Thirty-seventh Chapter: Water Attack Equipment

經曰：以水佐攻者，強。水因地而成勢，為源高於城，本大於末，可以遏而止，可以決而流。故晉水可以灌安邑，汾水可以浸平陽。先設水平，測其高下，可以漂城、灌軍、浸營、敗將也。〈○《御覽》三百二十二引作「沉營殺將」。〉

The classic text says: Using water to assist in an attack, the force is strong. Water follows the terrain to form a situation. If the water source is higher than the city and the upstream flow is greater than the downstream, it can be blocked to store the water or released to discharge it. Therefore, the Jin water could flood the city of Anyi, and the Fen water could submerge Pingyang. By setting up the 'level' instrument in advance to measure the elevation, one can flood the city walls, drown the enemy's troops, submerge their camps, and defeat their generals. (Note: The phrase 'immersion of camps and defeat of generals' is cited in the 'Taiping Yulian' as 'submerging camps and killing generals'.)

水平，槽長二尺四寸，兩頭中間鑿為三池。池橫闊一寸八分，縱闊一寸，深一寸三分。池間相去一尺四寸，〈○文瀾閣本「五寸」，《通典》百六十引作「五分」。〉中間有通水渠，闊三分，〈○《通典》、《御覽》並引作「二分」。〉深一寸三分。池各置浮木，木闊狹微小。於池空三分，〈○張刻本「匡厚三分」。〉上建立齒，高八分，闊一寸七分，厚一分。槽下為轉關腳，高下與眼等，以水注之，三池浮木齊起，眇目視之，三齒齊平，以為天下準。或十步，或一里，乃至十數裡，目力所及，隨置照板度竿，亦以白繩計其尺寸，則高下丈尺分寸可知也。

The level is a wooden trough two chi and four cun long, with three water basins carved out at both ends and in the middle. Each basin is one inch eight fen wide, one cun long, and one cun three fen deep. The distance between each basin is one chi four cun (note: the text in the Wenlan Pavilion edition says 'five cun', and the Tongdian volume 160 cites 'five fen'). There are channels connecting the basins, each channel is three fen wide (note: the Tongdian and Taiping Yulian both cite 'two fen'), and one cun three fen deep. In each basin, a floating piece of wood is placed, which is slightly smaller than the basin, leaving a space of three fen between the wood and the basin walls (note: this sentence in the Zhang edition says 'the thickness is three fen'). On top of the floating wood, a toothed marker is placed, which is eight fen high, one cun seven fen wide, and one fen thick. The trough is supported by rotating legs at the bottom, adjusted to be level with the eyes. Water is poured into the trough, and the floating woods in the three basins rise together. By closing one eye and looking, if the three toothed markers are level, this is taken as the standard for measuring elevation. Whether it is ten steps, one li, or even dozens of li, as long as it is within sight, a sighting board and measuring rod are placed there, and then a white rope is used to measure the dimensions. Thus, the elevation, measurements, and even the smallest fractions can be determined.

照板，形如方扇，長四尺，下二尺，黑上二尺，白闊三尺，柄長一尺，大可握。度竿長二丈，刻作二百寸二千分，每寸內刻小分，其分隨向遠近高下立竿，以照版映之，眇目視之，三浮木齒及照板黑映齊平，則召主板人，以度竿上分寸為高下，遞相往來，尺寸相乘，則水源高下〈○《御覽》「則」字下有「山岡溝澗」四字。〉可以分寸度也。

The measuring board is shaped like a square fan, four feet long, with the lower two feet painted black and the upper two feet painted white, three feet wide, and a handle one foot long, with a thickness just right for one hand to hold. The measuring pole is two chi long, marked with two hundred inches and two thousand parts, with each inch further divided into smaller parts. When measuring, the pole is erected according to the distance and height of the target, and the measuring board is aligned to reflect the target. By closing one eye and looking through the board, one waits until the teeth on the three floating woods align with the boundary between the black and white parts of the board. Then, the person holding the board is called, and the height is read according to the divisions on the pole. This process is repeated, and the measurements are multiplied successively. Thus, the elevation of the water source can be determined according to the divisions.

經曰：以火佐攻者，明。因天時燥旱，營舍茅竹積芻穗軍糧於枯草宿莽之中，月在箕、壁、翼、軫之夕，設五火之具，因南風而焚之。

The classic states: When using fire to assist in an attack, the effect is clear. Taking advantage of dry weather with little rain, when the enemy's camps are made of reeds and bamboo, and their fodder, grain, and military supplies are stored among dry grass and scattered shrubs, and when the moon is in the mansion of the Winnowing Basket, the Wall, the Wings, or the Chariot, then set up five types of fire weapons and set fire with the help of the south wind.

推月宿法：周天三百六十五度四分度之一，二十八宿四方分之，月二十八日夜，一周天行二十八宿，一日一夜行一十三度少強，皆以月中氣，日月合為宿首。

The method of calculating the moon's position among the star mansions: the celestial sphere is 365 and 1/4 degrees in total, and the 28 star mansions are distributed among the four cardinal directions: southeast, northwest, and the other two. The moon completes one full circuit around the celestial sphere in 28 days and nights, passing through all 28 star mansions. In one day and night, it moves through more than 13 degrees. When calculating, the starting mansion is determined by the lunar mansion on the day of the middle solar term in the current month, and the mansion where the sun and moon meet.

角十二度，亢九度，氐十五度，房五度，心五度，尾十八度，箕十一度：東方七宿，共七十五度。斗二十六度，牛八度，女十二度，虛十度，危十七度，營室十六度，東壁九度：北方七宿，共九十八度。奎十六度，婁十二度，胃十四度，昴十一度，畢十六度，觜二度，參九度：西方七宿，共八十度。東井三十三度，輿鬼四度，柳十五度，星七度，張十八度，翼十八度，軫十七度：南方七宿，共一百一十二度。

The Horn mansion has twelve degrees, the Neck mansion nine degrees, the Root mansion fifteen degrees, the Room mansion five degrees, the Heart mansion five degrees, the Tail mansion eighteen degrees, and the Winnowing Basket mansion eleven degrees: these are the seven mansions of the East, totaling seventy-five degrees. The Dipper mansion has twenty-six degrees, the Ox mansion eight degrees, the Girl mansion twelve degrees, the Emptiness mansion ten degrees, the Rooftop mansion seventeen degrees, the Camp Room mansion sixteen degrees, and the Wall mansion nine degrees: these are the seven mansions of the North, totaling ninety-eight degrees. The Legs mansion has sixteen degrees, the Bond mansion twelve degrees, the Stomach mansion fourteen degrees, the Hairy Head mansion eleven degrees, the Net mansion sixteen degrees, the Turtle Beak mansion two degrees, and the Three Stars mansion nine degrees: these are the seven mansions of the West, totaling eighty degrees. The Well mansion has thirty-three degrees, the Ghost mansion four degrees, the Willow mansion fifteen degrees, the Star mansion seven degrees, the Extended Net mansion eighteen degrees, the Wings mansion eighteen degrees, and the Chariot mansion seventeen degrees: these are the seven mansions of the South, totaling one hundred and twelve degrees.

雨水，正月中，日月合宿營室八度，於辰在亥，為娵訾，於野衛，分幷州，於將登明。春分，二月中，日月合宿奎十四度，於辰在戌，為降婁，於野魯，分徐州，於將河魁。穀雨，三月中，日月合宿昴三度，於辰在酉，為大梁，於野趙，分冀州，於將為從魁。小滿，四月中，日月合宿參四度，於辰在申，為實沈，於野魏，分益州，於將為傳送。

Rainwater, the middle qi of the first month, at this time the sun and moon meet at the eighth degree of the mansion of Encampment, which corresponds to the亥 position in the twelve earthly branches. The star sequence is called "Juzi," the territory corresponds to the state of Wei, and the region corresponds to Bingzhou. In the twelve month generals of the Six Rats system, it is called "Dengming." The spring equinox, the middle qi of the second month, the sun and moon meet at the fourteenth degree of the mansion of Legs, which corresponds to the戌 position in the twelve earthly branches. The star sequence is called "Jianglou," the territory corresponds to the state of Lu, and the region corresponds to Xuzhou. The month general is called "Heqiu." Grain rain, the middle qi of the third month, the sun and moon meet at the third degree of the mansion of Hairy Head, which corresponds to the酉 position in the twelve earthly branches. The star sequence is called "Daliang," the territory corresponds to the state of Zhao, and the region corresponds to Jizhou. The month general is called "Conggui." Minor fullness, the middle qi of the fourth month, the sun and moon meet at the fourth degree of the mansion of Three Stars, which corresponds to the申 position in the twelve earthly branches. The star sequence is called "Shichen," the territory corresponds to the state of Wei, and the region corresponds to Yizhou. The month general is called "Chuansong."

夏至，五月中，日月合宿東井二十五度，於辰在未，為鶉首，於野秦，分雍州，於將為小吉。大暑，六月中，日月合宿星四度，於辰在午，為鶉火，於野周，分三河，於將為勝光。處暑，七月中，日月合宿翼九度，於辰在巳，為鶉尾，於野楚，分荊州，於將為太乙。秋分，八月中，日月合宿角四度，〈○原作「亢八度」，依張刻本改。〉於辰在辰，為壽星，於野鄭，分兗州，於將為天罡。

Summer Solstice is the middle term of May, when the sun and moon meet at 25 degrees of the Well mansion, corresponding to the position of Wei in the twelve earthly branches, with the star sequence named "Chunshou," its territory belonging to the State of Qin, corresponding to Yongzhou, and the month general called "Xiaoji." Great Heat is the middle term of June, when the sun and moon meet at four degrees of the Star mansion, corresponding to the position of Wu in the twelve earthly branches, with the star sequence named "Chunhuo," its territory belonging to the Zhou dynasty, corresponding to the area of the three rivers, and the month general called "Shengguang." Limit of Heat is the middle term of July, when the sun and moon meet at nine degrees of the Wings mansion, corresponding to the position of Si in the twelve earthly branches, with the star sequence named "Chunwei," its territory belonging to the State of Chu, corresponding to Jingzhou, and the month general called "Taiyi." Autumn Equinox is the middle term of August, when the sun and moon meet at four degrees of the Horn mansion (note: the original text said "eight degrees of the Neck mansion," but this has been changed according to the Zhang edition), corresponding to the position of Chen in the twelve earthly branches, with the star sequence named "Shouxing," its territory belonging to the State of Zheng, corresponding to Yanzhou, and the month general called "Tian Gang."

霜降，九月中，日月合宿氐十四度，於辰在卯，為大火，於野宋，分豫州，於將為太沖。小雪，十月中，日月合宿箕二度，〈○原作「十二度」，今以算改正。〉於辰在寅，為析木，於野燕，分幽州，於將為功曹。冬至，十一月中，日月合宿斗二十一度，於辰在丑，為星紀，於野吳越，分揚州，於將為大吉。大寒，十二月中，日月合宿虛五度，於辰在子，為玄枵，於野齊，分青州，於將為神后。

Frost Descent is the middle solar term of the ninth month, when the sun and moon meet at the 14th degree of the Root mansion. In the twelve earthly branches, it corresponds to the卯 position, and the star sequence is called 'Great Fire', with its territory belonging to the State of Song and corresponding to the Yu region. The month general is called 'Too Chong'. Light Snow is the middle solar term of the tenth month, when the sun and moon meet at the second degree of the Winnowing Basket mansion (note: the original text said 'twelfth degree', but this has been corrected based on calculation). In the twelve earthly branches, it corresponds to the寅 position, and the star sequence is called 'Analysis Wood', with its territory belonging to the State of Yan and corresponding to the You region. The month general is called 'Gong Cao'. Winter Solstice is the middle solar term of the eleventh month, when the sun and moon meet at the 21st degree of the Dipper mansion. In the twelve earthly branches, it corresponds to the丑 position, and the star sequence is called 'Star Record', with its territory belonging to Wu-Yue and corresponding to the Yangzhou region. The month general is called 'Da Ji'. Great Cold is the middle solar term of the twelfth month, when the sun and moon meet at the fifth degree of the Emptiness mansion. In the twelve earthly branches, it corresponds to the子 position, and the star sequence is called 'Xuan Xiao', with its territory belonging to the State of Qi and corresponding to the Qingzhou region. The month general is called 'Shen Hou'.

假如正月雨水一日夜半，月在營室八度，至後二日夜半行十三度少強，卽至東壁五度，至後三日夜半行十三度少強，卽至奎九度。順行二十八宿，每日夜行十三度少強，二十八日一周天，其晦朔二日月不見，他皆倣此。〈○張刻本此下別為一篇，題《元女式》，誤也。今依文瀾閣本改正。〉

For example, on the night of the second day of the first month, the moon was at the eighth degree of the Encampment mansion; by the next night, it had moved thirteen degrees more, reaching the fifth degree of the Wall mansion; by the third night, it had moved thirteen degrees more again, reaching the ninth degree of the Legs mansion. Thus, following the twenty-eight mansions in order, the moon moves thirteen degrees more each night and day, completing a full circle around the sky in twenty-eight days. On the days of the new moon and the dark moon, the moon is not visible. The other months are calculated in the same way. (Note: The Zhang edition separates this section from here, titling it "Yuan Nu Shi," which is incorrect. This has been corrected according to the Wenlan Pavilion edition.)

《玉門經》曰：倍月加日，從營室順數，卽知月宿所在。假令正月五日，倍月成二加五成七，從營室順數七宿至畢，他皆倣此。〈○自「《玉門經》」至此，舊抄本並脫去。以文瀾閣本參張本補。〉然東井三十三度，觜二度，恐將不定，故為通算以決之，而用五火之具。

The *Yu Men Jing* says: Double the month number, add the day number, and count sequentially from the Encampment mansion to determine the star mansion where the moon is located. For example, on the fifth day of the first lunar month, doubling the month number gives two, adding five gives seven. Counting seven mansions sequentially from the Encampment mansion, one arrives exactly at the Net mansion. Other days are calculated in the same way. (Note: From *Yu Men Jing* to here, the old copy is missing, and this is supplemented based on the Wenlan Pavilion edition and referring to the Zhang edition.) However, the Well mansion spans thirty-three degrees, while the Turtle Beak mansion only spans two degrees, with a significant difference in their widths. This simple calculation may not be accurate, so a comprehensive calculation is needed to determine the position, and then the five fire attack tools should be used.

火兵，以驍騎夜銜枚，縛馬口，人負束薪藁草藏火，直抵賊營，一時舉火，營中驚亂，急而乘之，彼靜不亂，棄而勿攻。

Fire soldiers: Send fierce cavalry at night, with bits in their mouths to prevent making noise, each carrying a bundle of firewood and straw, secretly carrying fire-starting materials, directly approaching the enemy camp. At the same time, set fire to the enemy camp. If the enemy is panic-stricken and in chaos, immediately attack them in the confusion. If the enemy remains calm and orderly, withdraw and do not attempt a forced attack.

火獸，以艾蘊火，置瓢中，開四孔，繫野豬、麞鹿項下，爇其尾端，望敵營而縱之，使奔彼草中，器敗火發。

Fire beast: Use mugwort to wrap the fire seed, put it into a bowl, and make four air holes on the bowl. Tie the bowl around the neck of a wild boar, a musk deer, or a deer. Light the tail of the animal and release it towards the enemy's camp, letting it run into the enemy's fodder pile. When the bowl breaks, the fire will start.

火禽，以胡桃剖令空，開兩孔實艾，以火繫野雞足，針其尾而縱之，飛入草中，器敗火發。

Fire bird: Split a walnut, hollow it out, and make two holes. Fill it with mugwort and attach it to a wild chicken's foot with a burning ember. Use a needle to prick its tail to make it fly. When it flies into the enemy's grass pile, the walnut shell breaks and the fire starts.

火盜，選一人勇捷，語言服飾與敵同者，竊號逐便，懷火偷入營中，焚其積聚，火發，乘亂而出。

Fire theft: Choose a person who is brave and agile, with speech and attire similar to the enemy, to steal the enemy's password. Act according to circumstances, carry a fire source and infiltrate the enemy camp, burning their stored supplies. When the fire starts, escape in the confusion.

火矢，以臂張射及三百步者，以瓢盛火冠矢端，以數百端候中夜，齊射入敵營中，焚其積聚，火發，揮亂乘便急攻。

Fire arrows: use a bow and crossbow powered by arm strength, with a range of up to three hundred paces. Attach a container filled with fire to the arrowhead, prepare hundreds of them, and at midnight shoot them all into the enemy's camp to burn their stored supplies. Once the fire starts, the enemy will be confused and in disorder, then attack them urgently.

經曰：軍行遇大水、河渠、溝澗，無津樑、舟楫，難以濟渡。太公以天艎大船，皆質樸而不便於用。〈○原脫「質」字，「用」作「事」，並依《御覽》三百六改。〉今隨事應變，以濟百川。〈○《御覽》作「隨事逐物，變化而用之，以濟巨州」。〉

The classic states: When an army is marching and encounters a large body of water, a river, a ditch, or a stream, and there are no ferries, bridges, boats, oars, or paddles, it will find it difficult to cross. The large ship called Tianhuang used by Jiang Taigong was heavy and crude, making it inconvenient to use (note: the original text was missing the character '质' and the character '用' was written as '事', both corrections are made according to the "Taiping Yulian" volume 363). Now, one should adapt to the situation and use light and convenient tools to cross various rivers (note: this sentence is quoted in the "Taiping Yulian" as "follow the situation and the object, change and use them accordingly, to cross great rivers").

浮甖，以木縛甕為栰，甕受二石，力勝一人，甕闊五尺，以繩鈎聯，編槍於其上，令長而方，前置板頭，後置稍，左右置棹。

Floating jars: Use wood to tie together earthenware jars to form a raft. Each jar has a capacity of two stones, and the buoyancy can support one person. The jars are five feet wide, connected by ropes in a row. Long spears are arranged on top as a framework, forming a long and square shape. A board is installed at the front, a rudder at the back, and oars are placed on both sides.

槍栰，槍十根為一束，力勝一人，四千一百六十六根四分槍為一栰，皆去鋒刃，束為魚麟，以橫栝而縛之，〈○原脫「栝」字，依《御覽》補。〉可渡四百一十六人。半為三栰，計用槍一萬二千五百根，率渡一千二百五十人，十渡則一軍畢濟。

Gun raft: Ten long spears bound together can provide enough buoyancy to support one person. Using four thousand one hundred sixty-six and a quarter spears tied together forms one raft, with the spears having their sharp edges removed and layered like fish scales, then bound tightly with crosspieces (note: the character '栝' was originally missing but has been supplemented from the "Taiping Yulian"). One raft can carry four hundred sixteen people. Another half of the spears are used to make three rafts, totaling twelve thousand five hundred spears. One trip can carry about one thousand two hundred fifty people. With ten round trips, the entire army can cross.

蒲栰，以蒲九尺圍，顚倒為束，以十道縛之，似束槍為栰，量長短多少，隨蒲之豐儉載人。無蒲用蘆草，法亦如蒲栰。

Pufa: Make a bundle of reed grass with a circumference of nine feet, tie the head and tail together in reverse, and bind it tightly with ten ropes. The method is similar to making a bundle of spears into a raft. The length and size of the raft depend on the amount of reed grass used, and the number of people it can carry varies accordingly. If there is no reed grass, use dry reeds or straw instead, following the same method as for pufa.

挾絙，〈○《御覽》此下有「善水者」三字。〉以木繫小繩，先挾浮渡水，次引大絙於兩岸，立一大橛，急張定絙，使人挾絙浮渡大軍。可為數十道，豫多備。〈○此三字，張刻本作「渡之」二字。〉

Crossing the river with a rope: (Note: The "Xie Sheng" entry in the "Taiping Yu Lian" adds the words "Shan Shui Zhe" three characters.) Have people tie a small rope to a piece of wood, first carrying the wood across the river while floating; then take a longer rope and stretch it between the two banks, each bank setting up a large wooden post, pulling the rope tight and fixing it, allowing soldiers to hold the rope and cross the river by floating. This rope path can be set up dozens of times, so it is necessary to prepare plenty in advance. (Note: The words "Yu Duo Bei" in the Zhang edition are written as "Du Zhi" two characters.)

浮囊，以渾脫羊皮，吹氣令滿，𦃂縛其孔，縛於脇下，可以渡也。

A floating bladder is made by using a whole sheepskin peeled off, blowing it up until it is full, sealing the opening tightly and securing it to the armpit area. This allows one to swim across.

經曰：水戰之具，始自伍員，以舟為車，以楫為馬。漢武帝平百粵，鑿昆明之池，置樓船將軍。其後馬援、王濬各造戰船，以習江海之利。其船闊狹長短隨用大小，皆以米為率，一人重米二石，〈○張刻本作「一石」。〉則人數率可知。其楫棹、篙櫓、樓席、〈○《通典》百六十「樓」作「帆」。〉絙索、沉石調度，與常船不殊。

The classic text says: The equipment for naval warfare began with Wu Zisuxu, who used boats as war chariots and oars as war horses. Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty subdued the Baiyue, dug the Kunming Pool to train his naval forces, and appointed a general in charge of warships. Later, Ma Yuan and Wang Jun each built warships for training in naval battles on rivers and seas. The width and length of warships varied according to their purpose, and all were measured by the weight of rice they could carry: one person equaled two shi of rice (note: the Zhang edition reads 'one shi'). Thus, the number of people a ship could carry could be calculated. The oars, poles, upper decks, awnings, ropes, and anchors on warships were the same as on ordinary boats.

樓船，船上建樓三重，〈○「船」字原本不重，依《通典》補。〉列女墻戰格，樹旗幟，開弩牕矛穴，置拋車壘石鐵汁，狀如城壘。晉龍驤將軍王濬伐吳，造大船，長二百步，上置飛簷閣道，可奔車馳馬，忽遇暴風，人力不能制，不便於事。然為水軍，不可不設，以張形勢。

The ship was built with three stories on top of it, with parapets and fighting platforms arranged, flags raised, openings for launching crossbows and holes for spears, and ballistae installed along with stones and molten iron stored on board. Its shape resembled a fortress. During the Jin dynasty, the Dragon-Soaring General Wang Jun constructed large ships to attack the Eastern Wu, each ship being two hundred paces long, with flying eaves and elevated walkways allowing for the movement of carriages and horses. However, when encountering strong winds, these ships were uncontrollable by human effort and thus not very practical. Nevertheless, it was necessary to have such ships in the naval forces to create a formidable display of strength.

蒙衝，以犀革蒙覆其背，兩相開掣棹孔，前後左右開弩牕矛穴，敵不得近，矢石不能敗。此不用大船，務於速進，〈○張刻本此下有「速退」二字。〉以乘人之不備，非戰船也。

Mengchong: This type of ship is covered with rhinoceros hide on its back, with holes cut out on both sides for oars, and windows and openings on front, back, left and right for launching arrows and spears. Enemies cannot approach it, and arrows and stones cannot damage it. This ship does not rely on large size but emphasizes speed for sudden advances (note: the Zhang edition here also mentions 'quick retreat' below), to catch enemies off guard, and it is not a ship used for direct combat.

戰艦，船舷上設中墻，半身墻下開掣棹孔，舷五尺，又建棚與女墻齊，棚上又建女墻，〈○已上七字原缺，依文瀾閣本補。〉重列戰格，人無覆背，前後左右樹牙旗、幡幟、金鼓，戰船也。

Warship: A wall half the height of a person is built along the ship's side, with holes cut out for oars below; the height of the side wall is five feet. A platform is then erected level with the parapet, and another parapet is built on top of the platform, with two layers of fighting grids arranged in sequence. The ship has no roof, and the soldiers are not sheltered behind anything; flags, banners, and gongs and drums are set up in front, behind, and on both sides. This is the proper warship used for actual combat.

走舸，亦如戰船，舷上安重墻。棹夫多，戰卒少，皆選勇士、精銳者充，往返如飛，乘人之不及，兼備非常救急之用。

A war boat: its structure is the same as that of a warship, with double walls on the sides. There are many rowers on board, but few soldiers engaged in combat; these soldiers are all selected from brave and elite warriors. The boat moves swiftly, capable of acting before the enemy can respond, and it also serves as a reserve for emergencies.

遊艇，小艇，以備探候，無女墻，舷上槳床左右隨艇大小長短，四尺一床，計會進止，囘軍轉陣，其疾如飛，虞候居之，非戰舶也。

A yacht is a small fast boat used for scouting and reconnaissance, without a bulwark. The oar seats on either side of the hull are arranged according to the size and length of the boat, with one seat every four feet. It is responsible for conveying orders for advancing or retreating, recalling the formation, and changing the array. It moves as swiftly as flying, and is occupied by the military attendant. It is not a war vessel used for direct combat.

海鶻，頭低尾高，前大後小，如鶻之狀。舷下左右置浮板，形如鶻翅。其船雖風浪漲天，無有傾側。背上左右張生牛皮為城，牙旗、金鼓如戰船之制。

The Hai Hu is a type of ship with a low bow and high stern, its front part large and the rear part small, resembling a hawk. Floating boards are installed on both sides below the ship's sides, shaped like the wings of a hawk. This ship remains stable even in turbulent seas. On both sides of the ship's back, living bullhide is stretched as if forming walls. The arrangement of banners, flags, and drums is the same as on warships.

經曰：工欲善其事，必先利其器。器之於事，如影之隨形，響之應聲。其相須如左右手，故曰：「器械不精，不可言兵；五兵不利，不可舉事。」

The Classic says: A craftsman must do his work well, first sharpening his tools. Weapons are to warfare as shadows follow the form and echoes respond to sound; they rely on each other, like a person's left and right hands. Therefore it says: "Without well-made weapons, there can be no military action; if the five kinds of weapons—戈, 殳, 戟, 首矛, and 夷矛—are not sharp, then there can be no raising of an army."

上古庖犧氏之時，剡木為兵；〈○《御覽》三百三十九引此句作「弦木為弓，剡木為矢」。〉神農氏之時，以石為兵；《尚書》砮石中矢鏃；〈○此偽孔氏《禹貢傳》文也。《御覽》引作「兵書」，蓋誤。〉黃帝之時，以玉為兵；蚩尤之時，鑠金為兵，割革為甲，始制五兵，建旗幟，樹夔鼓，以佐軍威。

In ancient times, during the reign of Fuxi, they sharpened sticks to use as weapons; during the time of Shen Nong, they used stones as weapons; the "Book of Documents: Yu Gong" records that the Liang state presented nu stones as tribute, which were suitable for use as arrowheads (note: this is actually text from the false commentary by Kong An Guo on "Yu Gong," and the "Taiping Yulian" cites it as "military book," which may be incorrect); during the time of the Yellow Emperor, they used jade as weapons; during the time of Chi You, they smelted metal to make weapons, cut leather to make armor, began to manufacture five types of weapons, raised banners, and set up Kui drums to enhance military prestige.

纛六面，大將軍中營建，出引六軍。古者天子六軍，諸侯三軍。今天子一十二衛，諸侯六軍，故有六纛以主之。

A large banner with six faces is set up in the general's central camp, used to guide the six armies when going to war. In ancient times, the Son of Heaven commanded six armies, and the feudal lords commanded three armies; nowadays, the Son of Heaven has twelve military units, and the feudal lords have six armies, so six banners are set up to command them.

門旗二面，色紅，八幅，大將軍牙門之旗，出引將軍前列。門槍二根，以豹尾為刃榼，出居紅旗之後，止居帳前左右建。

The gate flag has two sides, red in color, and is eight feet wide. It is the banner of the Grand General's gate, leading the general's troops at the front when going to war. The gate spear has two poles, with the spearhead decorated with a leopard's tail. When going to war, they are placed behind the red gate flag, and when encamped, they are positioned on either side in front of the tent.

五方旗五面，各具方色，大將軍中營建，〈○「中」字依《御覽》補。〉出隨六纛後，在營亦於六纛後建。嚴警鼓〈○舊抄本「警」作「誓」，張刻本又誤作「禁」。今依《御覽》改。〉一十二面，大將軍營前左右行列各六面，在六纛後。

Five banners representing the five cardinal directions are made in the colors corresponding to each direction and are set up within the general's main camp. When going on a military campaign, they follow the six great banners, and when encamped, they are also placed behind the six great banners. Twelve drums for military alert are positioned on either side of the general's camp, each side having six drums, placed behind the six great banners.

角一十二枚，於鼓左右列各六枚，以代金。隊旗二百五十面，尚色圖禽，與本陣同，五幅。

Twelve horns are used, with six arranged on each side of the drum to replace the sound of metal bells to signal the retreat. Two hundred and fifty banners are used, with colors and bird patterns matching the army's own formation, each banner being five feet wide.

認旗二百五十面，尚色圖禽，與諸隊不同，各自為識認，出居隊後，恐士卒交雜。

Recognize 250 banners, each using different colors and painted bird patterns, with each unit having its own unique identifier. These banners are placed behind their respective units when going to battle to prevent soldiers from mixing up and confusing the formations.

陣將門旗，各任所色，不得以紅，恐紛亂大將軍。〈○「以」字依《御覽》補。張刻本作「不得與大將同用紅色」。〉陣將鼓一百二十面，臨時驚敵所用。

The banners of the array commanders may be of any color, but red is forbidden to avoid confusion with the banner of the supreme general. (Note: The word '以' is added according to the 'Taiping Yu Lian'; this sentence in Zhang's edition reads 'red shall not be used together with the supreme general.') The array commanders have 120 war drums, which are used in battle to intimidate and disconcert the enemy.

甲，六分七千五百領。戰袍，四分五千領。槍，十分一萬二千五百條，恐揚兵縛栰。

Armored coats are provided at a ratio of six tenths, totaling seven thousand five hundred sets. Battle robes are provided at a ratio of four tenths, totaling five thousand sets. Long spears are provided at a full ratio, totaling twelve thousand five hundred pieces. This is to take into account the need for both military combat and the use of spears to bind rafts when crossing water.

牛皮牌二分〈○二字原在「二千五百面」之下，依《御覽》移置此。〉二千五百面，馬軍以團牌代四分支。

Cowhide shields are provided at a ratio of two tenths, totaling two thousand five hundred; cavalry are to use round shields, which are issued at a ratio of four tenths.

弩二分，弦三分，〈○按下文，當作「六分」，然《御覽》已如此。〉副箭一百分。二千五百張弩，〈○舊抄本作「弓」，文瀾閣本作「弦」。今依《御覽》改正，與上文合。〉七千五百條弦，二十五萬隻箭。

Crossbows are equipped with two-tenths of their number, their bowstrings with three-tenths, and arrows in a ratio of one hundred to one. In total, there are two thousand five hundred crossbows, seven thousand five hundred bowstrings, and twenty-five thousand arrows.

弓十分，弦三，〈○按下文，當作「三十分」，然《御覽》已如此。〉副箭一百五十分。〈○原本誤作「三十六隻」，依《御覽》改。〉弓〈○《御覽》此字在句末，下二句同，與上條一例。〉一萬二千五百張，弦三萬七千五百條，箭三十七萬五千隻。

The bow is equipped with a full measure of ten parts, the string is measured at three parts, and the accompanying arrows are calculated at one hundred and fifty parts. In total, the bows amount to twelve thousand five hundred, the strings to thirty-seven thousand five hundred, and the arrows to three hundred seventy-five thousand.

射甲箭，五萬隻。生𨤽箭，〈○原本「𨤽」誤作「缺」，依《御覽》改。〉二萬五千隻。

Shoot arrows marked with Jia, five ten-thousand arrows. Produce arrows marked with Jia (corrected from 'deficient' according to the "Complete Imperial Viewer"), two and a half ten-thousand arrows.

長垜箭，弓袋，胡鹿長弓袋，〈○原本誤作「張弓袋」，依《御覽》改。〉並十分一萬二千五百副。

Long arrows, bows, and Hu deer arrow cases along with long bow cases were all fully equipped, totaling 12,500 sets.

佩刀，八分一萬口。陌刀，二分二千五百口。棓，二分二千五百張。

The佩刀 are equipped at eight tenths, totaling ten thousand. The陌刀 are equipped at two tenths, totaling two thousand five hundred. The大棒 are equipped at two tenths, totaling two thousand five hundred.

馬軍及陌刀，並以啄鎚、斧鉞代，各四分支。搭索，二分二千五百條，馬軍用。

Cavalry and soldiers wielding halberds can both be replaced with啄锤 and axes, each receiving four tenths of the allocation. Rope ladders are provided at two tenths, totaling two thousand five hundred, for use by cavalry.