Duke Wen

（經六二）夏，季孫行父如陳。

(Classic, 6.2) In summer, Jisun Xingfu went to Chen.

（經六三）秋，季孫行父如晉。

(Classic, 6.3) In autumn, Jisun Xingfu went to Jin.

（經六四）八月乙亥，晉侯讙卒。

(Classic, 6.4) In the eighth month, on yihai, Hua, Marquis of Jin, died.

（經六五）冬，十月，公子遂如晉。

(Classic, 6.5) In winter, in the tenth month, Prince Sui went to Jin.

（經六六）葬晉襄公。

(Classic, 6.6) Duke Xiang of Jin was buried.

（經六七）晉殺其大夫陽處父，晉狐射姑出奔狄。

(Classic, 6.7) Jin killed its grand master Yang Chufu, and Hu Shegu of Jin fled to the Di.

（傳）晉殺其大夫陽處父，則狐射姑曷為出奔？射姑殺也。射姑殺則其稱國以殺何？君漏言也。其漏言奈何？君將使射姑將。陽處父諫曰：「射姑民眾不說，不可使將。」於是廢將。陽處父出，射姑入。君謂射姑曰：「陽處父言曰：『射姑民眾不說，不可使將。』」射姑怒，出刺陽處父於朝而走。

(Commentary) Jin killed the grand master Yang Chufu, and why did Hu Shegu flee? Shegu killed him. Since Shegu killed him, why is the killing written under the state's name? Because the ruler leaked the words. How did he leak them? The ruler was about to give Shegu command of the army. Yang Chufu remonstrated: "The people do not like Shegu; he cannot be given command of the army." So the appointment was dropped. Yang Chufu went out and Shegu came in. The ruler said to Shegu: "Yang Chufu said: 'The people do not like Shegu; he cannot be given command of the army.'" Shegu became angry, went out, stabbed Yang Chufu to death at court, and ran away.

（經六八）閏月不告月，猶朝於廟。

(Classic, 6.8) In the intercalary month the announcement of the month was not made, yet court was still held in the temple.

（傳）不告月者何？不告朔也。曷為不告朔？天無是月也。閏月矣，何以謂之天無是月？是月非常月也。猶者何？通可以已也。

(Commentary) What does "did not announce the month" mean? It means not announcing the new moon. Why not announce the new moon? Heaven has no such month. If it was already an intercalary month, why say Heaven has no such month? Because this month is not a regular month. What does "still" mean? It means that all of this could originally have been stopped.

春，公伐邾婁。

In spring, Duke Wen attacked Zhulou.

（經七二）三月甲戌，取須朐。

(Classic, 7.2) In the third month, on jiaxu, Xuqu was taken.

（傳）取邑不日，此何以日？內辭也，使若他人然。

(Commentary) Taking a walled town usually does not record the day; why is the day recorded here? It is the wording inside Lu, to make it look as if someone else took it.

（經七三）遂城郚。

(Classic, 7.3) Then the city of Wu was built.

（經七四）夏，四月，宋公王臣卒。

(Classic, 7.4) In summer, in the fourth month, Wangchen, Duke of Song, died.

（經七五）宋人殺其大夫。

(Classic, 7.5) The men of Song killed one of their grand masters.

（傳）何以不名？宋三世無大夫，三世內娶也。

(Commentary) Why is his name not given? For three generations Song had no grand masters, because for three generations they took wives within the state.

（經七六）戊子，晉人及秦人戰於令狐，晉先眛以師奔秦。

(Classic, 7.6) On wuzi, the men of Jin fought the men of Qin at Linghu, and Xian Mie of Jin went over to Qin with his army.

（傳）此偏戰也，何以不言師敗績？敵也。此晉先眛也，其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？外也。其外奈何？以師外也。何以不言出？遂在外也。

(Commentary) This was a battle at an agreed time; why is it not written that the army was greatly defeated? Because the forces were evenly matched. This was Xian Mie of Jin; why is he called "the men of"? It is a demotion. Why a demotion? Because he fled abroad. How did he flee abroad? He fled abroad with the army. Why is "went out" not written? Because he was already outside.

（經七七）狄侵我西鄙。

(Classic, 7.7) The Di invaded the western border of our state of Lu.

（經七八）秋，八月，公會諸侯、晉大夫，盟於扈。

(Classic, 7.8) In autumn, in the eighth month, Duke Wen met the lords and the grand masters of Jin in a covenant at Hu.

（傳）諸侯何以不序？大夫何以不名？公失序也。公失序奈何？諸侯不可使與公盟，眣晉大夫使與公盟也。

(Commentary) Why are the lords not written in order? Why are the grand masters not named? Because Duke Wen lost the order. How did Duke Wen lose the order? The lords were unwilling to make a covenant with Duke Wen, so they had to let the grand masters of Jin signal with their eyes in order to make the covenant with Duke Wen.

（經七九）冬，徐伐莒。公孫敖如莒蒞盟。

(Classic, 7.9) In winter, Xu attacked Ju. Gongsun Ao went to Ju to join the covenant.

春，王正月。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經八二）夏，四月。

(Classic, 8.2) In summer, in the fourth month.

（經八三）秋，八月戊申，天王崩。

(Classic, 8.3) In autumn, in the eighth month, on wushen, the Son of Heaven died.

（經八四）冬，十月壬午，公子遂會晉趙盾，盟于衡雍。

(Classic, 8.4) In winter, in the tenth month, on renwu, Prince Sui met Zhao Dun of Jin and made a covenant at Hengyong.

（經八五）乙酉，公子遂會伊雒戎，盟於暴。

(Classic, 8.5) On yiyou, Prince Sui met the Rong of the Yi and Luo rivers and made a covenant at Bao.

（經八六）公孫敖如京師，不至復；丙戌，奔莒。

(Classic, 8.6) Gongsun Ao went to the capital, returned before arriving, and on bingxu fled to Ju.

（傳）不至復者何？不至復者，內辭也，不可使往也。不可使往，則其言如京師何？遂公意也。何以不言出？遂在外也。

(Commentary) What does "did not arrive and returned" mean? "Did not arrive and returned" is the wording inside Lu, but actually he could not be sent. If he could not be sent, why is "went to the capital" written? To fulfill Duke Wen's intention. Why is "went out" not written? Because he was already outside.

（經八七）螽。

(Classic, 8.7) Locusts caused a calamity.

（經八八）宋人殺其大夫司馬；宋司城來奔。

(Classic, 8.8) The men of Song killed their grand master, the Minister of War; the Minister of Works of Song came to seek refuge.

（傳）司馬者何？司城者何？皆官舉也。曷為皆官舉？宋三世無大夫，三世內娶也。

(Commentary) What is the Minister of War? What is the Minister of Works? Both are given by office title. Why are both given by office title? For three generations Song had no grand masters, because for three generations they took wives within the state.

春，毛伯來求金。

In spring, Mao Bo came to ask for metal.

（傳）毛伯者何？天子之大夫也。何以不稱使？當喪未君也。逾年矣，何以謂之未君？即位矣，而未稱王也。未稱王，何以知其即位？以諸侯之逾年即位，亦知天子之逾年即位也。以天子三年然後稱王，亦知諸侯於其封內三年稱子也。逾年稱公矣，則曷為於其封內三年稱子？緣民臣之心，不可一日無君；緣終始之義，一年不二君，不可曠年無君；緣孝子之心，則三年不忍當也。毛伯來求金，何以書？譏。何譏爾？王者無求，求金非禮也。然則是王者與？曰：非也。非王者則曷為謂之王者？王者無求，曰：是子也。繼文王之體，守文王之法度，文王之法無求而求，故譏之也。

(Commentary) Who was Mao Bo? A grand master of the Son of Heaven. Why is "sent" not written? Because it was within the mourning period and there was no formally established ruler yet. The year had already turned; why still say there was no formally established ruler? He had already taken the throne but had not yet taken the title of king. If he had not yet taken the title of king, how do we know he had taken the throne? From the fact that lords take the throne once the year turns, we also know that the Son of Heaven takes the throne once the year turns. From the fact that the Son of Heaven takes the title of king after three years, we also know that lords within their borders are called "viscount" for three years. The year had turned and he was already called duke; why is he called "viscount" within the borders for three years? Following the hearts of the ministers and people, there cannot be even one day without a ruler; following the meaning of end and beginning, there cannot be two rulers in one year, nor can there be no ruler for the whole year; following the heart of the filial son, for three years he cannot bear to take it on. Mao Bo came to ask for metal; why is it recorded? As a criticism. What is criticized? A true king does not "ask"; asking for metal is improper. Then was this man a true king? The answer is: no. If he was not a true king, why is he still called a true king? The true king does not "ask"; the answer is: this man was a viscount. He inherited King Wen's lineage and kept King Wen's laws, and King Wen's laws had no "asking" yet he came to ask, so he is criticized.

（經九二）夫人姜氏如齊。

(Classic, 9.2) Lady Jiang went to Qi.

（經九三）二月，叔孫得臣如京師。

(Classic, 9.3) In the second month, Shusun Dechen went to the capital.

（經九四）辛丑，葬襄王。

(Classic, 9.4) On xinchou, King Xiang was buried.

（傳）王者不書葬，此何以書？不及時書，過時書，我有往者則書。

(Commentary) The burial of a true king is usually not recorded; why is it recorded here? If it was before the time it is recorded, and if it was after the time it is recorded, so long as someone from Lu went to attend.

（經九五）晉人殺其大夫先都。

(Classic, 9.5) The men of Jin killed their grand master Xian Du.

（經九六）三月，夫人姜氏至自齊。

(Classic, 9.6) In the third month, Lady Jiang returned from Qi.

（經九七）晉人殺其大夫士眛及箕鄭父。

(Classic, 9.7) The men of Jin killed their grand masters Shi Mei and Ji Zhengfu.

（經九八）楚人伐鄭。

(Classic, 9.8) The men of Chu attacked Zheng.

（經九九）公子遂會晉人、宋人、衛人、許人救鄭。

(Classic, 9.9) Prince Sui joined the men of Jin, the men of Song, the men of Wei and the men of Xu to rescue Zheng.

（經九十）夏，狄侵齊。

(Classic, 9.10) In summer, the Di invaded Qi.

（經九十一）秋，八月，曹伯襄卒。

(Classic, 9.11) In autumn, in the eighth month, Xiang, Earl of Cao, died.

（經九十二）九月癸酉，地震。

(Classic, 9.12) In the ninth month, on guiyou, there was an earthquake.

（傳）地震者何？動地也。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What is an earthquake? It is the earth moving. Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly.

（經九十三）冬，楚子使椒來聘。

(Classic, 9.13) In winter, the Viscount of Chu sent Jiao to pay a visit.

（傳）椒者何？楚大夫也。楚無大夫，此何以書？始有大夫也。始有大夫，則何以不氏？許夷狄者不一而足也。

(Commentary) Who was Jiao? A grand master of Chu. Chu had no grand masters; why is he recorded here? It was the beginning of having grand masters. If it was the beginning of having grand masters, why is his clan name not given? Because barbarians are granted something but not given everything at once.

（經九十四）秦人來歸僖公成風之襚。

(Classic, 9.14) The men of Qin came to present funerary robes for Duke Xi and Cheng Feng.

（傳）其言僖公成風何？兼之。兼之非禮也。曷為不言及成風？成風尊也。

(Commentary) What does "Duke Xi, Cheng Feng" mean? Two matters are combined. Combining them is improper. Why is "and Cheng Feng" not written? Because Cheng Feng was of honored rank.

（經九十五）葬曹共公。

(Classic, 9.15) Duke Gong of Cao was buried.

春，王三月辛卯，臧孫辰卒。

In spring, the third month of the Zhou calendar, on the day xinmao, Zang Sunchen died.

（經十二）夏，秦伐晉。

(Classic 12) In summer, Qin attacked Jin.

（經十三）楚殺其大夫宜申。

(Classic 13) Chu killed its senior officer Yishen.

（經十四）自正月不雨，至於秋七月。

(Classic 14) From the first month there was no rain, until the seventh month in autumn.