Duke Xuan

（經十五九）宋華元出奔晉。

(Classic) Hua Yuan of Song fled to Jin.

（經十五十）宋華元自晉歸於宋。

(Classic) Hua Yuan of Song returned from Jin to Song.

（經十五十一）宋殺其大夫山。

(Classic) Song killed its grand master Shan.

（經十五十二）宋魚石出奔楚。

(Classic) Yu Shi of Song fled to Chu.

（經十五十三）冬，十有一月，叔孫僑如會晉士燮、齊高無咎、宋華元、衛孫林父、鄭公子鰍、邾婁人會吳於鍾離。

(Classic) In winter, in the eleventh month, Shusun Qiaoru joined Shi Xie of Jin, Gao Wujiu of Qi, Hua Yuan of Song, Sun Linfu of Wei, Gongzi Qiu of Zheng and the men of Zhulou in meeting Wu at Zhongli.

（傳）曷為殊會吳？外吳也。曷為外也？《春秋》內其國而外諸夏，內諸夏而外夷狄。王者欲一乎天下，曷為以外內之辭言之？言自近者始也。

(Commentary) Why is it written alone that they met Wu? Wu was treated as outside. Why was it treated as outside? The Spring and Autumn Annals treats its own state as inside and the Chinese states as outside; and it treats the Chinese states as inside and the Yi and Di barbarians as outside. A true king aims to unify the world, so why does the text still speak in terms of inside and outside? It means one must begin from what is near.

（經十五十四）許遷於葉。

(Classic) Xu moved to Ye.

春，王正月，雨木冰。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, it rained and the trees were coated with ice.

（傳）雨木冰者何？雨而木冰也。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What does "rain wood ice" mean? It rained and the trees were coated with ice. Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly.

（經十六二）夏，四月辛未，滕子卒。

(Classic) In summer, on the xinwei day of the fourth month, the Viscount of Teng died.

（經十六三）鄭公子喜帥師侵宋。

(Classic) Gongzi Xi of Zheng led an army to invade Song.

（經十六四）六月丙寅朔，日有食之。

(Classic) In the sixth month, on the first day, bingyin, there was a solar eclipse.

（經十六五）晉侯使欒黶來乞師。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin sent Luan Yan to request troops.

（經十六六）甲午晦。

(Classic) On the jiawu day, the sky was dark.

（傳）晦者何？冥也。何以書？記異也。

(Commentary) What does "dark" mean? It means gloomy. Why is it recorded? To record an anomaly.

（經十六九）晉侯及楚子、鄭伯戰於鄢陵，楚子、鄭師敗績。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin fought the Viscount of Chu and the Earl of Zheng at Yanling, and the Viscount of Chu and the army of Zheng were badly defeated.

（傳）敗者稱師，楚何以不稱師？王痍也。王痍者何？傷乎矢也。然則何以不言師敗績？末言爾。

(Commentary) A defeated side is called "army," so why is Chu not called "army"? Because the king was wounded. What does the king being wounded mean? He was wounded by an arrow. Then why is it not written that the army was badly defeated? It was not worth saying further.

（經十六十）楚殺其大夫公子側。

(Classic) Chu killed its grand master Gongzi Ce.

（經十六十一）秋，公會晉侯、齊侯、衛侯、宋華元、邾婁人於沙隨。不見公，公至自會。

(Classic) In autumn, Duke Cheng joined the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Wei, Hua Yuan of Song and the men of Zhulou at Shasui. The Duke was not received, and Duke Cheng returned from the covenant.

（傳）不見公者何？公不見見也。公不見見，大夫執。何以致會？不恥也。曷為不恥？公幼也。

(Commentary) What does "did not see the Duke" mean? It means the Duke was not received. If the Duke was not received and a grand master was captured, why is it still written that he returned from the covenant? Because it was not treated as a disgrace. Why was it not treated as a disgrace? Because Duke Cheng was young.

（經十六十二）公會尹子、晉侯、齊國佐、邾婁人伐鄭。

(Classic) Duke Cheng joined the Viscount of Yin, the Marquis of Jin, Guo Zuo of Qi and the men of Zhulou in attacking Zheng.

（經十六十三）曹伯歸自京師。

(Classic) The Earl of Cao returned from the capital.

（傳）執而歸者名，曹伯何以不名？而不言復歸於曹何？易也。其易奈何？公子喜時在內也。公子喜時在內，則何以易？公子喜時者仁人也。內平其國而待之，外治諸京師而免之。其言自京師何？言甚易也，舍是無難矣！

(Commentary) A person who is captured and then returns is called by name, so why is the Earl of Cao not called by name? And why is it not written that he "returned to Cao"? Because it was easy. How was it easy? Gongzi Xishi was in the state. Why was it easy because Gongzi Xishi was in the state? Gongzi Xishi was a benevolent man. Inside, he kept the state at peace to wait for him; outside, he handled the matter in the capital and obtained his release. What does "from the capital" mean? It means it was extremely easy, and apart from this there was no difficulty!

（經十六十四）九月，晉人執季孫行父，舍之於招丘。

(Classic) In the ninth month, the men of Jin captured Jisun Xingfu and placed him at Zhaoqiu.

（傳）執未可言舍之者，此其言舍之何？仁之也，曰在招丘悕矣。執未有言仁之者，此其言仁之何？代公執也，其代公執奈何？前此者晉人來乞師而不與。公會晉侯，將執公，季孫行父曰：「此臣之罪也。」於是執季孫行父。成公將會晉厲公，會不當期，將執公。季孫行父曰：「臣有罪，執其君；子有罪，執其父；此聽失之大者也。今此臣之罪也，舍臣之身而執臣之君，吾恐聽失之為宗廟羞也。」於是執季孫行父。

(Commentary) When people are captured, "released him" has never been written; why is "released him" written here? Out of pity for him, saying he was in a pitiful state at Zhaoqiu. When people are captured, pity has never been mentioned; why is pity mentioned here? Because he was captured in place of Duke Cheng. How was he captured in place of Duke Cheng? Before this, the men of Jin came to request troops, and they were not given. Duke Cheng met the Marquis of Jin, who was about to seize Duke Cheng, and Jisun Xingfu said: "This is the fault of the minister." So Jisun Xingfu was captured. When Duke Cheng was about to meet Duke Li of Jin, the covenant was not made on schedule, and they were about to seize Duke Cheng. Jisun Xingfu said: "If a minister has committed a crime and his ruler is seized, or a son has committed a crime and his father is seized, that is the greatest error in hearing a lawsuit. Now this is the minister's fault, yet you spare the minister's own person and seize the minister's ruler; I fear that an error in hearing the case will bring shame upon the ancestral temple." So Jisun Xingfu was captured.

（經十六十五）冬，十月乙亥，叔孫僑如出奔齊。

(Classic) In winter, on the yihai day of the tenth month, Shusun Qiaoru fled to Qi.

（經十六十六）十有二月乙丑，季孫行父及晉郄州盟於扈。

(Classic) In the twelfth month, on the yichou day, Jisun Xingfu made a covenant with Xi Zhou of Jin at Hu.

（經十六十七）公至自會。

(Classic) Duke Cheng returned from the covenant.

（經十六十八）乙酉，刺公子偃。

(Classic) On the yiyou day, Gongzi Yan was stabbed to death.

春，衛北宮結率師侵鄭。

In spring, Beigong Jie of Wei led an army to invade Zheng.

（經十七二）夏，公會尹子、單子、晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、邾婁人伐鄭。六月，乙酉，同盟於柯陵。

(Classic) In summer, Duke Cheng joined the Viscount of Yin, the Viscount of Shan, the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao and the men of Zhulou in attacking Zheng. In the sixth month, on the yiyou day, they made a covenant together at Keling.

（經十七三）秋，公至自會。

(Classic) In autumn, Duke Cheng returned from the covenant.

（經十七四）齊高無咎出奔莒。

(Classic) Gao Wujiu of Qi fled to Ju.

（經十七五）九月辛丑，用郊。

(Classic) In the ninth month, on the xinchou day, the suburban sacrifice was used.

（傳）用者何？用者不宜用也。九月非所用郊也。然則郊曷用？郊用正月上辛，或曰用然後郊。

(Commentary) What does "used" mean? "Used" means it should not have been used. The ninth month is not the time to hold the suburban sacrifice. Then what time should be used for the suburban sacrifice? The suburban sacrifice uses the first xin day of the first month; another view is that one first "uses" it and only then holds the suburban sacrifice.

（經十七六）晉侯使荀罃來乞師。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin sent Xun Ying to request troops.

（經十七七）冬，公會單子、晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、齊人、邾婁人伐鄭。十有一月，公至自伐鄭。

(Classic) In winter, Duke Cheng joined the Viscount of Shan, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, the men of Qi and the men of Zhulou in attacking Zheng. In the eleventh month, Duke Cheng returned from the army attacking Zheng.

（經十七八）壬申，公孫嬰齊卒於狸軫。

(Classic) On the renshen day, Gongsun Yingqi died at Lizhen.

（傳）非此月日也，曷為以此月日卒之？待君命然後卒大夫。曷為待君命然後卒大夫？前此者嬰齊走之晉，公會晉侯，將執公。嬰齊為公請，公許之反為大夫，歸。至於狸軫而卒。無君命不敢卒大夫，公至，曰：「吾固許之反為大夫。」然後卒之。

(Commentary) If it was not that month and day, why is his death recorded with this month and day? One waits for the ruler's command before recording a grand master's death. Why does one wait for the ruler's command before recording a grand master's death? Before this, Yingqi had fled to Jin, and Duke Cheng met the Marquis of Jin, who was about to seize Duke Cheng. Yingqi made a request for Duke Cheng, and Duke Cheng agreed to let him return to be a grand master, so he returned. He died on reaching Lizhen. Without the ruler's command one does not dare record a grand master's death; when Duke Cheng arrived, he said: "I had agreed to let him return to be a grand master." Only then was his death recorded.

（經十七九）十有二月丁巳朔，日有食之。

(Classic) In the twelfth month, on the first day, dingsi, there was a solar eclipse.

（經十七十）邾婁子貜且卒。

(Classic) Juqie, Viscount of Zhulou, died.

（經十七十一）晉殺其大夫郄錡、郄州、郄至。

(Classic) Jin killed its grand masters Xi Qi, Xi Zhou and Xi Zhi.

（經十七十二）楚人滅舒庸。

(Classic) The men of Chu destroyed Shuyong.

春，王正月，晉殺其大夫胥童。庚申，晉弒其君州蒲。

In spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Jin killed its grand master Xu Tong. On the gengshen day, Jin killed its ruler Zhoupu.

（經十八二）齊殺其大夫國佐。

(Classic) Qi killed its grand master Guo Zuo.

（經十八三）公如晉。

(Classic) Duke Cheng went to Jin.

（經十八四）夏，楚子、鄭伯伐宋。

(Classic) In summer, the Viscount of Chu and the Earl of Zheng attacked Song.

（經十八五）宋魚石復入於彭城。

(Classic) Yu Shi of Song entered Pengcheng again.

（經十六六）公至自晉。

(Classic) Duke Cheng returned from Jin.

（經十八七）晉侯使士丐來聘。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Gai on a visit.

（經十八八）秋，杞伯來朝。八月，邾婁子來朝。

(Classic) In autumn, the Earl of Qi came to court. In the eighth month, the Viscount of Zhulou came to court.

（經十八九）築鹿囿。

(Classic) The Deer Park was built.

（傳）何以書？譏。何譏爾？有囿矣，又為也。

(Commentary) Why is it recorded? It is a criticism. What is criticized? There was already a park, and it was built again.

（經十八十）己丑，公薨於路寢。

(Classic) On the jichou day, Duke Cheng died in the principal hall.

（經十八十一）冬，楚人、鄭人侵宋。

(Classic) In winter, the men of Chu and Zheng invaded Song.

（經十八十二）晉侯使士彭來乞師。

(Classic) The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Peng to request troops.

（經十八十三）十有二月，仲孫蔑會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、邾婁子、齊崔杼同盟於虛朾。

(Classic) In the twelfth month, Zhongsun Mie joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Viscount of Zhulou and Cui Zhu of Qi in a covenant at Xuting.