Record of the Great Funeral Rites

疾病，外內皆埽。

When someone is ill, the inner and outer rooms are all swept.

君大夫徹縣，士去琴瑟，寢東首於北牖下，廢床，徹褻衣，加新衣，體一人，男女改服，屬纊以俟絕氣。男子不死於婦人之手，婦人不死於男子之手。

A ruler or grand officer has the hanging musical instruments taken away, and an officer has the zither removed. The sick person lies with his head to the east beneath the north window, the bed is removed, his undergarments are taken off and new clothes are put on. One person supports his body. Men and women change clothing. Silk floss is placed at his mouth and nose to wait for the last breath. A man does not die in a woman's hands, and a woman does not die in a man's hands.

君夫人卒於路寢，大夫世婦卒於滴寢。內子未命，則死於下室，遷屍於寢。士之妻皆死於寢。

The ruler's consort dies in the main hall, and the grand officer's wife and the ruler's concubines in the principal chamber. A grand officer's principal wife who has not yet received her title dies in the lower chamber, and her body is then moved to the main chamber. The wives of officers all die in the main chamber.

復有林麓則虞人設階，無林麓則狄人設階。

For the calling back of the soul: where there are mountains and forests, the forest warden sets up the ladder; where there are none, the Di attendants set up the ladder.

小臣復，復者朝服，君以卷，夫人以屈狄，大夫以玄赬，世婦以襢衣，士以爵弁，士妻以稅衣。皆升自東榮，中屋履危，北面三號，卷衣投於前，司服受之，降自西北榮。其為賓，則公館復，私館不復。其在野，則升其乘車之左轂而復。復衣不以衣屍，不以斂。婦人復，不以袡。凡復，男子稱名，婦人稱字。唯哭先復，復而後行死事。

A junior attendant calls back the soul. The caller wears court dress. For the ruler, the dragon robe is used; for the consort, the long robe; for a grand officer, the black upper garment and red lower garment; for a ruler's concubine, the robe of her rank; for an officer, the ritual cap; for an officer's wife, the plain robe. All go up from the eastern eave, step on the ridge at the center of the roof, face north and call three times, then roll up the garment and throw it down in front, where the keeper of garments receives it, and come down by the northwest eave. If he was a guest, one calls his soul at the official lodging but not at a private lodging. If he was in the countryside, one climbs onto the left wheel hub of his carriage and calls his soul. The garment used for calling the soul is not used to dress the corpse and not used for the shroud. For a woman, the soul-calling does not use the garment's hem. In all soul-calling, for a man one calls his given name, for a woman her courtesy name. Only wailing comes before the soul-calling, and after the soul-calling the funeral rites proceed.

始卒，主人啼，兄弟哭，婦人哭踴。既正屍，子坐於東方，卿大夫父兄子姓立於東方，有司庶士哭於堂下北面，夫人坐於西方，內命婦姑姊妹子姓立於西方，外命婦率外宗哭於堂上北面。

Just after death, the host cries aloud, the brothers wail, and the women wail and stamp their feet. After the body has been set straight, the sons sit on the east side, the ministers and grand officers with the father's brothers, sons, and grandsons stand on the east, and the officials and ordinary officers wail in the hall below facing north. The consort sits on the west side; the inner ranked women, paternal aunts, sisters, children and grandchildren stand on the west; the outer ranked women lead the outer clan women and wail in the hall facing north.

大夫之喪，主人坐於東方，主婦坐於西方。其有命夫命婦則坐，無則皆立。士之喪，主人父兄子姓皆坐於東方，主婦姑姊妹子姓皆坐於西方。凡哭屍於室者，主人二手承衾而

For a grand officer's funeral, the host sits on the east and the hostess on the west. Those with rank, men and women, sit; those without rank all stand. For an officer's funeral, the host, the father's brothers, sons, and grandsons all sit on the east, and the hostess, paternal aunts, sisters, children, and grandchildren all sit on the west. In all wailing over the body in the room, the host supports the coverlet with both hands and

哭。

wails.

君子喪未小斂，為寄公國賓出。大夫之喪未小斂，為君命出。士之喪，於大夫，不當斂則出。

In a gentleman's funeral, before the small shrouding, he goes out for a lodging lord or a state guest. In a grand officer's funeral, before the small shrouding, he goes out for a ruler's command. In an officer's funeral, for a grand officer, he goes out unless the shrouding is just then taking place.

凡主人之出也，徒跣，扱衽，拊心，降自西階。君拜寄公國賓於位，大夫於君命，迎於寢門外。使者升堂致命，主人拜於下。士於大夫親吊，則與之哭，不逆於門外。

Whenever the host goes out, he is barefoot, tucks in the front of his robe, beats his chest, and comes down by the western steps. The ruler at his place bows to the lodging lord or state guest. For a ruler's command, the grand officer meets the messenger outside the gate of the inner chamber. The messenger ascends the hall and delivers the command, and the host bows below. For an officer when a grand officer comes in person to offer condolences, he wails with him and does not meet him outside the gate.

夫人為寄公夫人出，命婦為夫人之命出。士妻不當斂，則為命婦出。

The consort goes out for the wife of a lodging lord, and the ranked women go out for the consort's command. The wife of an officer, unless the shrouding is just taking place, goes out for a ranked woman.

小斂，主人即位於戶內。主婦東面，乃斂。卒斂，主人馮之踴，主婦亦如之。主人袒，說髦，括髮以麻，婦人髽，帶麻於房中。

At the small shrouding, the host takes his place inside the door. The hostess faces east, and only then does the shrouding take place. When it is done, the host leans and stamps his feet, and the hostess does the same. The host bares his arm, removes the child's hair tuft, and binds his hair with hemp. The women use the topknot and tie the hemp sash in the room.

徹帷，男女奉屍夷於堂，降拜。

The curtain is removed, and men and women carry the body and set it in the hall, then come down and bow.

君拜寄公國賓，大夫士拜卿大夫於位，於士旁三拜。大夫亦拜寄公夫人於堂上，大夫內子士妻，特拜命婦，泛拜眾賓於堂上。主人即位，襲帶絰踴。母之喪，即位而免，乃奠。吊者襲裘，加武，帶絰，與主人拾踴。

The ruler bows to the lodging lord and state guests. Grand officers and officers at their places bow to the ministers and grand officers, and to an officer bow sideways three times. The grand officer also bows in the hall to the wife of the lodging lord. A grand officer's principal wife or an officer's wife makes a special bow to the ranked women, and in the hall bows generally to all the guests. The host takes his place, covers up, puts on the sash and hemp band, and stamps his feet. For a mother's funeral, he takes his place and wears the mourning cap, and then the offering is made. The mourners cover up their fur, put on the cap band, wear the sash and hemp band, and alternate in stamping with the host.

君喪虞人出木角，狄人出壺，雍人出鼎，司馬縣之，乃官代哭。大夫官代哭，不縣壺，士代哭，不以官。君堂上二燭，下二燭，大夫堂上一燭，下二燭，士堂上一燭，下一燭。

At a ruler's funeral, the forest warden brings out the wood and horn, the Di attendants bring out the water clock, the butcher brings out the tripod, and the Minister of War hangs them, and then the officials take turns wailing. For a grand officer, the officials take turns wailing and the water clock is not hung. For an officer, the attendants take turns wailing and no officials are used. For a ruler there are two candles in the hall and two below the hall; for a grand officer one candle in the hall and two below; for an officer one candle in the hall and one below.

賓出徹帷。

When the guests go out, the curtain is removed.

哭屍於堂上，主人在東方，由外來者在西方，諸婦南鄉。

In wailing over the body in the hall, the host is on the east, those coming from outside are on the west, and the women face south.

婦人迎客送客，不下堂。下堂不哭，男子出寢門見人不哭。其無女主，則男主拜女賓於寢門內。其無男主，則女主拜男賓於阼階下。子幼，則以衰抱之。人為之拜，為後者不在，則有爵者辭，無爵者人為之拜。在竟內則俟之，在竟外則殯葬可也。喪有無後，無無主。

A woman welcomes and sees off guests without going down from the hall. If she goes down, she does not wail. A man who goes out of the inner chamber gate does not wail when he sees people. If there is no female host, then the male host bows to the female guests inside the chamber gate. If there is no male host, then the female host bows to the male guests below the eastern steps. If the son is young, he is held in mourning dress, and another bows on his behalf. If the heir is absent, one with rank declines, and one without rank has another bow for him. If he is within the borders, one waits for him; if he is beyond the borders, the burial may go ahead. In mourning, there may be none with an heir, but there is none without a chief mourner.

君之喪，三日，子夫人杖，五日既殯，授大夫世婦杖，子大夫，寢門之外杖，寢門之內輯之。夫人世婦，在其次則杖，即位則使人執之。子有王命則去杖，國君之命則輯杖，聽卜有事於屍則去杖。大夫於君所則輯杖，於大夫所則杖。

At a ruler's funeral, for three days the sons and the consort use staffs; on the fifth day, after the coffin has been laid in the hall, staffs are given to the grand officers and the ruler's concubines. The sons and grand officers use staffs outside the chamber gate and put them away inside the gate. The consort and concubines use staffs in the mourning shed and have someone hold them when they take their places. If the son has a royal command, he puts down the staff; if he has a command from the ruler of the state, he puts it away. When listening to the divination or doing something for the corpse, he puts down the staff. A grand officer at the ruler's puts away his staff and at another grand officer's uses it.

大夫之喪，三日之朝，既殯，主人主婦室老皆杖。大夫有君命則去杖，大夫之命則輯杖，內子為夫人之命去杖，為世婦之命授人杖。

At a grand officer's funeral, on the morning of the third day, after the coffin is laid in the hall, the host, hostess, and the old steward all use staffs. If the grand officer has a command from the ruler, he puts down the staff; if he has a command from a grand officer, he puts it away. The principal wife puts down her staff for the consort's command and hands her staff to someone for the command of a concubine.

士之喪，二日而殯，三日之朝，主人杖，婦人皆杖。於君命，夫人之命，如大夫，於大夫世婦之命，如大夫，子皆杖。不以即位。大夫士哭殯則杖，哭柩則輯杖。棄杖者，斷而棄之於隱者。

At an officer's funeral, the coffin is laid in the hall after two days, and on the morning of the third day the host uses a staff and the women all use staffs. For a ruler's command or the consort's command, it is as for a grand officer; for a command of a grand officer or a concubine, it is as for a grand officer. The sons all use staffs but do not use them to take their places. Grand officers and officers use the staff when wailing at the laying in the hall and put it away when wailing at the coffin. A staff that is discarded is broken and thrown in a hidden place.

君設大盤，造冰焉。大夫設夷盤，造冰焉。士並瓦盤，無冰。設床襢笫，有枕，含一床，襲一床，遷屍於堂又一床。皆有枕蓆，君大夫士一也。

The ruler sets up a great basin and makes ice in it. The grand officer sets up a flat basin and makes ice in it. The officer uses a clay basin only, without ice. The bed is set with a bamboo mat and the pad removed, and there is a pillow. One bed is used for the mouth rite, one for the dressing, and one for moving the body to the hall. All have pillows and mats. Ruler, grand officer, and officer are the same.

始死，遷屍於床，幠用斂衾，去死衣。小臣楔齒用角柶，綴足用燕几，君大夫士一也。

Just after death, the body is moved to the bed and covered with the shrouding coverlet, and the clothes worn at death are removed. A junior attendant uses a horn spoon to pry the teeth open and uses a small table to fix the feet. Ruler, grand officer, and officer are the same.

管人汲，不說繘，屈之，盡階不升堂。授御者，御者入浴。小臣四人抗衾，御者二人浴。浴水用盆，沃水用枓，浴用絺巾，挋用浴衣。如它日，小臣爪足，浴餘水床於坎。其母之喪，則內御者抗衾而浴。

The keeper draws water, not letting go of the well rope but coiling it. After finishing the steps he does not ascend the hall but hands it to the attendants, who then enter for the bathing. Four junior attendants lift the coverlet and two attendants bathe the body. The bath water is in a basin, the pouring is with a ladle, the bathing is done with a fine kudzu cloth, and drying with a bathing robe. All as in life. A junior attendant trims the toenails. The remaining bath water and the bed are buried in a pit. For a mother's funeral, the inner attendants lift the coverlet and bathe her.

管人汲，授御者，御者差沐於堂上。君沐粱，大夫沐稷，士沐粱。甸人為垼於西牆下，陶人出重鬲，管人受沐，乃煮之。甸人取所徹廟之西北厞，薪用爨之。管人授御者沐，乃沐。沐用瓦盤，挋用巾。如它日，小臣爪手翦須，濡濯棄於坎。

The keeper draws water and hands it to the attendants, who prepare the water for washing the hair in the hall. For a ruler, the washing water is made from millet; for a grand officer, from broomcorn millet; for an officer, from millet. The field attendant builds a stove beneath the west wall, and the potter brings out the double-tiered cauldron. The keeper receives the washing water and boils it. The field attendant takes the wood removed from the northwest hidden corner of the temple and burns it as fuel. The keeper hands the washing water to the attendants, and only then is the hair washed. The washing is done in a clay basin and drying with a cloth. All as in life. A junior attendant trims the fingernails and trims the beard. The water used for washing the hair is poured into a pit.

君之喪，子、大夫、公子、眾士皆三日不食。子大夫公子食粥，納財，朝一溢米，莫一溢米。食之無筭士，疏食水飲，食之無筭。夫人、世婦、諸妻皆疏食水飲，食之無筭。

At a ruler's funeral, the sons, grand officers, ruler's sons, and the officers all do not eat for three days. The sons, grand officers, and ruler's sons then eat gruel, with grain brought in, a handful of rice in the morning and a handful in the evening, and may eat without a fixed schedule. Officers eat coarse food and drink water, without a fixed schedule. The consort, the concubines, and the wives all eat coarse food and drink water, without a fixed schedule.

大夫之喪，主人、室老、子姓皆食粥。眾士疏食水飲，妻妾疏食水飲。士亦如之。

At a grand officer's funeral, the host, the old steward, and the sons and grandsons all eat gruel. The officers eat coarse food and drink water, and the wives and concubines eat coarse food and drink water. An officer's funeral is the same.

既葬，主人疏食水飲，不食菜果。婦人亦如之。君大夫士一也。練而食菜果，祥而食肉。

After the burial, the host eats coarse food and drinks water and does not eat vegetables or fruit. Women are the same. Ruler, grand officer, and officer are alike. After the first anniversary one eats vegetables and fruit, and after the second one eats meat.

食粥於盛不盥，食於篹者盥。食菜以醯醬。始食肉者，先食乾肉。始飲酒者，先飲醴酒。

When eating gruel from a vessel, one does not wash one's hands; when eating from a bamboo basket, one washes. For eating vegetables, one uses vinegar and sauce. One who begins to eat meat eats dried meat first. One who begins to drink wine drinks sweet wine first.

期之喪，三不食食，疏食水飲，不食菜果。三月既葬，食肉飲酒。期，終喪不食肉，不飲酒。父在，為母，為妻，九月之喪，食飲猶期之喪也。食肉飲酒，不與人樂之。

In a one-year mourning, one does not eat three meals, eating coarse food and drinking water, and does not eat vegetables or fruit. After three months, once the burial has taken place, one eats meat and drinks wine. In a one-year mourning, to the end one does not eat meat or drink wine. When the father is alive, for a mother or a wife in a nine-month mourning, food and drink are still as in a one-year mourning. If one eats meat and drinks wine, one does not make merry with others.

五月三月之喪，壹不食，再不食，可也。比葬，食肉飲酒，不與人樂之。叔母，世母故主，宗子食肉飲酒，不能食粥，羹之以菜可也。有疾，食肉飲酒可也。五十不成喪，七十唯衰麻在身。

In a five-month or three-month mourning, skipping a meal once or twice is also permitted. Until the burial, if one eats meat and drinks wine, one does not make merry with others. For an uncle's wife, the wife of a father's elder brother, a former ruler, or the head of the clan, one may eat meat and drink wine. If one cannot eat gruel, a soup made with vegetables is also acceptable. If ill, eating meat and drinking wine is also acceptable. At fifty one does not complete the full measure of the mourning rites, and at seventy one wears only the mourning clothing.

既葬，若君食之，則食之。大夫父之友食之，則食之矣。不闢粱肉，若有酒醴則辭。

After the burial, if the ruler gives him food, he eats it. If a grand officer or his father's friend gives him food, he eats it. He does not avoid millet and meat. If there is wine or sweet wine, he declines.

小斂於戶內，大斂於阼。君以簟席，大夫以蒲席，士以葦蓆。

The small shrouding is done inside the door, and the large shrouding at the eastern steps. The ruler uses bamboo mats, the grand officer rush mats, and the officer reed mats.

小斂布絞，縮者一，橫者三。君錦衾，大夫縞衾，士緇衾皆一。衣十有九稱，君陳衣於序東，大夫士陳衣於房中，皆西領北上，絞紟不在列。

For the small shrouding, the cloth bands are one lengthwise and three crosswise. The ruler uses a brocade coverlet, the grand officer a plain silk coverlet, and the officer a black coverlet, one each. There are nineteen sets of clothes. The ruler lays out the clothes at the eastern side hall, and the grand officer and officer lay them out in the room, all with the collars facing west and north as the senior side. The bands and the single sheet are not in the rows.

大斂布絞，縮者三，橫者五，布紟二衾，君大夫士一也。君陳衣於庭，百稱，北領西上。大夫陳衣於序東，五十稱，西領南上。士陳衣於序東，三十稱，西領南上。絞紟如朝服，絞一幅為三，不闢紟五幅，無紞。

For the large shrouding, the cloth bands are three lengthwise and five crosswise, with a cloth single sheet and two coverlets. Ruler, grand officer, and officer are the same. The ruler lays out clothes in the courtyard, one hundred sets, with collars facing north and west as the senior side. The grand officer lays out clothes at the eastern side hall, fifty sets, with collars facing west and south as the senior side. The officer lays out clothes at the eastern side hall, thirty sets, with collars facing west and south as the senior side. The bands and the single sheet are as in court dress. Each band is one width of cloth split into three, but not torn apart. The single sheet is five widths, with no ties.

小斂之衣，祭服不倒，君無襚，大夫士畢主人之祭服，親戚之衣受之，不以即陳。小斂，君大夫士皆用復衣復衾。大斂，君大夫士祭服無筭，君褶衣褶衾，大夫士猶小斂也。

For the clothes of the small shrouding, the sacrificial garments are not set upside down. The ruler has no shroud garments sent by others. The grand officer and officer use all of the host's sacrificial garments. Clothes from relatives are accepted, and if not brought, they are simply displayed. At the small shrouding, the ruler, grand officer, and officer all use lined clothes and lined coverlets. At the large shrouding, the ruler, grand officer, and officer use sacrificial garments without a fixed number. The ruler uses lined clothes and lined coverlets, and the grand officer and officer are as at the small shrouding.

袍必有表，不禪。衣必有裳，謂之一稱。

A padded robe must have an outer layer and not be single. A garment must have a lower skirt, and that is called one set.

凡陳衣者實之篋，取衣者亦以篋，升降者自西階。凡陳衣不詘，非列採不入，絺綌紵不入。

All displayed clothes are put in chests, and those who take clothes also use chests. They go up and down by the western steps. In all displays the clothes are not folded. Patterned items not in the proper rows are not brought in, and fine kudzu, coarse kudzu, and ramie cloth are not brought in.

凡斂者袒，遷屍者襲。君之喪，大胥是斂，眾胥佐之。大夫之喪，大胥侍之，眾胥是斂。士之喪，胥為侍，士是斂。

In all shrouding, the one who shrouds bares his arm, and the one who moves the body covers up. At a ruler's funeral, the senior chief attendant comes to do the shrouding, with the other attendants assisting. At a grand officer's funeral, the senior attendant waits in attendance, and the other attendants come to shroud. At an officer's funeral, an attendant serves, and the officer comes to shroud.

小斂大斂，祭服不倒，皆左衽，結絞不紐。

At the small and large shrouding, the sacrificial garments are not set upside down, all are closed on the left, and the knots of the bands are not tied as slip knots.

斂者，既斂必哭，士與其執事則斂，斂焉則為之壹不食。凡斂者六人。

Those who shroud always wail once the shrouding is done. An officer joins in the shrouding with the one handling the matter. One who takes part in the shrouding goes without food one time for him. In all, there are six who shroud.

君錦冒黼殺，綴旁七。大夫玄冒黼殺，綴旁五。士緇冒赬殺，綴旁三。凡冒，質長與手齊，殺三尺。自小斂以往用夷衾，夷衾質殺之，裁猶冒也。

The ruler's face cover is of brocade, with axe-pattern lower part, and seven ties at the sides. The grand officer's is dark, with axe-pattern lower part and five ties at the sides. The officer's is black, with a red lower part and three ties at the sides. In all face covers, the upper part is as long as the hand, and the lower part is three feet. From the small shrouding onward the equal coverlet is used. The upper and lower parts of the equal coverlet are cut as with the face cover.

君將大斂，子弁絰即位於序端，卿大夫即位於堂廉楹西，北面東上，父兄堂下北面，夫人命婦屍西東面，外宗房中南面，小臣鋪席，商祝鋪絞紟衾衣，士盥於盤上，士舉遷屍於斂上。卒斂，宰告，子馮之踴，夫人東面亦如之。

When the ruler is about to be put through the large shrouding, the sons, wearing the cap and hemp band, take their places at the end of the side hall. The ministers and grand officers take their places west of the pillar at the edge of the hall, facing north with east as the senior side. The father's brothers stand below the hall facing north. The consort and ranked women face east west of the body. The women of the outer clan face south in the room. A junior attendant spreads the mats, and the officiating invoker spreads the bands, single sheet, coverlets, and clothes. The officers wash their hands in the basin, and the officers lift the body and move it onto the shroud. When the shrouding is done, the steward reports. The sons lean and stamp their feet, and the consort faces east and does the same.

大夫之喪，將大斂，既鋪絞紟衾衣，君至，主人迎先入門右，巫止於門外。君釋菜，祝先入升堂。君即位於序端，卿大夫即位於堂廉楹西，北面東上，主人房外南面，主婦屍西東面。遷屍卒斂，宰告，主人降，北面於堂下，君撫之，主人拜稽顙。君降，升主人馮之，命主婦馮之。

At a grand officer's funeral, when the large shrouding is about to take place, once the bands, single sheet, coverlet, and clothes are spread, the ruler arrives. The host meets him, entering the gate first by the right side. The shaman stops outside the gate. The ruler sets down the herb. The invoker enters first and ascends the hall. The ruler takes his place at the end of the side hall. The ministers and grand officers take their places west of the pillar at the edge of the hall facing north with east as the senior side. The host faces south outside the room. The hostess faces east west of the body. When the body is moved and the shrouding is done, the steward reports. The host comes down and stands below the hall facing north. The ruler lays a hand on the body, and the host bows and touches his head to the ground. The ruler comes down, has the host go up and lean on the body, and commands the hostess to lean on it.

士之喪，將大斂，君不在，其餘禮猶大夫也。

At an officer's funeral, when the large shrouding is about to take place, if the ruler is not present, the rest of the rites are as for a grand officer.

鋪絞紟踴，鋪衾踴，鋪衣踴，遷屍踴，斂衣踴，斂衾踴，斂絞紟踴。

One stamps the feet at spreading the bands and single sheet, at spreading the coverlet, at spreading the clothes, at moving the body, at shrouding with clothes, at shrouding with the coverlet, and at binding the bands and single sheet.

君撫大夫，撫內命婦，大夫撫室老，撫侄娣，君大夫馮父母妻長子，不馮庶子，士馮父母妻長子庶子。庶子有子，則父母不馮其屍。凡馮屍者，父母先，妻子後。君於臣撫之，父母於子執之，子於父母馮之，婦於舅姑奉之，舅姑於婦撫之，妻於夫拘之，夫於妻於昆弟執之。馮屍不當君所。凡馮屍，興必踴。

The ruler lays a hand on a grand officer and on the inner ranked women. The grand officer lays a hand on the old steward and on the concubines. A ruler or grand officer leans on the body of a parent, wife, or eldest son, but not of a son of a lesser wife. An officer leans on the body of a parent, wife, eldest son, or lesser son. If the lesser son has a son, then the parents do not lean on that body. In all leaning on the body, the parents come first and the wife and children after. The ruler to a minister lays a hand, parents to a son hold with the hands, a son to his parents leans, a wife to her husband's parents holds up, the husband's parents to the wife lay a hand, a wife to her husband clasps, and a husband to his wife and brothers holds with the hands. One does not lean on the body in the place where the ruler stands. In all leaning on the body, when rising one must stamp the feet.

父母之喪，居倚廬，不塗，寢苫枕。由，非喪事不言。君為廬宮之，大夫士襢之。

In mourning for a parent, one lives in the mourning hut, does not plaster it with mud, sleeps on a straw mat with a clod of earth for a pillow, and does not speak except about the funeral. The ruler has a surrounding wall made for the hut, while grand officers and officers leave it open.

既葬，柱楣塗廬，不於顯者，君大夫士皆宮之。

After the burial, one props up the lintel with a post and plasters the hut, but not in a conspicuous place. Ruler, grand officer, and officer all set up the surrounding wall.

凡非適子者，自未葬，以於隱者為廬。

All those who are not the eldest legitimate son build the hut in a hidden place from before the burial.

既葬，與人立，君言王事，不言國事。大夫士言公事，不言家事。

After the burial, one stands and speaks with others. A ruler speaks of the king's affairs and not of the state's affairs. A grand officer or officer speaks of the duke's affairs and not of household affairs.

君既葬，王政入於國，既卒哭，而服王事。大夫士既葬，公政入於家，既卒哭，弁絰帶，金革之事無闢也。

After a ruler has been buried, the king's governance enters the state. After the weeping-ending rite he takes up the king's service. After a grand officer or officer has been buried, the duke's governance enters the household. After the weeping-ending rite, he wears the cap with the hemp band, and there is no avoiding matters of weapons and armor.

既練，居堊室，不與人居。君謀國政，大大士謀家事。既祥，黝堊。祥而外無哭者。禫而內無哭者，樂作矣故也。

After the first anniversary he lives in a plastered room and does not share it with others. The ruler plans the state's governance, and the grand officer or officer plans household affairs. After the second anniversary, the walls are painted black and white. After the second anniversary, there is no wailing outside. After the final rite there is no wailing inside, because music has already begun to arise.

禫而從御，吉祭而復寢。期，居廬，終喪不御於內者。父在，為母為妻齊衰期者，大功布衰九月者，皆三月不御於內。婦人不居廬，不寢苫。喪父母，既練而歸。期九月者，既葬而歸。

After the final rite one follows the attendants, and with the auspicious sacrifice one returns to the sleeping chamber. In a one-year mourning one lives in the mourning hut and to the end of the mourning does not take attendants within. When the father is alive, for a mother or wife in one-year coarse mourning, or in the nine-month great-merit cloth mourning, in all cases for three months one does not take attendants within. A woman does not live in the mourning hut and does not sleep on a straw mat. In mourning for parents, she returns home after the first anniversary. In one-year and nine-month mourning, she returns after the burial.

公之喪，大夫俟練，士卒哭而歸。

At the duke's funeral, a grand officer waits until the first anniversary and an officer returns after the weeping-ending rite.

大夫士，父母之喪，既練而歸。朔月忌日，則歸哭於宗室。諸父兄弟之喪，既卒哭而歸。

A grand officer or officer in mourning for his parents returns after the first anniversary. On the first day of the month and on the anniversary of the death, he goes back to wail in the ancestral hall. In mourning for the father's brothers, he returns after the weeping-ending rite.

父不次於子，兄不次於弟。

A father does not set up a mourning shed at the son's, and an elder brother does not set one up at the younger brother's.

君於大夫世婦，大斂焉。為之賜，則小斂焉。

For a grand officer or a ruler's concubine, the ruler goes at the time of the large shrouding. If he grants special favor, he goes at the time of the small shrouding.

於外命婦既加蓋而君至，於士既殯而往，為之賜，大斂焉。夫人於世婦，大斂焉。為之賜，小斂焉。於諸妻，為之賜，大斂焉。於大夫外命婦，既殯而往。大夫士既殯，而君往焉，使人戒之，主人具殷奠之禮，俟於門外。見馬首，先入門右，巫止於門外，祝代之先。君釋菜於門內，祝先升自阼階，負墉南面。君即位於阼，小臣二人執戈立於前，二人立於後。擯者進，主人拜稽顙。君稱言，視祝而踴，主人踴。

For an outer ranked woman, the ruler arrives after the lid has been placed. For an officer, he goes after the coffin has been laid in the hall. If he grants special favor, he goes at the large shrouding. The consort, for a concubine, goes at the large shrouding. If she grants special favor, she goes at the small shrouding. For the other wives, if she grants special favor, she goes at the large shrouding. For the outer ranked wife of a grand officer, she goes after the laying in the hall. When a grand officer or officer has been laid in the hall and the ruler is to go, he sends someone to warn the family. The host prepares the major offering rite and waits outside the gate. Seeing the horse's head, he first enters the gate on the right. The shaman stops outside the gate, and the invoker goes ahead in his place. The ruler sets down the herb inside the gate. The invoker goes up first by the eastern steps, with his back to the wall facing south. The ruler takes his place at the eastern steps. Two junior attendants holding halberds stand in front and two stand behind. The usher advances. The host bows and touches his head to the ground. The ruler names the deceased, looks at the invoker, and stamps his feet, and the host stamps his feet.

大夫則奠可也，士則出俟於門外，命之反奠，乃反奠。卒奠，主人先俟於門外，君退，主人送於門外，拜稽顙。君於大夫疾，三問之。在殯，三往焉。士疾，壹問之。在殯，壹往焉。

A grand officer may then make the offering, and an officer goes out and waits outside the gate. When ordered to return and make the offering, he returns to make it. When the offering is done, the host first waits outside the gate. When the ruler withdraws, the host sees him off to the gate, bows and touches his head to the ground. The ruler, for the illness of a grand officer, inquires three times; for the coffin laid in the hall, he goes three times. For the illness of an officer, he inquires once; for the laying in the hall, he goes once.