Jing's Tradition of the Changes, Volume One

欽定四庫全書 京氏易傳　漢　京房　撰

This is the edition included in the Qing Dynasty's "Kangxi Imperial Collection of Books." The book is titled "Jing's Tradition of the Changes," written by Jing Fang of the Han Dynasty. Jing Fang, who went by the name Junming, was from Dongjun Town, Eastern Commandery, during the Western Han Dynasty. He studied the Book of Changes from Jiao Yanshou and was the master of the Han Dynasty's image and number school of the Changes. The entire work uses the eight palaces of Qian, Zhen, Kan, Gen, Kun, Xun, Li, and Dui to encompass the sixty-four hexagrams. For each hexagram, it discusses various methods such as "Najia stem assignment," "World and Response Lines," "Flying and Hidden," "Establishing the Sovereign," "Accumulated Calculation," "Five Stars," and "Twenty-Eight Constellations."

純陽用事。象配天，屬金。與坤為飛伏，居世。【壬戌土，癸酉金。】《易》云：“用九，見群龍無首，吉”。【純陽，用九之德。】九三，三公為應，肖乾乾、夕惕之憂。 甲壬配外內二象，【乾為天地之首，分甲壬入乾位。】積算起己巳火，至戊辰土，周而復始。【吉凶之兆，積年起月，積日起時，積時起卦入本宮。】

The hexagram Qian consists of six entirely yang lines, representing pure yang energy in operation. It corresponds to Heaven in imagery and belongs to the metal element in the Five Phases. It is in a mutual relationship with the hexagram Kun, known as "flying and hidden." The visible aspect on the world line is called "flying," while the hidden aspect behind the world line, taken from the stem and branch incorporated by Kun, is called "hidden." The top line of Qian is considered the world line. (Note: The flying god is Renxu earth, and the hidden god is Guiyou metal.) The Zhou Changes (I Ching) states about Qian: "When all lines are nine, seeing a group of dragons without a leader, it is auspicious." (Note: The six lines being entirely yang is the manifestation of the virtue of "use nine.") The third line, known as "the Three High Officials," is the response line to the world line, symbolizing the meaning of being vigilant day and night, ever cautious. In the hexagram Qian, the method of "Najia" assigns the stem Jia to the inner trigram and the stem Ren to the outer trigram, representing the inner and outer aspects respectively. (Note: Qian is the first trigram of Heaven and Earth, so the stems Jia and Ren are incorporated into the position of Qian.) The calculation begins with the stem Jiisi (fire), and proceeds to Wuchen (earth), then cycles back again. (Note: The signs of auspiciousness and inauspiciousness are derived from this process—accumulating years to determine months, accumulating days to determine hours, accumulating hours to determine the hexagram, and finally returning to the original palace for interpretation.)

五星從位起鎮星，【土星入西方，麗西北，居壬戌為伏位。】參宿從位起壬戌，【壬戌在世，居宗廟。】建子起潛龍，【十一月冬至，一陽生。】建巳至極，主亢位。【四月龍見於辰，陽極陰來，吉去凶生，用九吉。】 配於人事：為首，【乾為首也。】為君父。【乾象堅剛，天地之尊，故為君父。】於類：為馬，為龍。【天行運轉不息。】

The five planets take turns according to the trigrams' positions, with the Qian trigram currently associated with the "Zhen Xing" or Saturn. (Note: Saturn enters the western position, attaching itself to the northwest, falling on the Renxu position as its hidden position.) Among the twenty-eight mansions, the "San Xiu" or Three Stars mansion is now in position, falling on the Renxu line. (Note: Renxu is the World Line, located at the top line "Zong Miao" position.) The system of establishing the ruler begins in the month of Zi, corresponding to the initial line "Chu Ji" or "Qian Long Wu Yong." (Note: In the eleventh month, the winter solstice, the first yang energy begins to emerge.) When the system reaches the month of Si, it reaches its peak, corresponding to the top line "Shang Ji" or "Kang Long" position. (Note: In the fourth month, the dragon appears at Chen, and when yang reaches its peak, yin begins to emerge, so using the "Yong Ji" method is auspicious.) Applied to human affairs: it represents the head, (Note: Qian represents the head.) the king, and the father. (Note: Qian symbolizes strength and vitality, being the supreme entity in the universe, thus representing the king and the father.) Applied to things: it represents the horse and the dragon. (Note: Both are taken to symbolize the continuous movement of the heavens.)

降五行，頒六位。【十二辰分六位升降，以時消息吉凶。】居西北之分野，陰陽相戰之地。《易》云：“戰於乾。”【乾為陽，西北陰，陽入陰，二氣盛必戰。】 天六位，地六氣。六象，六包，四象分萬物。陰陽無差，升降有等。【陰陽二十四候，律呂調矣。】人事吉凶，見乎其象，造化分乎有無。【故云：變動不居，周流六虛。】

The Qian trigram descends into the Five Phases and establishes the positions of the six lines. (Note: The twelve Earthly Branches are allocated to the six lines ascending and descending, determining auspiciousness or inauspiciousness according to the changing seasons.) The Qian trigram resides in the Northwest region, which is precisely the place where yin and yang contend. The "Sayings of the Divination" from The Zhou Changes says: "Contend in Qian." (Note: Qian originally belongs to yang, while the Northwest belongs to yin. Yang entering yin territory, both energies being strong, inevitably leads to contention.) Heaven has six positions, and Earth has six energies; a trigram has six images and six envelopes (these two characters are difficult to understand in old texts, so they are retained as they were). The four images differentiate into all things. Yin and yang combine without error, and ascending and descending each have their proper order. (Note: Yin and yang together form twenty-four seasonal divisions, and the twelve musical tones are in harmony.) The auspiciousness and inauspiciousness of human affairs are all manifested in the images of the trigram lines; the operation of nature is divided between "being" and "non-being." (Note: Therefore, the "Great Treatise" says, "Changes are not stationary, they flow through the six voids.")

六位純陽，陰象在中。【陽中陰，陰中陽。】陽為君，陰為臣；陽為民，陰為事。陽實陰虛，明暗之象，陰陽可知。【三五為陽，二四為陰，初上潛亢。】 水配位為褔德，【甲子水是乾之子孫。】木入金鄉居寶貝，【甲寅木是乾之財。】土臨內象為父母，【甲辰土是乾之父母。】火來四上嫌相敵，【壬午火是乾之官鬼。】金入金鄉木漸微。【壬申金同位傷木。】宗廟上建戌亥，乾本位。【戌亥乾之位。】 陽極陰生。【降入姤卦。】八卦例諸。

Six lines are all yang, yet the image of yin is still contained within. (Note: Yang contains yin, and yin contains yang.) Yang represents the ruler, yin the minister; yang represents the people, yin the affairs. Yang is substantial, yin is empty. This is the image of brightness and darkness, and thus the boundary between yin and yang is known. (Note: The third and fifth lines belong to yang positions, while the second and fourth lines belong to yin positions. The first line is 'hidden' and the top line is 'exalted'.) Then, according to the 'Six Relations' and the stem assignment: water in the first line is 'Fortune Virtue', (Note: Jiazi water is the son line of the Qian trigram.) wood entering the metal territory becomes 'treasure', (Note: Jiayin wood is the wealth line of the Qian trigram.) earth resting on the inner trigram is 'parents', (Note: Jiachen earth is the parent line of the Qian trigram.) fire arriving at the fourth line is considered to conflict with its own palace, (Note: Renwu fire is the official ghost line of the Qian trigram.) metal entering the metal territory weakens the wood energy. (Note: Renshen metal is of the same metal as its own palace, thus harming the wood wealth.) The top line 'ancestral temple' is established at Xu and Hai, which are exactly the original position of Qian. (Note: Xu and Hai are the directions of Qian.) When yang reaches its extreme, yin is generated. (Note: Thus it descends into the Gou trigram.) The other eight palaces and trigrams are all derived according to this pattern.

陰爻用事。金木互體，天下風行曰姤。姤，遇也。《易》曰：“陰遇陽。”【一陰初生，陽氣猶盛，陰未為敵。】與巽為飛伏，元士居世。【辛丑土，甲子水。】尊就卑，【子孫與父母相代位。】定吉凶，只取一爻之象。【多以少為貴。】九四諸侯堅剛在上，陰氣處下。《易》云：“繫于金柅。”

The Gou hexagram is ruled by the initial line, a yin line. Internally, the Xun trigram belongs to wood, and externally, the Qian trigram belongs to metal; metal and wood interact to form the structure. The wind moves across the heavens, which is called Gou. Gou means meeting. The Zhou Yi says: "Yin meets Yang." (Note: A single yin line has just emerged, and Yang energy is still strong; Yin is not yet strong enough to oppose Yang.) Gou and Xun trigrams are mutual flying and hidden gods, with the world line located at the initial line, the position of "original gentleman." (Note: The flying god is Xinchou earth, and the hidden god is Jiazi water.) The superior yields to the inferior, (Note: The line of children and the line of parents have exchanged positions.) when judging fortune and misfortune, only the image of the initial line is considered. (Note: Among many, the few are more valuable.) The ninth line "princes" is strong and vigorous in the upper position, while Yin energy is below. The Zhou Yi Gou hexagram initial line says: "Attached to the golden brake."

巽積陰入陽，辛壬降內外象，建庚午至乙亥。【芒種，小雪。】積算起乙亥水，至丙戌土，周而復始。【災福之兆，生乎五行升降也。】 五星從位起太白，【太白在西，居金位。】井宿從位入辛丑，【辛丑入土，元土臨母也。】

The accumulated yin energy of Xun enters the yang, with the Najia stem assignment using Xin for the inner trigram and Ren for the outer trigram, dividing and descending into the two images of inner and outer; the establishment of the months begins from Gengwu and ends at Yihai. (Note: This corresponds to from Mangzhong to Xiaoxue.) The calculation starts from Yihai (water) and proceeds to Bingxu (earth), then cycles again. (Note: Omens of both calamity and fortune arise from the rising and falling of the Five Phases.) The five stars take their turn starting with Taibai, which is the planet of metal. (Note: Taibai is in the west, corresponding to the position of metal.) Among the twenty-eight mansions, when it reaches the Well mansion, it falls on the first line Xinchou. (Note: Xinchou belongs to earth, and the original position of the earth is on the parents' line.)

建午起坤宮初六爻。《易》云：“履霜堅冰至。”建亥，龍戰于野。【戌亥是乾之位。乾伏本位必戰，積陰之地猶盛，故戰。】 配於人事：為腹，為母，【坤順，容於物。】於類為馬。《易》云：“行地無疆。”【此釋一爻配坤象，本體是乾巽，今贊一爻起陰，假坤象言之。】

The establishment of the候 begins in the午 month, corresponding exactly to the first line of the坤 hexagram's initial line. The Zhou Changes (I Ching) states in the initial line of the坤 hexagram: "Walking on frost, firm ice is coming." When the establishment reaches the亥 month, it becomes "dragons fighting in the fields." (Note: The戌 and亥 months are originally the directions of乾. Since乾 is hidden in its own position, it must necessarily fight; this is also the place where accumulated yin is most intense, hence the image of fighting.) Applied to human affairs, this corresponds to the abdomen and the mother, (Note: The nature of坤 is gentle and yielding, capable of containing all things.) and to things, it corresponds to horses. The Zhou Changes (I Ching) says: "Moving on the earth without boundaries." (Note: This explanation is based on the image of the坤 hexagram associated with the initial line; the original nature of the姤 hexagram is inner巽 and outer乾, but now because the first line has become yin, it uses the image of坤 to explain.)

內巽為風，乾為天；天下有風行，君子以號令告四方。【巽，入也。風入於坤，皆動也。故知天下有風動其物也。】 天風氣象三十六候。【三十六候節氣，降大風象。】木入金為始，【金納木也。】陰不能制於陽，附於金柅。《易》之“柔道牽”也。 五行升降，以時消息，陰蕩降入遁。【天山遁卦。】

The inner trigram is Xun (Wind), and the outer trigram is Qian (Heaven); the wind moves through the heavens, and the gentleman takes this as a symbol, using it to issue commands and enlighten all directions. (Note: Xun means 'to enter'. The wind enters the earth, and all things follow it, hence the wind in the heavens can move all things.) The weather pattern of Tian Feng Gou corresponds to a climate number of thirty-six. (Note: The thirty-six seasonal divisions correspond to the image of a great wind.) Wood enters the position of metal, which is the beginning of Gou. (Note: Metal has subdued wood.) Yin cannot subdue Yang, but can only attach itself to 'metal stopping', which is what the Zhou Yi says 'the way of softness draws'. The Five Phases change with the movement of the lines, increasing and decreasing according to the seasons; the Yin energy moves downward and enters the Dun hexagram. (Note: This refers to Tian Shan Dun hexagram.)

陰爻用事。陰蕩陽，遁。金土見象，山在天下為遁。【遁，退也。】陰來陽退也。小人君子汙隆，契斯義也。《易》云：“遁世無悶。”與艮為飛伏，大夫居世。建辛未為月。【丙午火，丙寅木。】六二得應，與君位遇建焉，臣事君，全身遠害。【遁，候時也。】

The Dùn hexagram is formed by the two yin lines at the lower position being in charge. The yin energy overwhelms and drives out the yang energy, forcing the yang to retreat, which is called Dùn. The image of metal (Qian) and earth (Gen) is seen together, with the mountain beneath the sky, hence the name Dùn. (Note: Dùn means retreat.) As the yin energy enters, the yang energy withdraws. The petty people gain power while the virtuous lose their positions, alternating between decline and prosperity, which corresponds exactly to this principle. The Zhou Changes say, "Retreating from the world without being distressed." Dùn and Gen hexagrams are interrelated through flying and hidden gods, with the world line falling on the second line, the position of the "minister," and the establishment of the vassal state begins in the month of Xinwei. (Note: The flying god is Bingwu fire, and the hidden god is Bingyin wood.) The line six in the second corresponds with nine in the fifth, with the minister's position meeting the king's position to establish the state, which represents the minister serving the sovereign while also preserving himself and avoiding calamity. (Note: The essence of Dùn lies in waiting for the right opportunity.)

建辛未至丙子，陰陽遁去，終而伏位。【從六月至十一月也。】積算起丙子至乙亥，周而復始。【火土同宮，天與山遁。】陽消陰長，無專於敗。《繫》云：能消者息，必專者敗。 五星從位起太陰，鬼宿入位降丙辰。【丙辰臨元土。】

Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches are used to calculate the movement of the heavenly stems. Starting from Xinwei, the sequence proceeds to Bingzi, with yin and yang energies successively retreating, finally returning to the hidden position. (Note: This corresponds to moving from June to November.) The accumulated calculation begins from Bingzi and proceeds to Yihai, then cycles back again. (Note: Fire and earth are in the same palace, which perfectly matches the image of the hexagram Heaven over Mountain, Dun.) Although yang energy declines and yin energy grows, it does not simply lead to decay. The Great Treatise states: those who can self-restrain will continue to thrive, while those who rely solely on strength will inevitably fail. The five planets begin their cycle with the "Taiyin," which is the planet of water; among the twenty-eight constellations, the Ghost mansion arrives at Bingchen line. (Note: Bingchen is located on the first line, the position of the original commoner.)

配於人事：為背，為手。【艮為背、手。】於類為狗，為山石。 內外升降，陰陽分數二十八候。【分陰陽進退。】 土入金為緩，積陽為天，積陰為地。山所地高峻，逼通於天。是陰長陽消，降入否。【陰逼陽去，入天地否卦。】

When applied to human affairs, it represents the back and the hand (note: the image of Gen represents the back and the hand). When applied to things, it represents a dog and mountains and stones. The interaction between the internal and external images, their rising and falling, and the number of climatic changes divided by yin and yang is twenty-eight (note: this distinguishes the advancement and retreat of yin and yang). Earth produces metal, and its force is gentle. Yang energy accumulates to form heaven, and yin energy accumulates to form earth. Mountains stand tall and sharp against the earth, approaching and connecting with heaven. This is the situation where yin grows and yang declines, thus entering the hexagram Pi (Heaven and Earth Opposed). (note: yin energy presses against yang energy, causing it to retreat and enter the hexagram Pi.)

內象陰長，【純用陰事】天氣上騰，地氣下降，二象分離，萬物不交也。小人道長，君子道消。【陰小人，陽君子。】《易》云：“否之匪人。”與坤為飛伏，三公居世。【乙卯木，甲辰土。】上九宗廟為應。君子以俟時，小人為災。【乙卯泰來。】

The inner trigram of the Gou hexagram is dominated by yin energy, which is entirely yin. The heavenly energy rises upward while the earthly energy descends, causing the two great forces of heaven and earth to separate, and thus all things are unable to communicate. The way of the petty person grows longer while the way of the gentleman diminishes. The Zhou Changes say, "Gou is not for people." Gou and the Kun hexagram mutually have a flying god and a hidden god. The world line falls on the third line, which is the position of the "three high officials." The flying god is the wood of Yi Mao, and the hidden god is the earth of Jia Chen. The upper ninth line "ancestral temple" is its response line. At this time, the gentleman should only wait quietly for the right opportunity, while the petty person may invite misfortune. When Yi Mao moves, the prosperous era will arrive.

建壬申至丁丑，陰氣浸長。【七月立秋，至十二月大寒。】積算起丁丑至丙子，周而復始。【金、丑土同宮，吉凶見矣。】 五星從位起歲星，【木星入卦用事。】柳宿從位降乙卯。【乙卯臨三公。】氣分氣候三十六。【六六三十六，積算吉凶。】陰陽升降，陽道消鑠，陰氣凝結，君臣父子各不迨及。【陰蕩陽來道行矣。】

The establishment of the候 (monitoring official) starts from Renshen and proceeds to Dingchou, with the yin energy gradually increasing. (Note: From the beginning of autumn in the seventh month to the winter solstice in the twelfth month.) The accumulation of calculations starts from Dingchou and proceeds to Bingzi, then cycles back again. (Note: Metal and the earthy sign of Chou are in the same palace, thus indicating auspicious or inauspicious outcomes.) The five stars take their turn starting with the "Year Star," which is Jupiter. (Note: Jupiter entering the hexagram indicates its ruling influence.) The twenty-eight constellations reach the Willow Mansion, which falls on the Yimao line. (Note: Yimao is directly aligned with the position of the Three Grand Ministers.) The assigned climatic number is thirty-six. (Note: Six multiplied by six equals thirty-six, and this number is used to calculate auspicious and inauspicious outcomes.) At the time of the rise and fall of yin and yang, the yang path is gradually eroded, while the yin energy becomes solidified. The relationship between the sovereign and minister, father and son, becomes unattainable and uncommunicative. (Note: Only when the yin energy is completely exhausted and the yang energy returns, can the righteous path be restored.)

《易》曰：“其亡其亡，繫于苞桑。”【苞桑則叢桑也。】天地清濁，陰薄【音：博】陽消，天地盈虛，與時消息。危難之世，勢不可久。 五位既分，四時行矣。【君子當危難世，獨志，難不可久；立特處不改其操，將及泰來。】上九云：“否終則頃，何可長也。”【否及則泰來。】陰長降入於觀。【九四被陰逼入觀卦。】

The Zhou Changes (I Ching) says in the Gua of "Pu" (Obstruction), "Its loss, its loss, bound to the bundle of mulberry trees." (Note: A bundle of mulberry trees refers to a cluster of mulberry trees, with strong roots.) The heavens have clarity and turbidity, and the yin energy approaches while the yang energy retreats. The fullness and deficiency of heaven and earth change with the seasons. In a time of danger, this situation will not last long. Once the five phases have been determined, the four seasons proceed in order. (Note: A gentleman in a time of danger remains steadfast, knowing that danger will not last long; as long as he stands firm and does not change his conduct, the time of peace will come.) The upper nine says, "When obstruction reaches its end, it will collapse; how can it last long?" (Note: When obstruction reaches its end, the time of peace comes.) The yin energy continues to grow, thus descending into the Gua of "Guan" (Observation). (Note: The nine four is driven by yin energy into the Gua of "Guan.")

內象陰道已成，威權在臣。雖大觀在上，而陰道浸長。與巽為飛伏。諸侯臨世，【辛未土，壬午火。】反應元士而奉九五。【君位也。】《易》云：“觀國之光，利用賓于王。”【臣道出於六四爻也。】

The inner trigram of the Guan hexagram has formed its yin line, and authority has fallen into the hands of the ministers. Although the nine five line holds the position of "great observation" at the top, the yin energy continues to grow. The Guan hexagram and the Xun hexagram are flying and hidden gods to each other. The world line falls on the fourth line, which is the position of the "princes." (Note: The flying god is Xinwei earth, and the hidden god is Renwu fire.) It corresponds below with the first line, "the original scholar," and above it serves the nine five line, which is the position of the sovereign. (Note: The nine five line is the sovereign's position.) The Zhou Changes (I Ching) says of the sixth four line of the Guan hexagram: "Observing the light of the country, it is advantageous to serve the king." (Note: The way of being a minister is clearly shown by the sixth four line.)

建癸酉至戊寅，陰陽交伏。【秋分至立春。】積算起戊寅至丁丑，周而復始。【用金為首。】金火土互為體。 五星從位起熒惑，【火星入卦用事吉凶。】星宿從位降辛未。【星宿入諸侯宮，木星同位。】土木分氣二十八。【積算分配六位，吉凶爻定數。】陰陽升降，定吉凶成敗。取六四至於九五，成卦之終也。

The establishment of the候 (sovereign) starts from Guiyou and proceeds to Wuyin, with yin and yang interacting and lying hidden. (Note: From autumn equinox to the beginning of spring.) The accumulation of calculations starts from Wuyin and proceeds to Dingchou, then cycles back again. (Note: Starting with metal.) Metal, fire, and earth mutually serve as both substance and function. The five stars take their turn starting with 'Fengmo', which is the planet Mars. (Note: When Mars enters the hexagram, it is in command and determines fortune and misfortune.) The twenty-eight star mansions reach the mansion of Xingxu, which falls on the Xinwei line. (Note: The mansion of Xingxu enters the position of the sovereign, sharing the same position with Jupiter.) The climatic numbers assigned to earth and wood amount to twenty-eight. (Note: The accumulation numbers are distributed across the six lines, and thus the fortune and misfortune of each line are determined.) The rising and falling of yin and yang determine success and failure. Taking the Six in the Fourth and moving up to the Nine in the Fifth, the meaning of the hexagram reaches its conclusion.

《易》云：“觀我生。”【我生即道也。】又云：“風行地上。” 列象分爻，以定陰陽進退之道，吉凶見矣。地上見巽，積陰凝盛，降入於剝。【九五退陰入剝卦。】

The Zhou Changes (I Ching) says in the Guan hexagram: "Observe my way." (Note: "my way" refers to the path one follows.) It also says: "Wind moves over the earth." Arranging the hexagrams and distinguishing the lines are used to determine the principles of yin and yang advancing and retreating, and thus the auspicious and inauspicious outcomes become evident. On the earth, seeing the Xun wind, the accumulated yin energy becomes even heavier and stronger, so it descends into the Bo hexagram. (Note: The Nine in the Fifth retreats to yin and enters the Bo hexagram.)

柔長剛減，天地盈虛。【建戌至建亥。】體象金為本，隨時運變，水土用事。成剝之義，出於上九。《易》云：“碩果不食，君子得輿，小人剝廬。”【君子全得剝道，安其位，小人終不可安也。】與艮為飛伏。【丙子水，壬申金。】天子治世，反應大夫。

The hexagram of Pei (Breaking) shows the increase of yin lines and the decrease of yang lines, clearly illustrating the principle of the fullness and emptiness of heaven and earth. (Note: The establishment of the month starts from the month of Xu to Hai.) The primary hexagram's nature is based on metal, changing with the movement of time, and at this time, water and earth are in charge. The meaning of the hexagram of Pei is established in the line of Nine at the Top. The Zhou Changes (I Ching) says of the line of Nine at the Top in the hexagram of Pei: "Large fruits are not eaten, the gentleman obtains a carriage, the petty person loses his dwelling." (Note: The gentleman fully understands the principle of Pei, thus being content in his position; the petty person will never find peace.) The hexagram of Pei and the hexagram of Gen (Stillness) are mutually flying and hidden gods. (Note: The flying god is water of Bingzi, and the hidden god is metal of Renshen.) The world line is located at the fifth line, the position of the Son of Heaven, and governs, with the second line, the position of the Minister, corresponding below.

建甲戌至己卯，陰陽定候。【寒露至春分。】積算起己卯木至戊寅木，周而復始。【吉凶之兆見於有象。】純土配金用事。 五星從位起鎮星，【土星入卦。】張宿從位降丙子。【張宿入天子宮。】金土分氣三十六。【積算六位起吉凶，天地盈虛氣候。】

The establishment of the候 (seasonal divisions) starts from Jiaxu and proceeds to Jimao, thereby establishing the yin and yang seasonal changes (from Cold Dew to Spring Equinox). The accumulation of numbers begins from Jimao (wood) and proceeds to Wuyin (wood), then cycles back again. (Note: omens of good or bad fortune are revealed through the images of the hexagram lines.) This hexagram uses pure earth paired with metal to govern the affairs. The five stars begin with the planet of the Earth (Jing Xing), (Note: the Earth star enters the hexagram.) the twenty-eight constellations reach the Extended Net mansion, which falls on the Bingzi line. (Note: the Extended Net mansion enters the position of the Son of Heaven.) The climatic numbers of the allocation between metal and earth amount to thirty-six. (Note: the accumulated numbers are distributed among the six lines to produce auspicious or inauspicious signs, clearly showing the full and empty changes of heaven and earth.)

《易、象》云：“山附於地。剝。”君子俟時，不可苟變，存身避害，與時消息。春夏始生，天氣盛大；秋冬嚴殺，天氣消滅。 故當剝道已成，陰盛不可逆，陽息陰專。升降六爻，反為游魂，蕩入晉。【積陰反入晉卦。】

The Image Commentary of the Zhou Changes says: "Mountains attached to the earth, this is the situation of Pei (a hexagram)." At this time, the gentleman should only wait for the right opportunity and must not act rashly, but rather preserve himself and avoid calamities, following the changes of the seasons. In spring and summer, all things begin to grow and flourish, and the energies of heaven and earth are vigorous; in autumn and winter, however, the climate is severe and destructive, and the energies of heaven and earth decline. Therefore, when the situation of Pei has already formed, the yin energy is extremely strong and cannot be resisted, so the yang energy can only retreat and rest, allowing the yin energy to dominate alone. As the six lines continue to rise and fall, they instead transform into the "wandering soul" and move into the hexagram Jin. (Note: The accumulated yin energy reverses and enters the hexagram Jin.)

陰陽返復，進退不居，精粹氣純，是為游魂。【為陰極剝盡，陽道不可盡滅，故返陽道。道不復本位，為游魂例入卦。】金方以火、土運用事，與離為飛伏。【己酉金，丙戌土。】諸侯居世，反應元士。

The hexagram Jin involves the interplay of yin and yang, which move back and forth, leading to uncertain progress and retreat. The essence is pure and concentrated, which is called "you hun" (wandering soul). (Note: When yin energy is stripped to its extreme, yang energy cannot be completely eliminated, so it returns to the yang path; however, upon returning, it does not return to its original position but enters the hexagram according to the pattern of "you hun".) The main hexagram belongs to metal, and at this time, it borrows the power of fire and earth, which are in command. The hexagram Jin and Li (Fire) are mutual flying and hidden gods. (Note: The flying god is Jiyou metal, and the hidden god is Bingxu earth.) The world line is located at the fourth line, which represents the position of a feudal lord, and it corresponds below with the first line, which represents a prime minister.

建己卯至甲申，陰陽繼候。【春分至立秋。】積算起甲申金至癸未土，周而復始。【游魂取象，配於正位，吉凶同矣。】 五星從位起太白，【卦配金星入用。】翼宿從位降己酉金。【翼宿北方，入晉卦行事。】二象分候二十八運，配金土積算。氣候無差於晷刻，吉凶列陳，象在其中矣；天地運轉，氣在其中矣；乾道變化，萬物通矣。【乾分八卦，至大有復卦。】

Heavenly Stems: Jia, Yi, Bing, Ding, Wu, Ji, Geng, Xin, Ren, Gui Earthly Branches: Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, Hai Trigrams: Qian (Heaven), Dui (Lake), Li (Fire), Zhen (Thunder), Xun (Wind), Kan (Water), Gen (Mountain), Kun (Earth) The establishment of the候 (observation period) starts from Ji Mao and proceeds to Jia Shen, with yin and yang following in sequence to form the observation periods. (Note: This covers the period from the Vernal Equinox to the Beginning of Autumn.) The accumulation of calculations starts from Jia Shen (Metal) and proceeds to Gui Wei (Earth), then cycles back again. (Note: Although the wandering soul hexagram is special, its symbolic representation is still aligned with its proper position, and the method of determining fortune and misfortune is the same as for the other hexagrams in the same palace.) The five stars take their turn starting with Tai Bai, which is the planet of Metal, (Note: This hexagram is associated with the planet of Metal.) the twenty-eight mansions reach the Wings Mansion, which falls on the Jia You Metal line. (Note: The Wings Mansion is located in the Northern direction, and it enters the hexagram of Jin (Progress) to carry out its functions.) The internal and external images are assigned to the twenty-eight cycles, paired with Metal and Earth for calculation. The calculation of the climate is precise down to the movement of the gnomon's shadow, with fortune and misfortune clearly arranged within the hexagram; the movement of heaven and earth never ceases, and the vital energy is also contained within it; the transformations of the Heaven's path are never-ending, and all things are thus connected. (Note: The Heaven's path branches out into the Eight Trigrams, reaching the hexagram of Da Yi and returning to its original palace.)

六爻交通，至於六卦，陰陽相資、相返、相剋、相生，至游魂，復歸本位為大有。故曰：“火在天上。” 大有為歸魂卦。定吉凶，配人事，五行。象乾為指歸地。【凡八卦分為八宮，每宮八卦，八八六十四卦。定吉凶，配人事。天地、山澤、草木、日月、昆蟲，包含氣候，足矣。】

Six yao (lines) interact with each other, traversing six resulting hexagrams. In between, yin and yang either support each other, return to each other, control each other, or generate each other. After reaching the state of youhun (wandering soul), it returns to its original position, thus becoming Dali (Great Possession). Therefore, it is said, "Fire in Heaven." Dali is the "returning soul" hexagram. It is used to determine fortune and misfortune, in conjunction with human affairs and the Five Phases. It takes the image of Qian (Heaven), being the final resting place of the Eight Trigrams. (Note: Each of the Eight Trigrams is divided into one palace, each palace governing eight trigrams, totaling sixty-four hexagrams. It is used to determine fortune and misfortune, in conjunction with human affairs, encompassing heaven and earth, mountains and marshes, grass and trees, sun and moon, insects, as well as the climate of a year. It is sufficient for all purposes.)

卦復本宮曰大有。內象見乾是本位。【八卦本從乾宮起，至大有為歸魂。】純金用事，與坤為飛伏。【甲辰土，乙卯木。】三公臨世，應上九為宗廟。 建戊寅至癸未，【立春正月至大暑時也。】積算起癸未土至壬午火，周而復始。【吉凶與乾卦同用。】

The hexagram returns to its original palace, which is called Da You. The inner trigram meets Qian, which is the original position of this palace. (Note: The eight trigrams begin with the Qian palace, and reaching Da You signifies returning to the original palace.) This hexagram uses pure metal as the ruling element, and it mutually relates with the Kun trigram as flying and hidden gods. (Note: The flying god is Jiachen earth, and the hidden god is Yimao wood.) The world line is located at the third line, which is the position of the Three Grand Ministers, corresponding with the top line, the Ancestral Temple. The establishment of the official starts from Wuyin and proceeds to Guiwei, (Note: From the beginning of the first lunar month, Start of Spring, to the beginning of the sixth lunar month, Great Heat.) the accumulation calculation starts from Guiwei (earth) and proceeds to Renwu (fire), continuing in a cycle. (Note: The method of determining fortune and misfortune is the same as in the Qian hexagram.)

五星從位起太陰，【太陰水星入卦用事。】軫宿從位降甲辰。【二十八宿分軫星入大有卦用事，行度吉凶可見。】金土分象三十六候，配陰陽升降。六位相蕩，返復其道。【復歸本位也。】吉凶度數與乾卦同分。

The five planets begin their cycle from "Taiyin" (which refers to the planet Mercury, entering the hexagram and governing the current situation). Among the twenty-eight constellations, the Chariot mansion (Zhen宿) comes into effect, falling on the Jiachen hexagram line. (Note: Among the twenty-eight constellations, the Zhen star is separated and enters the Dàyǒu hexagram to govern the current situation; from its movement and degree, one can discern fortune and misfortune.) The climate associated with metal and earth is divided into thirty-six periods, used to coordinate with the rising and falling of yin and yang. The six positions of the hexagrams interact and clash with each other, eventually returning to their original positions. (Note: This means returning to their original place.) The degrees of fortune and misfortune are divided in the same way as the Qian hexagram.

六五陰柔，為日，照于四方，象天行健。【六龍御天。】少者為多之所宗，六五為尊也。【柔處尊位，以柔履剛，以陰處陽，能柔順於物，萬物歸附，故曰：照于四方。】 《易》曰：“火在天上，大有。”【離為火、為日，故曰大有。】陰陽交錯，萬物通焉。陰退陽伏，返本也。乾象分蕩八卦，入大有終也。 乾生三男，次入震宮八卦。【乾生三男，坤生三女。陽以陽，陰以陰，求奇耦定數於象也。】

Six in the fifth position holds a noble position with a yin and flexible nature, symbolizing the sun shining in all directions, while the outer trigram still represents the heaven's vigorous and strong movement. (Note: This is referred to as 'six dragons governing the heavens.') The lesser aspect becomes the object of reverence of the greater, so although six in the fifth is flexible, it attains a noble position. (Note: To hold a noble position with flexibility, to control the strong with flexibility, to be yin in a yang position, one can be gentle and accommodating towards things, and thus all things come to be attached, hence it is said 'shining in all directions.') The Zhou Changes say: 'Fire in the heavens, great abundance.' (Note: Because Li represents fire and the sun, it is called great abundance.) Yin and yang intermingle, thus enabling all things to be connected. As the yin energy withdraws and the yang energy retreats, it returns to its origin. The trigram Qian differentiates and spreads out to form a group of eight trigrams, and at great abundance, this process concludes. Qian gives rise to the three male trigrams Zhen, Kan, and Gen, and then enters the group of trigrams in the Zhen palace. (Note: Qian gives rise to three male trigrams, and Kun gives rise to three female trigrams; yang seeks yang and yin seeks yin, thus determining the odd and even numbers in the trigram images.)

分陰陽，交互用事。屬於木德，取象為雷，出自東方。震有聲，故曰雷。雷能警於萬物，為發生之始，故取東也。為動之主，為生之本。《易、繫》云：“帝出乎震。”【安為動主，靜為躁君。】與巽為飛伏。【庚戌土，辛卯木。】宗廟處上六。【陰為陽之主，震動。動須由陰陽交互，震動也。】

The Zhen hexagram distinguishes yin and yang, and is used in mutual interaction. It belongs to the wood virtue and is symbolized by thunder, originating from the east. Thunder produces sound, hence it is called thunder. Thunder can awaken all things, marking the beginning of the emergence of all things, thus it is associated with the eastern position. It is the master of movement and the fundamental source of vitality. The Zhou Yi says: "The Emperor arises from Zhen." (Note: What can stabilize is the master of movement, and what can remain calm is the ruler of restlessness.) Zhen and Xun hexagrams are mutually flying and hidden gods. (Note: The flying god is Gengxu earth, and the hidden god is Xinmao wood.) The world line is located at the position of "Ancestral Temple" (Six at the Top). (Note: Yin is actually the master of yang, so Zhen can move; movement must arise from the mutual interaction of yin and yang, which is called a tremor.)

運數入丙子至辛巳，【大雪至小滿。】積算起辛巳至庚辰土宮，配吉凶，周而復始。【吉凶配木官，以土用事。】 五星從位起歲星，【木星入卦用事。】角宿從位降庚戌土。【庚戌入震用事，臨上六爻，庚戌土位為元首。】內外木土二象，俱震。

The cycle begins from Bingzi and proceeds to Xinsi, (note: from Heavy Snow to Small Heat.) The accumulated calculation starts from Xinsi and proceeds to Gengchen, according to which the fortune and misfortune are determined, and the cycle continues. (note: although the fortune and misfortune are associated with the wood official爻, the earth is the current ruling element.) The five stars start with the "Year Star," which is the planet Jupiter, (note: Jupiter entering the hexagram is the current ruling element.) the twenty-eight mansions reach the Horn mansion, which falls on the Gengxu earth爻. (note: Gengxu enters the Zhen hexagram and is in the position of the sixth line; Gengxu, as the earth position, is the head of the entire hexagram.) Both internal and external aspects show wood and earth, while upper and lower are both Zhen.

《易》曰：“震驚百里。”又云：“畏鄰戒也。”【震為雷，聲驚於百里，春發秋收，順天行也。取象定吉凶。】取象為陽，配爻屬陰，故曰：陰陽交錯而為震。 氣候分數三十六。定吉凶於頃刻，毫釐之末，無不通也，無不備也。【定陰陽數，考人之休咎，起於積算，終於六位也。】 陰陽交互，陽為陰，陰為陽，陰陽二氣蕩而為象，故初九三陰為豫。【入豫卦。】

The Zhou Changes (I Ching) says of the Zhen hexagram: "The thunder causes alarm over a hundred li." It also says: "A warning to the neighbors." (Note: Zhen represents thunder, whose sound can alarm over a hundred li; spring occurrences and autumn collections both follow the way of heaven. Thus, by taking these images, one determines fortune and misfortune.) Zhen takes the image of yang, but the assigned world line is yin, so it is said that yin and yang intermingle to form Zhen. The assigned climate number is thirty-six. It can determine fortune and misfortune in an instant, with nothing small or incomplete left unnoticed. (Note: Determining the numbers of yin and yang, examining human fortune and misfortune, begins with accumulated calculations and ends at the six lines.) Yin and yang interact and move, yang can become yin, and yin can become yang. The two energies collide and form the hexagram. Thus, the first line changes, and the image of three yins is formed, resulting in the Yu hexagram. (Note: Entering the Yu hexagram.)

卦配水火木，以為陽用事。《易》云：“利建侯行師。”又云：“天地以順動，故日月不過，四時不忒。【坤順震動。】聖人以順動，則刑罰清而民服。”與坤為飛伏。【乙未土，庚子水。】世立元士為地，易奉九四為正正。

The Yu hexagram is associated with water, fire, and wood energies, with yang lines in command. The Zhou Changes say: "It is advantageous to establish princes and march with troops." It also says: "Heaven and Earth move in accordance with order, so the sun and moon move without deviation, and the four seasons change without disorder. (Note: The Earthly element is flexible and obedient, while the Thunder element initiates action.) The sage acts in accordance with reason, so punishments are clear and the people are loyal." The Yu hexagram and the Kun hexagram are mutually flying and hidden gods. (Note: The flying god is Yiwei earth, and the hidden god is Gengzi water.) The world line is positioned at the first line, "Original Scholar," symbolizing the earth, and looks up to the ninth fourth line as the proper response.

建丁丑至壬午，【大寒至芒種。】積算起壬午至辛巳，以六爻定吉凶，周而復始。【火土算休咎。】 五星從位起熒惑，【熒惑火星入卦用事。】亢宿從位降乙未土，【亢宿配乙未土。】上木下見土，內順外動，故為悅豫。

Heavenly Stems: Jia, Yi, Bing, Ding, Wu, Ji, Geng, Xin, Ren, Gui Earthly Branches: Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, Hai Trigrams: Qian (Heaven), Dui (Lake), Li (Fire), Zhen (Thunder), Xun (Wind), Kan (Water), Gen (Mountain), Kun (Earth) The establishment of the候 (候) begins from Dingchou and proceeds to Renwu, (note: from Great Cold to Grain in Ear.) The accumulation of calculations starts from Renwu and proceeds to Xinsi, using the Six Lines to determine fortune and misfortune, continuing in a cycle. (note: using fire and earth to calculate fortune and misfortune.) The five planets take their turn starting with 'Flame Star' (Flame Star is Mars, entering the trigram and governing it.) The twenty-eight constellations reach the Neck mansion, descending upon the Yiwei earth line, (note: the Neck mansion is perfectly matched with Yiwei earth.) The upper trigram belongs to wood, the lower trigram shows earth, internally gentle and externally active, thus called harmonious and tranquil.

時有屯夷，事非一揆，爻象適時，有凶有吉。人之生世，亦復如斯。或逢治世，或逢亂時，出處存亡，其道皆係。《易》云：“大矣哉。” 陰陽升降，分數二十八，極大小之數，以定吉凶之道。【積算壬午入乙未推吉凶。】

At times, circumstances are difficult, and at other times they are smooth; worldly affairs do not follow a single standard. The hexagram images change with the times, hence there are both misfortune and fortune. Human life is the same: some people encounter a well-governed era, while others face a chaotic one. Whether to take office or retreat, to survive or perish, all depends on this. The Commentary on the Judgment of the Yu hexagram in The Zhou Changes thus exclaims: "How great it is!" Yin and yang rise and fall, moving in cycles, and the number of climatic influences is twenty-eight. By exhausting the extremes of small and large numbers, the principles for determining fortune and misfortune are established. (Note: Using accumulated calculations from Renwu to Yiwei to determine fortune and misfortune.)

豫以陽適陰為內順，成卦之義，在於九四一爻。以陽蕩陰，君子之道，變之於解。【豫卦以陰入陽，成九四之德。變入解卦，陽入陰，成解之德。】

The hexagram Yu is characterized by a yang line approaching a yin line, hence the inner trigram is gentle and compliant. The key to forming the hexagram lies entirely in the line nine in the fourth position. Using yang to move and influence yin represents the way of the gentleman, and then it transforms into the hexagram Xie. (Note: The hexagram Yu is formed by incorporating yang into yin, achieving the virtue of the line nine in the fourth position; transforming into the hexagram Xie involves yang entering yin, achieving the virtue of the hexagram Xie.)

陰陽積氣，聚散以時，內險外動，必散。《易》云：“解者，散也。”解也，品彙甲拆，雷雨交作，【震雷坎雨。】積氣運動，天地剖判。成卦之義在於九二，與坎為飛伏。【戊辰土，庚寅木。】立大夫於世為人，而六五降應，委權命於庶品。

The accumulation and dispersion of yin and yang energies occur at their respective times; the inner trigram indicates a dangerous situation while the outer trigram represents movement, and movement inevitably leads to dispersion. The Zhou Changes say: "Dispersal is the meaning of the hexagram." Once dispersed, all things begin to break through their shells and sprout, with thunder and rain arising together (note: Zhen represents thunder, Kan represents rain). The accumulated energy begins to move, and thus the heavens and earth are divided. The key to forming the hexagram lies in the line nine in the second position. The hexagram of Dispersal and the hexagram of坎 (Water) are mutually flying and hidden gods (note: the flying god is Wuchen earth, the hidden god is Gengyin wood). The world line is positioned at the second line, representing a "doufu" (a title), and it symbolizes a person. The line six in the fifth descends to correspond with it, entrusting authority and governance to the common people.

建戊寅至癸未，【立春至大暑。】推吉凶於陰陽，定運數於歲時。積算起癸未至壬午，周而復始。【土火入數起宮。】 五星從位起鎮星，【鎮星土位。】氐宿從位降戊辰。【氐宿入戊辰。】木下見水，動而險。陰陽會散，萬物通焉。

The establishment of the候 (monitor) starts from Wuyin and proceeds to Guiwei, (note: from the beginning of spring to the great heat.) From the principle of yin and yang, the fortune is determined, and the years and months are used to calculate the cycles. The accumulation begins from Guiwei and proceeds to Renwu, then cycles back again. (note: starting from the numbers of earth and fire to determine the palace.) The five stars begin with the planet of Zhenxing, (note: Zhenxing belongs to the earth position.) Among the twenty-eight mansions, the mansion of Di is reached, and it falls on the Wuchen line. (note: the mansion of Di enters Wuchen.) Below the wood there is water, and movement meets danger. The energies of yin and yang either meet or separate, thus enabling all things to communicate.

升降屬陽蕩陰，以陽為尊。尊者高而卑者低。變六三為九三恆卦。分氣候定數，極位於三十六。【金水入數，合卦成數，定日月時。】 變坎入巽，居內象為雷風，運動鼓吹萬物，謂之恆。【入恆卦。】

The movement of rising and falling belongs to the yang that agitates the yin, with yang being superior. The superior resides high, while the inferior is low. When the six in the third changes to nine in the third, it becomes the hexagram of constancy. The allocation of climatic constants reaches the position of thirty-six. (Note: The numbers of metal and water enter the hexagram, forming the hexagram number, from which the day, month, and hour are determined.) When kan changes to xun, it resides in the inner trigram, forming the image of thunder above and wind below, which moves and gently blows all things, thus achieving longevity, which is called constancy. (Note: Entering the hexagram of constancy.)

久於其道，立於天地；雷與風行，陰陽相得；尊卑定矣。號令發，而萬物生焉。【萬物得其道也，生者。道，一作進也。】雷風行，而四方齊也。【齊者整齊。】與巽為飛伏。【辛酉金，庚辰土。】三公治世，應於上六宗廟。【宗廟爻。】

Heavenly constancy means maintaining the right path and standing between heaven and earth; thunder and wind move together, yin and yang complement each other, and the positions of respect and humility are thus established. When the command is issued, all things grow from this. (Note: All things follow their proper way in order to grow. The character '道' is sometimes written as '进'.) Thunder moves and wind travels, thus bringing order to all directions. (Note: '齐' means order.) The hexagram of Constancy and the hexagram of Wind are mutually flying and hidden. (Note: The flying god is Xinyou metal, and the hidden god is Gengchen earth.) The world line is located at the third line, the position of the 'Three High Officials,' and governs, corresponding with the sixth line at the top, the 'Ancestral Temple.' (Note: The sixth line is the爻 of the Ancestral Temple.)

建己卯至甲申，【春分至立秋。】金木起度數，積算起甲申至癸未，周而復始。【金木入宮。】 五星從位起太白，【太白金星入卦用事。】房宿從位降辛酉。【房宿入卦，立秋用。】上下二象見木，分陰陽於內外。【內巽陰，外震陽。】氣候分數三十八。【金木入卦分節候。】九三至於陽屯之位，不順所履，無定其位。【恆者，常也。而九三以陽居位，立於陰陽交互之上，是知不久為[缺]所然[缺]。】

Heavenly Stems: Jia, Yi, Bing, Ding, Wu, Ji, Geng, Xin, Ren, Gui Earthly Branches: Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, Hai Trigrams: Qian (Heaven), Dui (Lake), Li (Fire), Zhen (Thunder), Xun (Wind), Kan (Water), Gen (Mountain), Kun (Earth) The establishment of the侯 (Hou) starts from Ji-Mao and proceeds to Jia-Shen, (note: from the spring equinox to the beginning of autumn.) using metal and wood to count the numbers, accumulating calculations starting from Jia-Shen and proceeding to Gui-Wei, then repeating the cycle. (note: metal and wood enter their respective trigrams.) The five stars take their turn starting with Tai Bai, (note: Tai Bai, the golden star, enters the trigram and begins to exert its influence.) the twenty-eight constellations reach the Room Mansion, falling on the Xin You line. (note: the Room Mansion enters the trigram and begins to exert its influence at the beginning of autumn.) Both upper and lower images show wood, but within and outside they distinguish yin and yang. (note: the inner trigram Xun belongs to yin, the outer trigram Zhen belongs to yang.) The assigned climate number is thirty-eight. (note: metal and wood enter the trigram, and based on this, the seasonal periods are divided.) The Nine in the Third ascends to the position where yang energy gathers, but its movement is not smooth, and its position remains unstable. (note: 'Heng' means constant; since the Nine in the Third is a yang line occupying a position, and it is located at the junction of yin and yang, it is known that it cannot be constant—here the original text is missing one character.)

《易》云：“不恆其德，或承之羞。”陰陽升降，反於陰。君道漸進，臣下爭權，運及於升。【次降入升卦。】

The Zhou Changes (I Ching) says of the ninth line in the Hexagram of Constancy: "If one does not maintain a constant virtue, one may suffer disgrace." Yin and yang rise and fall, moving back and forth, and return to yin. The ruler's way gradually advances, but the ministers contend for power, and the fortune shifts to the Hexagram of Ascending. (Note: It then transitions into the Hexagram of Ascending.)