Chapter Thirty-Four: On the Passes and Borders of the Four Barbarian Regions

經曰：關塞者，地之要害也。設險守固，所以乖蠻隔夷，內諸夏而外夷狄，尊衣冠禮樂之國，卑氊裘毳服之長，是以荒要侯甸從此別矣。

The Classic states: strategic passes and strongholds are critical points in the terrain. By establishing natural barriers and holding them firmly, one can keep the barbarians outside, treating the Central States as the interior and the夷狄 as the exterior. It esteems the civilized states with their clothing and rituals, and looks down upon the tribal chieftains who wear felt and animal hair. Therefore, the territorial divisions mentioned in the Book of Documents, the Yu Gong, such as the remote lands, the distant lands, the vassal lands, and the nearest lands, are distinguished from here.

關內道：自京西出塞門鎭，經朔方節度，去西京一千三百五十里，去東京二千里，關五原塞表。匈奴之故地，以渾邪部落為臯蘭都督府，斛律部落為高關州，渾卜焦部落為浚稽州，魯麗塞下置六胡州，黨項十四拓拔、舍利、僕固、野剎、桑乾、節子等部落牧其原野。

The Inner Pass Route: Starting from the western capital Chang'an, it goes west through the塞门 town, passing through the territory of the Shuofang Circuit Governor, covering a distance of 1,350 li from the western capital and 2,000 li from the eastern capital Luoyang. The pass is located outside the Wuyuan Pass. This area was the former territory of the Xiongnu. The court established the Gaolan Military Governor's Office using the Hunye tribe, the Gao Guan State using the Huli tribe, and the Xunjiji State using the Hunbu Jiao tribe. Six Hu States were set up below the Lüli Pass. The fourteen tribes of the Dangxiang, as well as the Tuoba, Shelì, Pugǔ, Yeshā, Sanggan, and Jiezǐ tribes, graze on the plains in this region.

黃河北道：安北舊去西京五千二百里，西京六千六百里；今移在永清，去西京二千七百里，東京三千四百里，關大漠以北。回紇部落為瀚海都督府，多覽部落為燕然都督府，思結部落為盧山都督府，同羅、拔拽古部落為幽陵都督府，同羅部落為龜林都督府，匐利羽為稽田州，奚結部落為雞鹿州，道歷陰山、羊那山、龍門山、牛頭山、鐵勒山、北庭山、眞檀山、木刺山、諾眞山，涉黑沙道，入十姓部故居地。

The Yellow River Northern Route: The former site of the Anbei Commandery was 5,200 li west of the Western Capital and 6,600 li west of the Eastern Capital (the latter part of the original text still reads 'Western Capital,' which should be 'Eastern Capital'). Now the capital has been moved to Yongqing, which is 2,700 li west of the Western Capital and 3,400 li west of the Eastern Capital, with the pass located north of the Great Desert. The court established the Hanhai Commandery under the Huige tribe, the Yanyan Commandery under the Duolán tribe, the Lushan Commandery under the Sijie tribe, the Youling Commandery under the Tongluo and Bajiegu tribes, and the Guilin Commandery under the Tongluo tribe. It also set up the Jitian State under the Fuliyu tribe and the Jilu State under the Xijie tribe. This route passes through Yinsi Mountain, Yangna Mountain, Longmen Mountain, Niutou Mountain, Tieluo Mountain, Beiting Mountain, ZhenTan Mountain, Mucasi Mountain, and Nuozhen Mountain, crosses the Heisha Desert, and enters the former territory of the Ten Tribes of the Tujue.

河東道：自京西東出蒲律關，經太原，抵河東節度，去西京二千七十五里，去東京一千六百四十五里，關榆林塞北。以頡利左渠故地置定襄都督府，管等六州。以右渠地置雲中都督府，管阿史那等五州。道歷三川口，入三山母谷，道通室韋大落泊，東入奚，西入默啜故地。

The He Dong Dao: Starting from the Western Capital and heading east through the Pu Li Gate, passing through Tai Yuan, reaching the territory of the He Dong Circuit, it is two thousand and seventy-five li from the Western Capital and one thousand six hundred and forty-five li from the Eastern Capital. The pass is located north of the Yu Lin Pass. The court established the Ding Xiang Military Governor's Office in the former territory of the left wing of the Tujue Jie Li Khan, governing six states; and the Yun Zhong Military Governor's Office in the former territory of the right wing, governing five states including A Shina. This route passes through San Chuan Kou, enters San Shan Mu Valley, connects to Da Luo Bo in the Da Wei region, heading east into the territory of the Xi people, and heading west into the former territory of the Mo Chuo Khan.

隴右道：自西京出大鎭關，經隴西節度，去西京一千四百里，去東京一千二百七十五里，南出，關黨項雜羌，置據叢鱗可等四十州，分隸緣邊等諸州，西距吐番，去西京一萬二千里，北去鳳林關，度黃河西南，入鬱標、柳谷、彰豪、清海、大非海、鳥海、小非海、星海、泊悅海、萬海、白海、魚海，入吐番。

The Lóngyòu Dao: Starting from the Western Capital, passing through the major town of Guan, and going through the territory of the Lóngxī Circuit Governor, it is 1,400 li away from the Western Capital and 1,275 li away from the Eastern Capital. Going south out of the pass, outside the pass lies the Dàngxiàng people and various mixed-dwelling Qiang tribes. The court established forty states here named Jù, Cóng, Lín, Kě, etc., each belonging to the border states. Going west directly reaches the Tubo, which is 12,000 li away from the Western Capital; going north through the Fènglín Pass, crossing the Yellow River and heading southwest, passing through Yùbiāo, Liǔgǔ, Zhāngháo, Qīnghǎi, Dàfēi Hǎi, Niǎo Hǎi, Xiǎofēi Hǎi, Xīng Hǎi, Pōyuè Hǎi, Wànhǎi, Bái Hǎi, Yú Hǎi, and entering the Tubo.

河西道：自京西西北出蕭關、金城關，自河西節度，去西京二千一十里，去東京二千八百十一里，〈○此句原脫，依文瀾閣本補。〉北海、抵日亭海、彌娥山、獨洛河道，入九姓十箭三屈故居地。

The Hexi Road: From the Western Capital, heading northwest through Xiao Pass and Jincheng Pass, proceeding northward through the territory of the Hexi Circuit Governor, a distance of two thousand and eleven li from the Western Capital and two thousand eight hundred and eleven li from the Eastern Capital (note: the phrase 'to the Eastern Capital' was originally missing and has been supplemented according to the Wenlan Pavilion edition). Heading north, it passes through the Northern Sea, reaching the area along the Riting Sea, Mie Mountain, and Duluo River, entering the former territories of the nine tribes, ten arrows, and three bends of the Turkic people.

北庭道：自北京西出，經河西節度，出玉門關，涉河關、菖蒲海東出，高昌故地置西州，以突厥處密部落為瑤池都督府，以雜種故胡地部落為庭州、為北庭都護，去西京一千七百五十六里，去東京六千八百七十六里，北抵播塞厥海、長海、關海、曲地。以突結骨部落置堅昆都督府，管拘勃都督府，為燭龍州，北抵瀚海，去西京二萬餘里。

The Northern Circuit: Starting from Beijing's Taiyuan Prefecture, heading west through the territory of the Western Circuit Governor, exiting the Yumen Pass, crossing the He Gate, and emerging from the east side of Changpu Sea. In the old territory of Gaochang, the Western State was established. The Jiemu tribe of the Turkic people was set up as the Yaochi Governorate, and the various tribes in the old lands of the mixed races were established as the Tingzhou and the Northern Circuit Governorate. It was 1,756 li away from the Western Capital and 6,876 li away from the Eastern Capital. To the north, it reached Boseju Sea, Chang Sea, Guan Sea, and Qudi. Additionally, the Jiegǔ tribe of the Turkic people was established as the Jiankun Governorate, governing the Jubu Governorate, known as Zhulong Prefecture. To the north, it extended directly to the瀚海, being 20,000 li away from the Western Capital.

安西道：自西京出涉交河，出鐵門關，至安西節度，去西京八千五十里，去東京八千八百五十里，路入疏勒、鄢耆、碎葉、於闐、黑海、雪海、大宛、月支、康居、大夏、奄蔡、黎軒、條支、烏孫等國。

The Anxi Circuit: Starting from the Western Capital, crossing the Jiaohe River, passing through the Iron Gate Pass, reaching the territory of the Anxi Circuit Governor, it is 8,050 li from the Western Capital and 8,850 li from the Eastern Capital. Along the way, one can enter the countries of Shule, Yanqi, Shuifan, Yutian, Black Sea, Snow Sea, Dawan, Yuezhi, Kangju, Daxia, Yancai, Lixuan, Tiaozhi, Wusun, and others.

劒南道：自東京西南出大散關，經甘亭關、百牢關，越劒門關、松嶺關，至劒南節度，去西京二千三百七十里，去東京三千二四十六里。出蠶涯關，過筰道雜羌六十四州，分列山谷路，入吐蕃。南出邛僰，〈○「分列」下九字原脫，依文瀾閣本補。〉開通越巂，度瀘河、雲南關，西南徼外雜蠻置冉蒙、弄覽六十州，路入甘河、夜郎、滇池、身毒、五天竺國，去西京三萬五千里。

The Jiannan Circuit: From the eastern capital, heading southwest through the Da San Pass, passing the Gan Ting Pass and Bai Lao Pass, crossing the Jianmen Pass and Song Ling Pass, to reach the territory of the Jiannan Circuit Governor, which is 2,370 li away from the western capital and 3,246 li away from the eastern capital. Leaving the Can Ya Pass, passing through the Zuo Dao region where there are sixty-four states of the miscellaneous Qiang people, these states are scattered along the valleys and roads, from which one can enter Tubo. Heading south through Qiong and Bo regions (note: the text originally lacked nine characters after 'arranged', which has been supplemented according to the Wenlan Pavilion edition), opening the Yue Xi route, crossing the Lu Water, passing through Yunnan Pass; beyond the southwest frontier, the miscellaneous Miao regions have sixty states named Ranhong and Nonglan, along the way one can enter Ganhe, Yelang, Dianchi, Shendu, and the five Buddhist countries, which are 35,000 li away from the western capital.

范陽道：自西京出潼關，至范陽節度，去西京二千五百二十里，去東京一千六百八十六里，北去居庸關、盧龍關塞外東胡故地。以契丹蕃長置饒察都督府，回紇五部落分為五州，以白霫部落為居延州，黑霫部落為寘顏州，北至烏羅渾，去西京一萬五千里。

Fan Yang said: From the western capital, passing through Tong Pass, arriving at the territory of the Fan Yang military governor, it is 2,520 li from the western capital and 1,686 li from the eastern capital. Going north through Ju Yong Pass and Lu Long Pass, one reaches the old land of the eastern Hu tribes beyond the frontier. The court established the Rao Cha Military Governor's Office with the chieftain of the Khitan tribes, divided the five tribes of the Huihe into five states, established the Juyan State with the Bai Xie tribe, and the Zhiyan State with the Hei Xie tribe. To the north, it reaches the Wuhu region, which is 15,000 li from the western capital.

平盧道：自西京經范陽節度東，至榆林關，至平盧〈○此下舊抄本並脫，以文瀾閣本、參張刻本補。〉節度，去西京二千七百里，去東京三千里，抵安東，渡遼水路，接奚、契丹、室韋、勃海、靺鞨、高麗、黑水。

Pinglu Dao: From the Western Capital, passing through the Fanyang Circuit's territory to the east, reaching Yulin Pass, then arriving at the Pinglu Circuit's territory (note: from here downwards, the old copy is missing, now supplemented according to the Wenlan Pavilion edition and referring to the Zhang edition), a distance of 2,700 li from the Western Capital, 3,000 li from the Eastern Capital, arriving at the Andong Protectorate; this route crosses the Liao River, connecting the Xie, Qidan, Shiwéi, Beihai, Mòhé, GaoLi, and Heishui tribes.

嶺南道：自西京南出藍田關，涉漢江，越大庾嶺，經南海節度，去西京五千六百里，去東京四千二百七十里，路入銅柱、林邑、九眞、日南、高眞臘、銅勒、交趾等國。

The Lingnan Circuit: Starting from the Western Capital, heading south through Lantian Pass, crossing the Han River, traversing the Deyu Ridge, passing through the territory of the Nanhai Circuit Governor, it is 5,600 li from the Western Capital and 4,270 li from the Eastern Capital. Along the way, one can enter countries such as Tungzhu, Linyi, Jiuzhen, Rinnan, Gaozhenla, Tongle, and Jiaozhi.

河南道：自西京出潼關，經東萊節度，去西京二千七百六十里，去東京一千八百五十三里。東涉滄海，距熊律都督府北濟國，又東抵雞林都督府新羅國，又東南經利磨國屬羅，涉海達倭國，一名日本。其海行不計裡數。

The He Nan Dao: Starting from the Western Capital, passing through the Tong Pass, and going through the territory of the Eastern Laie Circuit, it is 2,760 li from the Western Capital and 1,853 li from the Eastern Capital. Going east across the Bohai Sea, one can reach the Bear Law Governor's Office located in the Northern Ji Guo, then proceeding further east to reach the Ji Lin Governor's Office in the new state of Silla. Continuing southeast through the Li Mo state and the Su Luo, one crosses the sea to reach the倭 state, also known as Japan. The distance of this sea route cannot be measured.

經曰：善守者，藏於九地之下；善攻者，動於九天之上。人所不見謂之九地，見所不及謂之九天。是故墨翟縈帶為垣，公輸造飛雲之梯，無所施其巧。所謂善守者，敵不知其所攻；善攻者，敵不知其所守。守而必固者，守其所不攻；攻而必取者，攻其所不守。孫武子曰：「具器械，三月而後成；拒城闉，三月而後已。」其攻守之具，古今不同。今約便事而用之。

The classic text says: Those skilled in defense conceal their forces beneath the Jiudi; those skilled in attack deploy their forces above the Jiu Tian. What others cannot see is called the Jiudi, and what is visible but unattainable is called the Jiu Tian. Therefore, in the past, Mo Di was able to surround a city with a wall made of a belt, while Gong Shu Pan's invention of the Fei Yun Ti (cloud ladder) could not be effectively used. What is meant by good defense is making the enemy unsure where to attack; what is meant by good attack is making the enemy unsure where to defend. Defense is sure because it guards against the places the enemy does not attack; attack is certain because it strikes at the places the enemy has no defense. The Sun Tzu Bing Fa says: "Preparation of siege equipment takes three months; building up earth into a hill and approaching the city walls also takes three months to complete." The tools used for attack and defense have varied through the ages, but today we select those that are most practical to use.

轒轀車，四輪，車上以繩為脊，犀皮蒙之，下藏十人，塡隍推之，直抵城下，可以攻掘，金木火石所不能及。

The "Hunwen chariot" has four wheels, with a framework made of ropes on top, covered with rhinoceros hide. Ten people can hide underneath. It can be used to fill in moats and advance towards the city walls, allowing the people underneath to dig into the walls. Enemies' weapons, wooden and stone projectiles, and fire attacks cannot harm those inside the chariot.

飛雲梯，以大木為床，下置六輪，上立雙牙。有栝梯，長一丈二尺；有四梲，相去三尺。勢微曲遞，互相栝飛於雲間，以窺城中。其上城首冠雙轆轤，〈○原本誤重「雙」字，依《通典》百六十引此文刪。〉枕城而上。

The Flying Cloud Ladder: It is made with a large wooden base, with six wheels underneath, and two upright wooden posts on top. The ladder body has grooves for interlocking sections, each section being twelve chi long. There are also four short crossbars, spaced three chi apart. The ladder is slightly curved, with each section connected in sequence, interlocking and rising high into the clouds, used for spying into the city. The end of the ladder that is placed on top of the city wall has two winches (note: the original text mistakenly repeated the character 'double'; this has been corrected based on the reference in the "Comprehensive典" volume 160), which can be mounted on the city wall to allow climbing up.

砲車，以大木為床，下安四輪，上建雙陛，陛間橫栝，中立獨竿，首如桔橰狀，其竿高下長短大小，〈○原本「竿」上誤衍「高」字，依《通典》刪。〉以城為準。竿首以窠盛石小大多少，隨竿力所制，人挽其端而投之。其車推轉逐便而用之，亦可埋腳著地而用。其旋風四腳，亦隨事用之。

The "Pao Che" (Bombard Cart): It is made with a large wooden base, with four wheels underneath. Two vertical pillars are erected on top, with a horizontal wooden beam spanning between them. In the center, a single pole is erected, and at the top of the pole is a structure resembling a water-lifting lever. The height, length, and size of the pole are determined according to the height of the city wall it is intended to attack. At the top of the pole, a wooden basket is attached to hold the stone projectiles. The size and quantity of the stones depend on the throwing power of the pole, which is operated by pulling on the other end to launch the stones. This vehicle can be pushed around for mobility and can be used flexibly, or its wheels can be buried into the ground for fixed use. There is also a "Xuanfeng Pao" (Whirlwind Bombard) with a four-legged frame, which can be used as an alternative depending on the situation.

車弩，為軸轉車，車上定十二石弩弓，以鐵鈎連軸，車行軸轉，引弩持滿，弦掛牙上。弩為七衢：中衢大箭一簇，長七寸，圍五寸；箭笴長三尺，圍五寸；以鐵葉為羽。左右各三箭，次差小於中箭，其牙一發，諸箭皆起，及七百步所中，城壘無不崩潰，樓櫓亦顚墜。〈○張刻本無此句，今依文瀾閣本。〉

The vehicle弩 is constructed with a rotating axle, and a弩 bow of twelve stone strength is fixed on the vehicle. The弩 string is connected to the axle with an iron hook. As the vehicle moves, the axle rotates, drawing the string taut. The string is hung on the弩 tooth. The body of the弩 is divided into seven arrow slots: the central slot is larger for a heavy arrow, with the arrowhead seven inches long and five inches in circumference; the arrow shaft is three feet long and five inches in circumference, with iron plates serving as arrow fletchings. On either side, three arrows are placed, each slightly smaller than the central one. When the弩 tooth is triggered, all arrows are shot out simultaneously. The range can reach up to seven hundred paces. Any city walls or fortifications struck by the arrows will collapse, and enemy watchtowers and platforms will also fall. (Note: This sentence is not present in the Zhang edition, and is retained according to the Wenlan Pavilion edition.)

尖頭轤，以木為脊，長一丈，徑一尺五寸，下安六腳，下闊而上尖，高七尺，可容六人。以濕牛皮蒙之，人蔽其下，〈○「人蔽」二字原倒，依《通典》乙轉。〉共昇直抵城下，木石金火不能及，用攻其城。〈○張刻本無此句，今依文瀾閣本。〉

Pointed wooden beam: made of wood, one chi and five cun in diameter, one zhang in length, with six legs at the bottom. The lower part is wide and the upper part is pointed and sharp, seven chi in height, capable of accommodating six people. The outside is covered with wet cowhide, and people hide underneath it. They carry it straight to the city wall, and it is not harmed by wooden projectiles, stones, metal weapons, or fire attacks. It is used for attacking the city. (Note: The words 'person hide' in the original text are reversed, corrected according to the 'Tongdian'.) (Note: This sentence is missing in the Zhang edition, and is retained according to the Wenlan Pavilion edition.)

土山，於城外堆土為山，乘城而上。

Earth Mountain: Building a hill of earth outside the city to ascend the city wall by its height.

地道，鑿地為道，行於城下，因攻其城。每一丈建柱，以防崩陷，復積薪於柱間而燒之，柱折城崩。

The earth method involves digging a tunnel to reach beneath the city walls to attack the city. For every ten feet dug, a pillar is erected to prevent collapse. Once the tunnel reaches the foundation of the city wall,柴薪 is piled between the pillars and set on fire. As the pillars burn through, the city wall collapses.

板屋，以八輪車，車上樹高竿，上安轆轤，以繩挽板屋上竿首，以窺城中。板屋〈○此九字文瀾閣本脫去，今依張刻。〉高五尺，方四尺，有十二孔，四面列布，車可進退圍城而行於營中，遠望謂之巢車，狀若鳥巢。

Board house: using an eight-wheeled cart, a tall pole is erected on top of the cart, with a winch at the top of the pole. A rope is used to pull the board house to the top of the pole, allowing observation of the city from above. The board house (note: these nine characters are missing in the Wenlan Pavilion edition, and are taken from the Zhang edition) is five feet high, with each side four feet wide, and has twelve holes arranged on each side. The cart can move forward and backward, circling the city within the camp. From a distance, people call it the "nest cart," as its shape resembles a bird's nest.

木幔，以板為幔，立結橰於四輪車，上懸逼城堞，使趫卒蔽之，蟻附而上，大石所不能及。

Wooden curtain: Use wooden boards to make a curtain barrier, set up a pulley system resembling a桔槔 on the four-wheeled cart, and suspend the curtain barrier high up near the city wall. Agile soldiers can hide behind the curtain, climbing the wall like ants, and large stones cannot reach them.

火箭，以小瓢盛油貫矢端，射城樓櫓板上。瓢敗油散後，以火箭射油散處，火立焚。復以油瓢續之，則樓櫓盡焚。

Rocket: Use a small ladle to hold oil, attach it to the arrowhead, and shoot it onto the wooden planks of the enemy's watchtower on the city wall. Once the ladle breaks and the oil spreads, shoot another arrow with fire towards the oil stains, which will immediately ignite a big fire. Then continue shooting oil ladles to keep the fire burning, and the entire watchtower will be burned down.

雀杏，磨杏核中空，以艾內火實之，繫雀足，薄暮群放之，飛入城中，棲宿積聚廬舍，須臾火發。

The method of "Què Xìng" involves hollowing out an apricot kernel, filling it with fine mugwort that has been dried and stored to retain heat, and then attaching it to the foot of a sparrow. In the evening, they are released in groups. The sparrows fly into the city, perching on stored goods and buildings, and soon fires break out.

蜀钁、鐵鏨，蜀钁，短柄钁也。〈○此「钁」字依《御覽》三百七十七補。〉鐵鏨，鑿井鏨城也。〈此句原脫「鑿」字、「城」字，並依《御覽》補正。〉

Sù jué, tiě zàn: Sù jué is a short-handled hoe (note: the character 'jué' is supplemented from Volume 377 of the Taiping Yulian). Tiě zàn is a tool used for凿ing wells and凿ing city walls (note: the characters 'záo' and 'chéng' were originally missing and are supplemented from the Taiping Yulian).

經曰：善守者，藏於九地之下；善攻者，動於九天之上。人所不見謂之九地，見所不及謂之九天。禽滑釐問墨翟守城之具，墨翟荅以六十六事，〈○文瀾閣本作「五十六」事。〉皆繁冗不便於用。其後韋孝寬守晉州、王偘守臺城，皆約封鬍子技巧之術。古法非不妙，然非今之用也。〈○張刻本作「然不宜於今也」。〉今述便於用者如左方。

The classic says: Those skilled in defense conceal their forces beneath the Nine Earths; those skilled in attack deploy their forces above the Nine Heavens. What others cannot see is called the Nine Earths, and what is visible yet unattainable is called the Nine Heavens. Qin Hualu asked Mo Di about the tools for defending a city, and Mo Di listed sixty-six items (note: the Wenlan Pavilion edition says fifty-six). However, these were considered cumbersome and impractical. Later, Wei Xiaokuan defending Jinzhou and Wang Cheng defending Taicheng both simplified Fu Ziru's techniques. The methods of ancient times were not without skill, but they were not suitable for today's needs (note: this sentence in the Zhang edition reads 'but they are not suitable for today'). Now I will list the practical methods below.

浚隍。深開濠塹也。增城，增修樓櫓也。懸門，懸木板以為重門。

Junn huang: This refers to digging the moat around the city deeper. Zeng cheng: This refers to building watchtowers and platforms on top of the city walls. Xuan men: This refers to hanging wooden boards as a second set of city gates.

突門，於城中，對敵營，自鑿城內為暗門，多少臨時，令厚五六寸勿穿，或於中夜，或於敵初來、營列未定，精騎從突門躍出，擊其無備，襲其不意。

A sudden gate is a position within the city directly facing the enemy's camp. It is a hidden door dug from the inner side of the city wall, opened at a few places as decided on the spot. When digging, stop when only five or six inches of thickness remain, without boring through. The attack may take place either at midnight or when the enemy has just arrived and their camp is not yet properly set up. Then, elite cavalry charge through the sudden gate to strike at the enemy's unguarded areas and attack where they are unprepared.

塗門，以泥塗門扇，厚五寸，備火。又云塗棧，以泥門上木棧棚也。積石、積砲石，大小隨事。

Tumen: Apply mud to the door panels of the city gate until they are five inches thick, to prevent fires. It is also called "tuzhan," which refers to applying mud to the wooden scaffolding above the city gate. Jishi, Jipangshi: Preemptively stockpile stones, with the size of the stones determined by the need.

轉關橋，一梁為橋，梁端著橫栝，拔去栝，橋轉關，人馬不得渡，皆傾水中。秦用此橋，以殺燕丹。

The Zhuanguan Bridge: It uses a single beam as the bridge, with a crossbar at each end. By pulling the crossbar, the bridge rotates around its axis, making it impossible for people and horses to pass through, causing them all to fall into the water. This was the method used by the State of Qin to assassinate Prince Dan of Yan.

鑿門，為敵所逼，先自鑿門為數十孔，出強弩射之，長矛刺之。積木，備壘木長五尺、徑一尺，小或六七寸，拋下打賊。

Digging holes in the gate: when enemies approach the city gate, first drill dozens of holes in the gate and shoot strong crossbows from the holes to attack the enemies, using long spears to stab the enemies. Accumulating wooden logs: prepare rolling logs, five feet long and one foot in diameter, with smaller ones being six or seven inches, and throw them down from the city walls to hit the enemy soldiers.

積石，備壘於城上，不計大小，以多為妙，充拋石。樓櫓，城上建堠樓，以板為之，跳出為樓櫓。

Accumulated stones: Stacking stones on the city walls, regardless of their size, with more being better, to serve as projectiles. Watchtowers: Building observation towers on the city walls, constructed with wooden planks, and the part extending outward is called 'watchtower'.

笓籬戰格，於女墻上挑出，去墻三尺，內著橫括，前端安轄，以荊柳編之，長一丈、闊五尺，懸於椽端，用遮矢石。

The bamboo fence defense: it is erected outside the female wall, extending three feet outward. On the inner side, a horizontal beam is installed, with a hook at the front end. It is woven with bast and willow branches, measuring ten feet in length and five feet in width. It is suspended from the ends of the rafters, used to block arrows and flying stones.

布幔，以複布為幔，以弱竿橫掛於女墻外，去墻七八尺，折拋石之勢，則矢不復及墻。

A curtain is made of double layers of cloth, supported by flexible thin poles stretched horizontally and hung outside the female wall, about seven or eight feet away from the wall. This is used to deflect the force of thrown stones, so that arrows cannot reach the wall.

木弩，以楊柘桑為弩，可長一丈二尺，中徑七寸，兩稍三寸，以絞車張之，發如雷吼，〈○張刻本作「巨矢一發，聲如雷吼。〉以敗隊卒。

Crossbow: The crossbow arm is made from mulberry wood, Chinese yellowwood, or mulberry wood, with a length of up to twelve feet, a diameter of seven inches in the middle section, and three inches at the ends. The crossbow string is drawn open using a winch. When fired, it produces a sound like thunder, capable of breaking through groups of enemy soldiers.

燕尾炬，縛葦草為炬，尾分為兩岐，如燕尾狀，以油蠟灌之，加火從城上墮下，使騎木驢而燒之。

The swallow-tail torch:捆 together reed and dry grass into a torch, split the tail into two forks, shaping it like a swallow's tail, then pour oil and wax onto it, light it on fire, and throw it down from the city walls. This is specifically used to burn enemies who are approaching the city's base and hiding under the wooden cart.

松明炬，以松木燒之，鐵索墜下，巡城點照，恐敵人乘城而上。脂油燭炬，然燈秉燭於城中四衝、要路、門戶，晨夜不得絶明，以備非常。

The pine wood torch: burn pine wood and suspend it with an iron chain, letting it drop down to the city walls to circulate around and provide illumination, preventing enemies from climbing the walls at night. The oil lamp: light lamps and hold candles at key intersections, main roads, and entrances throughout the city, keeping the lights burning from morning until night to guard against unexpected incidents.

行爐，常鎔鐵汁鑪，昇於城上，以灑敵人，土瓶盛汁，拋之，敵攻城不覺。遊火，鐵筐盛火，加脂蠟，鐵索懸墜城下，燒孔穴掘城之人。

The "Rowing Furnace": Keep a furnace ready for melting iron, carry it up to the city wall, and pour the molten iron onto the enemy; alternatively, use clay pots to carry the molten iron and throw it down, so that the enemy attacking the city remains unaware. "Wandering Fire": Put fire in an iron basket along with oil and wax, suspend it with an iron rope and drop it down to the city below, to burn those who are digging under the city walls in hidden tunnels.

灰雜糠粃，因風於城上擲之，以眯敵人之目，因以鐵汁灑之。又云：眯目，〈○張刻本作「名曰眯目」，無下文十二字。〉因風以粃糠灰擲之，使不得視。

Lime mixed with husks: throw it from the city walls with the wind to blind the enemy's eyes, then pour molten iron on top. Another account is called "miming" (note: the Zhang edition reads "named 'miming'"), which refers to using the wind to scatter husks and lime so that the enemy cannot open their eyes.

連挺，如打禾枷狀，打女墻上城敵人。叉竿，如鎗刃，布兩歧，用叉飛雲梯上人。鈎竿有槍，兩邊有曲鈎，〈○《通典》百六十引作「曲刃」。〉可以鈎物。

Lianting: Its shape resembles a flail used for threshing grain, and it is used to strike enemies who climb onto the parapet. Chagan: The top of the pole is shaped like a spear tip, divided into two prongs, and it is used to hook people climbing on a cloud ladder to scale the city walls. Gougan: The tip of the pole is fitted with a spear point, and it has two curved hooks on either side (note: "curved hook" as cited in "Tongdian" volume 160 is "curved blade"), and it can be used to hook up objects.

天井，敵攻城為地道來，反自於地道上直下穿井邀之，積薪井中，加火熏之，自然焦灼。油囊，盛水於城上，擲出火車中，囊敗火滅。

Heavenly Well: When the enemy digs tunnels to attack the city, our side should dig wells directly above the tunnels and pile firewood inside, then set it on fire to burn the enemy inside the tunnels. Oil Sack: On the city walls, use leather bags to carry water and throw them into the enemy's fire chariots; when the bags break, water pours out and extinguishes the fire.

地聽，於城中八方，穿井各深二丈，令人頭覆戴新甕於井中坐聽，則城外五百步之內有掘城道者，並聞於甕中，辯方所遠近。

Earth Listening: In each of the eight directions within the city, dig a well two zhang deep and have people sit in the wells with new jars held upside down on their heads, listening quietly. In this way, any sound of digging for a tunnel by enemies within five hundred steps outside the city will be heard in the jars, and the direction and distance can be determined.

鐵菱，狀如蒺藜，要路水中著之，以刺人馬之足。

Iron thorn: A shape resembling a burr, scattered on roads and in water, used to prick the feet of people and horses.

陷馬坑，坑長五尺、闊一尺、深三尺，坑中埋鹿角、竹籤。其坑十字相連，狀如鈎鎖。復以蒭草葦木加土種草實，令生苗蒙覆其上，軍城營壘要路設之。

The trap called "Horse Pit" is five feet long, one foot wide, and three feet deep. Inside the pit, deer antlers and sharpened bamboo stakes are placed. The pits are arranged in a cross pattern, forming a series of interlocked hooks. On top of the pits, dry grass, reeds, and wood are spread, then covered with soil and seeds are sown so that grass grows to cover the pit openings. These traps are set along the main routes of military camps and fortifications.

拒馬鎗，以木徑二尺，長短隨事，十字鑿孔，縱橫安括，長一丈，銳其端，可以塞城門要道，人馬不得奔前。

The拒马 gun is made from a round log with a diameter of two feet, with length determined by need. Cross-shaped holes are drilled into the wood, and poles called栝 wood are inserted vertically and horizontally. The栝 wood is one zhang long, with both ends sharpened. It can be used to block city gates and important passes, preventing horses and soldiers from passing through.

木柵，為敵所逼，不及築城壘，或山河險隘多石少土，不任版築，且建木為柵，方圓高下，隨事深淺，埋木根〈○《通典》無「淺」字。〉重複，彌縫其闕，內量長短，為閣道立外柱，外重長出四尺為女墻，皆泥塗之內七寸，〈○《通典》作「七尺」。〉又立閣道內柱，上布板為棧立闌干竹於柵上，懸門擁墻，濠塹拒馬，一如城壘法。

Wooden palisades: when enemies approach closely and there is not enough time to build fortifications, or in mountainous and riverous areas where there are many stones and little soil, making earth walls with wooden boards and ramming earth is not possible, then wooden palisades are temporarily erected. The size, height, and depth of the palisades are determined according to the terrain. When planting the wooden posts, they should be layered and overlapped to fill the gaps tightly. On the inner side, the length is measured and outer pillars for the elevated walkway are erected. The part of the outer pillars projecting four feet is made into a parapet, which is coated with mud. The inner side is coated with mud to a thickness of seven inches. Then inner pillars for the elevated walkway are erected, and planks are laid on top to form a bridge. Bamboo railings are also erected on the palisades. The suspended gate, protective walls, ditches, and horse barriers are all set up according to the methods used in fortifications.