Duke Xuan

（經八八）大雩。

(Classic 8.8) The great rain sacrifice was held.

（經八九）冬，十月壬午，楚師滅陳，執陳公子招，放之於越，殺陳孔瑗。

(Classic 8.9) In winter, the tenth month, on the day Renwu, the army of Chu destroyed Chen, seized Prince Zhao of Chen, banished him to Yue, and killed Kong Yuan of Chen.

（經八十）葬陳哀公。

(Classic 8.10) Duke Ai of Chen was buried.

春，叔弓會楚子於陳。

In spring, Shu Gong met the Viscount of Chu at Chen.

（經九二）許遷於夷。

(Classic 9.2) Xu moved to Yi.

（經九三）夏，四月，陳火。

(Classic 9.3) In summer, the fourth month, there was a fire in Chen.

（傳）陳已滅矣，其言陳火何？存陳也，曰存陳悕矣！曷為存陳？滅人之國，執人之罪人，殺人之賊，葬人之君，若是則陳存悕矣！

(Commentary) Chen had already been destroyed; why is "fire in Chen" still written? It is to preserve Chen; to say it preserves Chen is truly pitiful! Why preserve Chen? To destroy someone's state, seize someone's criminal, kill someone's rebel, and bury someone's ruler, and in this way Chen is preserved, is truly pitiful!

（經九四）秋，仲孫貜如齊。

(Classic 9.4) In autumn, Zhongsun Ju went to Qi.

（經九五）冬，築郎囿。

(Classic 9.5) In winter, the Lang park was built.

春，王正月。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar.

（經十二）夏，晉欒施來奔。

(Classic 10.2) In summer, Luan Shi of Jin came and defected.

（經十三）秋，七月，季孫隱如、叔弓、仲孫貜帥師伐莒。

(Classic 10.3) In autumn, the seventh month, Jisun Yinru, Shu Gong, and Zhongsun Ju led an army and attacked Ju.

（經十四）戊子，晉侯彪卒。

(Classic 10.4) On the day Wuzi, Biao, Marquis of Jin, died.

（經十五）九月，叔孫舍如晉。

(Classic 10.5) In the ninth month, Shusun She went to Jin.

（經十六）葬晉平公。

(Classic 10.6) Duke Ping of Jin was buried.

（經十七）十有二月甲子，宋公戍卒。

(Classic 10.7) In the twelfth month, on the day Jiazi, Xu, Duke of Song, died.

春，王正月，叔弓如宋。

In spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Shu Gong went to Song.

（經十一二）葬宋平公。

(Classic 11.2) Duke Ping of Song was buried.

（經十一三）夏，四月丁巳，楚子虔誘蔡侯般，殺之於申。

(Classic 11.3) In summer, the fourth month, on the day Dingsi, Qian, Viscount of Chu, lured Ban, Marquis of Cai, and killed him at Shen.

（傳）楚子虔何以名？絕也。曷為絕之？為其誘封也。此討賊也，雖誘之則曷為絕之？懷惡而討不義，君子不予也。

(Commentary) Why is Qian, Viscount of Chu, called by name? It is to cut him off. Why cut him off? Because he punished by luring. This was punishing a rebel; even if he lured him, why still cut him off? To go with evil intent to punish the unrighteous is not approved by the gentleman.

（經十一四）楚公子棄疾帥師圍蔡。

(Classic 11.4) Prince Qiji of Chu led an army and besieged Cai.

（經十一五）五月甲申，夫人歸氏薨。

(Classic 11.5) In the fifth month, on the day Jiashen, Lady Gui died.

（經十一六）大搜於比蒲。

(Classic 11.6) A great hunt-review was held at Bipu.

（傳）大搜者何？簡車徒也。何以書？蓋以罕書也。

(Commentary) What is a great hunt-review? It is a review of chariots and foot soldiers. Why is it recorded? Probably it is recorded because it was rare.

（經十一七）仲孫貜會邾婁子，盟於侵羊。

(Classic 11.7) Zhongsun Ju met the Viscount of Zhulou and made a covenant at Qinyang.

（經十一八）秋，季孫隱如會晉韓起、齊國酌、宋華亥、衛北宮佗、鄭軒虎、曹人、杞人於屈銀。

(Classic 11.8) In autumn, Jisun Yinru joined Han Qi of Jin, Guo Zhuo of Qi, Hua Hai of Song, Beigong Tuo of Wei, Xuan Hu of Zheng, the men of Cao, and the men of Qi (the willow Qi) at Quyin.

（經十一九）九月，己亥，葬我小君齊歸。

(Classic 11.9) In the ninth month, on the day Jihai, Qi Gui, the lady of our state, was buried.

（傳）齊歸者何？昭公之母也。

(Commentary) Who was Qi Gui? She was the mother of Duke Zhao.

（經十一十）冬，十有一月丁酉，楚師滅蔡，執蔡世子有以歸，用之。

(Classic 11.10) In winter, the eleventh month, on the day Dingyou, the army of Chu destroyed Cai, seized You, heir of Cai, took him back, and used him.

（傳）此未逾年之君也，其稱世子何？不君靈公，不成其子也。不君靈公，則曷為不成其子？誅君之子不立，非怒也，無繼也。惡乎用之？用之防也。其用之防奈何？蓋以築防也。

(Commentary) This was the son of a ruler who had not yet passed the year; why is he called heir? It is that Duke Ling was not treated as a ruler, so his son was not accommodated. Why was Duke Ling not treated as a ruler, so his son was not accommodated? The son of a punished ruler cannot be installed; this is not anger, but there is no one to succeed. Where was he used? On an embankment. How was he used on the embankment? Probably he was used to build the embankment.

春，齊高偃師師納北燕伯於陽。

In spring, Gao Yan of Qi led an army and escorted the Earl of Northern Yan into Yang. (The source text has a doubled character here; it should read "led".)

（傳）伯於陽者何？公子陽生也。子曰：「我乃知之矣。」在側者曰：「子茍知之，何以不革？」曰：「如爾所不知何？《春秋》之信史也，其序則齊桓、晉文，其會則主會者為之也，其詞則丘有罪焉耳！」

(Commentary) What does "the Earl at Yang" mean? It means Prince Yangsheng. Confucius said: "I originally knew this matter." Those beside him said: "Since you know it, why did you not correct it?" The reply was: "What can I do about what you do not know? The Spring and Autumn Annals is a trustworthy history; its order is Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin, its covenants were made by those who presided over them, and as for its wording, that is just where Qiu is at fault!"

（經十二二）三月壬申，鄭伯嘉卒。

(Classic 12.2) In the third month, on the day Renshen, Jia, Earl of Zheng, died.

（經十二三）夏，宋公使華定來聘。

(Classic 12.3) In summer, the Duke of Song sent Hua Ding on a friendly visit.

（經十二四）公如晉，至河乃復。

(Classic 12.4) Duke Zhao went to Jin, and returned on reaching the Yellow River.

（經十二五）五月，葬鄭簡公。

(Classic 12.5) In the fifth month, Duke Jian of Zheng was buried.

（經十二六）楚殺其大夫成然。

(Classic 12.6) Chu killed its grandee Cheng Ran.

（經十二七）秋，七月。

(Classic 12.7) In autumn, the seventh month.

（經十二八）冬，十月，公子整出奔齊。

(Classic 12.8) In winter, the tenth month, Prince Zheng fled to Qi.

（經十二九）楚子伐徐。

(Classic 12.9) The Viscount of Chu attacked Xu.

（經十二十）晉伐鮮虞。

(Classic 12.10) Jin attacked Xianyu.

春，叔弓帥師圍費。

In spring, Shu Gong led an army and besieged Fei.

（經十三二）夏，四月，楚公子比自晉歸於楚，弒其君虔於乾溪。

(Classic 13.2) In summer, the fourth month, Prince Bi of Chu returned from Jin to Chu, and at Qianxi killed his ruler Qian. (The source text writes the character "gan" as in "qian" of Qian and Kun.)

（傳）此弒其君，其言歸何？歸無惡於弒立也。歸無惡於弒立者何？靈王為無道，作乾溪之臺，三年不成，楚公子棄疾脅比而立之。然後令於乾溪之役曰：「比已立矣，後歸者不得復其田裡。」眾罷而去之，靈王經而死。楚公子棄疾弒公子比，比已立矣，其稱公子何？其意不當也。其意不當，則曷為加弒焉爾？比之義宜乎效死不立。大夫相殺稱人，此其稱名氏以弒何？言將自是為君也。

(Commentary) This was killing a ruler; why is "returned" still written? "Returned" says that he had no malice in killing the ruler and setting himself up. What does it mean that he had no malice in killing the ruler and setting himself up? King Ling had no Way, and built the terrace at Qianxi, which was not finished in three years. Prince Qiji of Chu coerced Bi and set him up. Then he gave an order to the laborers at Qianxi, saying: "Bi has already been set up; those who return later will not be restored to their fields and villages." The crowd then scattered and left, and King Ling hanged himself and died. Prince Qiji of Chu killed Prince Bi; Bi had already been set up, so why is he still called prince? Because his own intent was that he should not have been set up. His own intent being that he should not have been set up, why is "killed" still added? By the righteousness of Bi, he should have given his life rather than be set up. When grandees kill each other they are called "men"; here the name and clan are used in writing "killed"; why? It is to say that he would go on to be ruler from this. (The source text writes the character "gan" in "Ganxi" as in "qian" of Qian and Kun.)

（經十三三）秋，公會劉子、晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾婁子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾婁子於平丘。八月甲戌，同盟於平丘；公不與盟，晉人執季孫隱如以歸。公至自會。

(Classic 13.3) In autumn, Duke Zhao joined Liu Zi, the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhulou at Pingqiu. In the eighth month, on the day Jiaxu, they made a covenant together at Pingqiu; Duke Zhao did not take part in the covenant, and the men of Jin seized Jisun Yinru and took him back. Duke Zhao returned from the covenant.

（傳）公不與盟者何？公不見與盟也。公不見與盟，大夫執，何以致會？不恥也。曷為不恥？諸侯遂亂，反陳、蔡，君子不恥不與焉！

(Commentary) What does "the Duke did not take part in the covenant" mean? It means Duke Zhao was not allowed to take part in the covenant. Duke Zhao was not allowed to take part in the covenant and his grandee was seized; why is it still written that he returned from the covenant? Because he did not regard it as shameful. Why not regard it as shameful? The lords in the end calmed the disorder and restored Chen and Cai; the gentleman is not ashamed of not having taken part!

（經十三四）蔡侯廬歸於蔡。陳侯吳歸於陳。

(Classic 13.4) Lu, Marquis of Cai, returned to Cai. Wu, Marquis of Chen, returned to Chen.

（傳）此皆滅國也，其言歸何？不與諸侯專封也。

(Commentary) These were both destroyed states; why is "returned" written? Because the lords' unauthorized enfeoffment was not approved.

（經十三五）冬，十月，葬蔡靈公。

(Classic 13.5) In winter, the tenth month, Duke Ling of Cai was buried.

（經十三六）公如晉，至河乃復。

(Classic 13.6) Duke Zhao went to Jin, and returned on reaching the Yellow River.

（經十三七）吳滅州來。

(Classic 13.7) Wu destroyed Zhoulai.

春，隱如至自晉。

In spring, Yinru returned from Jin.

（經十四二）三月，曹伯滕卒。

(Classic 14.2) In the third month, Teng, Earl of Cao, died.

（經十四三）夏，四月。

(Classic 14.3) In summer, the fourth month.