Duke Wen

（經十五）及蘇子盟於女栗。

(Classic 15) A covenant was made with Master Su at Nüli.

（經十六）冬，狄侵宋。

(Classic 16) In winter, the Di invaded Song.

（經十七）楚子、蔡侯次於屈貉。

(Classic 17) The Viscount of Chu and the Marquis of Cai encamped at Qu He.

春，楚子伐圈。

In spring, the Viscount of Chu attacked Juan.

（經十一二）夏，叔彭生會晉郄缺於承匡。

(Classic 11-2) In summer, Shu Pengsheng met Xi Que of Jin at Chengkuang.

（經十一三）秋，曹伯來朝。

(Classic 11-3) In autumn, the Earl of Cao came to court.

（經十一四）公子遂如宋。

(Classic 11-4) Prince Sui went to Song.

（經十一五）狄侵齊。

(Classic 11-5) The Di invaded Qi.

（經十一六）冬，十月甲午，叔孫得臣敗狄於鹹。

(Classic 11-6) In winter, in the tenth month, on the day jiawu, Shusun Dechen defeated the Di at Xian.

（傳）狄者何？長狄也。兄弟三人，一者之齊，一者之魯，一者之晉。其之齊者，王子成父殺之；其之魯者，叔孫得臣殺之；則未知其之晉者也。其言敗何？大之也。其日何？大之也。其地何？大之也。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What are the Di? They are the Tall Di. There were three brothers; one went to Qi, one went to Lu, and one went to Jin. The one who went to Qi was killed by Wangzi Chengfu; the one who went to Lu was killed by Shusun Dechen; what became of the one who went to Jin is not known. Why does it write "defeated"? To magnify the matter. Why does it record the day? To magnify the matter. Why does it record the place? To magnify the matter. Why was it recorded at all? To record an unusual event.

春，王正月，盛伯來奔。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Earl of Sheng came seeking refuge.

（傳）盛伯者何？失地之君也。何以不名？兄弟辭也。

(Commentary) Who was the Earl of Sheng? A ruler who had lost his land. Why is he not called by name? This is the wording used among brothers.

（經十二二）杞伯來朝。

(Classic 12-2) The Earl of Qi came to court.

（經十二三）二月庚子，子叔姬卒。

(Classic 12-3) In the second month, on the day gengzi, Zishu Ji died.

（傳）此未適人，何以卒？許嫁矣。婦人許嫁，字而笄之，死則以成人之喪治之。其稱子何？貴也。其貴奈何？母弟也。

(Commentary) This woman had not yet married, so why is her death recorded? She had already been betrothed. When a woman is betrothed, she is given a courtesy name and has her hairpin put on, and when she dies she is mourned with the rites for an adult. Why is she called "Zi"? Because her rank is honored. How is it honored? She was the ruler's full sister.

（經十二四）夏，楚人圍巢。

(Classic 12-4) In summer, the people of Chu besieged Chao.

（經十二五）秋，滕子來朝。

(Classic 12-5) In autumn, the Viscount of Teng came to court.

（經十二六）秦伯使遂來聘。

(Classic 12-6) The Earl of Qin sent Sui on a diplomatic visit.

（傳）遂者何？秦大夫也。秦無大夫，此何以書？賢繆公也。何賢乎繆公？以為能變也。其為能變奈何？惟諓諓善竫言。俾君子易怠，而況乎我多有之，惟一介斷斷焉無他技。其心休休，能有容，是難也。

(Commentary) Who was Sui? A senior officer of Qin. Qin had no senior officers, so why is he recorded here? Because Duke Mu is held to have been worthy. Where did Duke Mu's worth lie? In that he was able to change. How was he able to change? Those who speak glibly and cleverly make a gentleman slack, and how much more so when there are so many such people here; but one upright person, with no other skill, of generous heart and able to tolerate others, is the rare one.

（經十二七）冬，十有二月戊午，晉人、秦人戰於河曲。

(Classic 12-7) In winter, in the twelfth month, on the day wuwu, the men of Jin and the men of Qin fought at Hequ.

（傳）此偏戰也，何以不言師敗績？敵也。曷為以水地？河曲疏矣，河千里而一曲也。

(Commentary) This was a battle by appointment, so why does it not write that the army was greatly defeated? Because the two sides were evenly matched. Why is the place named with a river? Because Hequ is very distant, and the Yellow River makes only one bend in a thousand li.

（經十二八）季孫行父帥師，城諸及運。

(Classic 12-8) Jisun Xingfu led the army and fortified Zhu and Yun.

春，王正月。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經十三二）夏，五月壬午，陳侯朔卒。

(Classic 13-2) In summer, in the fifth month, on the day renwu, Shuo, Marquis of Chen, died.

（經十三三）邾婁子蘧蒢卒。

(Classic 13-3) Qu Chu, Viscount of Zhulou, died.

（經十三四）自正月不雨，至於秋七月。

(Classic 13-4) From the first month there was no rain, until the seventh month in autumn.

（經十三五）世室屋壞。

(Classic 13-5) The roof of the Shi Chamber collapsed.

（傳）世室者何？魯公之廟也。周公稱太廟，魯公稱世室，群公稱宮。此魯公之廟也，曷為謂之世室？世室，猶世室也，世世不毀也。周公何以稱太廟於魯？封魯公以為周公也。周公拜乎前，魯公拜乎後。曰：生以養周公，死以為周公主。然則周公之魯乎？曰：不之魯也，封魯公以為周公主。然則周公曷為不之魯？欲天下之一乎周也。魯祭周公，何以為牲？周公用白牡，魯公用騂犅，群公不毛。魯祭周公，何以為盛？周公盛，魯公燾，群公廩。世室屋壞，何以書？譏。何譏爾？久不修也。

(Commentary) What is the Shi Chamber? It is the temple of the Duke of Lu. The temple of the Duke of Zhou is called the Great Temple, that of the Duke of Lu the Shi Chamber, and those of the other dukes are called palaces. This is the temple of the Duke of Lu, so why is it called the Shi Chamber? The "Shi Chamber" means a chamber of generations, so it is never torn down for generations. Why is the Duke of Zhou's temple called the Great Temple in Lu? The Duke of Lu was enfeoffed for the sake of the Duke of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou bowed in front, and the Duke of Lu bowed behind. It is said that in life he was to nurture the Duke of Zhou, and in death he was to serve as the chief sacrificer of the Duke of Zhou. Then did the Duke of Zhou go to Lu? The answer is that he did not go to Lu; the Duke of Lu was enfeoffed to be the Duke of Zhou's chief sacrificer. Then why did the Duke of Zhou not go to Lu? So that all under Heaven would be unified under Zhou. In Lu's sacrifices to the Duke of Zhou, what animals are used? For the Duke of Zhou a white bull, for the Duke of Lu a red bull, and for the other dukes bulls of mixed color. In Lu's sacrifices to the Duke of Zhou, how are the millets in the vessels? For the Duke of Zhou they are heaped full, for the Duke of Lu covered, and for the other dukes as ordinary as in the granary. When the roof of the Shi Chamber collapsed, why was it recorded? As a criticism. What was criticized? That it had long gone unrepaired.

（經十三六）冬，公如晉。

(Classic 13-6) In winter, Duke Wen went to Jin.

（經十三七）衛侯會於沓。

(Classic 13-7) The Marquis of Wei met him at Ta.

（經十三八）狄侵衛。

(Classic 13-8) The Di invaded Wei.

（經十三九）十有二月己丑，公及晉侯盟，還自晉。

(Classic 13-9) In the twelfth month, on the day jichou, Duke Wen made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin and returned from Jin.

（經十三十）鄭伯會公於斐。

(Classic 13-10) The Earl of Zheng met Duke Wen at Fei.

（傳）還者何？善辭也。何善爾？往黨，衛侯會公於沓，至得與晉侯盟。反黨，鄭伯會公於斐，故善之也。

(Commentary) What does "returned" mean? It is a wording of praise. What is praised? On the way there, the Marquis of Wei met Duke Wen at Ta, and only after arriving could he make the covenant with the Marquis of Jin. On the way back, the Earl of Zheng met Duke Wen at Fei, so he is praised.

春，王正月，公至自晉。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Wen returned from Jin.

（經十四二）邾婁人伐我南鄙。

(Classic 14-2) The people of Zhulou attacked the southern border of our state of Lu.

（經十四三）叔彭生帥師伐邾婁。

(Classic 14-3) Shu Pengsheng led an army and attacked Zhulou.

（經十四四）夏，五月乙亥，齊侯潘卒。

(Classic 14-4) In summer, in the fifth month, on the day yihai, Pan, Marquis of Qi, died.

（經十四五）六月，公會宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯、晉趙盾。

(Classic 14-5) In the sixth month, Duke Wen met with the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Cao, and Zhao Dun of Jin.

（經十四六）癸酉，同盟於新城。

(Classic 14-6) On the day guiyou, they made a covenant together at Xincheng.

（經十四七）秋，七月，有星孛入於北斗。

(Classic 14-7) In autumn, in the seventh month, a comet entered the Northern Dipper.

（傳）孛者何？彗星也。其言入於北斗何？北斗有中也。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What is a bo star? It is a comet. What does it mean to write "entered the Northern Dipper"? The Northern Dipper has a central palace. Why was it recorded? To record an unusual event.

（經十四八）公至自會。

(Classic 14-8) Duke Wen returned from the covenant.

（經十四九）晉人納接菑於邾婁，弗克納。

(Classic 14-9) The men of Jin tried to install Jiezi in Zhulou but could not install him.

（傳）納者何？入辭也。其言弗克納何？大其弗克納也。何大乎其弗克納？晉郄缺帥師，革車八百乘，以納接菑於邾婁，力沛若有餘而納之。邾婁人言曰：「接菑，晉出也；貜且，齊出也。子以其指，則接菑也四，貜且也六。子以大國壓之，則未知齊、晉孰有之也，貴則皆貴矣。雖然，貜且也長。」郄缺曰：「非吾力不能納也，義實不爾克也。」引師而去之，故君子大其弗克納也。此晉郄缺也，其稱人何？貶。曷為貶？不與大夫專廢置君也。曷為不與？實與而文不與。文曷為不與？大夫之義，不得專廢置君也。

(Commentary) What does "install" mean? It is the wording for putting someone in. What does it mean to write "could not install"? It magnifies that he could not be installed. Why magnify his failure to be installed? Xi Que of Jin led an army of eight hundred chariots to install Jiezi in Zhulou, with strength sufficient, and as if with strength to spare he sent him in. The people of Zhulou said: "Jiezi was born of a woman of Jin, and Juqie of a woman of Qi. If you count on your fingers, Jiezi is four and Juqie is six. You press us with a great state, but you do not know which of Qi and Jin could hold the place; as for nobility, both are noble. Even so, Juqie is the elder." Xi Que said: "It is not that my strength cannot install him, but that in righteousness it is truly not right to install him by force." He took the army and left, so the gentleman magnifies that he could not install him. This man was Xi Que of Jin; why is he called "man"? It is a demotion. Why demote him? Because it disapproves of a senior officer arbitrarily deposing and setting up a ruler. Why disapprove? In substance it approves, but in wording it disapproves. Why disapprove in wording? Because it is not the duty of a senior officer to arbitrarily depose and set up a ruler.

（經十四十）九月甲申，公孫敖卒於齊。

(Classic 14-10) In the ninth month, on the day jiashen, Gongsun Ao died in Qi.

（經十四十一）齊公子商人弒其君舍。

(Classic 14-11) Prince Shangren of Qi killed his ruler She.

（傳）此未逾年之君也，其言弒其君舍何？己立之，己殺之，成死者而賤生者也。

(Commentary) This was a ruler for whom the year had not yet passed, so why does it write "murdered his ruler She"? He himself set him up and himself killed him, which completes the dead and demotes the living.

（經十四十二）宋子哀來奔。

(Classic 14-12) Zi Ai of Song came seeking refuge.

（傳）宋子哀者何？無聞焉爾。

(Commentary) Who was Zi Ai of Song? We have not heard.

（經十四十三）冬，單伯如齊。

(Classic 14-13) In winter, Shan Bo went to Qi.

（經十四十四）齊人執單伯，齊人執子叔姬。

(Classic 14-14) The men of Qi seized Shan Bo, and the men of Qi seized Zishu Ji.

（傳）執者曷為或稱行人？或不稱行人？稱行人而執者，以其事執也；不稱行人而執者，以己執也。單伯之罪何？道淫也。惡乎淫？淫乎子叔姬。然則曷為不言齊人執單伯及子叔姬？內辭也，使若異罪然。

(Commentary) Why is it that in seizing a person, sometimes "envoy" is written and sometimes not? When "envoy" is written and he is seized, he was seized because of the matter he was handling; when "envoy" is not written and he is seized, he was seized because of himself. What was Shan Bo's offense? Licentiousness on the road. With whom? With Zishu Ji. Then why does it not write that the men of Qi seized Shan Bo together with Zishu Ji? It is a wording of Lu's own, making them look like two separate offenses.

春，季孫行父如晉。

In spring, Jisun Xingfu went to Jin.

（經十五二）三月，宋司馬華孫來盟。

(Classic 15-2) In the third month, Hua Sun, Minister of War of Song, came to the covenant.