants of a ruler are called his thighs and arms.

股肱或虧，何痛如之？女弗聞而樂，是不聰也。”又飲外嬖嬖叔曰：“女為君目，將司明也。服以旌禮，禮以行事，事有其物，物有其容。今君之容，非其物也，而女不見。是不明也。”亦自飲也，曰：“味以行氣，氣以實志，志以定言，言以出令。臣實司味，二御失官，而君弗命，臣之罪也。”公說，徹酒。

When the thighs and arms are lacking, what is the pain like? You did not hear of it yet make music; this is not keen hearing.” He also gave wine to the favorite outside the palace, Bi Shu, saying: “You are the ruler's eyes, in charge of seeing clearly. Clothing is used to show ritual, ritual is used to conduct affairs, affairs have corresponding objects, and objects have corresponding appearances. Now the ruler's appearance does not correspond to the object, and you do not see it. This is not clear sight.” He also drank himself, saying: “Flavor is used to move qi, qi is used to fill the will, the will is used to determine speech, and speech is used to issue commands. Your servant is actually in charge of flavors; two attendants neglected their duties and the ruler did not give an order, which is your servant's fault.” The duke was pleased and had the wine removed.

初，公欲廢知氏而立其外嬖，為是悛而止。秋八月，使荀躒佐下軍以說焉。

At first, the duke wanted to depose the Zhi clan and install his favorite outside the palace, and because of this he mended his ways and stopped. In autumn, in the eighth month, he sent Xun Li to assist the Lower Army in order to explain.

孟僖子如齊殷聘，禮也。

Meng Xizi went to Qi to hold a grand visit, which accorded with ritual propriety.

冬，築郎囿，書，時也。季平子欲其速成也，叔孫昭子曰：“《詩》曰：‘經始勿亟，庶民子來。’焉用速成？其以剿民也？無囿猶可，無民其可乎？”

In winter, the Lang Park was built, and the Annals records it because it was timely. Ji Pingzi wanted to complete it quickly, but Shusun Zhaozi said: “The Odes say: ‘When the planning begins, there is no need to hurry, and the common people come like sons.’ Why need it be completed quickly? That would exhaust the people, would it not? It is acceptable to have no park, but is it acceptable to have no people?”

【經】十年春王正月。夏，齊欒施來奔。秋七月，季孫意如、叔弓、仲孫玃帥師伐莒。戊子，晉侯彪卒。九月，叔孫婼如晉，葬晉平公。十有二月甲子，宋公成卒。

[Classic] In the tenth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar. In summer, Luan Shi of Qi came to seek refuge. In autumn, in the seventh month, Ji Sun Yiru, Shu Gong and Zhongsun Jue led an army to attack Ju. On the day wuzi, Biao, the Marquis of Jin, died. In the ninth month, Shusun Chuo went to Jin to bury Duke Ping of Jin. In the twelfth month, on the day jiazi, Cheng, the Duke of Song, died.

【傳】十年春，王正月，有星出於婺女。鄭裨灶言於子產曰：“七月戊子，晉君將死。今茲歲在顓頊之虛，姜氏、任氏實守其地。居其維首，而有妖星焉，告邑姜也。邑姜，晉之妣也。天以七紀。戊子，逢公以登，星斯於是乎出。吾是以譏之。”

[Commentary] In the tenth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, a star appeared in Wunu. Bi Zao of Zheng said to Zichan: “On wuzi in the seventh month, the ruler of Jin will die. This year Jupiter is in the Wasteland of Zhuanxu, and the Jiang and Ren clans actually guard that land. Being in the first place of the Wei but with a baleful star is a notice to Yi Jiang. Yi Jiang is the ancestral mother of Jin. Heaven uses seven to count. On wuzi, Duke Feng ascended to Heaven by this, and the star thus appears at this time. I therefore make this judgment.”

齊惠欒、高氏皆耆酒，信內多怨，強於陳、鮑氏而惡之。

The Luan and Gao clans of Qi's Duke Hui both loved wine, believed their women and had many resentments, and were stronger than the Chen and Bao clans but hated them.

夏，有告陳桓子曰：“子旗、子良將攻陳、鮑。”亦告鮑氏。桓子授甲而如鮑氏，遭子良醉而騁，遂見文子，則亦授甲矣。使視二子，則皆從飲酒。桓子曰：“彼雖不信，聞我授甲，則必逐我。及其飲酒也，先伐諸？”陳、鮑方睦，遂伐欒、高氏。子良曰：“先得公，陳、鮑焉往？”遂伐虎門。

In summer, someone told Chen Huanzi: “Ziqi and Ziliang are going to attack Chen and Bao.” They also told the Bao clan. Huanzi issued armor and went to the Bao clan, and met Ziliang drunk and galloping, and so he saw Wenzi, who had already issued armor too. He sent people to look at the two men, and both were drinking. Huanzi said: “Even if they do not believe it, once they hear we have issued armor they will surely drive us out. While they are drinking, shall we attack them first?” Chen and Bao were on good terms, and so they attacked the Luan and Gao clans. Ziliang said: “If we first gain the duke, where will Chen and Bao go?” So they attacked the Tiger Gate.

晏平仲端委立於虎門之外，四族召之，無所往。其徒曰：“助陳、鮑乎？”曰：“何善焉？”“助欒、高乎？”曰：“庸愈乎？”“然則歸乎？”曰：“君伐，焉歸？”公召之而後入。公卜使王黑以靈姑釒率，吉，請斷三尺焉而用之。

Yan Pingzhong stood outside the Tiger Gate in court dress, and the four clans summoned him, but he did not go anywhere. His followers said: “Will you help Chen and Bao?” He said: “What good would that be?” “Will you help Luan and Gao?” He said: “Would that be better?” “Then will you go back?” He said: “When the ruler is attacked, where would I return?” The duke summoned him and he went in. The duke divined about sending Wang Hei with the Linggu banner (the base text's “shuai” form is the xi banner) and it was auspicious, and asked to cut off three feet of it for use.

五月庚辰，戰於稷，欒、高敗，又敗諸莊。國人追之，又敗諸鹿門。欒施、高強來奔。陳、鮑分其室。

In the fifth month, on the day gengchen, they fought at Ji, and Luan and Gao were defeated, and again defeated at Zhuang. The people of the state pursued them and they were defeated again at the Deer Gate. Luan Shi and Gao Qiang came to seek refuge. Chen and Bao divided their households.

晏子謂桓子：“必致諸公。讓，德之主也，讓之謂懿德。凡有血氣，皆有爭心，故利不可強，思義為愈。義，利之本也，蘊利生孽。姑使無蘊乎！可以滋長。”

Yanzi said to Huanzi: “You must give it to the duke. Yielding is the master of virtue, and yielding is called excellent virtue. All who have blood and breath have a contentious spirit, and so profit must not be taken by force; it is better to think of righteousness. Righteousness is the root of profit, and accumulated profit gives rise to calamity. Let it not accumulate for now! It can then grow.”

桓子盡致諸公，而請老於莒。

Huanzi gave it all to the duke and asked to live out his old age in Ju.

桓子召子山，私具幄幕、器用、從者之衣屨，而反棘焉。子商亦如之，而反其邑。子周亦如之，而與之夫於。反子城、子公、公孫捷，而皆益其祿。凡公子、公孫之無祿者，私分之邑。國之貧約孤寡者，私與之粟。曰：“《詩》云：‘陳錫載周’，能施也，桓公是以霸。”

Huanzi summoned Zishan and privately prepared tents, implements and clothing and shoes for his attendants, and returned Ji to him. Zishang was treated likewise and given back his city. Zizhou was treated likewise and given Fuyu. Zicheng, Zigong and Gongsun Jie were restored and all had their emoluments increased. All princes and grandsons of dukes without emolument were privately given cities. To the poor, orphans and widows of the state he privately gave grain. He said: “The Odes say: ‘Setting out bestowals completes Zhou,’ which is being able to give. Duke Huan became hegemon because of this.”

公與桓子莒之旁邑，辭。穆孟姬為之請高唐，陳氏始大。秋七月，平子伐莒，取郠，獻俘，始用人於亳社。臧武仲在齊，聞之，曰：“周公其不饗魯祭乎！周公饗義，魯無義。《詩》曰：‘德音孔昭，視民不佻。’佻之謂甚矣，而壹用之，將誰福哉？”戊子，晉平公卒。鄭伯如晉，及河，晉人辭之。遊吉遂如晉。九月，叔孫婼、齊國弱、宋華定、衛北宮喜、鄭罕虎、許人、曹人、莒人、邾人、薛人、杞人、小邾人如晉，葬平公也。鄭子皮將以幣行。子產曰：“喪焉用幣？用幣必百兩，百兩必千人，千人至，將不行。不行，必盡用之。幾千人而國不亡？”子皮固請以行。既葬，諸侯之大夫欲因見新君。叔孫昭子曰：“非禮也。”弗聽。叔向辭之，曰：“大夫之事畢矣。而又命孤，孤斬焉在衰絰之中。其以嘉服見，則喪禮未畢。其以喪服見，是重受吊也。大夫將若之何？”皆無辭以見。子皮盡用其幣，歸，謂子羽曰：“非知之實難，將在行之。夫子知之矣，我則不足。《書》曰：‘欲敗度，縱敗禮。’我之謂矣。夫子知度與禮矣，我實縱慾而不能自克也。”

The duke gave Huanzi cities beside Ju, and he declined. Mu Mengji requested Gaotang for him, and the Chen clan began to grow great. In autumn, in the seventh month, Pingzi attacked Ju and took Geng, presented the captives, and began to use human sacrifice at the Bo altar. Zang Wuzhong was in Qi, heard of it, and said: “The Duke of Zhou will probably no longer partake of Lu's sacrifices! The Duke of Zhou partakes of righteousness, and Lu has no righteousness. The Odes say: ‘Virtuous words are very bright, and the people are not treated lightly.’ ‘Lightly’ is too mild a word, and yet using humans indiscriminately, to whom will blessings be sent down?” On the day wuzi, Duke Ping of Jin died. The Earl of Zheng went to Jin but, on reaching the Yellow River, the men of Jin declined him. You Ji then went to Jin. In the ninth month, Shusun Chuo, Ruo of Qi, Hua Ding of Song, Bei Gongxi of Wei, Han Hu of Zheng, and men of Xu, Cao, Ju, Zhu, Xue, Qi and Little Zhu went to Jin to bury Duke Ping. Zipi of Zheng was about to take silk with him. Zichan said: “At a funeral, what use is silk? If silk is used, it will surely be a hundred carts, a hundred carts will surely be a thousand people, and once a thousand people arrive, they will not be able to accomplish the matter. If they cannot accomplish the matter, the silk will surely be exhausted. With several thousand people, how can the state not perish?” Zipi insisted on taking it. After the burial, the grandees of the lords wanted to take the opportunity to see the new ruler. Shusun Zhaozi said: “This is not in accord with ritual.” They did not listen. Shu Xiang declined, saying: “The grandees' business is done. Yet they command the orphan, and the orphan is grieving in mourning clothes. Seeing him in festive clothes, the mourning rites are not yet finished. Seeing him in mourning clothes means receiving condolences again. What will the grandees do?” They all had nothing to say and went to see him. Zipi used up the silk, returned, and said to Ziyu: “It is not that knowing is hard; the difficulty lies in carrying out. The master knew, but I fell short. The Book of Documents says: ‘Desire destroys law, and indulgence destroys ritual.’ This speaks of me. The master knew law and ritual, while I actually indulged my desires and could not control myself.”

昭子至自晉，大夫皆見。高強見而退。昭子語諸大夫曰：“為人子，不可不慎也哉！昔慶封亡，子尾多受邑而稍致諸君，君以為忠而甚寵之。將死，疾於公宮，輦而歸，君親推之。其子不能任，是以在此。忠為令德，其子弗能任，罪猶及之，難不慎也？喪夫人之力，棄德曠宗，以及其身，不亦害乎？《詩》曰：‘不自我先，不自我後。’其是之謂乎！”冬十二月，宋平公卒。初，元公惡寺人柳。欲殺之。及喪，柳熾炭於位，將至，則去之。比葬，又有寵。

Zhaozi returned from Jin, and the grandees all came to see him. Gao Qiang saw him and withdrew. Zhaozi said to the grandees: "As sons, we cannot be too careful! Formerly, when Qing Feng fled, Zi Wei received many cities and gradually gave them to the ruler, who considered him loyal and favored him greatly. When he was dying, he fell ill in the ducal palace and was sent home in a carriage, which the ruler personally pushed. His son was not up to the task, and so things have come to this. Loyalty is a fine and good virtue, yet when a son is not up to it, the guilt still falls on him; can one fail to be careful? To lose a man's strength and abandon virtue so that the ancestral temple stands empty, falling upon oneself, is that not also a harm? The Odes say: 'Not before me, not after me.' It probably refers to this!" In winter, in the twelfth month, Duke Ping of Song died. At first, Duke Yuan had hated the eunuch Liu and wanted to kill him. At the funeral, Liu burned charcoal at the seat, and when the Duke was about to arrive, he took it away. By the time of the burial he was in favor again.

【經】十有一年春王二月，叔弓如宋。葬宋平公。夏四月丁巳，楚子虔誘蔡侯般，殺之於申。楚公子棄疾帥師圍蔡。五月甲申，夫人歸氏薨。大蒐於比蒲。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou king's calendar, Shu Gong went to Song. Duke Ping of Song was buried. In summer, in the fourth month, on dingsi, Qian, Viscount of Chu, lured Ban, Marquis of Cai, and killed him at Shen. Prince Qiji of Chu led an army to besiege Cai. In the fifth month, on jiashen, the lady Gui died. A great review was held at Bipu.

仲孫玃會邾子，盟於祲祥。秋，季孫意如會晉韓起、齊國弱、宋華亥、衛北宮佗、鄭罕虎、曹人、杞人於厥憖。九月己亥，葬我小君齊歸。冬十有一月丁酉，楚師滅蔡，執蔡世子有以歸，用之。

Zhongsun Jue met the Viscount of Zhu and made a covenant at Qinxiang. In autumn, Ji Sun Yiru met Han Qi of Jin, Guo Ruo of Qi, Hua Hai of Song, Bei Gong Tuo of Wei, Han Hu of Zheng, and the men of Cao and Qi at Queyin. In the ninth month, on jihai, our lady Qi Gui was buried. In winter, in the eleventh month, on dingyou, the Chu army destroyed Cai and seized Crown Prince You of Cai and took him back to use as a sacrifice.

【傳】十一年春，王二月，叔弓如宋，葬平公也。

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou king's calendar, Shu Gong went to Song, to bury Duke Ping.

景王問於萇弘曰：“今茲諸侯，何實吉？何實兇？”對曰：“蔡兇。此蔡侯般弒其君之歲也，歲在豕韋，弗過此矣。楚將有之，然壅也。歲及大梁，蔡復，楚兇，天之道也。”

King Jing asked Chang Hong: "Among the lords this year, who will in fact be fortunate and who unlucky?" He replied: "Cai will be unlucky. This is the year in which Ban, Marquis of Cai, murdered his ruler, and Jupiter is in Shiwei; Cai will not last beyond this year. Chu will take it, but it will only be a blockage. When Jupiter reaches Daliang, Cai will be restored and Chu will be unlucky; this is the way of Heaven."

楚子在申，召蔡靈侯。靈侯將往，蔡大夫曰：“王貪而無信，唯蔡於感，今幣重而言甘，誘我也，不如無往。”蔡侯不可。五月丙申，楚子伏甲而饗蔡侯於申，醉而執之。夏四月丁巳，殺之，刑其士七十人。公子棄疾帥師圍蔡。

The Viscount of Chu was at Shen and summoned Marquis Ling of Cai. As the Marquis was about to go, the grandees of Cai said: "The king is greedy and has no good faith, and only has a grudge against Cai; now with heavy gifts and sweet words he is luring us, so it is better not to go." The Marquis of Cai did not agree. In the fifth month, on bingshen, the Viscount of Chu hid armed men and gave a banquet for the Marquis of Cai at Shen, made him drunk and seized him. In summer, in the fourth month, on dingsi, he killed him and executed seventy officers. Prince Qiji led an army to besiege Cai.

韓宣子問於叔向曰：“楚其克乎？”對曰：“克哉！蔡侯獲罪於其君，而不能其民，天將假手於楚以斃之，何故不克？然肸聞之，不信以幸，不可再也。楚王奉孫吳以討於陳，曰：‘將定而國。’陳人聽命，而遂縣之。今又誘蔡而殺其君，以圍其國，雖幸而克，必受其咎，弗能久矣。桀克有緍以喪其國，紂克東夷而隕其身。楚小位下，而亟暴於二王，能無咎乎？天之假助不善，非祚之也，厚其兇惡而降之罰也。且譬之如天，其有五材而將用之，力盡而敝之，是以無拯，不可沒振。”

Han Xuanzi asked Shuxiang: "Will Chu probably be able to take it?" He replied: "It can take it! The Marquis of Cai offended his ruler and cannot win the people, and Heaven will use Chu's hand to kill him; why would it not succeed? But I have heard that to be lucky without good faith cannot be repeated. The King of Chu, claiming to be carrying out the order of the Son of Heaven, attacked Chen, saying: 'I will pacify your state.' The men of Chen obeyed, and then he set up counties there. Now he again lures Cai, kills its ruler and besieges its state; even if he succeeds by luck, he will surely incur blame and cannot last long. Jie conquered the Youmin and lost his state, and Zhou conquered the Eastern Yi and lost his life. Chu is small and of low rank, yet has repeatedly done violence to two kings; can it escape blame? When Heaven helps by means of the unworthy, it is not conferring blessing but increasing his wickedness in order to send down punishment. Moreover, like Heaven, which has the five materials to be used, once the strength is exhausted they are discarded and cannot be rescued or restored."

五月，齊歸薨，大蒐於比蒲，非禮也。

In the fifth month, Qi Gui died, and a great review was held at Bipu, which was not in accord with ritual.

孟僖子會邾莊公，盟於祲祥，修好，禮也。泉丘人有女夢以其帷幕孟氏之廟，遂奔僖子，其僚從之。盟於清丘之社，曰：“有子，無相棄也。”僖子使助薳氏之簉。反自祲祥，宿於薳氏，生懿子及南宮敬叔於泉丘人。其僚無子，使字敬叔。

Meng Xizi met Duke Zhuang of Zhu and made a covenant at Qinxiang, renewing the old friendship, which accorded with ritual. A woman of Quanqiu dreamed that she covered the temple of the Meng clan with a curtain, and so she went to Xizi, and her companion followed. They made a covenant at the altar of Qingqiu, saying: "If we have sons, let us not abandon each other." Xizi had her help the Wei clan as a secondary concubine. On returning from Qinxiang, he stayed at the Wei household, and at Quanqiu she gave birth to Yizi and Nangong Jingshu. The companion had no son and was made to raise Jingshu.

楚師在蔡，晉荀吳謂韓宣子曰：“不能救陳，又不能救蔡，物以無親，晉之不能，亦可知也已！為盟主而不恤亡國，將焉用之？”秋，會於厥憖，謀救蔡也。鄭子皮將行，子產曰：“行不遠。不能救蔡也。

When the Chu army was at Cai, Xun Wu of Jin said to Han Xuanzi: "We could not save Chen and cannot save Cai, so all things have no one to cling to, and Jin's inability can also be known! To be head of the covenant yet not care for perishing states, what would we use it for?" In autumn, they assembled at Queyin, to plan the rescue of Cai. Zi Pi of Zheng was about to set out, and Zichan said: "He will not go far. He cannot save Cai.

蔡小而不順，楚大而不德，天將棄蔡以壅楚，盈而罰之。蔡必亡矣，且喪君而能守者，鮮矣。三年，王其有咎乎！美惡周必復，王惡周矣。”晉人使狐父請蔡於楚，弗許。

Cai is small but not compliant, Chu is great but without virtue; Heaven will abandon Cai to block Chu, and punish it when it is full. Cai will surely perish, and in any case those who lose their ruler and are still able to hold their state are few. In three years the king will probably meet with blame! The cycle of good and evil must come around again, and the king's evil has already come full circle." The men of Jin sent Hu Fu to ask Chu for Cai, and it was not allowed.

單子會韓宣子於戚，視下言徐。叔向曰：“單子其將死乎！朝有著定，會有表，衣有禬，帶有結。會朝之言，必聞於表著之位，所以昭事序也。視不過結、禬之中，所以道容貌也。言以命之，容貌以明之，失則有闕。今單子為王官伯，而命事於會，視不登帶，言不過步，貌不道容，而言不昭矣。不道，不共；不昭，不從。無守氣矣。”

Shanzi met Han Xuanzi at Qi, with his gaze lowered and speaking slowly. Shuxiang said: "Shanzi will probably die soon! At court there are fixed positions, at meetings there are marked places, clothes have crossings and belts have knots. Words at meetings and court must be heard at the marked positions, in order to make the order of affairs clear. The gaze should not go beyond the knot and the crossing of the garments, in order to guide the countenance. Words are used to give orders, and the countenance to make them clear; where these are lost, there is a flaw. Now Shanzi is the royal official and hegemon, and gives orders at the meeting, but his gaze does not reach the belt, his words do not go beyond a single step, and his countenance does not guide his demeanor, so his words are not clear. Without guidance, there is no respect; without clarity, there is no compliance. He has no breath of guard left."

九月，葬齊歸，公不戚。晉士之送葬者，歸以語史趙。史趙曰：“必為魯郊。”

In the ninth month, Qi Gui was buried, and Duke Zhao showed no grief. The officers of Jin who had come to the funeral went back and told Shi Zhao. Shi Zhao said: "He will surely become a man of the outskirts of Lu."

侍者曰：“何故？”曰：“歸，姓也，不思親，祖不歸也。”叔向曰：“魯公室其卑乎？君有大喪，國不廢蒐。有三年之喪，而無一日之戚。國不恤喪，不忌君也。君無戚容，不顧親也。國不忌君，君不顧親，能無卑乎？殆其失國。”

An attendant said: "For what reason?" He said: "Gui is the surname. He does not think of his kin, and the ancestors will not cling to him." Shuxiang said: "Will the ducal house of Lu probably become lowly? The ruler had a great mourning and the state did not stop the great review. There was a three-year mourning but not a day of grief. For the state not to care for the mourning shows no awe of the ruler. For the ruler not to show a grieving countenance shows no regard for his kin. When the state has no awe of the ruler and the ruler has no regard for his kin, can they fail to become lowly? They will probably lose the state."

冬十一月，楚子滅蔡，用隱大子於岡山。申無宇曰：“不祥。五牲不相為用，況用諸侯乎？王必悔之。”

In winter, in the eleventh month, the Viscount of Chu destroyed Cai and used the Crown Prince Yin as a sacrifice at Gangshan. Shen Wuyu said: "This is inauspicious. The five kinds of sacrificial animals are not used to sacrifice one another, how much less a lord? The king will surely regret it."

十二月，單成公卒。

In the twelfth month, Duke Cheng of Shan died.

楚子城陳、蔡、不羹。使棄疾為蔡公。王問於申無宇曰：“棄疾在蔡，何如？”對曰：“擇子莫如父，擇臣莫如君。鄭莊公城櫟而置子元焉，使昭公不立。齊桓公城谷而置管仲焉，至於今賴之。臣聞五大不在邊，五細不在庭。親不在外，羈不在內，今棄疾在外，鄭丹在內。君其少戒。”王曰：“國有大城，何如？”對曰：“鄭京、櫟實殺曼伯，宋蕭、亳實殺子游，齊渠丘實殺無知，衛蒲、戚實出獻公，若由是觀之，則害於國。末大必折，尾大不掉，君所知也。”

The Viscount of Chu built city walls at Chen, Cai and Bugeng. He sent Qiji to be Duke of Cai. The King asked Shen Wuyu: "How will Qiji do at Cai?" He replied: "In choosing a son there is none like the father, and in choosing a minister there is none like the ruler. Duke Zhuang of Zheng built a city wall at Li to settle Zi Yuan, which prevented Duke Zhao from being installed. Duke Huan of Qi built a wall at Gu and settled Guan Zhong there, and it is still relied on today. Your servant has heard that the five great ones should not be on the border and the five small ones should not be in the court. Close kin should not be outside, and sojourners should not be inside; now Qiji is outside and Zheng Dan is inside. Your Majesty should be a little on guard." The King said: "What if a state has a great city?" He replied: "Jing and Li of Zheng truly killed Man Bo, Xiao and Bo of Song truly killed Zi You, Qu Qiu of Qi truly killed Wuzhi, and Pu and Qi of Wei truly drove Duke Xian into flight; seen from this, they are harmful to the state. When the end of a branch is large it must break, and when a tail is large it cannot be wagged, as Your Majesty knows."

【經】十有二年春，齊高偃帥師納北燕伯於陽。三月壬申，鄭伯嘉卒。夏，宋公使華定來聘。公如晉，至河乃復。五月，葬鄭簡公。楚殺其大夫成熊。秋七月。冬十月，公子憖出奔齊。楚子伐徐。晉伐鮮虞。

[Classic] In the twelfth year, in spring, Gao Yan of Qi led an army to escort the Earl of North Yan into Yang. In the third month, on renshen, Jia, Earl of Zheng, died. In summer, the Duke of Song sent Hua Ding on a diplomatic visit. Duke Zhao went to Jin and returned on reaching the Yellow River. In the fifth month, Duke Jian of Zheng was buried. Chu killed its grandee Cheng Xiong. In autumn, in the seventh month. In winter, in the tenth month, Prince Yin fled to Qi. The Viscount of Chu attacked Xu. Jin attacked Xianyu.

【傳】十二年春，齊高偃納北燕伯款於唐，因其眾也。

[Commentary] In the twelfth year, in spring, Gao Yan of Qi escorted Kuan, Earl of North Yan, into Tang, relying on his own followers.

三月，鄭簡公卒，將為葬除。及遊氏之廟，將毀焉。子大叔使其除徒執用以立，而無庸毀，曰：“子產過女，而問何故不毀，乃曰：‘不忍廟也！諾，將毀矣！’”既如是，子產乃使闢之。司墓之室有當道者，毀之，則朝而塴；弗毀，則日中而塴。子大叔請毀之，曰：“無若諸侯之賓何！”子產曰：“諸侯之賓，能來會吾喪，豈憚日中？無損於賓，而民不害，何故不為？”遂弗毀，日中而葬。

In the third month, Duke Jian of Zheng died, and the road was to be cleared for the burial. When they reached the temple of the You clan, it was to be torn down. Zi Dashu had his road-clearing workers stand holding their tools but not tear it down, saying: "If Zichan passes you and asks why it is not torn down, say: 'We could not bear to destroy the temple! If so, we will tear it down now!'" This having been done, Zichan had them avoid it. The tomb keeper's house stood in the way; if torn down, the burial could take place in the morning, and if not, it would only take place at noon. Zi Dashu asked to tear it down, saying: "What will we do about the guests of the lords?" Zichan said: "The guests of the lords can come to join our mourning; would they fear noon? If there is no harm to the guests and the people suffer no harm, why do it?" So it was not torn down, and the burial took place at noon.

君子謂：“子產於是乎知禮。禮，無毀人以自成也。”

The gentleman said: "At this moment Zichan understands ritual. Ritual means not destroying others in order to accomplish oneself."

夏，宋華定來聘，通嗣君也。享之，為賦《蓼蕭》，弗知，又不答賦。昭子曰：“必亡。宴語之不懷，寵光之不宣，令德之不知，同福之不受，將何以在？”齊侯、衛侯、鄭伯如晉，朝嗣君也。公如晉，至河乃復。取郠之役，莒人訴於晉，晉有平公之喪，未之治也，故辭公。公子憖遂如晉。晉侯享諸侯，子產相鄭伯，辭於享，請免喪而後聽命。晉人許之，禮也。晉侯以齊侯宴，中行穆子相。投壺，晉侯先。穆子曰：“有酒如淮，有肉如坻。寡君中此，為諸侯師。”

In summer, Hua Ding of Song came on a diplomatic visit, to establish relations with the new ruler. A banquet was held and the ode "Luxiao" was recited for him, but he did not understand it and did not recite in reply. Zhaozi said: "He will surely perish. He does not cherish the feast's words, does not make known the favor and honor, does not understand the fine virtue and does not accept the shared blessing; what will he rely on to survive?" The Marquis of Qi, Marquis of Wei and Earl of Zheng went to Jin to pay court to the new ruler. Duke Zhao went to Jin and returned on reaching the Yellow River. Because of the battle that took Geng, the men of Ju complained to Jin, and Jin had the mourning of Duke Ping and had not yet resolved matters, so it declined Duke Zhao. Prince Yin then went to Jin. The Marquis of Jin gave a banquet for the lords, and Zichan, assisting the Earl of Zheng, declined at the banquet and asked to end the mourning before receiving the command. The men of Jin allowed it, which accorded with ritual. The Marquis of Jin drank with the Marquis of Qi, and Zhonghang Muzi served as usher. They played the pitch-pot game, and the Marquis of Jin threw first. Muzi said: "There is wine like the Huai, meat like a hill. If our ruler hits this, he will be the leader of the lords."

中之。齊侯舉矢，曰：“有酒如澠，有肉如陵。寡人中此，與君代興。”亦中之。

He hit it. The Marquis of Qi raised his arrow and said: "There is wine like the Sheng, meat like a mound. If I hit this, I will rise and fall in turn with you." He hit it too.

伯瑕謂穆子曰：“子失辭。吾固師諸侯矣，壺何為焉，其以中俊也？齊君弱吾君，歸弗來矣！”穆子曰：“吾軍帥強御，卒乘競勸，今猶古也，齊將何事？”公孫傁趨進曰：“日旰君勤，可以出矣！”以齊侯出。

Boxia said to Muzi: "You lost your words. We were already the leader of the lords, so what is the pot for? Is it worthy to be superior by hitting it? The ruler of Qi looks down on our ruler, and after returning he will not come again!" Muzi said: "Our army commanders are strong, and the infantry, charioteers and officers vie in encouraging each other; it is still like ancient times, so what can Qi do?" Gongsun Sou entered with quick steps and said: "It is late and Your Lordship is tired; we may leave!" He took the Marquis of Qi out.

楚子謂成虎若敖之餘也，遂殺之。或譖成虎於楚子，成虎知之而不能行。書曰：“楚殺其大夫成虎。”懷寵也。

The Viscount of Chu considered Cheng Hu a remnant of the Ruo'ao clan, and so killed him. Someone slandered Cheng Hu to the Viscount of Chu, and Cheng Hu knew it but could not leave. The Spring and Autumn Annals records "Chu killed its grandee Cheng Hu," out of regret for his clinging to favor.

六月，葬鄭簡公。

In the sixth month, Duke Jian of Zheng was buried.

晉荀吳偽會齊師者，假道於鮮虞，遂入昔陽。秋八月壬午，滅肥，以肥子綿皋歸。

Xun Wu of Jin pretended to join the Qi army and asked Xianyu for passage, and so entered Xiyang. In autumn, in the eighth month, on renwu, he destroyed Fei and took Mianhao, Viscount of Fei, back with him.

周原伯絞虐其輿臣，使曹逃。冬十月壬申朔，原輿人逐絞而立公子跪尋，絞奔郊。

Jiao, Earl of Yuan of Zhou, tyrannized his chariot attendants and made them flee in groups. In winter, in the tenth month, on renshen, the first of the month, the chariot attendants of Yuan drove out Jiao and installed Prince Guixun, and Jiao fled to the outskirts.

甘簡公無子，立其弟過。過將去成、景之族，成、景之族賂劉獻公。丙申，殺甘悼公，而立成公之孫鰍。丁酉，殺獻太子之傅庾皮之子過，殺瑕辛於市，及宮嬖綽、王孫沒、劉州鳩、陰忌、老陽子。

Duke Jian of Gan had no son and installed his younger brother Guo. Guo was about to remove the clans of Cheng and Jing, and the clans of Cheng and Jing bribed Duke Xian of Liu. On bingshen, they killed Duke Dao of Gan and installed the grandson of Duke Cheng, Qiu. On dingyou, they killed Guo, son of Yu Pi, tutor of Crown Prince Xian, and at the market killed Xia Xin, as well as the palace favorites Chuo, Wang Sun Mo, Liu Zhoujiu, Yin Ji and Lao Yangzi.

季平子立，而不禮於南蒯。南蒯謂子仲：“吾出季氏，而歸其室於公。子更其位。我以費為公臣。”子仲許之。南蒯語叔仲穆子，且告之故。

Ji Pingzi took the throne but did not treat Nan Kuai with ritual. Nan Kuai said to Zizhong: "I will drive out the Ji clan and give his household to the Duke. You will take his position. I will take Fei and be the Duke's minister." Zizhong agreed. Nan Kuai told Shuzhong Muzi and also told him the reason.

季悼子之卒也，叔孫昭子以再命為卿。及平子伐莒，克之，更受三命。叔仲子欲構二家，謂平子曰：“三命逾父兄，非禮也。”平子曰：“然。”故使昭子。

When Ji Daozi died, Shu Sun Zhaozi held the rank of minister by a second appointment. When Pingzi attacked Ju and took it, he received a third appointment. Shuzhong Zi wanted to frame the two households and said to Pingzi: "A third appointment exceeds one's father and elder brothers and is not in accord with ritual." Pingzi said: "Yes." So he sent someone to Zhaozi.

昭子曰：“叔孫氏有家禍，殺適立庶，故婼也及此。若因禍以斃之，則聞命矣。

Zhaozi said: "The Shu Sun clan has a family calamity, in that a legitimate heir was killed and a concubine's son installed, and that is why Chuo has come to this. If you take advantage of the calamity to destroy me, then I have heard your command.

若不廢君命，則固有著矣。”昭子朝，而命吏曰：“婼將與季氏訟，書辭無頗。”

If the ruler's command is not abandoned, I have a fixed position." Zhaozi went to court and ordered the officials: "Chuo will go to law with the Ji clan; write the text without bias."

季孫懼，而歸罪於叔仲子。故叔仲小、南蒯、公子憖謀季氏。憖告公，而遂從公如晉。南蒯懼不克，以費叛如齊。子仲還，及衛，聞亂，逃介而先。及郊，聞費叛，遂奔齊。

Ji Sun was afraid and put the blame on Shuzhong Zi. So Shuzhong Xiao, Nan Kuai and Prince Yin plotted against the Ji clan. Yin told Duke Zhao and followed Duke Zhao to Jin. Nan Kuai, fearing he could not succeed, took Fei and rebelled to Qi. Zizhong returned and, reaching Wei, heard of the disorder, and left his deputy behind and went on ahead. On reaching the outskirts he heard that Fei had rebelled, and so fled to Qi.

南蒯之將叛也，其鄉人或知之，過之而嘆，且言曰：“恤恤乎，湫乎，攸乎！深思而淺謀，邇身而遠志，家臣而君圖，有人矣哉！”南蒯枚筮之，遇《坤》ⅱⅱ之《比》ⅴⅱ，曰：“黃裳元吉。”以為大吉也，示子服惠伯，曰：“即欲有事，何如？”惠伯曰：“吾嘗學此矣，忠信之事則可，不然必敗。外強內溫，忠也。和以率貞，信也。故曰‘黃裳元吉’。黃，中之色也。裳，下之飾也。元，善之長也。中不忠，不得其色。下不共，不得其飾。事不善，不得其極。外內倡和為忠，率事以信為共，供養三德為善，非此三者弗當。且夫《易》，不可以占險，將何事也？且可飾乎？中美能黃，上美為元，下美則裳，參成可筮。猶有闕也，筮雖吉，未也。”

When Nan Kuai was about to rebel, some of the people of his village knew of it, and passing him sighed and said: "Anxious, anxious, far away! Deep in thought but shallow in plan, near the person but far in ambition, a household retainer plotting against the ruler, there are such people!" Nan Kuai held a gag in his mouth and divined, obtaining Kun changing into Bi, and the text said: "Yellow lower garment, supreme good fortune." He thought it greatly auspicious and showed it to Zifu Huibo, saying: "If I wanted to undertake something, how would it be?" Huibo said: "I once studied this; for a matter of loyalty and good faith it is fine, otherwise it will surely fail. Firm outside and gentle within is loyalty. Using harmony to lead uprightness is good faith. So it says 'yellow lower garment, supreme good fortune.' Yellow is the color of the center. The lower garment is the ornament below. Supreme is the chief of goodness. If the center is not loyal, one does not obtain that color. If the lower is not respectful, one does not obtain that ornament. If the matter is not good, one does not obtain that extreme. To lead and respond outside and inside is loyalty, to lead affairs by good faith is respect, and to nourish the three virtues is goodness; without these three it does not match. Besides, the Changes cannot be used to divine a dangerous matter; what are you going to do? And can it serve as an ornament? A fine center can be yellow, a fine top is supreme, a fine bottom is the lower garment; when all three are complete, one may divine. If anything is lacking, even an auspicious divination does not work."

將適費，飲鄉人酒。鄉人或歌之曰：“我有圃，生之杞乎！從我者子乎，去我者鄙乎，倍其鄰者恥乎！已乎已乎，非吾黨之士乎！”平子欲使昭子逐叔仲小。小聞之，不敢朝。昭子命吏謂小待政於朝，曰：“吾不為怨府。”楚子狩於州來，次於潁尾，使蕩侯、潘子、司馬督、囂尹午、陵尹喜帥師圍徐以懼吳。楚子次於乾溪，以為之援。雨雪，王皮冠，秦復陶，翠被，豹舄，執鞭以出，僕析父從。右尹子革夕，王見之，去冠、被，舍鞭，與之語曰：“昔我先王熊繹，與呂級、王孫牟、燮父、禽父，並事康王，四國皆有分，我獨無有。今吾使人於周，求鼎以為分，王其與我乎？”對曰：“與君王哉！昔我先王熊繹，闢在荊山，篳路藍縷，以處草莽。跋涉山林，以事天子。唯是桃弧、棘矢，以共御王事。齊，王舅也。晉及魯、衛，王母弟也。楚是以無分，而彼皆有。今周與四國服事君王，將唯命是從，豈其愛鼎？”王曰：“昔我皇祖伯父昆吾，舊許是宅。今鄭人貪賴其田，而不我與。我若求之，其與我乎？”對曰：“與君王哉！周不愛鼎，鄭敢愛田？”王曰：“昔諸侯遠我而畏晉，今我大城陳、蔡、不羹，賦皆千乘，子與有勞焉。諸侯其畏我乎？”對曰：“畏君王哉！是四國者，專足畏也，又加之以楚，敢不畏君王哉！”工尹路請曰：“君王命剝圭以為釒戚鉍，敢請命。”王入視之。析父謂子革：“吾子，楚國之望也！今與王言如響，國其若之何？”子革曰：“摩厲以須，王出，吾刃將斬矣。”王出，復語。左史倚相趨過。王曰：“是良史也，子善視之。

As he was about to go to Fei, he invited his villagers to drink. Some of the villagers sang: "I have a vegetable garden, and it has grown boxthorn! Those who follow me are real men, those who leave me are base, and those who betray their neighbors are shameful! Enough, enough, they are not men of our party!" Pingzi wanted Zhaozi to drive out Shuzhong Xiao. Xiao heard of it and did not dare to go to court. Zhaozi ordered the officials to have Xiao wait for affairs at court, saying: "I do not make a storehouse where resentment gathers." The Viscount of Chu hunted in winter at Zhoulai and camped at Yingwei, and sent Dang Hou, Pan Zi, Sima Du, Xiaoyin Wu and Lingyin Xi to lead an army to besiege Xu and so frighten Wu. The Viscount of Chu camped at Ganqi as their reserve. It snowed, and the King, wearing a leather cap, a Qin padded garment, a kingfisher-feather cape and leopard-skin shoes, came out holding a whip, with Pu Xifu following. Zi Ge, the Right Minister, came to see him in the evening, and the King saw him, took off the cap and cape, put down the whip, and spoke with him, saying: "Formerly our former king Xiong Yi, together with Lü Ji, Wangsun Mou, Xie Fu and Qin Fu, served King Kang, and the four states all had vessels given as a share, only we did not. Now I am sending someone to Zhou to ask for the tripods as a share; will the king probably give them to us?" He replied: "He will give them to Your Majesty! Formerly our former king Xiong Yi lived in a remote place on Mount Jing, riding a brushwood cart and wearing ragged clothes, living in the wilds. He crossed mountains and forests to serve the Son of Heaven. He supplied only peach-wood bows and thorn-wood arrows to serve royal affairs. Qi is the king's maternal uncle. Jin, Lu and Wei are brothers of the king by the same mother. Chu therefore had no share of vessels while they all did. Now Zhou and the four states serve Your Majesty and will only obey orders; would they begrudge the tripods?" The King said: "Formerly my ancestor and uncle Kunwu had old Xu as his residence. Now the men of Zheng covet and depend on that land and will not give it to us. If I ask for it, will they probably give it to us?" He replied: "They will give it to Your Majesty! If Zhou does not begrudge the tripods, would Zheng dare to begrudge the land?" The King said: "Formerly the lords kept their distance from us and feared Jin; now I have greatly built the walls of Chen, Cai and Bugeng, and each can supply a thousand chariots, and you too have some merit. Will the lords probably fear me?" He replied: "They fear Your Majesty! These four states alone are enough to make them fear, and with Chu added, dare they not fear Your Majesty!" Lu, the Master of Artisans, asked for instructions: "Your Majesty ordered the jade tablet to be stripped to make the ornament for an axe handle (the base text has a character for a type of axe here), and I dare to ask for orders." The King went in to look. Xifu said to Zi Ge: "You are the hope of Chu! Now you speak to the King like an echo; what will become of the state?" Zi Ge said: "I am sharpening my blade and waiting; when the King comes out, my blade will cut." The King came out and spoke again. The Left Scribe Yi Xiang passed by in quick steps. The King said: "This is a good historian; treat him well.

是能讀《三墳》、《五典》、《八索》、《九丘》。”對曰：“臣嘗問焉。昔穆王欲肆其心，周行天下，將皆必有車轍馬跡焉。祭公謀父作《祈招》之詩，以止王心，王是以獲沒於祗宮。臣問其詩而不知也。若問遠焉，其焉能知之？”王曰：“子能乎？”對曰：“能。其詩曰：‘祈招之愔愔，式昭德音。思我王度，式如玉，式如金。形民之力，而無醉飽之心。’”王揖而入，饋不食，寢不寐，數日，不能自克，以及於難。

This man can read the Three Mounds, the Five Canons, the Eight Cords and the Nine Hills." He replied: "I once asked him. Formerly King Mu wanted to indulge his heart and travel the whole world, so that everywhere there would be wheel ruts and hoof prints. Mougfu, Duke of Zhai, composed the ode 'Qi Zhao' to restrain the King's heart, and so the King was able to end well at the Zhi Palace. I asked him about the ode and he did not know it. If I asked him about something more remote, how could he know?" The King said: "Can you?" He replied: "I can. The ode says: 'Qi Zhao is calm and harmonious, to make clear virtuous sound. Think of our king's standards, like jade, like gold. Measure the strength of the people, and have no heart of drunkenness and satiety.'" The King bowed and went in, and at meals he could not eat and at night he could not sleep, for several days, and could not restrain himself, and so met with disaster.

仲尼曰：“古也有志：‘克己復禮，仁也’。信善哉！楚靈王若能如是，豈其辱於乾溪？”晉伐鮮虞，因肥之役也。

Zhongni said: "The ancient records say: 'To overcome oneself and return to ritual is benevolence.' How true! If King Ling of Chu had been able to do this, how could he have been humiliated at Ganqi?" Jin attacked Xianyu, taking advantage of the battle of Fei.

【經】十有三年春，叔弓帥師圍費。夏四月，楚公子比自晉歸於楚，殺其君虔於乾溪。楚公子棄疾殺公子比。秋，公會劉子、晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子於平丘。八月甲戌，同盟於平丘。

[Classic] In the thirteenth year, in spring, Shu Gong led an army to besiege Fei. In summer, in the fourth month, Prince Bi of Chu returned from Jin to Chu and killed his ruler Qian at Ganqi. Prince Qiji of Chu killed Prince Bi. In autumn, Duke Zhao met Liuzi, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Little Zhu at Pingqiu. In the eighth month, on jiaxu, they made a covenant together at Pingqiu.

公不與盟。晉人執季孫意如以歸。公至自會。蔡侯廬歸於蔡。陳侯吳歸於陳。冬十月，葬蔡靈公。公如晉，至河乃復。吳滅州來。

Duke Zhao did not take part in the covenant. The men of Jin seized Ji Sun Yiru and took him back. Duke Zhao returned from the meeting. Lu, Marquis of Cai, returned to Cai. Wu, Marquis of Chen, returned to Chen. In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Ling of Cai was buried. Duke Zhao went to Jin and returned on reaching the Yellow River. Wu destroyed Zhoulai.

【傳】十三年春，叔弓圍費，弗克，敗焉。平子怒，令見費人執之以為囚俘。

[Commentary] In the thirteenth year, in spring, Shu Gong besieged Fei but could not take it and was defeated. Pingzi was angry and ordered that any man of Fei seen be seized as a prisoner.

冶區夫曰：“非也。若見費人，寒者衣之，飢者食之，為之令主，而共其乏困。

Ye Qufu said: "That is wrong. If you see a man of Fei, give clothes to the cold and food to the hungry, be a good host to them and supply their needs.

費來如歸，南氏亡矣，民將叛之，誰與居邑？若憚之以威，懼之以怒，民疾而叛，為之聚也。若諸侯皆然，費人無歸，不親南氏，將焉入矣？”平子從之，費人叛南氏。

When the men of Fei come, it will be like coming home, and the Nan clan will perish; the people will turn against him, and who will live in the city with him? If you use might to make them afraid and anger to make them fear, the people will hate you and rebel, which only gathers them for him. If all the lords do likewise, the men of Fei will have nowhere to go, will not cling to the Nan clan, and where will they enter?" Pingzi followed this advice, and the men of Fei turned against the Nan clan.

楚子之為令尹也，殺大司馬薳掩而取其室。及即位，奪薳居田；遷許而質許圍。蔡洧有寵於王，王之滅蔡也，其父死焉，王使與於守而行。申之會，越大夫戮焉。王奪鬥韋龜中犨，又奪成然邑而使為郊尹。蔓成然故事蔡公，故薳氏之族及薳居、許圍、蔡洧、蔓成然，皆王所不禮也。因群喪職之族，啟越大夫常壽過作亂，圍固城，克息舟，城而居之。

When the Viscount of Chu was chief minister, he killed the Grand Minister of War Wei Yan and took his household. When he took the throne, he seized the fields of Wei Ju; moved Xu and took Xu Wei as hostage. Cai Wei was favored by the King; when the King destroyed Cai, Cai Wei's father died there, and the King had him take part in the guard and then go out. At the meeting at Shen, a grandee of Yue was killed. The King took Zhongchou from Dou Weigui, and also seized the city of Chengran and made him magistrate of the suburbs. Man Chengran had formerly served the Duke of Cai, so the Wei clan, and Wei Ju, Xu Wei, Cai Wei and Man Chengran were all people whom the King did not treat with ritual. Relying on a group of clans that had lost their positions, they incited the Yue grandee Changshou Guo to rebel, besieged Gucheng, took Xizhou, and built a wall and settled there.

觀起之死也，其子從在蔡，事朝吳，曰：“今不封蔡，蔡不封矣。我請試之。”

When Guan Qi died, his son was following in Cai and served Chao Wu, saying: "If we do not enfeoff Cai now, Cai can never be enfeoffed. I ask to try."

以蔡公之命召子幹、子皙，及郊，而告之情，強與之盟，入襲蔡。蔡公將食，見之而逃。觀從使子幹食，坎，用牲，加書，而速行。己徇於蔡曰：“蔡公召二子，將納之，與之盟而遣之矣，將師而從之。”蔡人聚，將執之。辭曰：“失賊成軍，而殺餘，何益？”乃釋之。朝吳曰：“二三子若能死亡，則如違之，以待所濟。

Using the Duke of Cai's order he summoned Zi Gan and Zi Xi, and when they reached the outskirts he told them the real situation, forced them to make a covenant with him, and entered to attack Cai. The Duke of Cai was about to eat, and fled on seeing them. Guan Cong had Zi Gan eat, dug a pit, used sacrificial animals, added the text, and hurried off. He himself went around among the men of Cai, saying: "The Duke of Cai summoned these two gentlemen and was about to send them in; after making a covenant with them he sent them off, and he will lead the army to follow." The men of Cai gathered and were about to seize him. He excused himself, saying: "If you lose the rebels and so make up an army, what is the benefit of killing me?" So he was released. Chao Wu said: "If you gentlemen are willing to die, then resist and wait for the outcome.

若求安定，則如與之，以濟所欲。且違上，何適而可？”眾曰：“與之。”乃奉蔡公，召二子而盟於鄧，依陳、蔡人以國。楚公子比、公子黑肱、公子棄疾、蔓成然、蔡朝吳帥陳、蔡、不羹、許、葉之師，因四族之徒，以入楚。及郊，陳、蔡欲為名，故請為武軍。蔡公知之曰：“欲速。且役病矣，請藩而已。”乃藩為軍。蔡公使須務牟與史卑先入，因正僕人殺大子祿及公子罷敵。公子比為王，公子黑肱為令尹，次於魚陂。公子棄疾為司馬，先除王宮。使觀從從師於乾溪，而遂告之，且曰：“先歸復所，後者劓。”師及訾梁而潰。

If you seek peace, take part, to achieve what you want. Besides, to resist those above, where would it be fitting?" The crowd said: "We will take part." So they carried the Duke of Cai, summoned the two gentlemen to make a covenant at Deng, and relied on the men of Chen and Cai to found a state. Prince Bi of Chu, Prince Heigong, Prince Qiji, Man Chengran and Chao Wu of Cai led the armies of Chen, Cai, Bugeng, Xu and Ye, and relying on the followers of four clans entered Chu. When they reached the outskirts, Chen and Cai wanted to seek fame and so asked to be the vanguard army. The Duke of Cai knew this and said: "We want speed. Besides, the laborers are weary and sick; let us only set up hedges." So they used hedges as a camp. The Duke of Cai sent Xu Wumou and Shi Bei in first, relying on the chief attendant to kill Crown Prince Lu and Prince Pidi. Prince Bi became king and Prince Heigong became chief minister, and they camped at Yubei. Prince Qiji became Minister of War and first cleared the royal palace. They sent Guan Cong to Ganqi to follow the army, to inform them, and to say: "Those who go back first will recover their dwellings, and those who arrive later will have their noses cut off." When the army reached Ziliang, it scattered.

王聞群公子之死也，自投於車下，曰：“人之愛其子也，亦如餘乎？”侍者曰：“甚焉。小人老而無子，知擠於溝壑矣。”王曰：“餘殺人子多矣，能無及此乎？”右尹子革曰：“請待於郊，以聽國人。”王曰：“眾怒不可犯也。”曰：“若入於大都而乞師於諸侯。”王曰：“皆叛矣。”曰：“若亡於諸侯，以聽大國之圖君也。”王曰：“大福不再，只取辱焉。”然丹乃歸於楚。王沿夏，將欲入鄢。芋尹無宇之子申亥曰：“吾父再奸王命，王弗誅，惠孰大焉？君不可忍，惠不可棄，吾其從王。”乃求王，遇諸棘圍以歸。夏五月癸亥，王縊於芋尹申亥氏。申亥以其二女殉而葬之。

The King heard of the deaths of the princes and threw himself down from the carriage, saying: "Do men love their sons as I do?" An attendant said: "More so. A petty man who is old and has no son knows he will be pushed into a ditch." The King said: "I have killed many men's sons; could I avoid coming to this?" Zi Ge, the Right Minister, said: "Please wait in the outskirts and listen to the people of the state." The King said: "The anger of the multitude cannot be offended." He said: "Then enter a great city and beg the lords for troops." The King said: "They have all rebelled." He said: "Then flee to the lords and listen to a great state's plans for Your Majesty." The King said: "Great good fortune does not come a second time; I would only bring disgrace upon myself." Ran Dan then returned to Chu. The King went along the Xia River, wishing to enter Yan. Shen Hai, son of Wu Yu, Master of Taro, said: "My father offended the king's command twice and the king did not execute him; is there any greater kindness than that? A ruler cannot be treated harshly and kindness cannot be abandoned, so I will follow the King." So he searched for the King and met him at Jiwei and brought him back. In summer, in the fifth month, on guihai, the King hanged himself at the house of Shen Hai, son of the Master of Taro. Shen Hai buried his two daughters with him.

觀從謂子幹曰：“不殺棄疾，雖得國，猶受禍也。”子幹曰：“餘不忍也。”

Guan Cong said to Zi Gan: "If you do not kill Qiji, even if you obtain the state you will still suffer disaster." Zi Gan said: "I cannot bear to."

子玉曰：“人將忍子，吾不忍俟也。”乃行。國每夜駭曰：“王入矣！”乙卯夜，棄疾使周走而呼曰：“王至矣！”國人大驚。使蔓成然走告子幹、子皙曰：“王至矣！國人殺君司馬，將來矣！君若早自圖也，可以無辱。眾怒如水火焉，不可為謀。”又有呼而走至者曰：“眾至矣！”二子皆自殺。丙辰，棄疾即位，名曰熊居。葬子幹於訾，實訾敖。殺囚，衣之王服而流諸漢，乃取而葬之，以靖國人。

Zi Yu said: "Others will bear to do it to you; I will bear to wait, and so on." So he left. Every night the state was in terror, saying: "The King has come in!" On the night of yimao, Qiji sent people running around calling out: "The King has arrived!" The people of the state were greatly alarmed. He sent Man Chengran running to tell Zi Gan and Zi Xi: "The King has arrived! The people of the state have killed Your Lordship's Minister of War and are about to come! If Your Lordship plans early for yourself, you may avoid disgrace. The anger of the multitude is like water and fire and cannot be planned against." Then others ran up shouting: "The crowd has arrived!" Both killed themselves. On bingchen, Qiji took the throne, named Xiong Ju. He buried Zi Gan at Zi, and he was truly Zi Ao. He killed a prisoner, dressed him in royal robes, floated him down the Han River, then fetched him and buried him, in order to calm the people of the state.

使子旗為令尹。

He made Ziqi chief minister.

楚師還自徐，吳人敗諸豫章，獲其五帥。

The Chu army returned from Xu, and the men of Wu defeated them at Yuzhang and captured five army commanders.

平王封陳、蔡，復遷邑，致群賂，施捨寬民，宥罪舉職。召觀從，王曰：“唯爾所欲。”對曰：“臣之先，佐開卜。”乃使為卜尹。使枝如子躬聘於鄭，且致犨、櫟之田。事畢，弗致。鄭人請曰：“聞諸道路，將命寡君以犨、櫟，敢請命。”對曰：“臣未聞命。”既復，王問犨、櫟。降服而對，曰：“臣過失命，未之致也。”王執其手，曰：“子毋勤。姑歸，不穀有事，其告子也。”他年芋尹申亥以王柩告，乃改葬之。

King Ping enfeoffed Chen and Cai, restored the cities that had been moved away, returned all kinds of bribes, gave generous relief and leniency to the people, pardoned offenses and promoted those with offices. He summoned Guan Cong, and the King said: "Only follow what you want." He replied: "My ancestors assisted in opening divination." So he made him Divination Minister. He sent Zhi Ruzi Gong on a diplomatic visit to Zheng, and also to return the fields of Chou and Li. When the task was done, he did not send them. The men of Zheng asked: "On the road we heard that Chou and Li are to be given to our ruler, and we dare to ask for the order." He replied: "I have heard no such order." He had already reported back, and the King asked about Chou and Li. He submitted and replied: "Your servant missed the order and did not deliver it." The King grasped his hand and said: "You need not trouble yourself. Go back for now, and if I have a matter I will tell you." Later Shen Hai, Master of Taro, reported the King's coffin, and it was reburied.

初，靈王卜，曰：“餘尚得天下。”不吉，投龜，詬天而呼曰：“是區區者而不餘畀，餘必自取之。”民患王之無厭也，故從亂如歸。

At first, King Ling asked for a divination, saying: "I still want to obtain the world." It was not auspicious. He threw away the tortoise shell, cursed Heaven and shouted: "You will not give me this little thing, so I will surely take it myself." The people suffered from the King's insatiability, and so they followed the rebellion like returning home.

初，共王無冢適，有寵子五人，無適立焉。乃大有事於群望，而祈曰：“請神擇於五人者，使主社稷。”乃遍以璧見於群望，曰：“當璧而拜者，神所立也，誰敢違之？”既，乃與巴姬密埋璧於大室之庭，使五人齊，而長入拜。康王跨之，靈王肘加焉，子幹、子皙皆遠之。平王弱，抱而入，再拜，皆厭紐。鬥韋龜屬成然焉，且曰：“棄禮違命，楚其危哉！”子幹歸，韓宣子問於叔向曰：“子幹其濟乎？”對曰：“難。”宣子曰：“同惡相求，如市賈焉，何難？”對曰：“無與同好，誰與同惡？取國有五難：有寵而無人，一也；有人而無主，二也；有主而無謀，三也；有謀而無民，四也；有民而無德，五也。子幹在晉十三年矣，晉、楚之從，不聞達者，可謂無人。族盡親叛，可謂無主。無釁而動，可謂無謀。為羈終世，可謂無民。亡無愛徵，可謂無德。王虐而不忌，楚君子幹，涉五難以弒舊君，誰能濟之？有楚國者，其棄疾乎！君陳、蔡，城外屬焉。苛慝不作，盜賊伏隱，私慾不違，民無怨心。先神命之。國民信之，羋姓有亂，必季實立，楚之常也。獲神，一也；有民，二也；令德，三也；寵貴，四也；居常，五也。有五利以去五難，誰能害之？子幹之官，則右尹也。數其貴寵，則庶子也。以神所命，則又遠之。其貴亡矣，其寵棄矣，民無懷焉，國無與焉，將何以立？”宣子曰：“齊桓、晉文，不亦是乎？”對曰：“齊桓，衛姬之子也，有寵於僖。有鮑叔牙、賓須無、隰朋以為輔佐，有莒、衛以為外主，有國、高以為內主。從善如流，下善齊肅，不藏賄，不從欲，施捨不倦，求善不厭，是以有國，不亦宜乎？我先君文公，狐季姬之子也，有寵於獻。

At first, King Gong had no legitimate eldest son but had five favored sons, none suitable to be installed. So he made great sacrifices to the various mountains and rivers and prayed: "I ask the spirits to choose from among the five and have him preside over the altars of the state." Then he presented jade discs to all the mountains and rivers, saying: "The one who bows facing the disc is the one the spirits have set up; who would dare to resist?" Later, he and Ba Ji secretly buried a disc in the courtyard of the great chamber, had the five fast and enter in order of age to bow. King Kang stepped over it, King Ling's elbow touched it, and Zi Gan and Zi Xi were both far away. King Ping was small and was carried in, and he bowed twice, both times pressing on the knob. Dou Weigui entrusted Chengran to him, and said: "To abandon ritual and defy the command, Chu is probably in danger!" Zi Gan went back, and Han Xuanzi asked Shuxiang: "Will Zi Gan probably succeed?" He replied: "It will be hard." Xuanzi said: "Those who hate the same thing seek each other, like merchants in the market; what is hard about it?" He replied: "Without shared likes, who would share hates with him? There are five difficulties in taking a state: to have favor but no men is the first; to have men but no master is the second; to have a master but no plan is the third; to have a plan but no people is the fourth; to have people but no virtue is the fifth. Zi Gan has been in Jin thirteen years, and among followers from Jin and Chu none has been heard of as capable, so he can be said to have no men. His clan is gone and his kin have rebelled, so he can be said to have no master. He moved without a gap, so he can be said to have no plan. He has been a sojourner his whole life, so he can be said to have no people. In flight he has no sign of being loved, so he can be said to have no virtue. The King was cruel but not afraid, and the state of Chu took Zi Gan as a gentleman; having gone through the five difficulties to murder the former ruler, who can succeed? The one who will hold Chu is probably Qiji! As ruler of Chen and Cai, the lands outside the city belong to him. He has not shown harshness or wickedness, robbers lie hidden, his private desires do not go against the right, and the people have no resentment. He was first named by the spirits. The state trusts him, and when the Mi clan has disorder, it is always the youngest son who is installed, which is the constant principle of Chu. To obtain the spirits is the first, to have the people the second, fine virtue the third, honored favor the fourth, and holding the constant way the fifth. With five advantages removing five difficulties, who can harm him? Zi Gan's office was Right Minister. Counting his honored favor, he is a concubine's son. According to the spirits' command, he is far away. His honor is lost, his favor abandoned, the people do not think of him, there is no one in the state clinging to him; what will he rely on to be installed?" Xuanzi said: "Were Huan of Qi and Wen of Jin not like this?" He replied: "Huan of Qi was the son of Ji of Wei and was favored by Xi. He had Bao Shuya, Bin Xuwu and Xi Peng as assistants, Ju and Wei as outer masters, and Guo and Gao as inner masters. He followed the good like a flowing stream, was good and respectful to those below, did not hoard bribes, did not indulge his desires, was untiring in giving and never weary of seeking the good, and so he had the state; was it not fitting? Our former ruler Duke Wen was the son of Hu Jiji and was favored by Xian.

好學而不貳，生十七年，有士五人。有先大夫子餘、子犯以為腹心，有魏犨、賈佗以為股肱，有齊、宋、秦、楚以為外主，有欒、郤、狐、先以為內主。亡十九年，守志彌篤。惠、懷棄民，民從而與之。獻無異親，民無異望，天方相晉，將何以代文？此二君者，異於子幹。共有寵子，國有奧主。無施於民，無援於外，去晉而不送，歸楚而不逆，何以冀國？”晉成虒祁，諸侯朝而歸者皆有貳心。為取郠故，晉將以諸侯來討。叔向曰：“諸侯不可以不示威。”乃並徵會，告於吳。秋，晉侯會吳子於良。水道不可，吳子辭，乃還。

He loved learning and had no divided heart, and in the seventeen years since he was born he had five officers. He had the former grandees Ziyu and Zifan as his confidants, Wei Chou and Jia Tuo as his right and left arms, Qi, Song, Qin and Chu as outer masters, and Luan, Xi, Hu and Xian as inner masters. In nineteen years of flight his resolve grew more steadfast. Dukes Hui and Huai abandoned the people, and the people followed and clung to him. Xian had no other kin, the people had no other hope, Heaven was helping Jin, and who would replace Wen? These two rulers are not like Zi Gan. King Gong had favored sons, and the state had a deeply hidden master. He has conferred nothing on the people, has no support abroad, no one saw him off when he left Jin, no one welcomed him on his return to Chu; on what grounds does he hope to obtain the state?" Jin completed the building of Siqi, and the lords who came to court and returned all had divided hearts. Because of the taking of Geng, Jin was about to lead the lords to punish us. Shuxiang said: "We cannot fail to show power to the lords." So they summoned them all together and informed Wu. In autumn, the Marquis of Jin met the Viscount of Wu at Liang. The waterway was not passable, and the Viscount of Wu declined, and so turned back.

七月丙寅，治兵於邾南，甲車四千乘，羊舌鮒攝司馬，遂合諸侯於平丘。子產、子大叔相鄭伯以會。子產以幄幕九張行。子大叔以四十，既而悔之，每舍，損焉。及會，亦如之。

In the seventh month, on bingyin, they drilled the troops south of Zhu with four thousand armored chariots, Yangshe Fu serving as acting Minister of War, and then assembled the lords at Pingqiu. Zichan and Zi Dashu assisted the Earl of Zheng to the meeting. Zichan went carrying nine tents. Zi Dashu took forty, then regretted it and reduced the number at each night's stop. By the time they reached the meeting, he had the same as Zichan.

次於衛地，叔鮒求貨於衛，淫芻蕘者。衛人使屠伯饋叔向羹，與一篋錦，曰：“諸侯事晉，未敢攜貳，況衛在君之宇下，而敢有異志？芻蕘者異於他日，敢請之。”叔向受羹反錦，曰：“晉有羊舌鮒者，瀆貨無厭，亦將及矣。為此役也，子若以君命賜之，其已。”客從之，未退，而禁之。

They camped in Wei territory, and Shuxiang's colleague Fu demanded goods from Wei and allowed the grass-cutters and woodcutters free rein. The men of Wei sent Tu Bo to bring Shuxiang soup together with a box of brocade, saying: "The lords serve Jin and dare not have a divided heart, and how much more Wei, which lives under Your Lordship's eaves, would dare to have a different intention? The grass-cutters and woodcutters are not as in former days, and I dare to ask for relief." Shuxiang accepted the soup and returned the brocade, saying: "Jin has Yangshe Fu, whose greed for goods is never satisfied and who will be here soon. For this campaign, if you give it to him on your ruler's behalf, it will probably stop." The guest followed this advice and had not yet withdrawn when it was prohibited.

晉人將尋盟，齊人不可。晉侯使叔向告劉獻公曰：“抑齊人不盟，若之何？”對曰：“盟以厎信。君苟有信，諸侯不貳，何患焉？告之以文辭，董之以武師，雖齊不許，君庸多矣。天子之老，請帥王賦，‘元戎十乘，以先啟行’，遲速唯君。”叔向告於齊，曰：“諸侯求盟，已在此矣。今君弗利，寡君以為請。”對曰：“諸侯討貳，則有尋盟。若皆用命，何盟之尋？”叔向曰：“國家之敗，有事而無業，事則不經。有業而無禮，經則不序。有禮而無威，序則不共。有威而不昭，共則不明。不明棄共，百事不終，所由傾覆也。是故明王之制，使諸侯歲聘以志業，間朝以講禮，再朝而會以示威，再會而盟以顯昭明。志業於好，講禮於等。示威於眾，昭明於神。自古以來，未之或失也。存亡之道，恆由是興。晉禮主盟，懼有不治。奉承齊犠，而布諸君，求終事也。君曰：‘餘必廢之，何齊之有？’唯君圖之，寡君聞命矣！”齊人懼，對曰：“小國言之，大國制之，敢不聽從？既聞命矣，敬共以往，遲速唯君。”叔向曰：“諸侯有間矣，不可以不示眾。”八月辛未，治兵，建而不旆。壬申，復旆之。諸侯畏之。

The men of Jin were about to renew the covenant, but the men of Qi did not agree. The Marquis of Jin sent Shuxiang to tell Duke Xian of Liu: "The men of Qi will not make a covenant; what shall we do?" He replied: "A covenant is used to establish good faith. If the ruler has good faith, the lords will have no divided heart, so what is there to worry about? Inform them with civil words and oversee them with a military force, and even if Qi does not agree, your merit will be great. The old minister of the Son of Heaven asks to lead the king's levy; 'ten chariots of the lead force, to open the way first,' fast or slow as you decide." Shuxiang told Qi: "The lords' request for a covenant is already here. Now you do not see it as beneficial, and our ruler therefore makes this request." They replied: "The lords punish those with divided hearts, and only then is there a renewed covenant. If all follow orders, what covenant is there to renew?" Shuxiang said: "The ruin of a state follows this course: where there are affairs but no occupation, affairs will not be regular. Where there is occupation but no ritual, regularity will have no order. Where there is ritual but no awe, order will not be respected. Where there is awe but no clarity, respect will not be understood. If it is not understood and respect is abandoned, the hundred affairs will not be completed, and overthrow comes from this. Therefore the system of the enlightened kings had the lords make annual diplomatic visits to remember their occupations, court at intervals to discuss ritual, assemble on a second visit to show awe, and covenant on a second assembly to show clarity. In friendship they remember their occupations, and within ranks they discuss ritual. To the multitude they show awe, and to the spirits they show clarity. Since antiquity this has not failed. The principle of survival and ruin has often arisen from this. Jin presides over the covenant with ritual, fearing it may not be well ordered. To present the complete sacrificial animals and display them to the lords is to seek to complete the affair. If you say: 'I will surely abolish it, so what is there to complete?' then I only ask that you plan; our ruler has heard your word!" The men of Qi were frightened and replied: "The small state speaks and the great state decides; how dare we not obey? We have heard the command and will go respectfully, fast or slow as you decide." Shuxiang said: "The lords have an opening now, and we cannot fail to show it to the multitude." In the eighth month, on xinwei, they drilled the troops, setting up the banners but not letting the pennants hang. On renshen, they let the pennants hang again. The lords were afraid.

邾人、莒人訁斥於晉曰：“魯朝夕伐我，幾亡矣。我之不共，魯故之以。”

The men of Zhu and Ju complained to Jin (the base text has a variant graph for the word complain) saying: "Lu attacks us morning and evening, and we are almost destroyed. We cannot supply what is asked, because of Lu."

晉侯不見公，使叔向來辭曰：“諸侯將以甲戌盟，寡君知不得事君矣，請君無勤。”

The Marquis of Jin would not see Duke Zhao and sent Shuxiang to decline, saying: "The lords will make a covenant on jiaxu; our ruler knows he cannot serve you, and asks that you not trouble yourself."

子服惠伯對曰：“君信蠻夷之訴，以絕兄弟之國，棄周公之後，亦唯君。寡君聞命矣。”叔向曰：“寡君有甲車四千乘在，雖以無道行之，必可畏也，況其率道，其何敵之有？牛雖瘠，僨於豚上，其畏不死？南蒯、子仲之憂，其庸可棄乎？若奉晉之眾，用諸侯之師，因邾、莒、杞、鄫之怒，以討魯罪，間其二憂，何求而弗克？”魯人懼，聽命。

Zifu Huibo replied: "Your lord listens to the complaints of barbarians to cut off a brother state and abandon the descendants of the Duke of Zhou, and that too is solely up to Your Lordship. Our ruler has heard the command." Shuxiang said: "Our ruler has four thousand armored chariots, and even if used against the Way, they would surely be awesome, how much more if following the Way; who can be a match? Even a thin ox lying on a piglet, would it not be afraid of dying? The troubles of Nan Kuai and Zizhong, can they be discarded? If we lead Jin's multitude, use the lords' armies, and rely on the anger of Zhu, Ju, Qi and Zeng to punish Lu's fault, taking advantage of those two troubles, what would we seek that could not be done?" The men of Lu were afraid and obeyed.

甲戌，同盟於平丘，齊服也。令諸侯日中造於除。癸酉，退朝。子產命外僕速張於除，子大叔止之，使待明日。及夕，子產聞其未張也，使速往，乃無所張矣。

On jiaxu, they made a covenant together at Pingqiu, with Qi submitting. He ordered the lords to go to the cleared ground at noon. On guiyou, the court was dismissed. Zichan ordered the outer servant to hurry to set up tents at the cleared ground, but Zi Dashu stopped him and had them wait until the next day. In the evening Zichan heard that they had not yet been set up and told them to go quickly, but there was no space left to set them up.

及盟，子產爭承，曰：“昔天子班貢，輕重以列，列尊貢重，周之制也。卑而貢重者，甸服也。鄭伯，男也，而使從公侯之貢，懼弗給也，敢以為請。諸侯靖兵，好以為事。行理之命，無月不至，貢之無藝，小國有闕，所以得罪也。諸侯修盟，存小國也。貢獻無及，亡可待也。存亡之制，將在今矣。”自日中以爭，至於昏，晉人許之。既盟，子大叔咎之曰：“諸侯若討，其可瀆乎？”子產曰：“晉政多門，貳偷之不暇，何暇討？國不競亦陵，何國之為？”公不與盟。晉人執季孫意如，以幕蒙之，使狄人守之。司鐸射懷錦，奉壺飲冰，以蒲伏焉。守者御之，乃與之錦而入。晉人以平子歸，子服湫從。

When the covenant was being made, Zichan argued about the grades of tribute, saying: "Formerly the Son of Heaven arranged tribute so that the weight followed rank, and the higher the rank the heavier the tribute, which is the system of Zhou. Those who are low in rank yet heavy in tribute are in the Dian zone. The Earl of Zheng is a baron, yet he is made to follow the tribute of dukes and marquises, and we fear we cannot supply it, and so dare to make this request. The lords have halted their troops, and do business in friendship. The commands of envoys never fail to come in a month, the tribute has no limit, and the small state has shortfalls and is therefore offended. The lords repair the covenant in order to preserve small states. If tribute arrives too late, destruction can be awaited. The system of survival and ruin will be decided today." He argued from noon until dusk, and the men of Jin allowed it. When the covenant had been made, Zi Dashu reproached him: "If the lords were to punish us, could we be so cavalier?" Zichan said: "The government of Jin has many doors; to have a divided heart and be perfunctory is already too much for them, so how would they have time to punish? If a state does not contend, it will also be bullied; what kind of state would that be?" Duke Zhao did not take part in the covenant. The men of Jin seized Ji Sun Yiru, covered him with a curtain and had the Di guard him. Sidu She hid brocade in his bosom, carried a pot of ice to drink, and crept toward him. The guards blocked him, but when he gave them the brocade they let him in. The men of Jin took Pingzi back with them, and Zifu Qiu followed.

子產歸，未至，聞子皮卒，哭，且曰：“吾已，無為為善矣，唯夫子知我。”

Zichan went back, and before arriving, heard that Zi Pi had died, wept, and said: "I am finished; there is no one with whom to do good, only the master understood me."

仲尼謂：“子產於是行也，足以為國基矣。《詩》曰：‘樂只君子，邦家之基。’子產，君子之求樂者也。”且曰：“合諸侯，藝貢事，禮也。”

Zhongni considered: "Zichan on this trip was enough to be the foundation of a state. The Odes say: 'Joyful is the gentleman, the foundation of the state.' Zichan is a gentleman who seeks joy." And he said: "To assemble the lords and fix the tribute is ritual."

鮮虞人聞晉師之悉起也，而不警邊，且不修備。晉荀吳自著雍以上軍侵鮮虞，及中人，驅沖競，大獲而歸。

The men of Xianyu heard that the Jin army had all set out but did not guard the border and did not prepare defenses. Xun Wu of Jin led the upper army from Zhuoyong to raid Xianyu, reached Zhongren, drove the assault chariots forward in competition and returned with a great haul.

楚之滅蔡也，靈王遷許、胡、沈、道、房、申於荊焉。平王即位，既封陳、蔡，而皆復之，禮也。隱大子之子廬歸於蔡，禮也。悼大子之子吳歸於陳，禮也。

When Chu destroyed Cai, King Ling moved Xu, Hu, Shen, Dao, Fang and Shen to Jing. When King Ping took the throne, he enfeoffed Chen and Cai and let them all go back, which accorded with ritual. Lu, son of Crown Prince Yin, returned to Cai, which accorded with ritual. Wu, son of Crown Prince Dao, returned to Chen, which accorded with ritual.

冬十月，葬蔡靈公，禮也。

In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Ling of Cai was buried, which accorded with ritual.

公如晉。荀吳謂韓宣子曰：“諸侯相朝，講舊好也，執其卿而朝其君，有不好焉，不如辭之。”乃使士景伯辭公於河。

Duke Zhao went to Jin. Xun Wu said to Han Xuanzi: "The lords visit one another to discuss old friendship, but to seize his minister and then receive his ruler would be unseemly; it is better to decline." So he sent Shi Jingbo to decline Duke Zhao at the bank of the Yellow River.

吳滅州來。令尹子期請伐吳，王弗許，曰：“吾未撫民人，未事鬼神，未修守備，未定國家，而用民力，敗不可悔。州來在吳，猶在楚也。子姑待之。”

Wu destroyed Zhoulai. The chief minister Ziqi asked to attack Wu, but the King did not allow it, saying: "I have not yet pacified the people, have not yet served the spirits, have not yet prepared defenses, and have not yet settled the state, and to use the people's strength, if I fail I cannot regret it. Zhoulai belongs to Wu now just as it did to Chu. You wait for now."

季孫猶在晉，子服惠伯私於中行穆子曰：“魯事晉，何以不如夷之小國？魯，兄弟也，土地猶大，所命能具。若為夷棄之，使事齊、楚，其何瘳於晉？親親，與大，賞共、罰否，所以為盟主也。子其圖之。諺曰：‘臣一主二。’吾豈無大國？”穆子告韓宣子，且曰：“楚滅陳、蔡，不能救，而為夷執親，將焉用之？”乃歸季孫。惠伯曰：“寡君未知其罪，合諸侯而執其老。若猶有罪，死命可也。

Ji Sun was still in Jin, and Zifu Huibo said privately to Zhonghang Muzi: "Lu serves Jin; in what way is it worse than the small barbarian states? Lu is a brother state and its land is still large, so what is commanded can be provided. If Lu is abandoned for the sake of the barbarians and made to serve Qi and Chu, what good does that do Jin? To be close to kin, to cling to the great, to reward those who provide and punish those who do not provide, is why you are head of the covenant. You should plan. The proverb says: 'A minister has one master, but two.' Do we not also have a great state?" Muzi told Han Xuanzi and said: "Chu destroyed Chen and Cai and we could not save them, yet we seize kin for the sake of barbarians; what is the use of that?" So he let Ji Sun return. Huibo said: "Our ruler does not know his offense, yet when the lords assembled you seized his old minister. If there is still guilt, to die by command would be acceptable.

若曰無罪而惠免之，諸侯不聞，是逃命也，何免之？為請從君惠於會。”宣子患之，謂叔向曰：“子能歸季孫乎？”對曰：“不能。鮒也能。”乃使叔魚。叔魚見季孫曰：“昔鮒也得罪於晉君，自歸於魯君。微武子之賜，不至於今。雖獲歸骨於晉，猶子則肉之，敢不盡情？歸子而不歸，鮒也聞諸吏，將為子除館於西河，其若之何？”且泣。平子懼，先歸。惠伯待禮。

If you say that there is no guilt and show kindness by pardoning him, the lords have not heard of this, and this is evading the command, so what pardon is it? I ask to follow Your Lordship's grace at the meeting." Xuanzi was troubled and said to Shuxiang: "Can you make Ji Sun return?" He replied: "I cannot. Fu can." So he sent Shuyu. Shuyu saw Ji Sun and said: "Formerly Fu offended the ruler of Jin and turned himself to the ruler of Lu. Without Wuzi's gift, I would not be here today. Even if I obtained burial of my bones in Jin, you would still be the one giving flesh to them; how dare I not do my utmost? You are being let go and yet you do not go; I heard from the officials that they will prepare a lodging for you in the Western River region; what will you do?" He also wept. Pingzi was frightened and went back first. Huibo waited for the ritual.

【經】十有四年春，意如至自晉。三月，曹伯滕卒。夏四月。秋，葬曹武公。

[Classic] In the fourteenth year, in spring, Yiru returned from Jin. In the third month, Teng, Earl of Cao, died. In summer, the fourth month. In autumn, Duke Wu of Cao was buried.

八月，莒子去疾卒。冬，莒殺其公子意恢。

In the eighth month, Quji, Viscount of Ju, died. In winter, Ju killed its Prince Yihui.

【傳】十四年春，意如至自晉，尊晉罪己也。尊晉、罪己，禮也。

[Commentary] In the fourteenth year, in spring, Yiru returned from Jin, showing respect to Jin and taking the blame on himself. To respect Jin and take the blame oneself accords with ritual.

南蒯之將叛也，盟費人。司徒老祁、慮癸偽廢疾，使請於南蒯曰：“臣願受盟而疾興，若以君靈不死，請待間而盟。”許之。二子因民之慾叛也，請朝眾而盟。遂劫南蒯曰：“群臣不忘其君，畏子以及今，三年聽命矣。子若弗圖，費人不忍其君，將不能畏子矣。子何所不逞欲？請送子。”請期五日。遂奔齊。侍飲酒於景公。公曰：“叛夫？”對曰：“臣欲張公室也。”子韓皙曰：“家臣而欲張公室，罪莫大焉。”司徒老祁、慮癸來歸費，齊侯使鮑文子致之。

Nan Kuai was about to rebel and made a covenant with the men of Fei. Lao Qi, Minister of the Masses, and Lü Gui feigned crippling illness and asked Nan Kuai: "We wish to accept the covenant, but our illness has flared up; if by your spirit's grace we do not die, please wait until we have a respite and then make the covenant." He agreed. The two, relying on the people to rebel, asked to see the crowd and make the covenant then. Then they seized Nan Kuai and said: "Your servants have not forgotten the ruler, and for fear of you have listened to your orders up to now, three years. If you do not plan well, the men of Fei cannot bear to act against the ruler and will no longer be able to fear you. Where could you not satisfy your desires? We ask to send you off." They asked for a delay of five days, and he fled to Qi. He attended Duke Jing at a drinking party. The Duke said: "A rebel?" He answered: "I wished to enlarge the ducal house." Zi Han Xi said: "A family retainer who wishes to enlarge the ducal house; there is no greater crime." Lao Qi and Lü Gui came to return Fei, and the Marquis of Qi sent Bao Wenzi to deliver it.

夏，楚子使然丹簡上國之兵於宗丘，且撫其民。分貧，振窮；長孤幼，養老疾，收介特，救災患，宥孤寡，赦罪戾；詰奸慝，舉淹滯；禮新，敘舊；祿勳，合親；任良，物官。使屈罷簡東國之兵於召陵，亦如之。好於邊疆，息民五年，而後用師，禮也。

In summer, the Viscount of Chu sent Ran Dan to review the troops of the upper states at Zongqiu and also to comfort the people. He gave to the poor and relieved the destitute; he nourished the young orphans and the old and sick, took in the unmarried, relieved disasters and calamities, spared widowers and widows and pardoned offenses; he questioned the wicked and promoted those held back; he treated newcomers with courtesy and employed old retainers; he gave salary to those with merit and gathered his kin; he employed the worthy and good and sought out officials. He sent Qu Ba to review the troops of the eastern states at Shaoling, doing the same. To be on friendly terms with the borders, let the people rest for five years, and then use the army accords with ritual.

秋八月，莒著丘公卒，郊公不戚。國人弗順，欲立著丘公之弟庚輿。蒲餘侯惡公子意恢而善於庚輿，郊公惡公子鐸而善於意恢。公子鐸因蒲餘侯而與之謀曰：“爾殺意恢，我出君而納庚輿。”許之。

In autumn, in the eighth month, Duke Zhuqiu of Ju died, and Duke Jiao showed no grief. The people of the state did not obey him and wished to set up Zhuqiu's younger brother Gengyu. The Marquis of Puyu hated Prince Yihui and was on good terms with Gengyu, while Duke Jiao hated Prince Duo and was on good terms with Yihui. Prince Duo, relying on the Marquis of Puyu, planned with him, saying: "You kill Yihui, and I will drive out the ruler and bring in Gengyu." He agreed.

楚令尹子旗有德於王，不知度。與養氏比，而求無厭。王患之。九月甲午，楚子殺鬥成然，而滅養氏之族。使鬥辛居鄖，以無忘舊勳。

Ziqi, the prime minister of Chu, had done kindness to the King and did not know measure. He colluded with the Yang clan, and his demands were never satisfied. The King was worried. In the ninth month, on the jiawu day, the Viscount of Chu killed Dou Chengran and destroyed the Yang clan. He sent Dou Xin to live in Yun, so as not to forget his old merit.

冬十二月，蒲餘侯茲夫殺莒公子意恢，郊公奔齊。公子鐸逆庚輿於齊。齊隰黨、公子鋤送之，有賂田。

In winter, in the twelfth month, Zifu, Marquis of Puyu, killed Prince Yihui of Ju, and Duke Jiao fled to Qi. Prince Duo welcomed Gengyu from Qi. Xi Dang and Prince Chu of Qi escorted him, with fields given as bribes.

晉邢侯與雍子爭賂田，久而無成。士景伯如楚，叔魚攝理，韓宣子命斷舊獄，罪在雍子。雍子納其女於叔魚，叔魚蔽罪邢侯。邢侯怒，殺叔魚與雍子於朝。宣子問其罪於叔向。叔向曰：“三人同罪，施生戮死可也。雍子自知其罪而賂以買直，鮒也鬻獄，刑侯專殺，其罪一也。己惡而掠美為昏，貪以敗官為墨，殺人不忌為賊。《夏書》曰：‘昏、墨、賊，殺。’皋陶之刑也。請從之。”乃施邢侯而屍雍子與叔魚於市。

Xing Hou of Jin and Yongzi contended over fields received as a bribe, and for a long time there was no result. Shi Jingbo went to Chu, Shu Yu acted as judge, and Han Xuanzi ordered the old case to be decided; the guilt lay with Yongzi. Yongzi gave his daughter to Shu Yu, and Shu Yu put the guilt on Xing Hou. Xing Hou became angry and killed Shu Yu and Yongzi in the court. Xuanzi asked Shu Xiang about their guilt. Shu Xiang said: "All three are equally guilty; kill the living one and expose the dead ones. Yongzi knew his own guilt yet bought a ruling of innocence with bribes; Fu (Shu Yu) sold judicial rulings; Xing Hou killed on his own authority; the guilt is the same. To be evil oneself yet seize a good name is hun; to be greedy and ruin one's official duty is mo; to kill without fear is zei. The Book of Xia says: 'For hun, mo and zei, death.' This is the punishment of Gao Yao. Please follow it." So Xing Hou was killed and the bodies of Yongzi and Shu Yu were exposed in the market.

仲尼曰：“叔向，古之遺直也。治國制刑，不隱於親，三數叔魚之惡，不為末減。曰義也夫，可謂直矣。平丘之會，數其賄也，以寬衛國，晉不為暴。歸魯季孫，稱其詐也，以寬魯國，晉不為虐。邢侯之獄，言其貪也，以正刑書，晉不為頗。三言而除三惡，加三利，殺親益榮，猶義也夫！”

Zhongni (Confucius) said: "Shu Xiang is the uprightness left over from antiquity. In governing the state and setting punishments, he did not shield his relatives, and three times he listed Shu Yu's evils without reducing them. One may call this righteousness, and call it upright. At the meeting at Pingqiu, he listed the greed for bribes of Shu Yu to treat Wei leniently, and Jin was not cruel. In letting Ji Sun of Lu return, he spoke of his deceit to treat Lu leniently, and Jin was not savage. In the case of Xing Hou, he spoke of his greed to correct the penal code, and Jin was not biased. With three sentences he removed three evils and added three benefits; killing his own kin brought him more honor, and still this was righteousness!"

【經】十有五年春王正月，吳子夷末卒。二月癸酉，有事於武宮。籥入，叔弓卒。去樂，卒事。夏，蔡朝吳出奔鄭。六月丁巳朔，日有食之。秋，晉荀吳帥師伐鮮虞。冬，公如晉。

[Classic] In the fifteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Yimo, Viscount of Wu, died. In the second month, on the guiyou day, there was a sacrifice in the Wu Temple. When the flute-dancers entered, Shu Gong died. The music was removed and the sacrifice was completed. In summer, Chao Wu of Cai fled to Zheng. In the sixth month, on the dingsi day, the first of the month, there was a solar eclipse. In autumn, Xun Wu of Jin led an army to attack Xianyu. In winter, Duke Zhao went to Jin.

【傳】十五年春，將禘於武公，戒百官。梓慎曰：“禘之日，其有咎乎！吾見赤黑之祲，非祭祥也，喪氛也。其在蒞事乎？”二月癸酉，禘，叔弓蒞事，籥入而卒。去樂，卒事，禮也。

[Commentary] In the fifteenth year, in spring, the di sacrifice was to be held at the temple of Duke Wu, and the hundred officials were warned. Zi Shen said: "On the day of the di sacrifice, there will probably be misfortune! I saw reddish-black inauspicious vapor, not an auspicious sign for a sacrifice but an omen of mourning. It will probably fall on someone presiding over the matter?" In the second month, on the guiyou day, the di sacrifice was held, Shu Gong presided over the matter, and when the flute-dancers entered, he died. The music was removed and the sacrifice completed, which accords with ritual.

楚費無極害朝吳之在蔡也，欲去之。乃謂之曰：“王唯信子，故處子於蔡。

Fei Wuji of Chu envied and wished to harm Chao Wu in Cai and wished to remove him. So he said to him: "The King trusts only you, and therefore placed you in Cai.

子亦長矣，而在下位，辱。必求之，吾助子請。”又謂其上之人曰：“王唯信吳，故處諸蔡，二三子莫之如也。而在其上，不亦難乎？弗圖，必及於難。”夏，蔡人遂朝吳。朝吳出奔鄭。王怒，曰：“餘唯信吳，故置諸蔡。且微吳，吾不及此。

You too are advanced in age and yet in a low position, which is a disgrace. You must ask for more, and I will help you ask." Then he said to those above: "The King trusts only Wu, and therefore placed him in Cai; none of you can compare with him. Yet he is above you; is that not difficult? If you do not plan, you will surely come to trouble." In summer, the men of Cai drove out Chao Wu. Chao Wu fled to Zheng. The King was angry and said: "I trusted only Wu, and therefore placed him in Cai. Moreover, without Wu I could not have come to this.

女何故去之？”無極對曰：“臣豈不欲吳？然而前知其為人之異也。吳在蔡，蔡必速飛。去吳，所以翦其翼也。”

Why did you remove him?" Wuji answered: "Would I not want Wu? But I knew beforehand that he is a different kind of man. With Wu in Cai, Cai would soon fly away. To remove Wu was to clip his wings."

六月乙丑，王大子壽卒。

In the sixth month, on the yichou day, the King's crown prince Shou died.

秋八月戊寅，王穆後崩。

In autumn, in the eighth month, on the wuyin day, the King's consort Mu Hou died.

晉荀吳帥師伐鮮虞，圍鼓。鼓人或請以城叛，穆子弗許。左右曰：“師徒不勤，而可以獲城，何故不為？”穆子曰：“吾聞諸叔向曰：‘好惡不愆，民知所適，事無不濟。’或以吾城叛，吾所甚惡也。人以城來，吾獨何好焉？賞所甚惡，若所好何？若其弗賞，是失信也，何以庇民？力能則進，否則退，量力而行。吾不可以欲城而邇奸，所喪滋多。”使鼓人殺叛人而繕守備。圍鼓三月，鼓人或請降，使其民見，曰：“猶有食色，姑修而城。”軍吏曰：“獲城而弗取，勤民而頓兵，何以事君？”穆子曰：“吾以事君也。獲一邑而教民怠，將焉用邑？邑以賈怠，不如完舊，賈怠無卒，棄舊不祥。鼓人能事其君，我亦能事吾君。率義不爽，好惡不愆，城可獲而民知義所，有死命而無二心，不亦可乎！”鼓人告食竭力盡，而後取之。克鼓而反，不戮一人，以鼓子鳶鞮歸。

Xun Wu of Jin led an army to attack Xianyu and besieged Gu. Some of the people of Gu asked to take the city and rebel, but Muzi did not allow it. His attendants said: "The army need not toil, yet we can obtain the city; why not do it?" Muzi said: "I heard from Shu Xiang: 'If likes and dislikes are not excessive, the people know where to go, and no matter fails.' Someone taking our city and rebelling is something we greatly hate. If others bring a city to us, do I alone like it? If we reward what we greatly hate, what do we do about what we like? If we do not reward, it is a loss of good faith; with what then shall we shelter the people? Advance if our strength allows, otherwise retreat; act according to strength. I must not covet the city and come close to villainy; we would lose more." He had the people of Gu kill the rebels and repair their defenses. They besieged Gu for three months, and some of the people of Gu asked to surrender; he had their people come to see him and said: "You still have the color of having food; for now repair your wall." His military officers said: "You obtain the city but do not take it, making the people toil and blunting the weapons; with what will you serve your ruler?" Muzi said: "I am using this to serve my ruler. If I obtained one town but taught the people to be lazy, what would I do with the town? To buy laziness with a town is worse than keeping the old; buying laziness has no end, and abandoning the old is inauspicious. The people of Gu can serve their ruler, and I can serve our ruler. If we follow righteousness without error and do not overdo likes and dislikes, the city can be obtained and the people will know where righteousness lies, dying at the command without a divided heart; is that not also acceptable!" The people of Gu reported that their grain was exhausted and their strength spent, and only then did he take it. After taking Gu he returned without killing a single man, bringing back Yuandi, Viscount of Gu.

冬，公如晉，平丘之會故也。

In winter, Duke Zhao went to Jin because of the meeting at Pingqiu.

十二月，晉荀躒如周，葬穆後，籍談為介。既葬，除喪，以文伯宴，樽以魯壺。王曰：“伯氏，諸侯皆有以鎮撫室，晉獨無有，何也？”文伯揖籍談，對曰：“諸侯之封也，皆受明器於王室，以鎮撫其社稷，故能薦彝器於王。晉居深山，戎狄之與鄰，而遠於王室。王靈不及，拜戎不暇，其何以獻器？”王曰：“叔氏，而忘諸乎？叔父唐叔，成王之母弟也，其反無分乎？密須之鼓，與其大路，文所以大蒐也。闕鞏之甲，武所以克商也。唐叔受之以處參虛，匡有戎狄。其後襄之二路，釒戚鉞，秬鬯，彤弓，虎賁，文公受之，以有南陽之田，撫征東夏，非分而何？夫有勳而不廢，有績而載，奉之以土田，撫之以彝器，旌之以車服，明之以文章，子孫不忘，所謂福也。福祚之不登，叔父焉在？且昔而高祖孫伯黶，司晉之典籍，以為大政，故曰籍氏。及辛有之二子董之晉，於是乎有董史。女，司典之後也，何故忘之？”籍談不能對。賓出，王曰：“籍父其無後乎！數典而忘其祖。”

In the twelfth month, Xun Li of Jin went to Zhou to bury Mu Hou, with Ji Tan as his deputy. After the burial, he took off mourning dress and feasted with Wen Bo, using a Lu pot as a wine vessel. The King said: "Elder Bo, all the feudal lords have objects with which they pacify and keep the palaces, but only Jin has none; why?" Wen Bo bowed to Ji Tan and he answered: "When the feudal lords were enfeoffed, they all received ritual objects from the royal house with which to pacify the altars of the state, and so they could present ritual vessels to the King. Jin lives in deep mountains, borders the Rong and Di, and is far from the royal house. The King's power does not reach it, and it cannot keep up even with dealing with the Rong; what could it use to present vessels?" The King said: "Uncle, have you forgotten? Your ancestor Tang Shu was a younger brother by the same mother of King Cheng; did he really receive no distributed vessels? The drum of Mixu and its great carriage were used by King Wen for the great hunt. The armor of Quegong was used by King Wu to conquer Shang. Tang Shu received them and settled at Shen Xu, to correct the Rong and Di. Later the two carriages of King Xiang, the battle-axes (the base text has a variant form of this word), the black millet wine, the red bow and the tiger warriors, which Duke Wen received, thus came the fields of Nanyang, and he pacified and campaigned in the east of Xia; if these were not distributed objects, what were they? Merit and toil were not neglected, achievements were recorded; he was supported with land, soothed with ritual vessels, honored with chariots and robes and banners, and made manifest with ornamental patterns, so that his descendants would not forget; this is what is called blessing. If blessings do not rise, where is the uncle? Moreover, formerly your high ancestor Sun Bo Yan oversaw the records of Jin and conducted great government, and so was called the Ji clan. When the two sons of Xin You, the Dong clan, came to Jin, there came to be the Dong historians. You are the descendant of those who were in charge of the records; why do you forget?" Ji Tan could not answer. When the guests had left, the King said: "Ji Fu will probably have no descendants! He recites the records but forgets his ancestors."

籍談歸，以告叔向。叔向曰：“王其不終乎！吾聞之：‘所樂必卒焉。’今王樂憂，若卒以憂，不可謂終。王一歲而有三年之喪二焉，於是乎以喪賓宴，又求彝器，樂憂甚矣，且非禮也。彝器之來，嘉功之由，非由喪也。三年之喪，雖貴遂服，禮也。王雖弗遂，宴樂以早，亦非禮也。禮，王之大經也。一動而失二禮，無大經矣。言以考典，典以志經，忘經而多言舉典，將焉用之？”

Ji Tan returned and told Shu Xiang. Shu Xiang said: "The King will probably not die a natural death! I have heard: 'What one takes delight in, one will surely end by.' Now the King takes sorrow as delight; if he dies of sorrow, it cannot be called a proper end. The King has had two three-year mourning periods in one year, and then used the mourning guests for a banquet and also asked for ritual vessels; taking sorrow as delight is going too far, and it is also improper. The coming of ritual vessels is due to commending merit, not because of mourning. In a three-year mourning, even the honored must complete the mourning dress, which is ritual. Even if the King did not complete it, the banquet was too early and also not proper. Ritual is the King's great constant. Losing two rituals in a single action leaves him without a great constant. Words are used to examine the records, and records to note the constants; to forget the constants while talking much and listing records, what use is it?"

【經】十有六年春，齊侯伐徐。楚子誘戎蠻子殺之。夏，公至自晉。秋八月己亥，晉侯夷卒。九月，大雩。季孫意如如晉。冬十月，葬晉昭公。

[Classic] In the sixteenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked Xu. The Viscount of Chu lured the Viscount of Rongman and killed him. In summer, Duke Zhao returned from Jin. In autumn, in the eighth month, on the jihai day, Yi, Marquis of Jin, died. In the ninth month, the great yu sacrifice was held. Ji Sun Yiru went to Jin. In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Zhao of Jin was buried.

【傳】十六年春，王正月，公在晉，晉人止公。不書，諱之也。

[Commentary] In the sixteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Zhao was in Jin, and the men of Jin detained Duke Zhao. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record this, to avoid mentioning it.

齊侯伐徐。

The Marquis of Qi attacked Xu.

楚子聞蠻氏之亂也，與蠻子之無質也，使然丹誘戎蠻子嘉殺之，遂取蠻氏。

The Viscount of Chu heard that the Man clan was in disorder and that the Viscount of Man had no good faith or hostages, and sent Ran Dan to lure Jia, Viscount of Rongman, and kill him, and so he took the Man clan.

既而復立其子焉，禮也。

He then set up his son again, which accords with ritual.

二月丙申，齊師至於蒲隧。徐人行成。徐子及郯人、莒人會齊侯，盟於蒲隧，賂以甲父之鼎。叔孫昭子曰：“諸侯之無伯，害哉！齊君之無道也，興師而伐遠方，會之，有成而還，莫之亢也，無伯也夫！《詩》曰：‘宗周既滅，靡所止戾。

In the second month, on the bingshen day, the Qi army reached Pusui. The men of Xu asked for peace. The Viscount of Xu, together with the men of Tan and Ju, met the Marquis of Qi and made a covenant at Pusui, bribing with the Jiafu tripod. Shu Sun Zhaozi said: "That the feudal lords have no hegemon is a harm! The lord of Qi is without the Way, raises troops to attack a distant place, assembles, and goes back as soon as there is peace, and no one stands against him; that is because there is no hegemon! The Odes say: 'The Zong Zhou is already destroyed, and there is no place to rest.

正大夫離居，莫知我肄。’其是之謂乎！”二月，晉韓起聘於鄭，鄭伯享之。子產戒曰：“苟有位於朝，無有不共恪。”

(The ode continues:) The chief high officers are scattered and live apart, and nobody knows my toil.' This probably refers to this!" In the second month, Han Qi of Jin visited Zheng, and the Earl of Zheng gave a banquet. Zichan warned: "If you have a place in the court, do not be disrespectful."

孔張後至，立於客間。執政御之，適客後。又御之，適縣間。客從而笑之。事畢，富子諫曰：“夫大國之人，不可不慎也，幾為之笑而不陵我？我皆有禮，夫猶鄙我。國而無禮，何以求榮？孔張失位，吾子之恥也。”子產怒曰：“發命之不衷，出令之不信，刑之頗類，獄之放紛，會朝之不敬，使命之不聽，取陵於大國，罷民而無功，罪及而弗知，僑之恥也。孔張，君之昆孫，子孔之後也，執政之嗣也，為嗣大夫，承命以使，周於諸侯，國人所尊，諸侯所知。立於朝而祀於家，有祿於國，有賦于軍，喪祭有職，受脤、歸脤，其祭在廟，已有著位，在位數世，世守其業，而忘其所，僑焉得恥之？辟邪之人而皆及執政，是先王無刑罰也。子寧以他規我。”

Kong Zhang arrived late and stood among the guests. The one in charge stopped him, and he went to behind the guests. He was stopped again and went to among the hanging instruments. The guests laughed at him in turn. When the matter was over, Fuzi remonstrated: "People of a great state must not be treated carelessly; we were almost laughed at by them and then they will not overbear us? Even if we all have ritual, they still despise us. If the state lacks ritual, how can it seek honor? Kong Zhang losing his place is your shame, sir." Zichan was angry and said: "If orders are not suitable, if commands lack good faith, if punishments are biased, if litigation is lax, if attendance at court is irreverent, if missions are not obeyed, if we are overborne by great states, if we exhaust the people without achievement, and guilt arrives without our knowing it, that is Qiao's shame. Kong Zhang is a grandson of the ruler's brother and a descendant of Zikong, heir of the one in charge of government, a high officer by succession, who received orders to go on missions to all the feudal lords, honored by the people of the state and known to the feudal lords. He has a place in the court, sacrifices at home, salary in the state, levies in the army, duties at mourning and sacrifices, receives and returns the sacrificial meat, and sacrifices in the temple; he already has a fixed place, has been in office for several generations and kept the family task for generations, yet forgot where to stand; how could Qiao take this as shame? That the perverse and wicked all go to the one in charge of government means that the former kings had no punishments. It would be better for you to admonish me with something else."

宣子有環，有一在鄭商。宣子謁諸鄭伯，子產弗與，曰：“非官府之守器也，寡君不知。”子大叔、子羽謂子產曰：“韓子亦無幾求，晉國亦未可以貳。晉國、韓子，不可偷也。若屬有讒人交鬥其間，鬼神而助之，以興其兇怒，悔之何及？吾子何愛於一環，其以取憎於大國也，盍求而與之？”子產曰：“吾非偷晉而有二心，將終事之，是以弗與，忠信故也。僑聞君子非無賄之難，立而無令名之患。

Xuanzi had a jade ring, of which a single one was with a merchant in Zheng. Xuanzi asked the Earl of Zheng for it, but Zichan did not give it, saying: "It is not an object kept by the government; our ruler does not know of it." Zi Dashu and Ziyu said to Zichan: "Han Zi also does not ask for much, and Jin also cannot yet be shown a divided heart. Jin and Han Zi must not be slighted. If slanderers happen to be among them stirring up quarrels, with the help of the spirits and with fierce anger roused, how could regret come in time? What is there for you to cherish about a single ring, so as to incur the hatred of a great state; why not ask for it and give it to him?" Zichan said: "I am not slighting Jin and having a divided heart; I intend to serve it to the end, and so I do not give it, for the sake of loyalty and good faith. I have heard that the gentleman's difficulty is not that he has no bribes, but that his concern is that he lacks a good name in his standing.

僑聞為國非不能事大字小之難，無禮以定其位之患。夫大國之人，令於小國，而皆獲其求，將何以給之？一共一否，為罪滋大。大國之求，無禮以斥之，何饜之有？吾且為鄙邑，則失位矣。若韓子奉命以使，而求玉焉，貪淫甚矣，獨非罪乎？出一玉以起二罪，吾又失位，韓子成貪，將焉用之？且吾以玉賈罪，不亦銳乎？”韓子買諸賈人，既成賈矣，商人曰：“必告君大夫。”韓子請諸子產曰：“日起請夫環，執政弗義，弗敢復也。今買諸商人，商人曰，必以聞，敢以為請。”

I have heard that what is difficult in governing a state is not being unable to serve the great and soothe the small, but that one's concern is lacking ritual with which to settle one's place. When people of a great state give orders to a small state and obtain all they seek, with what will it supply them? If it gives one and does not give another, the guilt is greater. When a great state's demands are not rebutted with ritual, where will they be satisfied? We would become a border town and lose our place. If Han Zi, sent on a mission, asks for jade, his greed and excess are too great; is that not a crime? Taking out a single jade would raise two kinds of crime, we would lose our place, and Han Zi would become greedy; what use would that be? Moreover, if I buy guilt with jade, is that not also petty?" Han Zi bought it from the merchant, and the deal was already settled, but the merchant said: "I must inform the ruler's high officer." Han Zi asked Zichan: "Formerly I asked for that ring, and the one in charge of government held it was not righteous, and I did not dare to ask again. Now I am buying from the merchant, and the merchant says he must let you hear of it; I dare to make this request."

子產對曰：“昔我先君桓公，與商人皆出自周，庸次比耦，以艾殺此地，斬之蓬蒿藜藿，而共處之。世有盟誓，以相信也，曰：‘爾無我叛，我無強賈，毋或丐奪。爾有利市寶賄，我勿與知。’恃此質誓，故能相保，以至於今。今吾子以好來辱，而謂敝邑強奪商人，是教弊邑背盟誓也，毋乃不可乎！吾子得玉而失諸侯，必不為也。若大國令，而共無藝，鄭，鄙邑也，亦弗為也。僑若獻玉，不知所成，敢私布之。”韓子辭玉，曰：“起不敏，敢求玉以徼二罪？敢辭之。”

Zichan answered: "Formerly our former ruler Duke Huan and the merchants all came out of Zhou, matched in turn, cleared this land, cut down the weeds, brambles and thistles, and lived here together. For generations there have been oaths to trust one another: 'You shall not betray me, I shall not force purchase, and you shall not beg or seize. If you have profitable markets and precious goods, I will not take part or know about them.' Relying on this pledge and oath, we could protect one another down to the present. Now you have condescended to come out of friendship, yet say that our humble town forcibly seizes merchants; this teaches our humble town to break the oath, and probably should not be done! If you gain jade and lose the feudal lords, you surely will not do it. If a great state issues orders and the supply is without limit, Zheng is a border town and also will not do it. If Qiao offers the jade, I do not know what would be accomplished; I dare to say this privately." Han Zi declined the jade, saying: "How could Qi, who is not clever, dare seek jade and so seek two kinds of crime? I dare to decline."

夏四月，鄭六卿餞宣子於郊。宣子曰：“二三君子請皆賦，起亦以知鄭志。”

In summer, in the fourth month, the six ministers of Zheng gave a farewell banquet for Xuanzi in the suburbs. Xuanzi said: "Please let all you gentlemen recite odes; with this Qi can also know Zheng's intentions."

子齹賦《野有蔓草》。宣子曰：“孺子善哉！吾有望矣。”子產賦鄭之《羔裘》。宣子曰：“起不堪也。”子大叔賦《褰裳》。宣子曰：“起在此，敢勤子至於他人乎？”子大叔拜。宣子曰：“善哉，子之言是！不有是事，其能終乎？”子游賦《風雨》，子旗賦《有女同車》，子柳賦《蘀兮》。宣子喜曰：“鄭其庶乎！二三君子以君命貺起，賦不出鄭志，皆暱燕好也。二三君子，數世之主也，可以無懼矣。”宣子皆獻馬焉，而賦《我將》。子產拜，使五卿皆拜，曰：“吾子靖亂，敢不拜德？”宣子私覲於子產以玉與馬，曰：“子命起舍夫玉，是賜我玉而免吾死也，敢不藉手以拜？”公至自晉。子服昭伯語季平子曰：“晉之公室，其將遂卑矣。君幼弱，六卿強而奢傲，將因是以習，習實為常，能無卑乎？”平子曰：“爾幼，惡識國？”秋八月，晉昭公卒。

Zi Cuo recited Ye You Man Cao. Xuanzi said: "A fine young man! I have hope." Zichan recited Zheng's Gao Qiu. Xuanzi said: "Qi cannot bear this." Zi Dashu recited Qian Chang. Xuanzi said: "Since Qi is here, dare I trouble you to go to someone else?" Zi Dashu bowed. Xuanzi said: "Good, that you say this! Without this, could there be an end?" Ziyou recited Feng Yu, Ziqi recited You Nü Tong Che, and Ziliu recited Tuo Xi. Xuanzi was pleased and said: "Zheng will probably be nearly there! You gentlemen have honored Qi with the ruler's command, and what you recited does not go beyond Zheng's own odes, all of close and friendly feeling. You gentlemen will be masters for several generations, and need not fear." Xuanzi gave a horse to each of them and recited Wo Jiang. Zichan bowed and had the five ministers all bow, saying: "You have brought peace to disorder; dare we not bow in thanks for your virtue?" Xuanzi privately met Zichan with a jade and horses and said: "You ordered Qi to put down that jade, which is giving me the jade and sparing me from death; dare I not borrow a hand to bow?" Duke Zhao returned from Jin. Zifu Zhaobo said to Ji Pingzi: "The ducal house of Jin will probably end in lowliness. The ruler is young and weak, and the six ministers are strong, extravagant and arrogant; they will form habits from this, and habits actually become constant; can it not become lowly?" Pingzi said: "You are young; how would you understand states?" In autumn, in the eighth month, Duke Zhao of Jin died.

九月，大雩，旱也。鄭大旱，使屠擊、祝款、豎柎有事於桑山。斬其木，不雨。子產曰：“有事于山，蓺山林也，而斬其木，其罪大矣。”奪之官邑。

In the ninth month, the great yu sacrifice was held, because of drought. Zheng had a great drought and sent Tu Ji, Zhu Kuan and Shu Fu to sacrifice at Mount Sang. They cut down trees and no rain came. Zichan said: "To sacrifice at a mountain is to nurture and protect the mountain forest; but they cut down the trees; the crime is great." He deprived them of their official towns.

冬十月，季平子如晉葬昭公。平子曰：“子服回之言猶信，子服氏有子哉！”

In winter, in the tenth month, Ji Pingzi went to Jin to bury Duke Zhao. Pingzi said: "The words of Zifu Hui can still be trusted; the Zifu clan has a son!"

【經】十有七年春，小邾子來朝。夏六月甲戌朔，日有食之。秋，郯子來朝。

[Classic] In the seventeenth year, in spring, the Viscount of Little Zhu came to court. In summer, in the sixth month, on the jiaxu day, the first of the month, there was a solar eclipse. In autumn, the Viscount of Tan came to court.

八月，晉荀吳帥師滅陸渾之戎。冬，有星孛於大辰。楚人及吳戰於長岸。

In the eighth month, Xun Wu of Jin led an army and destroyed the Rong of Luhun. In winter, a comet appeared in the Great Dragon star (Dachen). The men of Chu fought Wu at Chang'an.

【傳】十七年春，小邾穆公來朝，公與之燕。季平子賦《採叔》，穆公賦《菁菁者莪》。昭子曰：“不有以國，其能久乎？”夏六月甲戌朔，日有食之。祝史請所用幣。昭子曰：“日有食之，天子不舉，伐鼓於社；諸侯用幣於社，伐鼓於朝。禮也。”平子御之，曰：“止也。唯正月朔，慝未作，日有食之，於是乎有伐鼓用幣，禮也。其餘則否。”大史曰：“在此月也。日過分而未至，三辰有災。於是乎百官降物，君不舉，闢移時，樂奏鼓，祝用幣，史用辭。故《夏書》曰：‘辰不集於房，瞽奏鼓，嗇夫馳，庶人走。’此月朔之謂也。當夏四月，是謂孟夏。”平子弗從。昭子退曰：“夫子將有異志，不君君矣。”

[Commentary] In the seventeenth year, in spring, Duke Mu of Little Zhu came to court, and Duke Zhao gave him a banquet. Ji Pingzi recited Cai Shu, and Duke Mu recited Jingjing Zhe E. Zhaozi said: "If one does not have what is used to govern a state, can it last long?" In summer, in the sixth month, on the jiaxu day, the first of the month, there was a solar eclipse. The invocators and scribes asked about the silk to be used. Zhaozi said: "In a solar eclipse, the Son of Heaven does not hold a rich banquet and beats drums at the altar of the earth; the feudal lords offer silk at the altar and beat drums in the court. This is ritual." Pingzi stopped it, saying: "Stop. Only on the first day of the first month, when the yin evil has not yet flared up, if there is a solar eclipse, then beating drums and offering silk is ritual. Otherwise it is not." The Grand Historian said: "It is precisely this month. When the sun has passed the spring equinox but not yet reached the summer solstice, the three heavenly bodies have calamity. Then the hundred officials lower their rank insignia, the ruler does not hold a rich banquet and avoids the matter until the eclipse passes, the musicians beat drums, the invocator uses silk and the scribe uses a text. Therefore the Book of Xia says: 'When the heavenly body does not gather in Fang, the music master beats the drum, the minor officials gallop and the commoners run.' It speaks of the first day of this month. It falls in the fourth month of summer, called the first month of summer." Pingzi did not follow this. Zhaozi withdrew and said: "The master will have different ambitions and no longer treats the ruler as a ruler."

秋，郯子來朝，公與之宴。昭子問焉，曰：“少皞氏鳥名官，何故也？”郯子曰：“吾祖也，我知之。昔者黃帝氏以雲紀，故為雲師而云名；炎帝氏以火紀，故為火師而火名；共工氏以水紀，故為水師而水名；大皞氏以龍紀，故為龍師而龍名。我高祖少皞摯之立也，鳳鳥適至，故紀於鳥，為鳥師而鳥名。鳳鳥氏，歷正也；玄鳥氏，司分者也；伯趙氏，司至者也；青鳥氏，司啟者也；丹鳥氏，司閉者也。祝鳩氏，司徒也；鴡鳩氏，司馬也；鳲鳩氏，司空也；爽鳩氏，司寇也；鶻鳩氏，司事也。五鳩，鳩民者也。五雉，為五工正，利器用、正度量，夷民者也。九扈為九農正，扈民無淫者也。自顓頊以來，不能紀遠，乃紀於近，為民師而命以民事，則不能故也。”仲尼聞之，見於郯子而學之。既而告人曰：“吾聞之：‘天子失官，學在四夷’，猶信。”

In autumn, the Viscount of Tan came to court, and Duke Zhao gave him a banquet. Zhaozi asked him: "Why did the house of Shaohao name officials after birds?" The Viscount of Tan said: "He was my ancestor, so I know. In the past, the Yellow Emperor's house recorded things by clouds, so it had cloud masters and used cloud names; the Yan Emperor's house recorded by fire, so it had fire masters and used fire names; the Gonggong house recorded by water, so it had water masters and used water names; and the house of Taihao recorded by dragons, so it had dragon masters and used dragon names. When my high ancestor Shaohao Zhi took the throne, the phoenix happened to arrive, so he recorded by birds, with bird masters and bird names. The Phoenix clan was Master of the Calendar; the Dark Bird clan managed the spring and autumn equinoxes; the Bo Zhao clan managed the winter and summer solstices; the Green Bird clan managed the beginning of spring and summer; the Red Bird clan managed the beginning of autumn and winter. The Zhu Jiu clan was Minister of the Masses; the Ju Jiu clan was Minister of War; the Shi Jiu clan was Minister of Works; the Shuang Jiu clan was Minister of Justice; the Gu Jiu clan was Minister of Affairs. The five Jiu gathered the people. The five Zhi were the five heads of crafts, making utensils convenient and standardizing measures, to level the people. The nine Hu were the nine heads of farming, to prevent the people from being without restraint. Since Zhuanxu, one could not record what was far off and so recorded what was near, becoming teachers of the people and naming offices by the people's affairs, because the old way could not be used." Zhongni heard of this and went to see the Viscount of Tan to study. Afterward he told people: "I have heard: 'When the Son of Heaven loses his officials, learning is among the four barbarians'; it is still credible."

晉侯使屠蒯如周，請有事於雒與三塗。萇弘謂劉子曰：“客容猛，非祭也，其伐戎乎？陸渾氏甚睦於楚，必是故也。君其備之！”乃警戎備。九月丁卯，晉荀吳帥師涉自棘津，使祭史先用牲於洛。陸渾人弗知，師從之。庚午，遂滅陸渾，數之以其貳於楚也。陸渾子奔楚，其眾奔甘鹿。周大獲。宣子夢文公攜荀吳而授之陸渾，故使穆子帥師，獻俘於文宮。

The Marquis of Jin sent Tu Kuai to Zhou to ask to sacrifice at the Luo River and at Santu. Chang Hong said to Liu Zi: "The guest looks fierce and is not here for sacrifice; he is probably going to attack the Rong? The Luhun clan is on very good terms with Chu, and that must be the reason. My lord should be on guard!" So he warned the defenses against the Rong. In the ninth month, on the dingmao day, Xun Wu of Jin led an army across at Jijin and sent a sacrificial historian ahead to sacrifice with animals at the Luo. The people of Luhun did not know and the army followed. On the gengwu day, he destroyed Luhun, listing as its crime its divided heart toward Chu. The Viscount of Luhun fled to Chu, and his people fled to Ganlu. Zhou took many captives. Xuanzi dreamed that Duke Wen pulled Xun Wu along and handed Luhun over to him, so he sent Muzi to lead the army and present the captives at the Wen Temple.

冬，有星孛於大辰，西及漢。申須曰：“彗所以除舊佈新也。天事恆象，今除於火，火出必布焉。諸侯其有火災乎？”梓慎曰：“往年吾見之，是其徵也，火出而見。今茲火出而章，必火入而伏。其居火也久矣，其與不然乎？火出，於夏為三月，於商為四月，於周為五月。夏數得天。若火作，其四國當之，在宋、衛、陳、鄭乎？宋，大辰之虛也；陳，大皞之虛也；鄭，祝融之虛也，皆火房也。

In winter, a comet appeared in the Great Dragon star (Dachen) and went west to the Han (Milky Way). Shen Xu said: "A comet is used to sweep out the old and spread the new. Heavenly matters constantly have images; now it sweeps over Fire, and when Fire appears it will surely be scattered. Perhaps the feudal lords will have a fire?" Zi Shen said: "Last year I saw it; it was an omen, and I saw it only when Fire appeared. This year Fire appeared and was prominent, and it will surely enter and hide. It has stayed at Fire for a long time already; is it not so? Fire appears in the third month of Xia, the fourth month of Shang and the fifth month of Zhou. The Xia count accords with Heaven. If fire breaks out, four states will bear it, perhaps Song, Wei, Chen and Zheng? Song is the ruins of Dachen; Chen is the ruins of Taihao; Zheng is the ruins of Zhurong; all of these are lodgings of Fire.

星孛天漢，漢，水祥也。衛，顓頊之虛也，故為帝丘，其星為大水，水，火之牡也。其以丙子若壬午作乎？水火所以合也。若火入而伏，必以壬午，不過其見之月。”鄭裨灶言於子產曰：“宋、衛、陳、鄭將同日火，若我用瓘斝玉瓚，鄭必不火。”子產弗與。

The comet is in the Heavenly Han, and the Han is an auspicious sign of water. Wei is the ruins of Zhuanxu, which is why it is Diqiu, and its star is the Great Water; water is the male counterpart of fire. It will probably break out on a bingzi or renwu day? Water and fire meet there. If Fire enters and hides, it will surely be on a renwu day, not beyond the month in which it was seen." Pi Zao of Zheng said to Zichan: "Song, Wei, Chen and Zheng will have fire on the same day; if I use a jade ladle and jade cup, Zheng will surely have no fire." Zichan did not give them.

吳伐楚。陽匄為令尹，卜戰，不吉。司馬子魚曰：“我得上流，何故不吉。

Wu attacked Chu. Yang Gai, prime minister, divined about fighting, and it was not auspicious. Sima Ziyu said: "We hold the upper reaches; why is it not auspicious?

且楚故，司馬令龜，我請改卜。”令曰：“魴也，以其屬死之，楚師繼之，尚大克之”。吉。戰於長岸，子魚先死，楚師繼之，大敗吳師，獲其乘舟餘皇。使隨人與後至者守之，環而塹之，及泉，盈其隧炭，陳以待命。吳公子光請於其眾，曰：“喪先王之乘舟，豈唯光之罪，眾亦有焉。請藉取之，以救死。”眾許之。

Moreover, by the old practice of Chu, the Marshal commands the tortoise; I ask to divine again." He commanded: "Fang will take his subordinates and die, and the Chu army will follow; we hope for a great victory." It was auspicious. They fought at Chang'an, Ziyu died first, the Chu army followed, and greatly defeated the Wu army, capturing their royal boat Yuhuang. They had men of Sui and late arrivals guard it, dug a trench around it down to the spring water, filled the tunnel with charcoal, and drew up in formation to wait. Prince Guang of Wu asked his troops: "Losing the royal boat of the former king is not the crime of Guang alone; all of you share it. Please take this chance to take it back, to save us from death." The troops agreed.

使長鬛者三人，潛伏於舟側，曰：“我呼餘皇，則對，師夜從之。”三呼，皆迭對。楚人從而殺之，楚師亂，吳人大敗之，取餘皇以歸。

He sent three men with long beards to hide beside the boat, saying: "When I call out Yuhuang, answer; the army will follow at night." Three times they called, and each time they answered in turn. The men of Chu followed and killed them, the Chu army fell into disorder, and the men of Wu greatly defeated them and took Yuhuang back.

【經】十有八年春王三月，曹伯須卒。夏五月壬午，宋、衛、陳、鄭災。六月，邾人入鄅。秋，葬曹平公。冬，許遷於白羽。

[Classic] In the eighteenth year, in spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, Xu, Earl of Cao, died. In summer, in the fifth month, on the renwu day, Song, Wei, Chen and Zheng had fires. In the sixth month, the men of Zhu entered Yu. In autumn, Duke Ping of Cao was buried. In winter, Xu moved to Baiyu.

【傳】十八年春，王二月乙卯，周毛得殺毛伯過而代之。萇弘曰：“毛得必亡，是昆吾稔之日也，侈故之以。而毛得以濟侈於王都，不亡何待！”三月，曹平公卒。

[Commentary] In the eighteenth year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, on the yimao day, Mao De of Zhou killed Mao Bo Guo and took his place. Chang Hong said: "Mao De will surely be destroyed; this is the day when Kunwu's evil reached its full measure, because of extravagance. Mao De achieved extravagance in the royal capital; what is he waiting for if not destruction!" In the third month, Duke Ping of Cao died.

夏五月，火始昏見。丙子，風。梓慎曰：“是謂融風，火之始也。七日，其火作乎！”戊寅，風甚。壬午，大甚。宋、衛、陳、鄭皆火。梓慎登大庭氏之庫以望之，曰：“宋、衛、陳、鄭也。”數日，皆來告火。裨灶曰：“不用吾言，鄭又將火。”鄭人請用之，子產不可。子大叔曰：“寶，以保民也。若有火，國幾亡。可以救亡，子何愛焉？”子產曰：“天道遠，人道邇，非所及也，何以知之？灶焉知天道？是亦多言矣，豈不或信？”遂不與，亦不復火。

In summer, in the fifth month, the Great Fire star began to appear at dusk. On the bingzi day, a wind blew. Zi Shen said: "This is called the Rong wind, the beginning of fire. In seven days, the fire will probably break out!" On the wuyin day the wind grew stronger. On the renwu day it was very strong. Song, Wei, Chen and Zheng all had fires. Zi Shen climbed the storehouse of the Daiting clan to look out and said: "It is Song, Wei, Chen and Zheng." A few days later, they all came to report the fires. Pi Zao said: "If my words are not used, Zheng will have fire again." The men of Zheng asked to use them, but Zichan did not agree. Zi Dashu said: "Treasures are used to protect the people. If there is fire, the state is nearly lost. If we can save the state, what do you begrudge?" Zichan said: "The Way of Heaven is far and the way of man is near, which cannot be reached; how can we know? How would Zao know the Way of Heaven? He says too many words, and might not some happen to come true?" So he did not give them, and there was no further fire.

鄭之未災也，裡析告子產曰：“將有大祥，民震動，國幾亡。吾身泯焉，弗良及也。國遷其可乎？”子產曰：“雖可，吾不足以定遷矣。”及火，裡析死矣，未葬，子產使輿三十人，遷其柩。火作，子產辭晉公子、公孫於東門。使司寇出新客，禁舊客勿出於宮。使子寬、子上巡群屏攝，至於大宮。使公孫登徙大龜。

Before Zheng had its fire, Li Xi told Zichan: "There will be a great change; the people will be shaken and the state nearly lost. I myself will be gone and cannot be there. Would it be acceptable to move the capital?" Zichan said: "Even if it were acceptable, I am not able to decide to move." When the fire came, Li Xi had already died and not yet been buried, and Zichan sent thirty men with carts to move his coffin. When the fire rose, Zichan at the east gate sent away the princes and grandsons of Jin. He sent the Minister of Justice to see off the newly arrived guests and forbade the former guests from leaving the palace. He sent Zikuan and Zishang to inspect the screens and enclosures everywhere, reaching the Great Palace. He sent Gongsun Deng to move away the great tortoise.

使祝史徙主祏於周廟，告於先君。使府人、庫人各儆其事。商成公儆司宮，出舊宮人，置諸火所不及。司馬、司寇列居火道，行火所焮。城下之人，伍列登城。

He sent the invocators and scribes to move the main ancestral tablets to the Zhou Temple and report to the former rulers. He had the keepers of the treasury and the storehouses each take care of their duties. Shang Chenggong warned the Master of the Palace, released the old palace attendants and settled them in places the fire could not reach. The Marshal and Minister of Justice were set along the path of the fire to patrol where the fire burned. Those below the city walls climbed the walls by squads.

明日，使野司寇各保其徵。郊人助祝史除於國北，禳火於玄冥、回祿，祈於四鄘。

The next day, he sent the Minister of Justice of the fields to have each secure the levies for service. The people of the suburbs helped the invocators and scribes clear the area north of the capital, and performed rites to turn away the fire to Xuanming and Huilu, and prayed to the four walls.

書焚室而寬其徵，與之材。三日哭，國不市。使行人告於諸侯。宋、衛皆如是。

Those whose houses were burned were registered and their levies relaxed, and they were given timber. They wept for three days and the markets in the state were not opened. He sent envoys to inform the feudal lords. Song and Wei did likewise.

陳不救火，許不弔災，君子是以知陳、許之先亡也。

Chen did not fight the fire and Xu did not offer condolences for the disaster, and the gentleman thereby knew that Chen and Xu would be destroyed first.

六月，鄅人藉稻。邾人襲鄅，鄅人將閉門。邾人羊羅攝其首焉，遂入之，盡俘以歸。鄅子曰：“餘無歸矣。”從帑於邾，邾莊公反鄅夫人，而舍其女。秋，葬曹平公。往者見周原伯魯焉，與之語，不說學。歸以語閔子馬。閔子馬曰：“周其亂乎？夫必多有是說，而後及其大人。大人患失而惑，又曰：‘可以無學，無學不害。’不害而不學，則苟而可。於是乎下陵上替，能無亂乎？夫學，殖也，不學將落，原氏其亡乎？”七月，鄭子產為火故，大為社，祓禳於四方，振除火災，禮也。乃簡兵大蒐，將為蒐除。子大叔之廟在道南，其寢在道北，其庭小。過期三日，使除徒陳於道南廟北，曰：“子產過女而命速除，乃毀於而鄉。”子產朝，過而怒之，除者南毀。子產及沖，使從者止之曰：“毀於北方。”

In the sixth month, the men of Yu took the chance to harvest the rice. The men of Zhu attacked Yu by surprise, and the men of Yu were about to close the city gate. Yang Luo of Zhu cut off the head of the gatekeeper and so they entered, captured them all and took them back. The Viscount of Yu said: "I have no place to return." He followed his wife and children to Zhu, and Duke Zhuang of Zhu returned the lady of Yu and kept her daughter. In autumn, Duke Ping of Cao was buried. A traveler going there saw Yuan Bo Lu of Zhou and spoke with him; he did not like study. On returning he told Min Zima. Min Zima said: "Is Zhou perhaps in disorder? There must first be many such sayings, and then they reach the great men. The great men are afraid of losing their positions and confused, and say: 'We can do without study, and there is no harm in not studying.' Because there is no harm, they do not study, and then even carelessness is acceptable. Then those below overstep those above and those above are replaced; can it not be disorder? Study is growth, and not studying leads to withering; will the Yuan clan probably perish?" In the seventh month, Zichan of Zheng, because of the fire, held a great altar ceremony, performed purification rites in the four directions to shake off the fire calamity, which accords with ritual. Then he selected the troops and held a great hunt, and was to clear the roads for the hunt. Zi Dashu's temple was south of the road and his residence north of the road, with a small courtyard. After the deadline passed by three days, he had the road-clearing crew stand in rows south of the road and north of the temple, saying: "When Zichan passes by and orders it cleared quickly, tear it down toward your side." When Zichan went to court and passed, he was angry, and the road-clearers tore down southward. Zichan reached the crossroad and sent his attendants to stop them, saying: "Tear it down on the north side."

火之作也，子產授兵登陴。子大叔曰：“晉無乃討乎？”子產曰：“吾聞之，小國忘守則危，況有災乎？國之不可小，有備故也。”既，晉之邊吏讓鄭曰：“鄭國有災，晉君、大夫不敢寧居，卜筮走望，不愛牲玉。鄭之有災，寡君之憂也。今執事扌間然授兵登陴，將以誰罪？邊人恐懼，不敢不告。子產對曰：“若吾子之言，敝邑之災，君之憂也。敝邑失政，天降之災，又懼讒慝之間謀之，以啟貪人，薦為弊邑不利，以重君之憂。幸而不亡，猶可說也。不幸而亡，君雖憂之，亦無及也。鄭有他竟，望走在晉。既事晉矣，其敢有二心？”楚左尹王子勝言於楚子曰：“許於鄭，仇敵也，而居楚地，以不禮於鄭。晉、鄭方睦，鄭若伐許，而晉助之，楚喪地矣。君盍遷許？許不專於楚。鄭方有令政。

When the fire rose, Zichan issued weapons and climbed the parapets. Zi Dashu said: "Will Jin probably attack us?" Zichan said: "I have heard that a small state that forgets to guard is in danger, how much more one with a disaster? A state cannot be belittled because it has preparations." Afterward, the border officials of Jin reproached Zheng, saying: "Zheng has a calamity, and the lord and high officers of Jin dared not rest; they divined and rushed to sacrifice to the various mountains and rivers, sparing no animals or jade. Zheng's fire is my lord's worry. Now you, officials, vigorously issue weapons and climb the parapets (the base text has a variant form of the word 'vigorously'); whom will you blame? The border people are frightened and dare not fail to report." Zichan answered: "As you say, our humble town's calamity is your lord's worry. Our humble town has lost good government, Heaven sent down calamity, and we also feared that slanderers would plan in the gaps and open the way for greedy men, thereby becoming a further disadvantage to our humble town and adding to your lord's worry. If by good fortune we are not destroyed, we can still explain. If unfortunately we are destroyed, even if your lord grieves, it will be too late. Zheng has other borders and its hope for rescue is in Jin. Having already served Jin, would we dare to have a divided heart?" Prince Sheng, Left Commander of Chu, said to the Viscount of Chu: "Xu is an enemy of Zheng and yet lives on Chu's land, treating Zheng without ritual. Jin and Zheng are on good terms; if Zheng attacks Xu and Jin helps, Chu will lose land. Why does Your Majesty not move Xu? Xu does not belong to Chu alone. Zheng at present has good government.

許曰：‘餘舊國也。’鄭曰：‘餘俘邑也。’葉在楚國，方城外之蔽也。土不可易，國不可小，許不可俘，仇不可啟，君其圖之。”楚子說。冬，楚子使王子勝遷許於析，實白羽。

Xu says: 'We are an old state.' Zheng says: 'We are a captured town.' Ye is in Chu and is the screen outside Fangcheng. Land cannot be exchanged, a state cannot be belittled, the state of Xu cannot be taken captive, and enmity cannot be opened; Your Majesty should plan." The Viscount of Chu was pleased. In winter, the Viscount of Chu sent Prince Sheng to move Xu to Xi, which was actually Baiyu.

【經】十有九年春，宋公伐邾。夏五月戊辰，許世子止弒其君買。己卯，地震。秋，齊高發帥師伐莒。冬，葬許悼公。

[Classic] In the nineteenth year, in spring, the Duke of Song attacked Zhu. In summer, in the fifth month, on the wuchen day, Zhi, crown prince of Xu, murdered his ruler Mai. On the jimao day, there was an earthquake. In autumn, Gao Fa of Qi led an army to attack Ju. In winter, Duke Dao of Xu was buried.

【傳】十九年春，楚工尹赤遷陰於下陰，令尹子瑕城郟。叔孫昭子曰：“楚不在諸侯矣！其僅自完也，以持其世而已。”

[Commentary] In the nineteenth year, in spring, Gongyin Chi of Chu moved Yin to Xiayin, and Zixia, prime minister, built a wall at Jia. Shu Sun Zhaozi said: "Chu is no longer among the feudal lords! It only keeps itself intact to maintain its succession of generations, that is all."

楚子之在蔡也，郹陽封人之女奔之，生大子建。及即位，使伍奢為之師。

When the Viscount of Chu was in Cai, the daughter of the border warden of Jiyang came to him and bore Crown Prince Jian. When he took the throne, he sent Wu She to be his teacher.

費無極為少師，無寵焉，欲譖諸王，曰：“建可室矣。”王為之聘於秦，無極與逆，勸王取之，正月，楚夫人嬴氏至自秦。

Fei Wuji was junior tutor but not favored, and wished to slander him to the King, saying: "Jian can now set up a household." The King went to Qin on a visit for him, Wuji took part in the welcome and urged the King to take her himself, and in the first month the Lady Ying of Chu came from Qin.

鄅夫人，宋向戌之女也，故向寧請師。二月，宋公伐邾，圍蟲。三月，取之。乃盡歸鄅俘。

The lady of Yu was the daughter of Xiang Xu of Song, and so Xiang Ning asked for troops. In the second month, the Duke of Song attacked Zhu and besieged Chong. In the third month, he took it, and then returned all the captives of Yu.

夏，許悼公瘧。五月戊辰，飲大子止之藥卒。大子奔晉。書曰：“弒其君。”

In summer, Duke Dao of Xu had malaria. In the fifth month, on the wuchen day, he drank the medicine of Crown Prince Zhi and died. The crown prince fled to Jin. The Spring and Autumn Annals records "murdered his ruler."

君子曰：“盡心力以事君，舍藥物可也。”

The gentleman said: "To serve the ruler with all one's heart and strength, it would have been enough to give up the medicine."

邾人、郳人、徐人會宋公。乙亥，同盟於蟲。

The men of Zhu, Ni and Xu met the Duke of Song. On the yihai day, they made a covenant together at Chong.

楚子為舟師以伐濮。費無極言於楚子曰：“晉之伯也，邇於諸夏，而楚闢陋，故弗能與爭。若大城城父而置大子焉，以通北方，王收南方，是得天下也。”王說，從之。故太子建居於城父。

The Viscount of Chu organized a naval force and attacked Pu. Fei Wuji said to the Viscount of Chu: "Jin holds hegemony and is close to the Central States, while Chu is remote and rustic, and so cannot contend. If you greatly build up the wall of Chengfu and settle the crown prince there to connect with the north, and the King takes the south, this will gain the world." The King was pleased and followed it. So Crown Prince Jian lived in Chengfu.

令尹子瑕聘於秦，拜夫人也。

Zixia, prime minister, went to Qin on a visit, to thank the lady.

秋，齊高發帥師伐莒。莒子奔紀鄣。使孫書伐之。初，莒有婦人，莒子殺其夫，已為嫠婦。及老，托於紀鄣，紡焉以度而去之。及師至，則投諸外。或獻諸子占，子占使師夜縋而登。登者六十人。縋絕。師鼓譟，城上之人亦噪。莒共公懼，啟西門而出。七月丙子，齊師入紀。

In autumn, Gao Fa of Qi led an army to attack Ju. The Viscount of Ju fled to Jizhang. He sent Sun Shu to attack. At first, there was a woman in Ju whose husband the Viscount of Ju had killed, and she herself became a widow. In old age she lodged at Jizhang, spun thread and measured the city wall, and then discarded it. When the army arrived, she threw the thread outside the wall. Someone presented it to Zizhan, and Zizhan had the army let themselves down on ropes at night and climb up. Sixty men climbed up. The rope broke. The army beat drums and shouted, and the men on the wall shouted too. Duke Gong of Ju was afraid and went out the west gate. In the seventh month, on the bingzi day, the Qi army entered Ji.

是歲也，鄭駟偃卒。子游娶於晉大夫，生絲，弱。其父兄立子瑕。子產憎其為人也，且以為不順，弗許，亦弗止。駟氏聳。他日，絲以告其舅。冬，晉人使以幣如鄭，問駟乞之立故。駟氏懼，駟乞欲逃。子產弗遣。請龜以卜，亦弗予。

This year Si Yan of Zheng died. Ziyou had taken a wife from the family of a high officer of Jin and bore Si, who was young and weak. His fathers and elder brothers set up Zixia. Zichan disliked his character and also considered it irregular; he did not allow it but did not stop it either. The Si clan was alarmed. Later Si told his maternal uncle. In winter, the men of Jin sent someone with silk to Zheng to ask why Si Qi had been established. The Si clan was afraid, and Si Qi wished to flee. Zichan did not send him away. He asked to use tortoise divination, but that too was not given.

大夫謀對，子產不待而對客曰：“鄭國不天，寡君之二三臣，札瘥夭昏，今又喪我先大夫偃。其子幼弱，其一二父兄懼隊宗主，私族於謀而立長親。寡君與其二三老曰：‘抑天實剝亂是，吾何知焉？’諺曰：‘無過亂門。’民有兵亂，猶憚過之，而況敢知天之所亂？今大夫將問其故，抑寡君實不敢知，其誰實知之？平丘之會，君尋舊盟曰：‘無或失職。’若寡君之二三臣，其即世者，晉大夫而專制其位，是晉之縣鄙也，何國之為？”辭客幣而報其使。晉人舍之。

The high officers planned a response, and Zichan, without waiting, said to the guest: "Zheng is not protected by Heaven; several of our ruler's ministers have died young of plague, and now we have lost our former high officer Yan. His son is young and weak, and one or two fathers and elder brothers, fearing the loss of the clan head, privately planned in the clan to set up an elder relative. Our ruler and his several old ministers said: 'Perhaps Heaven is truly destroying this; what do we know?' The proverb says: 'Do not pass through a gate of disorder.' When the people have armed disorder, they still fear passing it; how much more would we dare to claim to know what Heaven has disordered? Now the high officer will ask the reason; our ruler truly does not dare to know, so who truly knows? At the meeting at Pingqiu, your ruler renewed the old covenant and said: 'Let no one lose his post.' If any of our ruler's several ministers dies and the high officers of Jin decide on their positions arbitrarily, that is a county or border town of Jin; why be a state at all?" He declined the guest's silk and gave a reply to the envoy. The men of Jin dropped the matter.

楚人城州來。沈尹戌曰：“楚人必敗。昔吳滅州來，子旗請伐之。王曰：‘吾未撫吾民。’今亦如之，而城州來以挑吳，能無敗乎？”侍者曰：“王施捨不倦，息民五年，可謂撫之矣。”戌曰：“吾聞撫民者，節用於內，而樹德於外，民樂其性，而無寇仇。今宮室無量，民人日駭，勞罷死轉，忘寢與食，非撫之也。”

The men of Chu built a wall at Zhoulai. Shen Yin Xu said: "The men of Chu will surely be defeated. In the past when Wu destroyed Zhoulai, Ziqi asked to attack. The King said: 'I have not yet pacified my people.' Now it is the same, yet they build a wall at Zhoulai to provoke Wu; can they escape defeat?" An attendant said: "The King gives relief tirelessly and has let the people rest for five years; it may be said he has pacified them." Xu said: "I have heard that one who pacifies the people economizes expenses within and establishes virtue without, and the people take delight in their lives and have no enemies. Now palaces have no limit, the people are alarmed every day, toil and exhaustion lead to death and displacement, they forget sleeping and eating; this is not pacifying."

鄭大水，龍鬥於時門之外洧淵。國人請為禜焉，子產弗許，曰：“我鬥，龍不我覿也。龍鬥，我獨何覿焉？禳之，則彼其室也。吾無求於龍，龍亦無求於我。”

Zheng had a great flood, and dragons fought in the Wei Abyss outside the Shi Gate. The people of the state asked to hold the ying sacrifice, but Zichan did not allow it, saying: "When we fight, the dragons do not look at us. When the dragons fight, why should I alone go and look? If we perform an exorcism against them, that place is their house. I seek nothing from the dragons, and the dragons seek nothing from me."

乃止也。

So they stopped.

令尹子瑕言蹶由於楚子曰：“彼何罪？諺所謂‘室於怒，市於色’者，楚之謂矣。舍前之忿可也。”乃歸蹶由。

Zixia, prime minister, spoke to the Viscount of Chu about Jue You: "What is his crime? The proverb that says 'Anger at home and show a face in the market' refers to Chu. Put aside the old resentment and it will do." So Jue You was returned.

【經】二十年春王正月。夏，曹公孫會自鄸出奔宋。秋，盜殺衛侯之兄縶。

[Classic] In the twentieth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar. In summer, Gongsun Hui of Cao fled from Ding to Song. In autumn, bandits killed Zhi, the elder brother of the Marquis of Wei.

冬十月，宋華亥、向寧、華定出奔陳。十有一月辛卯，蔡侯盧卒。

In winter, in the tenth month, Hua Hai, Xiang Ning and Hua Ding of Song fled to Chen. In the eleventh month, on the xinmao day, Lu, Marquis of Cai, died.

【傳】二十年春，王二月己丑，日南至。梓慎望氛曰：“今茲宋有亂，國幾亡，三年而後弭。蔡有大喪。”叔孫昭子曰：“然則戴、桓也！汏侈無禮已甚，亂所在也。”

[Commentary] In the twentieth year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, on the jichou day, the sun reached its southern limit (winter solstice). Zi Shen looked at the vapors and said: "This year Song will have disorder and the state will be nearly lost, and after three years it will quiet down. Cai will have a great mourning." Shu Sun Zhaozi said: "Then it is the Dai and Huan families! Their arrogance, extravagance and lack of ritual have already gone too far, and disorder is there."

費無極言於楚子曰：“建與伍奢將以方城之外叛。自以為猶宋、鄭也，齊、晉又交輔之，將以害楚。其事集矣。”王信之，問伍奢。伍奢對曰：“君一過多矣，何信於讒？”王執伍奢。使城父司馬奮揚殺大子，未至，而使遣之。三月，大子建奔宋。王召奮揚，奮揚使城父人執己以至。王曰：“言出於餘口，入於爾耳，誰告建也？”對曰：“臣告之。君王命臣曰：‘事建如事餘。’臣不佞，不能苟貳。奉初以還，不忍後命，故遣之。既而悔之，亦無及已。”王曰：“而敢來，何也？”對曰：“使而失命，召而不來，是再奸也。逃無所入。”王曰：“歸。”從政如他日。

Fei Wuji said to the Viscount of Chu: "Jian and Wu She will take Fangcheng's outer lands and rebel. He considers himself still like Song and Zheng, with Qi and Jin crossing to help, and will use this to harm Chu. The matter is already in place." The King believed it and asked Wu She. Wu She answered: "Your Majesty has already made many errors once; why do you listen to slander?" The King seized Wu She. He sent Fen Yang, Marshal of Chengfu, to kill the crown prince, but before he arrived, Fen Yang first sent someone to send him away. In the third month, Crown Prince Jian fled to Song. The King summoned Fen Yang, and Fen Yang had the men of Chengfu seize him and bring him. The King said: "The words came out of my mouth and went into your ear; who told Jian?" He answered: "I told him. Your Majesty ordered me: 'Serve Jian as you would serve me.' I am not talented and cannot carelessly have a divided heart. I returned bearing the first command and could not bear to follow the later one, so I sent him away. Afterward I regretted it, but it was too late." The King said: "You dared to come; why?" He answered: "To go on a mission and lose the command, and to be summoned and not come, would be a second offense. There is no place to flee to." The King said: "Go back." He took part in government as before.

無極曰：“奢之子材，若在吳，必憂楚國，盍以免其父召之。彼仁，必來。

Wuji said: "She's sons are talented, and if they are in Wu, they will surely trouble Chu; why not summon them by promising to spare their father? They are benevolent and will surely come.

不然，將為患。”王使召之，曰：“來，吾免而父。”棠君尚謂其弟員曰：“爾適吳，我將歸死。吾知不逮，我能死，爾能報。聞免父之命，不可以莫之奔也；親戚為戮，不可以莫之報也。奔死免父，孝也；度功而行，仁也；擇任而往，知也；知死不闢，勇也。父不可棄，名不可廢，爾其勉之，相從為愈。”伍尚歸。

Otherwise they will become a calamity." The King sent someone to summon them, saying: "Come, and I will spare your father." Shang, Lord of Tang, said to his younger brother Yun: "You go to Wu, and I will go back and die. My wisdom and thought do not reach it; I can die, and you can avenge. Hearing the order to spare our father, someone must hasten to it; when relatives are killed, someone must take revenge. To hasten to death to spare a father is filial; to weigh merit and then act is benevolent; to choose the task and go is wise; to know death and not avoid it is brave. The father cannot be abandoned and the name cannot be ruined; you do your best, and it will be better if we complete each other." Wu Shang went back.

奢聞員不來，曰：“楚君、大夫其旰食乎！”楚人皆殺之。

When She heard that Yun did not come, he said: "The lord and high officers of Chu will probably be late for their meals!" The men of Chu killed them both.

員如吳，言伐楚之利於州於。公子光曰：“是宗為戮而欲反其仇，不可從也。”

Yun reached Wu and spoke to Zhouyu about the benefit of attacking Chu. Prince Guang said: "This is someone whose clan has been killed and who wants to take revenge; he should not be followed."

員曰：“彼將有他志。餘姑為之求士，而鄙以待之。”乃見鱄設諸焉，而耕於鄙。

Yun said: "He will have other ambitions. For now I will seek a warrior for him and wait at the border." So he introduced Zhuan She Zhu, who was farming at the border.

宋元公無信多私，而惡華、向。華定、華亥與向寧謀曰：“亡愈於死，先諸？”華亥偽有疾，以誘群公子。公子問之，則執之。夏六月丙申，殺公子寅、公子御戎、公子朱、公子固、公孫援、公孫丁，拘向勝、向行於其廩。公如華氏請焉，弗許，遂劫之。癸卯，取大子欒與母弟辰、公子地以為質。公亦取華亥之子無戚、向寧之子羅、華定之子啟，與華氏盟，以為質。

Duke Yuan of Song was without good faith and had many selfish aims, and he hated the Hua and Xiang clans. Hua Ding and Hua Hai plotted with Xiang Ning, saying: "Fleeing is better than dying; shall we strike first?" Hua Hai feigned illness to lure the various princes. When a prince went to inquire after him, he was seized. In summer, on the bingshen day of the sixth month, they killed Prince Yin, Prince Yurong, Prince Zhu, Prince Gu, Gongsun Yuan, and Gongsun Ding, and detained Xiang Sheng and Xiang Xing in the granary. The Duke went to the Hua clan to plead, and they would not allow it, and so they seized him. On the guimao day, they took the crown prince Luan, his full brother Chen, and Prince Di as hostages. The Duke also took Hua Hai's son Wuqi, Xiang Ning's son Luo, and Hua Ding's son Qi, and made a covenant with the Hua clan, using them as hostages.

衛公孟縶狎齊豹，奪之司寇與鄄，有役則反之，無則取之。公孟惡北宮喜、褚師圃，欲去之。公子朝通於襄夫人宣姜，懼，而欲以作亂。故齊豹、北宮喜、褚師圃、公子朝作亂。

Gongmeng Zhi of Wei treated Qi Bao with contempt, taking away his office as Minister of Justice and the town of Juan, returning them when there was labor to be done and taking them back when there was none. Gongmeng hated Beigong Xi and Chushi Pu and wished to remove them. Prince Chao had an affair with Lady Xiang, Xuan Jiang, and was afraid, and wished to make trouble. So Qi Bao, Beigong Xi, Chushi Pu, and Prince Chao rebelled.

初，齊豹見宗魯於公孟，為驂乘焉。將作亂，而謂之曰：“公孟之不善，子所知也。勿與乘，吾將殺之。”對曰：“吾由子事公孟，子假吾名焉，故不吾遠也。雖其不善，吾亦知之。抑以利故，不能去，是吾過也。今聞難而逃，是僣子也。子行事乎，吾將死之，以周事子，而歸死於公孟，其可也。”

At the outset, Qi Bao introduced Zong Lu to Gongmeng, and he served as the chariot-rider on the right. When about to rebel, Qi Bao said to him: "Gongmeng is not good, as you know. Do not ride with him; I will kill him." He answered: "I came to serve Gongmeng through you; you lent me your name, and so he did not keep me at a distance. Even if he is not good, I know it. But because of profit I could not leave; that is my fault. Now if I flee on hearing of danger, I would offend you. Go ahead and act; I will die for this, to complete my service to you, by going back and dying with Gongmeng; I think that may do."

丙辰，衛侯在平壽，公孟有事於蓋獲之門外，齊子氏帷於門外而伏甲焉。使祝蛙置戈於車薪以當門，使一乘從公孟以出。使華齊御公孟，宗魯驂乘。及閎中，齊氏用戈擊公孟，宗魯以背蔽之，斷肱，以中公孟之肩，皆殺之。

On the bingchen day, the Marquis of Wei was at Pingshou, and Gongmeng had business outside the gate of Gaihuo, where Qi Bao's party had set up a curtain outside the gate and hidden armed men. They sent Zhu Wa to put a dagger-axe on the cart's firewood to block the gate, and sent one carriage to follow Gongmeng out. They had Hua Qi drive for Gongmeng, with Zong Lu as the chariot-rider. When they reached Hongzhong, the Qi clan struck Gongmeng with a dagger-axe; Zong Lu shielded him with his back, his arm was broken, and the blow struck Gongmeng's shoulder, and both were killed.

公聞亂，乘，驅自閱門入，慶比御公，公南楚驂乘，使華寅乘貳車。及公宮，鴻魋駟乘於公，公載寶以出。褚師子申遇公於馬路之衢，遂從。過齊氏，使華寅肉袒，執蓋以當其闕。齊氏射公，中南楚之背，公遂出。寅閉郭門，逾而從公。公如死鳥，析朱鉏宵從竇出，徒行從公。

The Duke heard of the disorder and rode in a carriage, galloping in through the Yue Gate, with Qing Bi driving for the Duke, Gongnan Chu as chariot-rider, and Hua Yin riding in the secondary carriage. When they reached the ducal palace, Hong Tui rode as the fourth man in the Duke's carriage, and the Duke came out carrying the treasures. Chushi Zishen met the Duke at the crossroads and then followed him. Passing the Qi clan, the Duke had Hua Yin bare his shoulder and hold a canopy to block the breach. The Qi clan shot at the Duke and hit Nan Chu on the back, and the Duke then got out. Yin closed the outer-city gate and climbed over to follow the Duke. When the Duke reached Sibird, Xi Zhuchu went out at night through a culvert and followed the Duke on foot.

齊侯使公孫青聘於衛。既出，聞衛亂，使請所聘。公曰：“猶在竟內，則衛君也。”乃將事焉。遂從諸死鳥，請將事。辭曰：“亡人不佞，失守社稷，越在草莽，吾子無所辱君命。”賓曰：“寡君命下臣於朝，曰：‘阿下執事。’臣不敢貳。”主人曰：“君若惠顧先君之好，昭臨敝邑，鎮撫其社稷，則有宗祧在。”

The Marquis of Qi sent Gongsun Qing to Wei on a friendly mission. He had already set out when he heard of the disorder in Wei and sent a man to ask for instructions about the visit. The Duke said: "As long as he is still within the borders, he is the ruler of Wei." So he was about to carry out the visit. He followed to Sibird and asked to carry out the visit. The Duke declined, saying: "The one who has fled is without talent, has lost the altars of the state, and is out in the wilds; there is nothing here worth your humbling the ruler's command." The envoy said: "Our ruler commanded his servant in court: 'Be close to the officials below.' I dare not have a divided heart." The host said: "If you, my lord, would be kind enough to remember the friendship of the former rulers, shine upon our humble state, and pacify the altars of the state, then the ancestral temple is there."

乃止。衛侯固請見之，不獲命，以其良馬見，為未致使故也。衛侯以為乘馬。賓將掫，主人辭曰：“亡人之憂，不可以及吾子。草莽之中，不足以辱從者。敢辭。”賓曰：“寡君之下臣，君之牧圉也。若不獲扞外役，是不有寡君也。臣懼不免於戾，請以除死。”親執鐸，終夕與於燎。

So he stopped. The Marquis of Wei insisted on asking to see him but was not permitted, and so he used his fine horses to have the audience, because the mission was not yet completed. The Marquis of Wei made them his riding horses. The envoy was about to patrol at night, and the host declined, saying: "A fugitive's worries should not fall on you. In the wilds it is not worth humbling your attendants. I dare decline." The envoy said: "Our ruler's servant is the herdsman and groom of our ruler. If I cannot defend against external threats, I have no heart for our ruler. I fear I would not escape punishment, and ask to do this so as to avoid death." He himself held the bell and took part all night in the signal fires.

齊氏之宰渠子召北宮子。北宮氏之宰不與聞謀，殺渠子，遂伐齊氏，滅之。

The steward of the Qi clan, Qu Zi, summoned Beigong Zi. The steward of the Beigong clan had not taken part in the plot, and killed Qu Zi, and then attacked the Qi clan and destroyed it.

丁巳晦，公入，與北宮喜盟於彭水之上。秋七月戊午朔，遂盟國人。八月辛亥，公子朝、褚師圃、子玉霄、子高魴出奔晉。閏月戊辰，殺宣姜。衛侯賜北宮喜諡曰貞子，賜析朱鉏諡曰成子，而以齊氏之墓予之。

On the last day of the dingsi month, the Duke entered and made a covenant with Beigong Xi on the Peng River. In autumn, on the first day of the wuwu of the seventh month, he made a covenant with the people of the state. In the eighth month, on the xinhai day, Prince Chao, Chushi Pu, Zi Yuxiao, and Zi Gaofang fled to Jin. In the intercalary month, on the wuchen day, Xuan Jiang was killed. The Marquis of Wei bestowed on Beigong Xi the posthumous title Zhenzi and on Xi Zhuchu the posthumous title Chengzi, and gave them the burial ground of the Qi clan.

衛侯告寧於齊，且言子石。齊侯將飲酒，遍賜大夫曰：“二三子之教也。”

The Marquis of Wei reported peace to Qi and also spoke of Zi Shi. The Marquis of Qi, about to drink, gave gifts to all the high officers, saying: "This is thanks to your instruction."

苑何忌辭，曰：“與於青之賞，必及於其罰。在《康誥》曰：‘父子兄弟，罪不相及。’況在群臣？臣敢貪君賜以幹先王？”琴張聞宗魯死，將往吊之。仲尼曰：“齊豹之盜，而孟縶之賊，女何吊焉？君子不食奸，不受亂，不為利疚於回，不以回待人，不蓋不義，不犯非禮。”

Yuan Heji declined, saying: "One who shares in Qing's rewards must also reach his punishment. The Announcement to Kang says: 'Father and son, elder and younger brother, their offenses do not reach one another.' How much more among the ministers? How dare I covet my ruler's gift and offend against the former kings?" Qin Zhang heard that Zong Lu had died and was about to go and offer condolences. Zhongni said: "Qi Bao was a robber and Meng Zhi a villain; what condolences will you offer? The gentleman does not eat from the treacherous, does not accept disorder, does not feel guilt in wickedness for profit, does not treat others by wickedness, does not cover up injustice, and does not violate what is not ritual."

宋華、向之亂，公子城、公孫忌、樂舍、司馬強、向宜、向鄭、楚建、郳甲出奔鄭。其徒與華氏戰於鬼閻，敗子城。子城適晉。華亥與其妻必盥而食所質公子者而後食。公與夫人每日必適華氏，食公子而後歸。華亥患之，欲歸公子。

In the disorder of the Hua and Xiang clans of Song, Prince Cheng, Gongsun Ji, Yue She, Sima Qiang, Xiang Yi, Xiang Zheng, Chu Jian, and Ni Jia fled to Zheng. Their followers fought with the Hua clan at Guiyan and defeated Zi Cheng. Zi Cheng went to Jin. Hua Hai and his wife would always wash their hands and give food to the princes held as hostages before eating themselves. The Duke and the Lady would go to the Hua clan every day, give food to the princes, and then return. Hua Hai was worried and wished to return the princes.

向寧曰：“唯不信，故質其子。若又歸之，死無日矣。”公請於華費遂，將攻華氏。對曰：“臣不敢愛死，無乃求去憂而滋長乎！臣是以懼，敢不聽命？”公曰：“子死亡有命，餘不忍其訽。”冬十月，公殺華、向之質而攻之。戊辰，華、向奔陳，華登奔吳。向寧欲殺大子，華亥曰：“幹君而出，又殺其子，其誰納我？且歸之有庸。”使少司寇牼以歸，曰：“子之齒長矣，不能事人，以三公子為質，必免。”公子既入，華牼將自門行。公遽見之，執其手曰：“餘知而無罪也，入，復而所。”

Xiang Ning said: "It is only because they are not trustworthy that we took his sons as hostages. If we return them as well, we will have only a few days to live." The Duke asked Hua Feisui to attack the Hua clan. He answered: "I dare not spare my life, but I fear that seeking to remove a worry will make it grow! For this I am afraid; how dare I not obey the command?" The Duke said: "Whether my sons live or die is fated; I cannot bear such abuse." In winter, in the tenth month, the Duke killed the hostages of the Hua and Xiang clans and attacked them. On the wuchen day, the Hua and Xiang clans fled to Chen, and Hua Deng fled to Wu. Xiang Ning wished to kill the crown prince, but Hua Hai said: "After offending the ruler and leaving, to kill his son as well, who would receive us? Besides, returning him will count as merit." He sent Hua Keng, the Junior Minister of Justice, to escort him back, saying: "You are advanced in age and cannot serve others; take the three princes as hostages, and you will surely avoid disaster." The prince had already entered, and Hua Keng was about to leave through the gate. The Duke hurriedly saw him, took his hand, and said: "I know you are without guilt; go in and restore your residence."

齊侯疥，遂痁，期而不瘳，諸侯之賓問疾者多在。梁丘據與裔款言於公曰：“吾事鬼神豐，於先君有加矣。今君疾病，為諸侯憂，是祝史之罪也。諸侯不知，其謂我不敬。君盍誅於祝固、史囂以辭賓？”公說，告晏子。晏子曰：“日宋之盟，屈建問範會之德於趙武。趙武曰：‘夫子之家事治，言於晉國，竭情無私。

The Marquis of Qi developed scabies and then malaria, which did not heal for a year, and many guests from the feudal lords came to ask after his illness. Liang Qiu Ju and Yi Kuan said to the Duke: "We have served the spirits generously, more than our former rulers. Now Your Majesty is ill and has become a worry to the feudal lords; this is the fault of the invocators and scribes. The feudal lords do not know it, and probably say that we are irreverent. Why does my lord not execute the invocator Gu and the scribe Xiao to apologize to the guests?" The Duke was pleased and told Master Yan. Master Yan said: "In the past, at the covenant of Song, Qu Jian asked Zhao Wu about the virtue of Fan Hui. Zhao Wu said: 'The Master managed his household affairs well and, speaking in Jin, was wholehearted without selfishness.

其祝史祭祀，陳信不愧。其家事無猜，其祝史不祈。’建以語康王，康王曰：‘神人無怨，宜夫子之光輔五君，以為諸侯主也。’”公曰：“據與款謂寡人能事鬼神，故欲誅於祝史。子稱是語，何故？”對曰：“若有德之君，外內不廢，上下無怨，動無違事，其祝史薦信，無愧心矣。是以鬼神用饗，國受其福，祝史與焉。其所以蕃祉老壽者，為信君使也，其言忠信於鬼神。其適遇淫君，外內頗邪，上下怨疾，動作辟違，從欲厭私。高臺深池，撞鐘舞女，斬刈民力，輸掠其聚，以成其違，不恤後人。暴虐淫從，肆行非度，無所還忌，不思謗讟，不憚鬼神，神怒民痛，無悛於心。其祝史薦信，是言罪也。其蓋失數美，是矯誣也。進退無辭，則虛以求媚。是以鬼神不饗其國以禍之，祝史與焉。所以夭昏孤疾者，為暴君使也。其言僣嫚於鬼神。”公曰：“然則若之何？”對曰：“不可為也：山林之木，衡鹿守之；澤之萑蒲，舟鮫守之；藪之薪蒸，虞候守之。海之鹽蜃，祈望守之。縣鄙之人，入從其政。逼介之關，暴徵其私。承嗣大夫，強易其賄。

His invocators and scribes in their sacrifices set out sincerity without shame. His household affairs had no suspicion, and the invocators and scribes did not have to pray.' Jian told King Kang, and King Kang said: 'Spirits and men have no grievance; no wonder the Master illuminated and assisted five rulers and was leader of the feudal lords.'" The Duke said: "Ju and Kuan said that I can serve the spirits, and so they wanted to execute the invocators and scribes. Why do you say these things?" He answered: "If it is a ruler of virtue, who does not neglect inner and outer affairs, who has no grievance above and below, whose actions do not go against what is right, and whose invocators and scribes present sincerity without a feeling of shame, then the spirits partake of the offerings, the state receives blessing, and the invocators and scribes share in it. So they can bring abundant good fortune and long life, because they serve as emissaries for a sincere ruler, and their words are loyal and truthful to the spirits. But if one happens upon a licentious ruler, whose inner and outer affairs are lopsided and wicked, whom those above and below resent, who acts wickedly and perversely, and indulges his desires to satisfy his private wishes, with high terraces and deep ponds, bell-striking and dancing girls, slashing the people's strength, sending off plundered stores to accomplish his wrongs, not caring for later generations, tyrannical, licentious, and unrestrained, without law or scruple, not minding resentment and slander, not fearing the spirits, so that the spirits are angry and the people suffer, and in his heart he does not mend his ways, then if the invocators and scribes present sincerity, they are speaking of his crimes. If they cover up faults and praise virtues, that is deception. If in advancing and retreating they have no words, they emptily seek favor. So the spirits do not partake of his state and send down calamity, and the invocators and scribes share in it. So early deaths, orphans, and sickness are because they serve as emissaries for a tyrant. Their words to the spirits are presumptuous and contemptuous." The Duke said: "Then what is to be done?" He answered: "Nothing can be done. The timber of the mountain forests is watched by the Heng and Lu officers; the reeds and rushes of the marshes by the Zhou and Jiao officers; the firewood of the wetlands by the Yu and Hou officers; the salt and clams of the sea by the Qi and Wang officers. The people of the counties and outlying districts come to follow government service. At nearby passes, their private goods are taxed tyrannically. Successor high officers forcibly exchange their goods.

布常無藝，征斂無度；宮室日更，淫樂不違。內寵之妾，肆奪於市；外寵之臣，僣令於鄙。私慾養求，不給則應。民人苦病，夫婦皆詛。祝有益也，詛亦有損。

Regulations are issued without limit, and levies are collected without measure; palaces are changed daily and licentious pleasures never cease. Concubines favored within seize things recklessly in the market, and ministers favored without issue orders presumptuously in the borderlands. Private desires demand supplies, and if they are not provided, punishment is promptly meted out. The people suffer, and husbands and wives together curse. Invocation has benefit, but cursing also does harm.

聊、攝以東，姑、尤以西，其為人也多矣。雖其善祝，豈能勝億兆人之詛？君若欲誅於祝史，修德而後可。”公說，使有司寬政，毀關，去禁，薄斂，已責。

East of Liao and She, west of Gu and You, the people there are many. Even if one is good at invocation, how could he prevail over the curses of hundreds of thousands of people? If my lord wishes to execute the invocators and scribes, he must first cultivate virtue, and then it can be done." The Duke was pleased, and had the officials relax the government, tear down the passes, remove prohibitions, lighten levies, and cancel debts.

十二月，齊侯田於沛，招虞人以弓，不進。公使執之，辭曰：“昔我先君之田也，旃以招大夫，弓以招士，皮冠以招虞人。臣不見皮冠，故不敢進。”乃舍之。仲尼曰：“守道不如守官，君子韙之。”

In the twelfth month, the Marquis of Qi hunted at Pei and summoned the forest warden with a bow, but he did not advance. The Duke sent men to seize him, and he declined, saying: "In the past when our former rulers hunted, they summoned high officers with a banner, summoned gentlemen with a bow, and summoned foresters with a leather cap. I did not see the leather cap, so I dared not advance." So he was released. Zhongni said: "To keep to the Way is not as good as to keep to one's office; the gentleman holds this to be right."

齊侯至自田，晏子侍於遄臺，子猶馳而造焉。公曰：“唯據與我和夫！”晏子對曰：“據亦同也，焉得為和？”公曰：“和與同異乎？”對曰：“異。和如羹焉，水火醯醢鹽梅以烹魚肉，燀之以薪。宰夫和之，齊之以味，濟其不及，以洩其過。君子食之，以平其心。君臣亦然。君所謂可而有否焉，臣獻其否以成其可。君所謂否而有可焉，臣獻其可以去其否。是以政平而不幹，民無爭心。故《詩》曰：‘亦有和羹，既戒既平。鬷嘏無言，時靡有爭。’先王之濟五味，和五聲也，以平其心，成其政也。聲亦如味，一氣，二體，三類，四物，五聲，六律，七音，八風，九歌，以相成也。清濁，小大，短長，疾徐，哀樂，剛柔，遲速，高下，出入，周疏，以相濟也。君子聽之，以平其心。心平，德和。故《詩》曰：‘德音不瑕。’今據不然。君所謂可，據亦曰可；君所謂否，據亦曰否。若以水濟水，誰能食之？若琴瑟之專一，誰能聽之？同之不可也如是。”

The Marquis of Qi returned from hunting, and Master Yan was attending him on the Chuan Terrace when Ziyou arrived galloping on horseback. The Duke said: "Only Ju is in harmony with me!" Master Yan answered: "Ju is the same as you; how can that be called harmony?" The Duke said: "Is there a difference between harmony and sameness?" He answered: "There is a difference. Harmony is like a soup: water, fire, vinegar, pickled sauce, salt, and plum are used to cook fish and meat, with firewood to heat it. The cook blends them, using flavors to even them out, making up what is lacking and reducing what is excessive. When the gentleman eats it, it calms his heart. Ruler and minister are likewise. What the ruler calls acceptable yet has something unacceptable in it, the minister presents the unacceptable to make it acceptable. What the ruler calls unacceptable yet has something acceptable in it, the minister presents the acceptable to remove the unacceptable. Thus government is level without offense, and the people have no contentious heart. So the Odes say: 'There is also a blended soup, both seasoned and balanced. In the general offering there are no words, and at all times there is no contention.' The former kings balanced the five flavors and harmonized the five tones to calm the heart and complete government. Sound is also like flavor: one breath, two bodies, three kinds, four things, five tones, six pitch-pipes, seven notes, eight winds, nine songs, all completing one another. Clear and muddy, small and large, short and long, fast and slow, sorrowful and joyful, hard and soft, slow and quick, high and low, entering and leaving, dense and sparse, are used to balance one another. When the gentleman listens, it calms his heart. When the heart is calm, virtue is harmonious. So the Odes say: 'Virtuous sound has no flaw.' But now Ju is not like this. What the ruler calls acceptable, Ju also calls acceptable; what the ruler calls unacceptable, Ju also calls unacceptable. If one were to use water to season water, who could eat it? If a zither and lute played only a single note, who could listen? Sameness cannot be like this."

飲酒樂。公曰：“古而無死，其樂若何？”晏子對曰：“古而無死，則古之樂也，君何得焉？昔爽鳩氏始居此地，季萴因之，有逢伯陵因之，蒲姑氏因之，而後大公因之。古者無死，爽鳩氏之樂，非君所願也。”

They drank with pleasure. The Duke said: "If no one had died since antiquity, how would that joy be?" Master Yan answered: "If no one had died since antiquity, that would be the joy of antiquity; what would my lord obtain from it? Long ago the Shuangjiu clan first lived in this land, then Jikui took over, then Youpang Boling took over, then the Pugu clan took over, and then Taigong took over. If no one had died in antiquity, it would be the joy of the Shuangjiu clan, not what my lord would wish."

鄭子產有疾，謂子大叔曰：“我死，子必為政。唯有德者能以寬服民，其次莫如猛。夫火烈，民望而畏之，故鮮死焉。水懦弱，民狎而玩之，則多死焉。故寬難。”疾數月而卒。大叔為政，不忍猛而寬。鄭國多盜，取人於萑苻之澤。大叔悔之，曰：“吾早從夫子，不及此。”興徒兵以攻萑苻之盜，盡殺之，盜少止。

Zi Chan of Zheng was ill and said to Zi Daxu: "When I die, you will surely take over the government. Only one with virtue can make the people submit by leniency; next to that, nothing is as good as severity. Fire is fierce, and the people look at it and fear it, so few die from it. Water is soft, and the people take it lightly and play with it, so many die. So leniency is difficult." After several months of illness he died. Daxu took over the government and could not bear to be severe and used leniency. Zheng had many bandits, who were gathering in the marsh of Huanfu. Daxu regretted it and said: "If I had listened to the Master earlier, it would not have come to this." He sent out foot soldiers to attack the bandits of Huanfu and killed them all, and the banditry gradually stopped.

仲尼曰：“善哉！政寬則民慢，慢則糾之以猛。猛則民殘，殘則施之以寬。

Zhongni said: "Good! When government is lenient, the people grow slack; when they are slack, correct them with severity. When severity, the people are injured; when they are injured, then dispense leniency.

寬以濟猛，猛以濟寬，政是以和。《詩》曰：‘民亦勞止，汔可小康。惠此中國，以綏四方。’施之以寬也。‘毋從詭隨，以謹無良。式遏寇虐，慘不畏明。’糾之以猛也。‘柔遠能邇，以定我王。’平之以和也。又曰：‘不競不絿，不剛不柔。佈政優優，百祿是遒。’和之至也。”

Leniency tempers severity, and severity tempers leniency, and so government is harmonious. The Odes say: 'The people are indeed weary; may they find a little ease. Be kind to this central state, to pacify the four quarters.' This is to dispense with leniency. 'Do not indulge the deceitful and conforming, to guard against the unworthy. Restrain robbers and oppressors, who are cruel and do not fear the bright.' This is to correct with severity. 'Comfort the distant and draw close the near, to settle our king.' This is to balance with harmony. And again: 'Not contentious, not hasty, not hard, not soft; spreading government gently, a hundred blessings gather.' This is the utmost of harmony."

及子產卒，仲尼聞之，出涕曰：“古之遺愛也。”

When Zi Chan died, Zhongni heard of it and said with tears: "He was a legacy of benevolence handed down from antiquity."

【經】二十有一年春王三月，葬蔡平公。夏，晉侯使士鞅來聘。宋華亥、向寧、華定自陳入於宋南里以叛。秋七月壬午朔，日有食之。八月乙亥，叔輒卒。

[Classic] In the spring of the twenty-first year, in the third month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Ping of Cai was buried. In summer, the Marquis of Jin sent Shi Yang on a friendly visit. Hua Hai, Xiang Ning, and Hua Ding of Song entered Nanli of Song from Chen and rebelled. In autumn, on the renwu first day of the seventh month, there was a solar eclipse. On the yihai day of the eighth month, Shu Zhe died.

冬，蔡侯朱出奔楚。公如晉，至河乃復。

In winter, Zhu, Marquis of Cai, fled to Chu. Duke Zhao went to Jin, and returned on reaching the Yellow River.

【傳】二十一年春，天王將鑄無射。泠州鳩曰：“王其以心疾死乎？夫樂，天子之職也。夫音，樂之輿也。而鍾，音之器也。天子省風以作樂，器以鍾之，輿以行之。小者不窕，大者不槬，則和於物，物和則嘉成。故和聲入於耳而藏於心，心億則樂。窕則不鹹，槬則不容，心是以感，感實生疾。今鍾槬矣，王心弗堪，其能久乎？”三月，葬蔡平公。蔡大子朱失位，位在卑。大夫送葬者歸，見昭子。昭子問蔡故，以告。昭子嘆曰：“蔡其亡乎！若不亡，是君也必不終。《詩》曰：‘不解於位，民之攸塈。’今蔡侯始即位，而適卑，身將從之。”

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-first year, the Heavenly King was about to cast the Wuyi bell. Ling Zhoujiu said: "The King will probably die of heart disease! Music is the Son of Heaven's office. Sound is the chariot of music. Bells are the instrument of sound. The Son of Heaven examines the winds to make music, with the instrument used to gather and the chariot used to carry out. If the small is not thin and weak and the large is not coarse and big, it is in harmony with things, and when things are in harmony, they are well completed. So harmonious sound enters the ear and is stored in the heart; when the heart is settled, there is joy. If it is thin and weak it is not all-pervading, and if it is coarse and big it cannot be contained; the heart is thereby affected, and the affection in fact gives rise to illness. Now the bell is coarse and big, the King's heart cannot bear it, and can he last long?" In the third month, Duke Ping of Cai was buried. Crown Prince Zhu of Cai lost his place and his position was low. The high officers who had gone to the funeral returned and saw Zhaozi. Zhaozi asked about the reason in Cai and was told. Zhaozi sighed and said: "Cai will probably perish! If it does not perish, this ruler will surely not die a good death. The Odes say: 'Not slack in one's position, the people thereby find rest.' Now the Marquis of Cai has only just taken the throne yet has gone to a low place, and his body will follow."

夏，晉士鞅來聘，叔孫為政。季孫欲惡諸晉，使有司以齊鮑國歸費之禮為士鞅。士鞅怒，曰：“鮑國之位下，其國小，而使鞅從其牢禮，是卑敝邑也。將復諸寡君。”魯人恐，加四牢焉，為十一牢。

In summer, Shi Yang of Jin came on a friendly visit, and Shusun was in charge of government. Jisun wished to make him hated in Jin, and had the officials treat Shi Yang with the ritual that Bao Guo of Qi received when returning Fei. Shi Yang was angry and said: "Bao Guo's rank was low and his state small, yet you make me follow that feast ritual; this is looking down on our humble state. I will report to our ruler." The men of Lu were frightened and added four sets of animals, making eleven sets.

宋華費遂生華貙、華多僚、華登。貙為少司馬，多僚為御士，與貙相惡，乃譖諸公曰：“貙將納亡人。”亟言之。公曰：“司馬以吾故，亡其良子。死亡有命，吾不可以再亡之。”對曰：“君若愛司馬，則如亡。死如可逃，何遠之有？”公懼，使侍人召司馬之侍人宜僚，飲之酒而使告司馬。司馬嘆曰：“必多僚也。

Hua Feisui of Song had sons Hua Chu, Hua Duoliao, and Hua Deng. Chu was Junior Minister of War, Duoliao was Imperial Guard, and he and Chu hated each other, and so he slandered him to the Duke, saying: "Chu is about to receive the fugitives." He said it repeatedly. The Duke said: "The Minister of War has already driven his good sons into exile because of us. Life and death are fated; I cannot make him send another into exile." He answered: "If my lord loves the Minister of War, it would be better for him to flee. If death can be avoided by fleeing, what distance matters?" The Duke was afraid, and sent an attendant to summon Yiliao, the attendant of the Minister of War, gave him wine to drink, and had him tell the Minister of War. The Minister of War sighed and said: "It must be Duoliao.

吾有讒子而弗能殺，吾又不死，抑君有命，可若何？”乃與公謀逐華貙，將使田孟諸而遣之。公飲之酒，厚酬之，賜及從者。司馬亦如之。張匄尤之，曰：“必有故。”使子皮承宜僚以劍而訊之。宜僚盡以告。張匄欲殺多僚，子皮曰：“司馬老矣，登之謂甚，吾又重之，不如亡也。”五月丙申，子皮將見司馬而行，則遇多僚御司馬而朝。張匄不勝其怒，遂與子皮、臼任、鄭翩殺多僚，劫司馬以叛，而召亡人。壬寅，華、向入。樂大心、豐愆、華牼御諸橫。華氏居盧門，以南里叛。六月庚午，宋城舊鄘及桑林之門而守之。

I have a slanderous son but cannot kill him, and I am not dead either, but the ruler has commanded; what can be done?" So he planned with the Duke to drive out Hua Chu, and would have him hunt at Mengzhu and then send him away. The Duke gave him wine to drink and rewarded him generously, extending the gifts to his followers. The Minister of War did likewise. Zhang Gai blamed him, saying: "There must be a reason." He had Zi Pi hold a sword at Yiliao and interrogate him. Yiliao told everything. Zhang Gai wished to kill Duoliao, but Zi Pi said: "The Minister of War is old, and Deng's misfortune is already enough; to add to it is not good. Better flee." On the bingshen day of the fifth month, Zi Pi was about to see the Minister of War and then leave, but met Duoliao driving for the Minister of War to court. Zhang Gai could not restrain his anger, and with Zi Pi, Jiu Ren, and Zheng Pian he killed Duoliao, seized the Minister of War, and rebelled, summoning the exiles back. On the renyin day, the Hua and Xiang clans entered. Yue Daxin, Feng Qian, and Hua Keng resisted them at Heng. The Hua clan lived at Lumen and rebelled, taking Nanli. In the sixth month, on the gengwu day, Song repaired the old Yong wall and the Sanglin gate to defend.

秋七月壬午朔，日有食之。公問於梓慎曰：“是何物也，禍福何為？”對曰：“二至、二分，日有食之，不為災。日月之行也，分，同道也；至，相過也。其他月則為災，陽不克也，故常為水。”

In autumn, on the renwu first day of the seventh month, there was a solar eclipse. Duke Zhao asked Zi Shen: "What kind of thing is this, and what does it presage in fortune or misfortune?" He answered: "At the two solstices and two equinoxes, a solar eclipse does not become a disaster. The sun and moon move so that at the equinoxes they share a path, and at the solstices they pass by each other. In other months it is a disaster; the yang cannot prevail, and so it is usually flood."

於是叔輒哭日食。昭子曰：“子叔將死，非所哭也。”八月，叔輒卒。

At this time Shu Zhe wept over the solar eclipse. Zhaozi said: "Zishu is about to die; this is not a thing to weep over." In the eighth month, Shu Zhe died.

冬十月，華登以吳師救華氏。齊烏枝鳴戍宋。廚人濮曰：“《軍志》有之：‘先人有奪人之心，後人有待其衰。’盍及其勞且未定也伐諸？若入而固，則華氏眾矣，悔無及也。”從之。丙寅，齊師、宋師敗吳師於鴻口，獲其二帥公子苦雂、偃州員。華登帥其餘以敗宋師。公欲出，廚人濮曰：“吾小人，可藉死而不能送亡，君請待之。”乃徇曰：“楊徽者，公徒也。”眾從之。公自楊門見之，下而巡之，曰：“國亡君死，二三子之恥也，豈專孤之罪也？”齊烏枝鳴曰：“用少莫如齊致死，齊致死莫如去備。彼多兵矣，請皆用劍。”從之。華氏北，復即之。廚人濮以裳裹首而荷以走，曰：“得華登矣！”遂敗華氏於新裡。翟僂新居於新裡，既戰，說甲於公而歸。華妵居於公里，亦如之。

In winter, in the tenth month, Hua Deng led the army of Wu to rescue the Hua clan. Wuzhi Ming of Qi garrisoned Song. The cook Pu said: "The Annals of War has this saying: 'Those who strike first can seize men's hearts, and those who arrive later can wait for the other side to wane.' Why not attack them while they are weary and not yet settled? If they enter and become secure, the Hua clan will have many men, and regret will be too late." They followed this. On the bingyin day, the army of Qi and the army of Song defeated the army of Wu at Hongkou and captured two army commanders, Prince Kuyong and Yan Zhouyuan. Hua Deng led the remainder and defeated the army of Song. The Duke wished to leave, and the cook Pu said: "I am a petty man, who can lend my death but cannot see off a fugitive; please, my lord, wait." So he went around saying: "Those who raise a banner are the Duke's followers." The crowd followed. The Duke saw from the Yang Gate, got down from his carriage and inspected them, and said: "That the state is lost and the ruler dead is your shame; is it only my fault?" Wuzhi Ming of Qi said: "Using few men is not as good as all fighting to the death together, and all fighting to the death together is not as good as dropping defenses. They have many weapons, so let us all use swords." They followed. The Hua clan was defeated and fled, and they pursued them again. The cook Pu wrapped his head in his skirt, shouldered it, and ran, shouting: "I have got Hua Deng!" And so they defeated the Hua clan at Xinli. Di Lou Xin lived at Xinli, and after the battle, he took off his armor and went back to the Duke. Hua Ding, who lived at Gongli, did likewise.

十一月癸未，公子城以晉師至。曹翰胡會晉荀吳、齊苑何忌、衛公子朝救宋。

In the eleventh month, on the guiwei day, Prince Cheng came leading the army of Jin. Cao Hanhu joined Xun Wu of Jin, Yuan Heji of Qi, and Prince Chao of Wei in rescuing Song.

丙戌，與華氏戰於赭丘。鄭翩願為鸛，其御願為鵝。子祿御公子城，莊堇為右。

On the bingxu day, they fought the Hua clan at Zheqiu. Zheng Pian wished to make a stork formation, and his charioteer wished to make a goose formation. Zi Lu drove for Prince Cheng, with Zhuang Jin as chariot-rider.

幹犨御呂封人華豹，張匄為右。相遇，城還。華豹曰：“城也！”城怒而反之，將注，豹則關矣。曰：“平公之靈，尚輔相餘。”豹射，出其間。將注，則又關矣。曰：“不狎，鄙！”押矢。城射之，殪。張丐抽殳而下，射之，折股。扶伏而擊之，折軫。又射之，死。幹丐請一矢，城曰：“餘言汝於君。”對曰：“不死伍乘，軍之大刑也。幹刑而從子，君焉用之？子速諸。”乃射之，殪。大敗華氏，圍諸南里。華亥搏膺而呼，見華貙，曰：“吾為欒氏矣。”貙曰：“子無我。不幸而後亡。”使華登如楚乞師。華貙以車十五乘，徒七十人，犯師而出，食於睢上，哭而送之，乃復入。楚薳越帥師將逆華氏。大宰犯諫曰：“諸侯唯宋事其君，今又爭國，釋君而臣是助，無乃不可乎？”王曰：“而告我也後，既許之矣。”

Gan Chou drove for Hua Bao, the border officer of Lu, with Zhang Gai as chariot-rider. When they met, Cheng turned back. Hua Bao said: "Cheng!" Cheng turned back in anger and was about to nock an arrow, but Bao had already drawn his bow. He said: "Spirit of Duke Ping, I still hope you will assist me." Bao shot, and the arrow passed through between them. As he was about to nock another, Bao had again drawn. He said: "Not taking turns, how base!" and lowered his arrow. Cheng shot him and he died. Zhang Gai pulled out a staff and got down from the carriage, and shot him, breaking his thigh. Crawling, he struck, breaking the chariot rail. He shot again, and Bao died. Gan Gai asked for one arrow, and Cheng said: "I will speak of you to the ruler." He answered: "Not dying with one's chariot companions is the army's severe punishment. If I violated the punishment to follow you, what use would the ruler have for you? Be quick." So Cheng shot him, and he died. They greatly defeated the Hua clan and besieged them in Nanli. Hua Hai beat his breast and cried out, and seeing Hua Chu, said: "I have become like the Luan clan." Chu said: "You must not be like this. Only after misfortune do we perish." He sent Hua Deng to Chu to beg for troops. Hua Chu, with fifteen chariots and seventy foot soldiers, broke out of the army, ate on the Sui River, wept and saw off, and then went in again. Wei Yue of Chu was about to lead an army to meet the Hua clan. The Grand Steward Fan remonstrated: "Among the feudal lords only Song serves its ruler, and now it is again contending over the state; leaving the ruler and helping the ministers, I fear that will not do?" The King said: "You are telling me too late; I have already agreed."

蔡侯朱出奔楚。費無極取貨於東國，而謂蔡人曰：“朱不用命於楚，君王將立東國。若不先從王欲，楚必圍蔡。”蔡人懼，出朱而立東國。朱愬於楚，楚子將討蔡。無極曰：“平侯與楚有盟，故封。其子有二心，故廢之。靈王殺隱大子，其子與君同惡，德君必甚。又使立之，不亦可乎？且廢置在君，蔡無他矣。”公如晉，及河，鼓叛晉。晉將伐鮮虞，故辭公。

Zhu, Marquis of Cai, fled to Chu. Fei Wuji took goods from Dongguo and said to the men of Cai: "Zhu does not obey commands toward Chu, and the King will install Dongguo. If you do not first comply with the King's wish, Chu will surely besiege Cai." The men of Cai were afraid, and drove out Zhu and installed Dongguo. Zhu made an accusation to Chu, and the Viscount of Chu was about to attack Cai. Wuji said: "Marquis Ping had a covenant with Chu, and so was enfeoffed. His son had a divided heart, and so was deposed. King Ling killed the Crown Prince Yin, and his son shares your hatred and will be deeply grateful to you. If he is allowed to be installed, would that not also be acceptable? Besides, deposing and installing lie with you, and Cai has no alternative." Duke Zhao went to Jin, and on reaching the Yellow River, Gu turned against Jin. Jin was about to attack Xianyu, and so declined to see Duke Zhao.

【經】二十有二年春，齊侯伐莒。宋華亥、向寧、華定自宋南里出奔楚。大蒐於昌間。夏四月乙丑，天王崩。六月，叔鞅如京師，葬景王，王室亂。劉子、單子以王猛居於皇。秋，劉子、單子以王猛入於王城。冬十月，王子猛卒。十有二月癸酉朔，日有食之。

[Classic] In the spring of the twenty-second year, the Marquis of Qi attacked Ju. Hua Hai, Xiang Ning, and Hua Ding of Song fled from Nanli of Song to Chu. A great review was held at Changjian. In summer, on the yichou day of the fourth month, the Heavenly King died. In the sixth month, Shu Yang went to the royal capital and buried King Jing, and the royal house fell into disorder. Liuzi and Shanzi took Wang Meng and lived at Huang. In autumn, Liuzi and Shanzi took Wang Meng into the royal city. In winter, in the tenth month, Prince Meng died. On the guiyou first day of the twelfth month, there was a solar eclipse.

【傳】二十二年春，王二月甲子，齊北郭啟帥師伐莒。莒子將戰，苑羊牧之諫曰：“齊帥賤，其求不多，不如下之。大國不可怒也。”弗聽，敗齊師於壽餘。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-second year, on the jiazi day of the second month by the Zhou calendar, Beiguo Qi of Qi led an army to attack Ju. The Viscount of Ju was about to fight, and Yuan Yangmu Zhi remonstrated: "The commander of Qi is of low rank and seeks little; it is better to bow to him. A great state must not be provoked." He did not listen, and defeated the army of Qi at Shouyu.

齊侯伐莒，莒子行成。司馬灶如莒蒞盟，莒子如齊蒞盟，盟子稷門之外。莒於是乎大惡其君。

The Marquis of Qi attacked Ju, and the Viscount of Ju sought peace. Sima Zao went to Ju to take part in the covenant, and the Viscount of Ju went to Qi to take part in the covenant, and a covenant was made outside the Ji Gate. Ju then came to greatly resent its ruler.

楚薳越使告於宋曰：“寡君聞君有不令之臣為君憂，無寧以為宗羞？寡君請受而戮之。”對曰：“孤不佞，不能媚於父兄，以為君憂，拜命之辱。抑君臣日戰，君曰‘餘必臣是助’，亦唯命。人有言曰：‘唯亂門之無過’。君若惠保敝邑，無亢不衷，以獎亂人，孤之望也。唯君圖之！”楚人患之。諸侯之戍謀曰：“若華氏知困而致死，楚恥無功而疾戰，非吾利也。不如出之，以為楚功，其亦能無為也已。救宋而除其害，又何求？”乃固請出之。宋人從之。己巳，宋華亥、向寧、華定、華貙、華登、皇奄傷、省臧，士平出奔楚。宋公使公孫忌為大司馬，邊卬為大司徒，樂祁為司馬，仲幾為左師，樂大心為右師，樂輓為大司寇，以靖國人。

Wei Yue of Chu sent someone to tell Song: "Our ruler has heard that you have a bad minister who has become a worry to you; must he become a shame to the ancestral temple? Our ruler asks to accept him and have him killed." He answered: "I am untalented and could not win the favor of my fathers and brothers, and have become a worry to you; I bow in thanks for the humiliation of the command. But ruler and ministers fight every day, and you say 'I will surely help the ministers,' and I can only listen to the command. There is a saying: 'Only do not pass through the gate of disorder.' If you would be kind enough to protect our humble state and not shelter the disloyal to encourage those who cause disorder, that is my hope. I ask only that you consider it!" The men of Chu were worried. The garrison commanders of the feudal lords planned: "If the Hua clan, knowing they are cornered, fight to the death, and Chu is ashamed of having no merit and presses to fight, that is not to our advantage. It is better to let them go out and count it as Chu's merit; then they can do nothing more. Rescuing Song and removing the harm, what more do we seek?" So they insisted on asking that they be let out. The men of Song agreed. On the jisi day, Hua Hai, Xiang Ning, Hua Ding, Hua Chu, Hua Deng, Huang Yanshang, Xing Zang, and Shi Ping of Song fled to Chu. The Duke of Song made Gongsun Ji Grand Minister of War, Bian Ang Grand Minister of the Multitude, Yue Qi Minister of War, Zhong Ji Left Minister, Yue Daxin Right Minister, and Yue Wan Grand Minister of Justice, to settle the people of the state.

王子朝、賓起有寵於景王，王與賓孟說之，欲立之。劉獻公之庶子伯蚡事單穆公，惡賓孟之為人也，願殺之。又惡王子朝之言，以為亂，願去之。賓孟適郊，見雄雞自斷其尾。問之，侍者曰：“自憚其犠也。”遽歸告王，且曰：“雞其憚為人用乎？人異於是。犠者，實用人，人犠實難，己犠何害？”王弗應。

Prince Chao and Bin Qi were favored by King Jing, and the King and Bin Meng were fond of each other and wished to install him. Bo Fen, a concubine's son of Duke Xian of Liu, served Duke Mu of Shan, disliked the character of Bin Meng, and hoped to kill him. He also disliked Prince Chao's words, regarding them as disorderly, and hoped to remove him. Bin Meng went to the suburbs and saw a rooster that had broken off its own tail. He asked, and an attendant said: "It is afraid of being made a sacrificial animal." He hurried back and told the King, and said: "The rooster is probably afraid of being used by men? Men are different from this. A sacrificial animal in fact is used by people; for a person to be a sacrificial animal is truly hard, but for oneself to be one, what harm is there?" The King did not respond.

夏四月，王田北山，使公卿皆從，將殺單子、劉子。王有心疾，乙丑，崩於榮錡氏。戊辰，劉子摯卒，無子，單子立劉蚠。五月庚辰，見王，遂攻賓起，殺之，盟群王子於單氏。

In summer, in the fourth month, the King hunted at Beishan, and had all the dukes and ministers follow him, intending to kill Shanzi and Liuzi. The King had heart disease, and on the yichou day he died at the house of Rong Qi. On the wuchen day, Liuzi Zhi died, with no son, and Shanzi installed Liu Fen. In the fifth month, on the gengchen day, they attended the court of the King and then attacked Bin Qi and killed him, and made a covenant with the various princes at the Shan clan's.

晉之取鼓也，既獻，而反鼓子焉，又叛於鮮虞。

Jin took Gu, and having presented the captives, sent the Viscount of Gu back, and he again rebelled to join Xianyu.

六月，荀吳略東陽，使師偽糴者，負甲以息於昔陽之門外，遂襲鼓，滅之。

In the sixth month, Xun Wu inspected Dongyang, had troops pose as grain buyers, resting with armor on their backs outside the Xiyang Gate, and then attacked Gu by surprise and destroyed it.

以鼓子鳶鞮歸，使涉佗守之。

He returned with Yuan Di, Viscount of Gu, and sent She Tuo to guard him.

丁巳，葬景王。王子朝因舊官、百工之喪職秩者，與靈、景之族以作亂。帥郊、要、餞之甲，以逐劉子。壬戌、劉子奔揚。單子逆悼王於莊宮以歸。王子還夜取王以如莊宮。癸亥，單子出。王子還與召莊公謀，曰：“不殺單旗，不捷。

On the dingsi day, King Jing was buried. Prince Chao, relying on those of the old offices and the hundred artisans who had lost their positions, rebelled with the clans of Ling and Jing. He led armored men of Jiao, Yao, and Jian to drive out Liuzi. On the renxu day, Liuzi fled to Yang. Shanzi welcomed King Dao back from the Zhuang Palace. Prince Huan took the King at night to the Zhuang Palace. On the guihai day, Shanzi went out. Prince Huan planned with Duke Zhuang of Shao, saying: "Unless we kill Shan Qi, we cannot succeed.

與之重盟，必來。背盟而克者多矣。”從之。樊頃子曰：“非言也，必不克。”

Make a new covenant with him, and he will surely come. Many who broke covenants have succeeded." He followed this. Fan Qingzi said: "This is not a proper word; it will surely not succeed."

遂奉王以追單子。及領，大盟而復，殺摯荒以說。劉子如劉，單子亡。乙丑，奔於平畤，群王子追之。單子殺還、姑、發、弱、鬷延、定、稠，子朝奔京。丙寅，伐之，京人奔山。劉子入於王城。辛未，鞏簡公敗績於京。乙亥，甘平公亦敗焉。

So they carried the King and pursued Shanzi. On reaching Ling, they made a great covenant and then returned, and killed Zhi Huang to explain. Liuzi went to Liu, and Shanzi fled. On the yichou day he fled to Pingzhi, and the princes pursued him. Shanzi killed Huan, Gu, Fa, Ruo, Zong Yan, Ding, and Chou, and Zichao fled to Jing. On the bingyin day, they attacked, and the men of Jing fled to the mountains. Liuzi entered the royal city. On the xinwei day, Duke Jian of Gong was defeated at Jing. On the yihai day, Duke Ping of Gan was also defeated.

叔鞅至自京師，言王室之亂也。閔馬父曰：“子朝必不克，其所與者，天所廢也。”

Shu Yang returned from the royal capital and spoke of the disorder in the royal house. Min Mafu said: "Zichao will surely not succeed; those he is close to are those Heaven has abandoned."

單子欲告急於晉，秋七月戊寅，以王如平畤，遂如圃車，次於皇。劉子如劉。單子使王子處守於王城，盟百工於平宮。辛卯，尋阝肸伐皇，大敗，獲尋阝肸。壬辰，焚諸王城之市。八月辛酉，司徒醜以王師敗績於前城，百工叛。己巳，伐單氏之宮，敗焉。庚午，反伐之。辛未，伐東圉。冬十月丁巳，晉籍談、荀躒帥九州之戎及焦、瑕、溫、原之師，以納王於王城。庚申，單子、劉蚡以王師敗績於郊，前城人敗陸渾於社。十一月乙酉，王子猛卒，不成喪也。已醜，敬王即位，館於子旅氏。

Shanzi wished to seek help from Jin. In autumn, on the wuyin day of the seventh month, he took the King to Pingzhi and then to Puche, and encamped at Huang. Liuzi went to Liu. Shanzi sent Prince Chu to guard the royal city and made a covenant with the hundred artisans at Ping Palace. On the xinmao day, Xun Xi attacked Huang, was badly defeated, and was captured. (The base text reads "Xun Xi" with a variant character; it is the same name.) On the renchen day, they burned the market of the royal city. In the eighth month, on the xinyou day, Situ Chou led the royal army and was defeated at Qiancheng, and the hundred artisans rebelled. On the jisi day, they attacked the palace of the Shan clan and were defeated. On the gengwu day, they counterattacked. On the xinwei day, they attacked Dongyu. In winter, on the dingsi day of the tenth month, Ji Tan and Xun Li of Jin led the Rong of the nine provinces and the armies of Jiao, Xia, Wen, and Yuan, and escorted the King into the royal city. On the gengshen day, Shanzi and Liu Fen led the royal army and were defeated at the suburbs, and the men of Qiancheng defeated Luhun at the altar. In the eleventh month, on the yiyou day, Prince Meng died, and the funeral rites were not completed. On the jichou day, King Jing took the throne and lived at the house of Zilu.

十二月庚戌，晉籍談、荀躒、賈辛、司馬督帥師軍於陰，於侯氏，於溪泉，次於社。王師軍於氾，於解，次於任人。閏月，晉箕遺、樂徵，右行詭濟師，取前城，軍其東南。王師軍於京楚。辛丑，伐京，毀其西南。

In the twelfth month, on the gengxu day, Ji Tan, Xun Li, Jia Xin, and Sima Du of Jin led an army and encamped at Yin, at Houshi, at Xiquan, and encamped at She. The royal army encamped at Fan, at Xie, and encamped at Renren. In the intercalary month, Ji Yi, Yue Zheng, and You Xing Gui of Jin crossed with their army, took Qiancheng, and encamped to its southeast. The royal army encamped at Jingchu. On the xinchou day, they attacked Jing and destroyed its southwest.

【經】二十有三年春王正月，叔孫婼如晉。癸丑，叔鞅卒。晉人執我行人叔孫婼。晉人圍郊。夏六月，蔡侯東國卒於楚。秋七月，莒子庚輿來奔。戊辰，吳敗頓、胡、沈、蔡、陳、許之師於雞父，鬍子髡、沈子逞滅，獲陳夏齧。天王居於狄泉。尹氏立王子朝。八月乙未，地震。冬，公如晉，至河，有疾，乃復。

[Classic] In the spring of the twenty-third year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, Shusun Chuo went to Jin. On the guichou day, Shu Yang died. The men of Jin seized our envoy Shusun Chuo. The men of Jin besieged Jiao. In summer, in the sixth month, Dongguo, Marquis of Cai, died in Chu. In autumn, in the seventh month, Gengyu, Viscount of Ju, came seeking refuge. On the wuchen day, Wu defeated the armies of Dun, Hu, Shen, Cai, Chen, and Xu at Jifu; Kun, Viscount of Hu, and Cheng, Viscount of Shen, were destroyed, and Xia Nie of Chen was captured. The Heavenly King lived at Diquan. Yin Shi installed Prince Chao. In the eighth month, on the yiwei day, there was an earthquake. In winter, Duke Zhao went to Jin, and fell ill on reaching the Yellow River and returned.

【傳】二十三年春，王正月壬寅朔，二師圍郊。癸卯，郊、尋阝潰。丁未，晉師在平陰，王師在澤邑。王使告間，庚戌，還。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-third year, on the renyin first day of the first month by the Zhou calendar, the two armies besieged Jiao. On the guimao day, Jiao and Xun scattered. (The base text reads "Xun" with a variant character; it is the same name.) On the dingwei day, the army of Jin was at Pingyin and the royal army at Zeyi. The King sent word that there was an opening, and on the gengxu day they returned.

邾人城翼，還，將自離姑。公孫鉏曰：“魯將御我。”欲自武城還，循山而南。徐鉏、丘弱、茅地曰：“道下，遇雨，將不出，是不歸也。”遂自離姑。武城人塞其前，斷其後之木而弗殊。邾師過之，乃推而蹶之。遂取邾師，獲鉏、弱、地。

The men of Zhu built a wall at Yi, and on returning were about to leave by Ligu. Gongsun Chu said: "Lu will resist us." He wished to return by Wucheng, following the mountains to the south. Xu Chu, Qiu Ruo, and Mao Di said: "The road is low-lying, and if we meet rain we will not be able to get out; this means we will not get back." So they went by Ligu. The men of Wucheng blocked the front, and cut trees at the rear without severing them. When the army of Zhu passed, they pushed them over. So they took the army of Zhu and captured Chu, Ruo, and Di.

邾人訴於晉，晉人來討。叔孫婼如晉，晉人執之。書曰：“晉人執我行人叔孫婼。”言使人也。晉人使與邾大夫坐。叔孫曰：“列國之卿，當小國之君，固周制也。邾又夷也。寡君之命介子服回在，請使當之，不敢廢周制故也。”乃不果坐。

The men of Zhu made an accusation to Jin, and the men of Jin came to attack. Shusun Chuo went to Jin, and the men of Jin seized him. The Spring and Autumn Annals records "the men of Jin seized our envoy Shusun Chuo," meaning he was an envoy. The men of Jin had him sit opposite a high officer of Zhu and dispute the case. Shusun said: "The ministers of the various states are equal to the rulers of small states; this was originally the institution of Zhou. Moreover, Zhu is of the Yi barbarians. The deputy appointed by our ruler, Zifu Hui, is here; please let him bear it, for I dare not abandon the Zhou institution." So in the end he did not sit opposite him.

韓宣子使邾人取其眾，將以叔孫與之。叔孫聞之，去眾與兵而朝。士彌牟謂韓宣子曰：“子弗良圖，而以叔孫與其仇，叔孫必死之。魯亡叔孫，必亡邾。邾君亡國，將焉歸？子雖悔之，何及？所謂盟主，討違命也。若皆相執，焉用盟主？”乃弗與，使各居一館。士伯聽其辭而訴諸宣子，乃皆執之。士伯御叔孫，從者四人，過邾館以如吏。先歸邾子。士伯曰：“以芻蕘之難，從者之病，將館子于都。”

Han Xuanzi had the men of Zhu bring their followers, intending to hand Shusun over to them. Shusun heard of it, removed his followers and weapons, and came to court. Shi Miemou said to Han Xuanzi: "You do not plan well, but hand Shusun to his enemies; Shusun will surely die for it. If Lu loses Shusun, it will surely destroy Zhu. When the ruler of Zhu has lost his state, where will he turn? Even if you regret it then, how could it be in time? What is called leader of the covenant is one who punishes the disobedient. If all seize one another, what is the use of a leader of the covenant?" So he was not handed over, and they were made to stay in separate lodgings. Shi Bo listened to his words and made accusations to Xuanzi, so both were seized. Shi Bo drove for Shusun, with four attendants, passing the lodging of Zhu to the officials. He first sent the Viscount of Zhu back. Shi Bo said: "Because of the difficulty of cutting grass and gathering firewood and the illness of the attendants, lodgings will be arranged for you in the capital."

叔孫旦而立，期焉。乃館諸箕。舍子服昭伯於他邑。

Shusun stood in the morning and fixed the time. So he was lodged at Ji. Zifu Zhaobo was placed in another town.

範獻子求貨於叔孫，使請冠焉。取其冠法，而與之兩冠，曰：“盡矣。”為叔孫故，申豐以貨如晉。叔孫曰：“見我，吾告女所行貨。”見，而不出。吏人之與叔孫居於箕者，請其吠狗，弗與。及將歸，殺而與之食之。叔孫所館者，雖一日必葺其牆屋，去之如始至。

Fan Xianzi asked Shusun for goods, and sent a man to ask for a cap. He took the pattern of his cap and gave him two caps, saying: "They are used up." Because of Shusun, Shen Feng took goods to Jin. Shusun said: "Come and see me, and I will tell you how to send the goods." When he came, he was not allowed to leave. The officials who lived with Shusun at Ji asked for his barking dog and he did not give it. When they were about to go back, he killed it and gave it to them to eat. In the lodging where Shusun stayed, even if for a day he would always repair the walls and rooms, and when he left it was like when he arrived.

夏四月乙酉，單子取訾，劉子取牆人、直人。六月壬午，王子朝入於尹。癸未，尹圉誘劉佗殺之。丙戌，單子從阪道，劉子從尹道伐尹。單子先至而敗，劉子還。己丑，召伯奐、南宮極以成周人戍尹。庚寅，單子、劉子、樊齊以王如劉。

In summer, on the yiyou day of the fourth month, Shanzi took Zi, and Liuzi took Qiangren and Zhiren. In the sixth month, on the renwu day, Prince Chao entered Yin. On the guiwei day, Yin Yu lured Liu Tuo and killed him. On the bingxu day, Shanzi by the Ban road and Liuzi by the Yin road attacked Yin. Shanzi arrived first and was defeated, and Liuzi returned. On the jichou day, Shao Bo Huan and Nangong Ji led the people of Chengzhou to garrison Yin. On the gengyin day, Shanzi, Liuzi, and Fan Qi took the King to Liu.

甲午，王子朝入於王城，次於左巷。秋七月戊申，尋阝羅納諸莊宮。尹辛敗劉師於唐。丙辰，又敗諸尋阝。甲子，尹辛取西闈。丙寅，攻蒯，蒯潰。

On the jiawu day, Prince Chao entered the royal city and encamped at Zuoxiang. In autumn, on the wushen day of the seventh month, Xun Luo was sent into the Zhuang Palace. (The base text reads "Xun Luo" with a variant character; it is the same name.) Yin Xin defeated the army of Liu at Tang. On the bingchen day, he defeated them again at Xun. On the jiazi day, Yin Xin took Xiwei. On the bingyin day, he attacked Kuai, and Kuai scattered.

莒子庚輿虐而好劍，苟鑄劍，必試諸人。國人患之。又將叛齊。烏存帥國人以逐之。庚輿將出，聞烏存執殳而立於道左，懼將止死。苑羊牧之曰：“君過之！烏存以力聞可矣，何必以弒君成名？”遂來奔。齊人納郊公。

Gengyu, Viscount of Ju, was cruel and fond of swords, and when he cast a sword he would always test it on a person. The people of the state were worried. He was also about to turn against Qi. Wu Cun led the people of the state to drive him out. Gengyu was about to leave, and heard that Wu Cun was standing at the left of the road holding a staff, and feared he would be left there to die. Yuan Yangmu Zhi said: "Your Majesty, go past him! Wu Cun is known for his strength, and that is enough; why would he seek fame by killing a ruler?" So he came seeking refuge. The men of Qi sent Duke Jiao in.

吳人伐州來，楚薳越帥師及諸侯之師奔命救州來。吳人御諸鍾離。子瑕卒，楚師熸。吳公子光曰：“諸侯從於楚者眾，而皆小國也。畏楚而不獲已，是以來。吾聞之曰：‘作事威克其愛，雖小必濟’。胡、沈之君幼而狂，陳大夫齧壯而頑，頓與許、蔡疾楚政。楚令尹死，其師熸。帥賤、多寵，政令不壹。而七國同役不同心，帥賤而不能整，無大威命，楚可敗也，若分師先以犯胡、沈與陳，必先奔。三國敗，諸侯之師乃搖心矣。諸侯乖亂，楚必大奔。請先者去備薄威，後者敦陳整旅。”吳子從之。戊辰晦，戰於雞父。吳子以罪人三千，先犯胡、沈與陳，三國爭之。吳為三軍以擊於後，中軍從王，光帥右，掩餘帥左。吳之罪人或奔或止，三國亂。吳師擊之，三國敗，獲胡、沈之君及陳大夫。舍胡、沈之囚，使奔許與蔡、頓，曰：“吾君死矣！”師噪而從之，三國奔，楚師大奔。書曰：“鬍子髡、沈子逞滅，獲陳夏齧。”君臣之辭也。不言戰，楚未陳也。

The men of Wu attacked Zhoulai, and Wei Yue of Chu led an army, together with the armies of the feudal lords, rushing to the rescue of Zhoulai. The men of Wu resisted at Zhongli. Zixia died, and the spirit of the army of Chu was spent. Prince Guang of Wu said: "The feudal lords who follow Chu are many, but all are small states. They fear that Chu is forced to act, and so have come. I have heard: 'In doing things, if awe prevails over affection, even if small one will surely succeed.' The rulers of Hu and Shen are young and wild, the high officer Nie of Chen is strong and stubborn, and Dun, Xu, and Cai hate Chu's rule. The prime minister of Chu has died and the army's spirit is spent. The commanders are of low rank and have many favorites, and orders are not unified. Seven states are employed together but not of one heart, the commanders are low in rank and cannot keep order, and there is no great authority; Chu can be defeated. If we divide the army and first attack Hu, Shen, and Chen, they will surely flee first. When the three states are defeated, the armies of the feudal lords will waver. When the feudal lords are in disorder, Chu will surely flee in great numbers. I ask that those who strike first drop their guard and reduce their awe, and those who come later form a thick formation and set the troops in order." The Viscount of Wu agreed. On the last day of the wuchen month, they fought at Jifu. The Viscount of Wu used three thousand convicts to first attack Hu, Shen, and Chen, and the three states competed to seize them. Wu divided into three armies and attacked from behind, with the central army following the King, Guang leading the right, and Yanyu leading the left. The convicts of Wu either ran or stopped, and the three states fell into disorder. The army of Wu attacked, the three states were defeated, and the rulers of Hu and Shen and the high officer of Chen were captured. They released the captives of Hu and Shen and had them run toward Xu, Cai, and Dun, saying: "Our rulers are dead!" The army followed with a clamor, the three states fled, and the army of Chu fled in great numbers. The Spring and Autumn Annals records "Kun, Viscount of Hu, and Cheng, Viscount of Shen, were destroyed, and Xia Nie of Chen was captured," in the language for rulers and ministers. It does not say battle, because Chu had not yet formed its ranks.