Documents of Zhou: Jiu Gao (The Announcement About Wine), Chapter 12

王若曰：“明大命於妹邦。乃穆考文王肇國在西土。厥誥毖庶邦庶士越少正御事，朝夕曰：‘祀茲酒。惟天降命，肇我民，惟元祀。天降威，我民用大亂喪德，亦罔非酒惟行；越小大邦用喪，亦罔非酒惟辜。’文王誥教小子有正有事：無彝酒。越庶國：飲惟祀，德將無醉。惟曰我民迪小子惟土物愛，厥心臧。聰聽祖考之彝訓，越小大德。

The king spoke thus: “Make the great mandate clear in the state of Mei (the land of Wei). Your solemn late father King Wen founded the state in the western land. He instructed and cautioned the many states, the many officers, the junior chiefs, and those who handle affairs, saying morning and evening: ‘Use this wine only at sacrifices. Heaven sent down a mandate and began to establish our people, but only for the great sacrifices. Heaven sent down awesome punishment, and our people therefore fell into great disorder and lost virtue, and this was nothing but conduct caused by wine; great and small states were therefore lost, and this too was nothing but a fault caused by wine.’ King Wen instructed his sons and grandsons and those with office and duties: do not drink wine regularly. As for the many states: drink wine only at sacrifices, supported by virtue, and do not get drunk. I say only this: guide our people's sons and grandsons to cherish the local products, and their hearts will be good. Listen sharply to the constant teaching of the ancestors and late fathers, and to small virtues and great virtues.

小子惟一妹土，嗣爾股肱，純其藝黍稷，奔走事厥考厥長。肇牽車牛，遠服賈用。孝養厥父母，厥父母慶，自洗腆，致用酒。

(The king continued:) Sons and grandsons in this land of Mei should be single-minded, continue to be your arms and legs, single-mindedly plant millet and sorghum, and hurry about serving your fathers and elders. Begin by leading the carts and oxen to trade in distant places. Be filial to your parents; when your parents rejoice, prepare an abundant meal yourselves, and only then use wine.

庶士有正越庶伯君子，其爾典聽朕教！爾大克羞耇惟君，爾乃飲食醉飽。丕惟曰爾克永觀省，作稽中德，爾尚克羞饋祀。爾乃自介用逸，茲乃允惟王正事之臣。茲亦惟天若元德，永不忘在王家。”

(The king continued:) Many officers, the various governing officials, and the many lords and gentlemen, you must always listen to my teaching! If you can greatly provide for the aged and for your lords, then you may eat and drink to your fill. Let it be said that you can forever observe and examine, that your conduct and verification accord with the middle virtue, and then you may still offer sacrificial gifts. If you limit your own ease and pleasure, then you are truly the king's proper officials. This too is Heaven following great virtue, and you will never be forgotten in the royal house.”

王曰：“封，我西土棐徂，邦君御事小子尚克用文王教，不腆於酒，故我至於今，克受殷之命。”

The king said: “Feng, since I in the western land began to be assisted, the sons and grandsons of the lords and officials who handle affairs have still been able to use King Wen's teaching and not indulged heavily in wine, and so up to now I have been able to receive the mandate of Yin.”

王曰：“封，我聞惟曰：‘在昔殷先哲王迪畏天顯小民，經德秉哲。自成湯鹹至於帝乙，成王畏相惟御事，厥棐有恭，不敢自暇自逸，矧曰其敢崇飲？越在外服，侯甸男衛邦伯，越在內服，百僚庶尹惟亞惟服宗工越百姓里居，罔敢湎於酒。不惟不敢，亦不暇，惟助成王德顯越，尹人祗闢。’我聞亦惟曰：‘在今後嗣王，酣，身厥命，罔顯於民祗，保越怨不易。誕惟厥縱，淫泆於非彝，用燕喪威儀，民罔不衋傷心。惟荒腆於酒，不惟自息乃逸，厥心疾很，不克畏死。辜在商邑，越殷國滅，無罹。弗惟德馨香祀，登聞於天；誕惟民怨，庶群自酒，腥聞在上。故天降喪於殷，罔愛於殷，惟逸。天非虐，惟民自速辜。’”王：“封，予不惟若茲多誥。古人有言曰：‘人無於水監，當於民監。’今惟殷墜厥命，我其可不大監撫於時！予惟曰：“汝劼毖殷獻臣、侯、甸、男、衛，矧太史友、內史友、越獻臣百宗工，矧惟爾事服休，服採，矧惟若疇，圻父薄違，農夫若保，宏父定闢，矧汝，剛制於酒。’厥或誥曰：‘群飲。’汝勿佚。盡執拘以歸於周，予其殺。又惟殷之迪諸臣惟工，乃湎於酒，勿庸殺之，姑惟教之。有斯明享，乃不用我教辭，惟我一人弗恤弗蠲，乃事時同於殺。”

The king said: “Feng, I have heard: ‘In the past the earlier sage kings of Yin guided their people in fearing Heaven's clear will and the common people, managed virtue, and held to wisdom. From Cheng Tang all the way to Diyi, they achieved royal accomplishment and respected the assistants and those who handle affairs; their helpers were reverent, and dared not take leisure and ease for themselves, how much less dared they exalt drinking? In the outer domains, the lords of the Hou, Dian, Nan, and Wei states, and in the inner domains, the hundred officials, the various governors, the deputies, the ancestral officers in charge of affairs, and those living in the villages of the hundred clans, none dared to indulge in wine. Not only did they not dare, they also had no leisure, merely helping to complete the king's virtue and spread it, governing the people and being careful of the law.’ I have also heard it said: ‘When it came to the later heirs of the kings, they drank deeply, treating their mandate as a matter of their own persons, not showing the people carefulness, content with resentment and not changing. They indulged greatly, lost themselves in lawlessness, and lost their dignity at drinking parties, and there was no one among the people who was not heartbroken. They were merely abandoned and sunk in wine, and not only did they not stop that pleasure, their hearts were hateful and cruel and they were not afraid of death. The guilt was in the city of Shang, and until Yin perished they still did not worry. It was not the fragrant sacrifices of virtue that were heard on high by Heaven; it was the people's resentment and the groups drinking wine by themselves, the stench rising up. So Heaven sent loss and ruin down on Yin, not loving Yin, only because of their indulgence. Heaven was not cruel; the people themselves brought the offense on.’” The king said: “Feng, I do not say it so many times for nothing. The ancients have a saying: ‘People should not look at themselves only in water; they should look at themselves in the people.’ Now that Yin has let fall its mandate, how can I not examine greatly and pacify this time! I say only: you must be careful in warning the worthy ministers of Yin, the lords of Hou, Dian, Nan, and Wei, much less your colleagues the Grand Scribe and the Inner Scribe and the worthy ministers and many ancestral officers, much less those who carry out your orders, who do service, who do the work, much less your fellow officials; the Minister of War attacks those who disobey orders, the farmers follow and protect the people, and the Minister of Works settles the rules, and as for you, you must firmly stop wine. If someone reports: ‘They gather in groups to drink wine,’ do not let them off. Arrest them all and send them to Zhou, and I will probably put them to death. There are also the ministers and craftsmen who were guided by Yin; if they sink in wine, do not kill them, but teach them for the time being. After such clear encouragement, if they still do not use my teachings, then I, the one man, will not take pity or pardon, and the conduct will be the same as that of those who ought to be killed.”

王曰：“封，汝典聽朕毖，勿辯乃司民湎於酒。”

The king said: “Feng, you must always listen to my careful admonition, and do not let the people under your charge sink into wine.”

王曰：“封，以厥庶民暨厥臣達大家，以厥臣達王惟邦君，汝若恆越曰：我有師師、司徒、司馬、司空、尹、旅。”曰：‘予罔厲殺人。’亦厥君先敬勞，肆徂厥敬勞。肆往，奸宄、殺人、歷人，宥；肆亦見厥君事、戕敗人，宥。

The king said: “Feng, through the common people and the ministers one communicates with everyone, through the ministers one communicates with the king and the lords, and you must always say: I have the heads of the officials, the Minister of Education, the Minister of War, the Minister of Works, the governors, and the commanders.” He said: ‘I do not cruelly kill people.’ It is also that that ruler first respectfully comforted them, and therefore went to respectfully comfort them. In the past, those who were inwardly and outwardly treacherous and evil, who killed, and who were implicated may be pardoned; and those who saw the ruler's affairs yet injured and ruined people may also be pardoned.

王啟監，厥亂為民。曰：‘無胥戕，無胥虐，至於敬寡，至於屬婦，合由以容。’王其效邦君越御事，厥命曷以？‘引養引恬。’自古王若茲，監罔攸闢！惟曰：若稽田，既勤敷菑，惟其陳修，為厥疆畎。若作室家，既勤垣墉，惟其塗塈茨。若作梓材，既勤樸斫，惟其塗丹雘。

(The king continued:) The king set up a supervisor of the state, and the governance was for the sake of the people. He said: ‘Do not harm one another, do not abuse one another, down to respecting widowers and widows, down to concubines, embrace and tolerate them all together.’ The king should examine the lords and those who handle affairs: on what is their mandate based? ‘Draw it out and lengthen it to nourish, draw it out and lengthen it to pacify.’ So it has been with kings since antiquity, and the supervisor of the state has no crookedness! I say only: like governing fields, having diligently cleared and sown, one must still tend them, making boundaries and ditches. Like building a house, having diligently built the walls, one must still plaster with mud and thatch the roof. Like making catalpa wood vessels, having diligently hewn and shaped the rough form, one must still coat them with vermilion pigment.

今王惟曰：先王既勤用明德，懷為夾，庶邦享作，兄弟方來。亦既用明德，後式典集，庶邦丕享。皇天既付中國民越厥疆土於先王，肆王惟德用，和懌先後迷民，用懌先王受命。已！若茲監，惟曰欲至於萬年，惟王子子孫孫永保民。”

(The king continued:) Now the king says only: the former kings have already diligently used bright virtue to draw in supporters, the many states came to offer and to work, the states of brothers all came together. They have also already used bright virtue, and later people have come together with statutes and rules, the many states greatly came to offer. August Heaven has already entrusted the people and the territory of the Middle Kingdom to the former kings, so the king uses only virtue to harmonize the people who were confused before and after, to please the mandate the former kings received. Alas! Supervising in this way, I say only that I hope it will reach ten thousand years, and only wish that the king's sons and grandsons will forever keep the people.”

成王在豐，欲宅洛邑，使召公先相宅，作《召誥》。

King Cheng was at Feng and wished to live at Luoyi, and had Duke Shao go first to survey the dwelling place, and composed the “Shao Gao.”

惟二月既望，越六日乙未，王朝步自周，則至於豐。

In the second month, after the full moon, six days later on the day yiwei, the king set out on foot in the morning from Zhou and then arrived at Feng.

惟太保先周公相宅，越若來三月，惟丙午朏。越三日戊申，太保朝至於洛，卜宅。厥既得卜，則經營。越三日庚戌，太保乃以庶殷攻位於洛汭。越五日甲寅，位成。

The Grand Protector went before the Duke of Zhou to survey the dwelling place; in the third month coming, the new moon appeared on bingwu. Three days later on wushen, the Grand Protector arrived at Luo in the morning and divined about the dwelling place. When the divination was obtained, he began to lay out the work. Three days later on gengxu, the Grand Protector with the many Yin people worked on the site at the bend of the Luo River. Five days later on jiayin, the site was completed.

若翼日乙卯，周公朝至於洛，則達觀於新邑營。越三日丁巳，用牲於郊，牛二。越翼日戊午，乃社於新邑，牛一，羊一，豕一。

On the next day, yimao, the Duke of Zhou arrived at Luo in the morning and then surveyed all the layout of the new city. Three days later on dingsi, a sacrifice with victims was made in the suburb, two oxen. The next day, wuwu, a sacrifice to the earth altar was made in the new city, one ox, one sheep, and one pig.

越七日甲子，周公乃朝用書命庶殷侯甸男邦伯。厥既命殷庶，庶殷丕作。

Seven days later on jiazi, the Duke of Zhou in the morning used a written document to command the many lords of Yin, the chiefs of the Hou, Dian, and Nan states. When he had commanded the Yin multitude, the Yin multitude began the work in great force.

太保乃以庶邦冢君出取幣，乃復入錫周公。曰：“拜手稽首，旅王若公誥告庶殷越自乃御事：嗚呼！皇天上帝，改厥元子茲大國殷之命。惟王受命，無疆惟休，亦無疆惟恤。嗚呼！曷其奈何弗敬？天既遐終大邦殷之命，茲殷多先哲王在天，越厥後王后民，茲服厥命。厥終，智藏瘝在。夫知保抱攜持厥婦子，以哀籲天，徂厥亡，出執。嗚呼！天亦哀於四方民，其眷命用懋。王其疾敬德！相古先民有夏，天迪從子保，面稽天若；今時既墜厥命。今相有殷，天迪格保，面稽天若；今時既墜厥命。今沖子嗣，則無遺壽耇，曰其稽我古人之德，矧曰其有能稽謀自天？嗚呼！有王雖小，元子哉。其丕能諴於小民。今休：王不敢後，用顧畏於民碞；王來紹上帝，自服於土中。旦曰：‘其作大邑，其自時配皇天，毖祀於上下，其自時中乂；王厥有成命治民。’今休。

The Grand Protector then went out with the great lords of the many states to take the offerings of silk, and came in again to present them to the Duke of Zhou. He said: “Bowing and kowtowing, I set out the king's and the duke's announcement to the Yin multitude and to your own officials: Alas! August Heaven and the Lord on High have changed the mandate of that eldest son, this great state of Yin. The king receives the mandate, and the fineness of it is without limit, and the worry of it is also without limit. Alas! How can one not be reverent? Heaven has long ago ended the mandate of the great state of Yin; this Yin had many sage kings in heaven, and the later kings and the later people still served that mandate. When it came to the end, the wise hid themselves and the sick and suffering were in office. People knew only to protect and hold their wives and children, and cried out to Heaven in sorrow, running toward flight, and were caught. Alas! Heaven too took pity on the people of the four quarters, and so strove to change that caring mandate. The king must hurry to be reverent in virtue! Look at the ancient people of Xia: Heaven guided them and protected them like sons, and they sought Heaven's compliance face to face; now they have already let fall that mandate. Now look at Yin: Heaven guided, communed, and protected them, and they sought Heaven's compliance face to face; now they have already let fall that mandate. Now the young one is the successor; do not abandon the aged, saying that you will seek the virtue of our ancient people, much less that you can seek plans from Heaven? Alas! Though the king is young, he is the eldest son. He must be greatly sincere toward the common people. The good now: the king dare not be behind, and so considers and fears the people's murmuring; the king comes to continue the Lord on High and himself governs in the center of the land. Dan said: ‘We must make a great city, and from this time be paired with August Heaven, be careful with sacrifices above and below, and from this time govern from the center; the king has the completed mandate to govern the people.’ Now it is good.

王先服殷御事，比介於我有周御事，節性惟日其邁。王敬作所，不可不敬德。

(Duke Shao continued:) The king must first win the trust of Yin's officials, draw them close, and let them join our officials of Zhou, restraining their nature, advancing day by day. The king, careful in making his dwelling place, must not fail to be reverent in virtue.

我不可不監於有夏，亦不可不監於有殷。我不敢知曰，有夏服天命，惟有歷年；我不敢知曰，不其延。惟不敬厥德，乃早墜厥命。我不敢知曰，有殷受天命，惟有歷年；我不敢知曰，不其延。惟不敬厥德，乃早墜厥命。今王嗣受厥命，我亦惟茲二國命，嗣若功。

(Duke Shao continued:) We must not fail to observe the Xia, and must not fail to observe the Yin. I dare not say how many years Xia served Heaven's mandate; I dare not say that the mandate would not have been lengthened. It was only by not being reverent toward that virtue that they let that mandate fall early. I dare not say how many years Yin received Heaven's mandate; I dare not say that the mandate would not have been lengthened. It was only by not being reverent toward that virtue that they let that mandate fall early. Now the king, as successor, has received that mandate, and I too think only of the mandates of these two states and of continuing such achievement.

王乃初服。嗚呼！若生子，罔不在厥初生，自貽哲命。今天其命哲，命吉凶，命歷年；知今我初服，宅新邑。肆惟王其疾敬德？王其德之用，祈天永命。

(Duke Shao continued:) The king is just beginning to serve. Alas! Like giving birth to a child, it is always at the very beginning of birth that one leaves oneself a wise mandate. Now Heaven will probably give a wise mandate, give a mandate of fortune or misfortune, give a mandate of the years (the number of years that pass); know that we are now just beginning to serve, living in the new city. So the king must hurry to be reverent in virtue! The king should use virtue to pray for Heaven's lasting mandate.

其惟王勿以小民淫用非彝，亦敢殄戮用乂民，若有功。其惟王位在德元，小民乃惟刑用於天下，越王顯。上下勤恤，其曰我受天命，丕若有夏曆年，式勿替有殷歷年。欲王以小民受天永命。”

(Duke Shao continued:) May the king not, because of the common people, overuse lawlessness, and not dare to govern the people with extermination and slaughter, and only then will there be achievement. May the king's position stand first in virtue, and then the common people will apply the rules throughout the world and the king will be illustrious. When above and below are diligent in concern, then it may be said that we received Heaven's mandate, greatly like the years of Xia, so as not to abandon the years of Yin. I hope the king will use the common people to receive Heaven's lasting mandate.”

拜手稽首，曰：“予小臣敢以王之仇民百君子越友民，保受王威命明德。王末有成命，王亦顯。我非敢勤，惟恭奉幣，用供王能祈天永命。”

Bowing and kowtowing, he said: “I, your minor servant, dare to use the king's former enemy people (the Yin people), the hundred gentlemen and the friendly people, to protect and receive the king's awesome mandate and bright virtue. The king finally has the completed mandate, and the king too is illustrious. I dare not say I have been diligent, but only respectfully offer the silk, so that the king may pray for Heaven's lasting mandate.”

召公既相宅，周公往營成周，使來告卜，作《洛誥》。

After Duke Shao had surveyed the dwelling place, the Duke of Zhou went to build Chengzhou and sent someone to report the divination, and composed the “Luo Gao.”

周公拜手稽首曰：“朕復子明辟。王如弗敢及天基命定命，予乃胤保大相東土，其基作民明闢。予惟乙卯，朝至於洛師。我卜河朔黎水，我乃卜澗水東，瀍水西，惟洛食；我又卜瀍水東，亦惟洛食。伻來以圖及獻卜。”

The Duke of Zhou bowed and kowtowed, saying: “I return the position of the enlightened ruler to you. The king seems not yet to dare to catch up with Heaven's beginning of the mandate and setting of the mandate, and so I continued the Grand Protector's great survey of the eastern land, whose foundation is to create the people's enlightened ruler. On yimao, I arrived at Luo, the capital, in the morning. I divined at the Li River north of the river; I also divined east of the Jian River and west of the Chan River, and only the omen of the Luo area was ‘eaten’ (an auspicious omen accepted); I also divined east of the Chan River, and again only the omen of the Luo area was ‘eaten.’ I have sent someone to deliver the map and present the divination.”

王拜手稽首曰：“公不敢不敬天之休，來相宅，其作周匹，休！公既定宅，伻來，來，視予卜，休恆吉。我二人共貞。公其以予萬億年敬天之休。拜手稽首誨言。”

The king bowed and kowtowed, saying: “The duke does not dare to fail to be reverent toward Heaven's fine gift, to survey the dwelling place, which is to be the counterpart of Zhou; how fine! The duke has already fixed the dwelling, sent someone, who came and showed me the divination, fine and constantly auspicious. We two together shall bear this good fortune. You are to take me, for ten thousand ten thousand years, to be reverent toward Heaven's fine gift. I bow and kowtow and receive the words of instruction.”

周公曰：“王，肇稱殷禮，祀於新邑，鹹秩無文。予齊百工，伻從王於周，予惟曰：‘庶有事。’今王即命曰：‘記功，宗以功作元祀。’惟命曰：‘汝受命篤弼，丕視功載，乃汝其悉自教工。’孺子其朋，孺子其朋，其往！無若火始焰焰；厥攸灼敘，弗其絕。厥若彝及撫事如予，惟以在周工往新邑。伻向即有僚，明作有功，惇大成裕，汝永有辭。”

The Duke of Zhou said: “King, begin by performing the rites of Yin and sacrifice in the new city, all in order, without confusion. I will put the hundred officials in order and have them follow the king to Zhou; I say only: ‘There will probably be affairs.’ Now the king should issue the command: ‘Record the merits, and the ancestral officials will hold great sacrifices according to merit.’ He also commands: ‘You have received the mandate to assist with sincerity; look greatly at the records of merit, and you must teach all the hundred craftsmen yourself.’ Young Prince, be careful of cliques; Young Prince, be careful of cliques; go! Do not be like a fire that has just begun to burn faintly; do not let the order of what it burns be broken. If you take the constant law and soothe government as I do, only send the hundred craftsmen in Zhou to the new city. Let them move toward their posts, strive to do meritorious work, and be broad and ample so that there is generosity, and you will forever have fine words.”

公曰：“已！汝惟沖子，惟終。汝其敬識百辟享，亦識其有不享。享多儀，儀不及物，惟曰不享。惟不役志於享，凡民惟曰不享，惟事其爽侮。乃惟孺子頒，朕不暇聽。

The duke said: “Alas! You are only young; you must think of the ending. You must carefully discern the offerings of the hundred lords, and also discern those who do not make offerings. Offerings are mostly in rites; if the rites cannot keep up with the gifts, it can only be said that they are not offerings. If one does not put his heart and will into the offering, the people will say only that they are not offerings, and governance will go wrong and be neglected. Then only have the young prince issue the orders; I have no leisure to listen and handle them.

朕教汝於棐民，彝汝乃是不，乃時惟不永哉！篤敘乃正父罔不若予，不敢廢乃命。汝往敬哉！茲予其明農哉！彼裕我民，無遠用戾。”

(The Duke of Zhou continued:) I teach you to assist the people; if you do not follow the constant law in this way, it will not last long! Sincerely arrange your chief officials (heads of offices); there is none that is not like me; I dare not abandon your mandate. Go and be careful! At this time I probably want to make clear the farming matters! Be generous to our people, and even from far away they will come.”

王若曰：“公！明保予沖子。公稱丕顯德，以予小子揚文武烈，奉答天命，和恆四方民，居師；惇宗將禮，稱秩元祀，鹹秩無文。惟公德明光於上下，勤施於四方，旁作穆穆，迓衡不迷。文武勤教，予沖子夙夜毖祀。”王曰：“公功棐迪，篤罔不若時。”

The king spoke thus: “Duke! Protect me clearly, a young person. The duke extols a most illustrious virtue, letting me, the young one, carry forward the works of Wen and Wu, to answer Heaven's mandate, to harmonize the people of the four quarters and live in the capital; to treat the clan generously, carry out the rites, and perform the sequence of the great sacrifices, all in order and without confusion. The duke's virtue shines above and below, his diligence is carried out to the four quarters, universally achieving solemn harmony, receiving the balance without confusion. Wen and Wu were diligent in teaching, and I, the young one, carefully sacrifice day and night.” The king said: “The duke's merit assists and guides, and sincerity is never other than like this.”

王曰：“公！予小子其退，即闢於周，命公後。四方迪亂未定，於宗禮亦未克敉，公功迪將，其後監我士師工，誕保文武受民，亂為四輔。”王曰：“公定，予往已。公功肅將祗歡，公無困哉！我惟無斁其康事，公勿替刑，四方其世享。”

The king said: “Duke! I, the young one, am about to return and take the ruler's seat in Zhou, and I command the duke to stay behind (one view reads: to command the enfeoffment of the Duke of Zhou's heirs). The guidance and governance of the four quarters is not yet settled, and in the ancestral rites I have not yet been able to pacify, and the duke's merit lies in guiding and supporting; hereafter supervise my officers, masters, and craftsmen, protect the people received by Wen and Wu, and govern as the Four Assistants.” The king said: “Duke, stay; I am going. The duke's merit is in solemn conduct and respectful, joyful harmony; do not let the duke be exhausted! I am only not tired of those matters of giving peace to the people; the duke should not give up being a model, and the four quarters will enjoy it for generations.”

周公拜手稽首曰：“王命予來承保乃文祖受命民，越乃光烈考武王弘朕恭。

The Duke of Zhou bowed and kowtowed and said: “The king commands me to come to take care of the people received by your civil ancestor, and of your illustrious and meritorious late father King Wu, to enlarge my reverence.

孺子來相宅，其大惇典殷獻民，亂為四方新闢，作周恭先。曰其自時中乂，萬邦鹹休，惟王有成績。予旦以多子越御事篤前人成烈，答其師，作周孚先。’考朕昭子刑，乃單文祖德。

(The Duke of Zhou continued:) Young Prince, coming to survey the dwelling place, you must be very generous to the worthy people of Yin, govern as the new ruler of the four quarters, and make a reverent guide for Zhou. If it is said that you govern from the center at this time, all the myriad states will be fine, and the king will have achievement. I, Dan, with the many ministers and those who handle affairs, will be sincere in the completed works of those before, answer that multitude, and be a sincere guide for Zhou. Complete the regulations I have shown you, and only then can you exhaust the virtue of your civil ancestor.

伻來毖殷，乃命寧予以秬鬯二卣。曰明禋，拜手稽首休享。予不敢宿，則禋於文王、武王。惠篤敘，無有遘自疾，萬年厭於乃德，殷乃引考。王伻殷乃承敘萬年，其永觀朕子懷德。”

(The Duke of Zhou continued:) Send someone to be careful toward the Yin people, and then use two vessels of black millet wine to soothe me. He says to make clear the sacrifice of burning offerings, bowing and kowtowing to offer them beautifully. I do not dare to leave them overnight, and so performed the sacrifice to King Wen and King Wu. Kindness and sincerity are in order, and I have not met with illness in my person; for ten thousand years may you be content with your virtue, and only then can Yin be long and live to a great age. May the king let the Yin people receive order for ten thousand years, and forever watch my son think of virtue.”

戊辰，王在新邑烝，祭歲，文王騂牛一，武王騂牛一。王命作冊逸祝冊，惟告周公其後。

On wuchen, the king held the winter sacrifice, the annual sacrifice, in the new city; for King Wen one red ox was used, and for King Wu one red ox was used. The king commanded the scribe Yi to write the prayer document, reporting only the matters concerning the Duke of Zhou thereafter.

王賓殺禋鹹格，王入太室，祼。王命周公後，作冊逸誥，在十有二月。惟周公誕保文武受命，惟七年。

The king's guests killed victims and made the burnt offerings, and all arrived; the king entered the great chamber and performed the libation sacrifice. The king commanded the Duke of Zhou to stay behind, and the scribe Yi issued the proclamation, in the twelfth month. The Duke of Zhou, as Grand Protector, kept the mandate received by Wen and Wu for seven years.

成周既成，遷殷頑民，周公以王命誥，作《多士》。

When Chengzhou had been built, the stubborn people of Yin were relocated, and the Duke of Zhou announced to them by the king's command, and composed the “Duo Shi.”

惟三月，周公初於新邑洛，用告商王士。

In the third month, the Duke of Zhou for the first time, in the new city of Luo, addressed the officers of the Shang king.

王若曰：“爾殷遺多士，弗吊旻天，大降喪於殷，我有周佑命，將天明威，致王罰，敕殷命終於帝。肆爾多士！非我小國敢弋殷命。惟天不畀允罔固亂，弼我，我其敢求位？惟帝不畀，惟我下民秉為，惟天明畏。

The king spoke thus: “You many officers left over from Yin, unkind Heaven sent a great calamity down on Yin, and my Zhou house, aided Heaven's mandate, carried out Heaven's clear awe, applied the king's punishment, and announced that Yin's mandate was ended in the presence of the Lord. So you many officers! It was not that my small state dared to seize Yin's mandate. It was only that Heaven did not give support to a disordered one who was sincere and unsteady, and aided me; how would I dare to seek the position? The Lord did not give it to anyone else; it was only that our people below held to their conduct, and Heaven's clear awe is to be feared.

我聞曰：上帝引逸，有夏不適逸；則惟帝降格，向於時夏。弗克庸帝，大淫泆有辭。惟時天罔念聞，厥惟廢元命，降致罰；乃命爾先祖成湯革夏，俊民甸四方。

(The king continued:) I have heard: the Lord on High restrained indulgence, but the house of Xia did not restrain pleasure; so the Lord sent down a communication, directed at that Xia. They could not make use of the Lord, indulged greatly and still had plenty to say for themselves. At this time Heaven no longer thought to listen, and so abolished the great mandate and sent down punishment; and so commanded your ancestor Cheng Tang to overthrow Xia and govern the four quarters with outstanding people.

自成湯至於帝乙，罔不明德恤祀。亦惟天丕建，保乂有殷，殷王亦罔敢失帝，罔不配天其澤。

(The king continued:) From Cheng Tang to Diyi, there was none who did not make virtue clear and keep sacrifices in mind. Heaven also established them greatly, to nurture and govern the Yin, and the Yin kings dared not lose the Lord, and none failed to match Heaven's kindness.

在今後嗣王，誕罔顯於天，矧曰其有聽念於先王勤家？誕淫厥泆，罔顧於天顯民祗，惟時上帝不保，降若茲大喪。惟天不畀不明厥德，凡四方小大邦喪，罔非有辭於罰。”

(The king continued:) When it came to the later heirs of the kings, they were greatly not illustrious before Heaven, much less able to hear and think of how the former kings toiled for house and state? They indulged greatly, not heeding Heaven's clarity or the people's reverence, and at this the Lord on High did not protect them and sent down this great ruin. Heaven does not give to those who do not make that virtue clear; for all the ruin of large and small states in the four quarters, there was nothing that was not punished because there was something to be said.”

王若曰：“爾殷多士，今惟我周王丕靈承帝事，有命曰：‘割殷，’告敕於帝。惟我事不貳適，惟爾王家我適。予其曰惟爾洪無度，我不爾動，自乃邑。予亦念天，即於殷大戾，肆不正。”

The king spoke thus: “You Yin multitude of officers, now it is only I, the king of Zhou, who very well and finely serve the Lord's business, with a mandate saying: ‘Cut off Yin,’ reported and corrected before the Lord. My affair has no second object; only your royal house is my object. I would probably say that it is only that you are greatly without rules; I did not disturb you, it arose from your own towns. I also think of Heaven, taking Yin's great guilt, and so do not punish by the constant law.”

王曰：“猷！告爾多士，予惟時其遷居西爾，非我一人奉德不康寧，時惟天命。無違，朕不敢有後，無我怨。

The king said: “Hear! I tell you many officers, that I moved you to live in the west, and it is not that I, one man, hold virtue uneasily; this is only Heaven's mandate. Do not go against it; I do not dare to delay; do not resent me.

惟爾知，惟殷先人有冊有典，殷革夏命。今爾又曰：‘夏迪簡在王庭，有服在百僚。’予一人惟聽用德，肆予敢求爾於天邑商，予惟率肆矜爾。非予罪，時惟天命。”

(The king continued:) You know that the ancestors of Yin had records and documents, recording that Yin overthrew the mandate of Xia. Now you also say: ‘Xia people were guided and selected to be in the king's court, having duties among the hundred officials.’ I, the one man, listen to and employ only those with virtue, and so I dare seek you from the Heavenly city of Shang, and I only take broad pity on you. It is not my fault; this is only Heaven's mandate.”

王曰：“多士，昔朕來自奄，予大降爾四國民命。我乃明致天罰，移爾遐逖，比事臣我宗多遜。”

The king said: “Many officers, in the past when I returned from Yan, I greatly issued the mandate to the people of your four states. I then made clear and carried out Heaven's punishment, and moved you to a distant place, so that you will be close and serve and submit to my clan and be very compliant.”

王曰：“告爾殷多士，今予惟不爾殺，予惟時命有申。今朕作大邑於茲洛，予惟四方罔攸賓，亦惟爾多士攸服奔走臣我多遜。爾乃尚有爾土，爾用尚寧幹止，爾克敬，天惟畀矜爾；爾不克敬，爾不啻不有爾土，予亦致天之罰於爾躬！今爾惟時宅爾邑，繼爾居；爾厥有幹有年於茲洛。爾小子乃興，從爾遷。”

The king said: “I tell you Yin multitude of officers: now I am only not killing you, and the mandate I now give is something I repeat. Now I am building this great city at Luo; I do so because the four quarters have no place for guests, and also because you many officers have duties and hurry about and submit to me and are very compliant. You can still have your land, you can still be at peace in your work, and if you can be reverent, Heaven will give you pity; if you cannot be reverent, not only will you not have your land, but I will also bring Heaven's punishment upon you! Now you shall at this time live in your towns and continue your dwellings; you shall have deeds and years at this Luo. Your sons and grandsons will then rise, following you in moving.”

王曰：“又曰時予，乃或言爾攸居。”

The king said: “If you also say that you will follow me, I may still speak about your dwelling places.”