Duke Zhuang
元年春，王正月。繼弒君不言即位，正也。繼弒君不言即位之為正，何也？曰：先君不以其道終，則子不忍即位也。
First year, spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar. Following a murdered lord, the text does not write "acceded to the throne"; this is the regular rule. Why is it said that this is the regular rule? The answer: the former lord did not meet a good end, and so the son cannot bear to perform the rite of accession.
三月，夫人孫於齊。孫之為言猶孫也。諱奔也。接練時，錄母之變，始人之也。不言氏姓，貶之也。人之於天也，以道受命；於人也，以言受命。不若於道者，天絕之也；不若於言者，人絕之也。臣子大受命。
In the third month, the wife fled to Qi. "Sun" means the same as "xun," to withdraw, concealing that she in fact absconded. At the time of the lian sacrifice, the change in her status as mother is recorded, and she begins to be treated as an ordinary person. Her surname and clan are not written, to demean her. A person toward Heaven receives Heaven's mandate by the right way; toward other people, receives their mission by words. Heaven abandons one who does not follow the Way; people abandon one who does not follow words. A minister receives his commission greatly from his ruler and father.
夏，單伯逆王姬。單伯者何？吾大夫之命乎天子者也。命大夫，故不名也。其不言如，何也？其義不可受於京師也。其義不可受於京師，何也？曰：躬君弒於齊，使之主婚姻，與齊為禮，其義固不可受也。
In summer, Shan Bo went to fetch the royal daughter. Who was Shan Bo? He was a grand master of our Lu appointed by the Son of Heaven. Because he was a grand master appointed by the Son of Heaven, he is not called by name. Why is it not written "went to the capital"? Because by principle this matter should not be received at the capital. Why should it not be received at the capital? The answer: the ruler himself had just been murdered in Qi, yet Lu was made to preside over this marriage and perform ritual with Qi, and by principle it should not have been accepted at all.
秋，築王姬之館於外。築，禮也。於外，非禮也。築之為禮，何也？主王姬者，必自公門出。於廟則已尊，於寢則已卑。為之築，節矣。築之外，變之正也。築之外，變之為正，何也？仇讎之人非所以接婚姻也，衰麻非所以接弁冕也。其不言齊侯之來逆，何也？不使齊侯得與吾為禮也。
In autumn, a lodging for the royal daughter was built outside the city. To build a lodging is in accord with ritual; to build it outside the city is not in accord with ritual. Why is it said that building is in accord with ritual? In presiding over a royal daughter's marriage, one must send her out through the gate of the ducal palace. To put her in the grand temple would be too honored, and to put her in the main hall would be too lowly, and building a separate lodging for her is appropriate. Building it outside the city is the right way within an expedient. Why is it said that this expedient is still the right way? A person who is an enemy is not one with whom to join a marriage; and wearing mourning clothes is not for dealing with people in ceremonial caps. Why is it not written that the Marquis of Qi came to fetch her? So that the Marquis of Qi would not be able to perform ritual with our Lu.
冬，十月乙亥，陳侯林卒。諸侯日卒，正也。
In winter, in the tenth month, on the day yihai, Lin, Marquis of Chen, died. When a feudal lord dies, the day is recorded, which is the regular practice.
王使榮叔來錫桓公命。禮有受命，無來錫命；錫命非正也。生服之，死行之，禮也。生不服，死追錫之，不正甚矣。
The Son of Heaven sent Rong Shu to bestow Duke Huan's ceremonial regalia posthumously. By ritual, one goes in person to receive the appointment, and the Son of Heaven does not come to the door to bestow it; the bestowing itself is not in accord with the right way. To put it on while living and to conduct the mourning according to it after death is in accord with ritual. Not having put it on while living and bestowing it only after death is all the more contrary to the right way.
齊師遷紀，郱、鄑、郚。紀，國也。郱、鄑、郚，國也。或曰遷紀於郱、鄑、郚。
The Qi army moved away Ji and Ping, Zi and Wu. Ji was a state. Ping, Zi and Wu were also states. Another view: Ji was moved to Ping, Zi and Wu.
夏，公子慶父帥師，伐於餘丘。國而曰伐。於餘丘，邾之邑也。其曰伐何也？公子貴矣，師重矣。而敵人之邑，公子病矣。病公子，所以譏乎公也。其一曰君在而重之也。
In summer, Gongzi Qingfu led the army and attacked Yuqiu. "Attack" is used only for a state. Yuqiu was a city of Zhu. Why is "attack" used here? The prince was already of high rank and the army was large enough, yet they were set against a single city of another, and the prince seems embarrassed. To embarrass the prince is precisely to satirize Duke Zhuang. Another view: because the other side's ruler was there, the matter is written more heavily.
冬，十有二月，夫人姜氏會齊侯於禚。婦人既嫁不逾竟，逾竟非正也。婦人不言會，言會非正也。饗甚矣。
In winter, in the twelfth month, the wife Lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Zhuo. A woman who has married should no longer go beyond the borders, and to go beyond them is not in accord with the right way. A woman is normally not written as "meeting"; if written "met," it is not in accord with the right way. To entertain at a banquet again would be all the more excessive.
三年春，王正月。溺會齊侯伐衛。溺者何也？公子溺也。其不稱公子，何也？惡其會仇讎而伐同姓，故貶而名之也。
In the third year, in spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar. Ni joined the Marquis of Qi in attacking Wei. Who was Ni? He was Gongzi Ni. Why is he not called "Gongzi"? The text hates that he joined an enemy to attack a state of the same surname, so it demeans him and calls him only by name.
五月，葬桓王。傳曰：改葬也。改葬之禮緦，舉下，緬也。或曰卻屍以求諸侯。天子志崩不志葬，必其時也。何必焉？舉天下而葬一人，其義不疑也。志葬，故也，危不得葬也。曰：近不失崩。不志崩，失天下也。獨陰不生，獨陽不生，獨天不生，三合然後生。故曰：母之子也可，天之子也可。尊者取尊稱焉，卑者取卑稱焉。其曰王者，民之所歸往也。
In the fifth month, King Huan was buried. The commentary says: this was a reburial. The mourning dress for a reburial is only of fine hemp, taking the lightest grade, as a distant remembrance. Another view: the body was left lying in state, waiting for all the feudal lords to gather. For the Son of Heaven the text records "died" but not the burial, because the date of the burial is fixed. Why is it fixed? The whole world buries only this one person, with no doubtful point. The burial is recorded here because there was calamity, and there was worry that the burial could not be announced in time. It may also be said: from recent times, "died" is never left out; if "died" is not recorded, it is the same as losing the world. Yin alone cannot give birth, yang alone cannot give birth, Heaven alone cannot give birth, and only when the three are joined can there be birth. So it is said: to be called "the mother's son" is acceptable, and to be called "Heaven's son" is also acceptable. The honored takes an honored title and the lowly takes a lowly title. To be called "king" is because the common people turn to him.
秋，紀季以酅入於齊。酅，紀之邑也。入於齊者，以酅事齊也。入者，內弗受也。
In autumn, Ji Ji entered Qi with the city of Xi. Xi was a city of Ji. To say "entered Qi" is to serve Qi with the city of Xi. The use of "entered" shows that the other side did not accept him.
冬，公次於郎。次，止也，有畏也。欲救紀而不能也。
In winter, Duke Zhuang encamped at Lang. "Ci" means to halt, because of fear. He wanted to rescue Ji but could not do it.
四年春，王二月，夫人姜氏饗齊侯於祝丘。饗，甚矣。饗齊侯，所以病齊侯也。
In the fourth year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, the wife Lady Jiang feasted the Marquis of Qi at Zhuqiu. To feast him was already excessive. Writing "feasted the Marquis of Qi" is precisely to embarrass the Marquis of Qi.
三月，紀伯姬卒。外夫人不卒，此其言卒，何也？吾女也。適諸侯則尊同，以吾為之變，卒之也。
In the third month, Boji of Ji died. When the wife of a feudal lord of another state dies, the text does not normally record it; here it is recorded; why? Because she was a daughter of our Lu. Married to a feudal lord, her rank is the same as a feudal lord's, and Lu changed its mourning for her, so her death is recorded.
紀侯大去其國。大去者，不遺一人之辭也，言民之從者四年而後畢也。紀侯賢而齊侯滅之。不言滅，而曰大去其國者，不使小人加乎君子。
The Marquis of Ji left his state en masse. "Great departure" is wording meaning not one person was left behind; it says that the common people who followed him took four years to finish leaving. The Marquis of Ji was worthy, yet the Marquis of Qi destroyed his state. The text does not write "destroyed" but "greatly left his state," so that a petty person is not put above a gentleman.
六月乙丑，齊侯葬紀伯姬。外夫人不書葬，此其書葬，何也？吾女也。失國，故隱而葬之。
In the sixth month, on the day yichou, the Marquis of Qi buried Boji of Ji. For the wife of another state, the text does not normally record the funeral; here it is recorded; why? Because she was a daughter of our Lu. Her state was already gone, so she is pitied and her burial is recorded.
冬，公及齊人狩於郜。齊人者，齊侯也，其曰人何也？卑公之敵，所以卑公也。何為卑公也？不復讎，而怨不釋，刺釋怨也。
In winter, Duke Zhuang and the men of Qi hunted at Gao. "The men of Qi" was in fact the Marquis of Qi, but the text says "men"; why? To write Duke Zhuang's counterpart as lowly is also to write Duke Zhuang as lowly. Why write Duke Zhuang as lowly? The revenge had not yet been taken, and the grudge had not yet been loosened, yet he went hunting together with his enemy, which satirizes his loosening of a grudge that should not be loosened.
夏，夫人姜氏如齊師。師而曰如，眾也。婦人既嫁不逾竟，逾竟非禮也。
In summer, the wife Lady Jiang went to the Qi army. Even for an army the word "went" is used, because of the number of people. A woman who has married should no longer go beyond the borders, and to go beyond them is not in accord with ritual.
秋，郳黎來來朝。郳，國也。黎來，微國之君，未爵命者也。
In autumn, Lilai of Ni came to court. Ni was a state. Lilai was the lord of a small state who had not yet received a rank by command from the Zhou Son of Heaven.
冬，公會齊人、宋人、陳人、蔡人伐衛。是齊侯、宋公也，其曰人何也？人諸侯，所以人公也。其人公何也？逆天王之命也。
In winter, Duke Zhuang joined the men of Qi, the men of Song, the men of Chen and the men of Cai in attacking Wei. Here "the men of Qi" and "the men of Song" were in fact the Marquis of Qi and the Duke of Song, but the text says "men"; why? Writing the feudal lords as "men" also writes Duke Zhuang as one of the "men." Why write Duke Zhuang as one of the "men"? Because he went against the Zhou Son of Heaven's command.
六年春，王二月，王人子突救衛。王人，卑者也。稱名，貴之也。善救衛也。救者善，則伐者不正矣。
In the sixth year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, Zi Tu, a man of the Zhou royal house, went to rescue Wei. A "man of the king" is a person of low rank. His name is given, to raise him up. The text approves of the rescue of Wei. Since the rescuer was right, those who went to attack were not in accord with the right way.
夏，六月，衛侯朔，入於衛。其不言伐衛納朔，何也？不逆天王之命也。入者，內弗受也。何用弗受也？為以王命絕之也。朔之名惡也，朔入逆，則出順矣；朔出入名，以王命絕之也。
In summer, in the sixth month, Shuo, Marquis of Wei, entered Wei. Why is it not written "attacked Wei and sent Shuo in"? It does not wish to write that Lu was defying the Son of Heaven's command. The use of "entered" shows that Wei did not accept him. On what grounds did they not accept him? Because the Son of Heaven had cut him off by royal order. Writing Shuo's name directly shows disapproval. If Shuo's entering this time was contrary, then his going out earlier was proper; Shuo is called by name both when he went out and when he came in, because the Son of Heaven had cut him off by royal order.
秋，公至自伐衛。惡事不致，此其致，何也？不致，則無用見公之惡、事之成也。
In autumn, Duke Zhuang returned from the army attacking Wei. For evil deeds, the return to the state is normally not written; here it is written; why? If the return were not written, there would be no way to see Duke Zhuang's evil, nor to see that the matter had been done.
冬，齊人來歸衛寶。以齊首之分惡於齊也。使之如下齊而來我然，惡戰則殺矣。
In winter, the men of Qi came to return the treasures of Wei. Putting Qi at the head shares some of the evil with Qi, making the matter look as if Qi had taken the initiative to bring them down to our Lu, so that the hatred for that war is lightened.
七年春，夫人姜氏會齊侯於防。婦人不會，會非正也。
In the seventh year, in spring, the wife Lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Fang. Women are normally not written as meeting, and meeting is not in accord with the right way.
夏，四月辛卯，昔，恆星不見。恆星者，經星也。日入至於星出謂之昔。不見者，可以見也。
In summer, in the fourth month, on the day xinmao, at dusk, the fixed stars were not seen. The fixed stars are the regular stars, that is, those visible all year round. The time from sunset to the appearance of the stars is called "xi." "Not seen" is said because they should have been seen.
夜中星隕如雨。其隕也如雨，是夜中與？《春秋》著以傳著，疑以傳疑。中之，幾也；而曰夜中，著焉爾。何用見其中也？失變而錄其時，則夜中矣！其不曰恆星之隕何也？我知恆星之不見，而不知其隕也。我見其隕而接於地者，則是雨說也。著於上，見於下，謂之雨；著於下，不見於上，謂之隕。豈雨說哉！
In the middle of the night, stars fell like rain. Falling like rain; was it truly the middle of the night? The Spring and Autumn passes down what is certain as certain and what is doubtful as doubtful. To say "right middle" is a rough saying; writing it as "middle of the night" fixes it as definite. How can one tell it was the exact middle? The strange event had ended, and recording the hour at that time means it was midnight. Why is it not said that "the fixed stars fell"? I only know that the fixed stars were not seen, and do not know that they fell. What I saw falling and reaching the ground is what is meant by "rain." What first appears in the sky and is then seen to land on the ground is called "rain"; what is only seen on the ground and not seen falling from the sky is called "fell." How could this be the saying of "rain"!
冬，夫人姜氏會齊侯於谷。婦人不會，會非正也。
In winter, the wife Lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Gu. Women are normally not written as meeting, and meeting is not in accord with the right way.
八年春，王正月，師次於郎，以俟陳人、蔡人。次，止也。俟，待也。
In the eighth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the army encamped at Lang, waiting for the men of Chen and the men of Cai. "Ci" means to halt. "Si" means to wait.
甲午，治兵。出曰治兵，習戰也。入曰振旅，習戰也。治兵而陳、蔡不至矣。兵事以嚴終，故曰善陳者不戰，此之謂也。善為國者不師，善師者不陳，善陳者不戰，善戰者不死，善死者不亡。
On the day jiawu, the army drill was held. When setting out it is called "zhi bing," a drill for fighting; when returning it is called "zhen lü," also a drill for fighting. After the drill, Chen and Cai did not come. A military affair should end in good order, so it is said: one who is good at deploying formations does not need to fight; this is what it means. One who is good at governing a state does not raise armies, one who is good at using soldiers does not need to deploy formations, one who is good at deploying formations does not need to fight, one who is good at fighting does not lightly send men to die, and one who is good at facing death does not lose his state.
夏，師及齊師圍郕。郕降於齊師。其曰降於齊師何？不使齊師加威於郕也。
In summer, the army of Lu and the army of Qi besieged Cheng. Cheng surrendered to the Qi army. Why is it written "surrendered to the Qi army"? So as not to make the Qi army appear to have imposed its might on Cheng.
冬，十有一月癸未，齊無知弒其君諸兒。大夫弒其君，以國氏者，嫌也。弒而代之也。
In winter, in the eleventh month, on the day guiwei, Wuzhi of Qi killed his lord Zhu'er. A grand master killed his own lord, yet the text puts the state name "Qi" before his name, because there is a suspicion to be pointed out here: after killing the lord he took his place himself.
九年春，齊人殺無知。無知之挈，失嫌也。稱人以殺大夫，殺有罪也。
In the ninth year, in spring, the men of Qi killed Wuzhi. Here "Wuzhi" is singled out and called directly by name, because the suspicion of his usurping need no longer be pointed out. Writing "the men of a state killed a grand master" shows that the one killed was guilty.
公及齊大夫盟於暨。公不及大夫，大夫不名，無君也。盟納子糾也。不日，其盟渝也。當齊無君，制在公矣。當可納而不納，故惡內也。
Duke Zhuang made a covenant with a grand master of Qi at Ji. A lord cannot be listed with the grand master of another state with "and"; the grand master is not called by name because Qi had no lord at that time. This covenant was to send Zijiu into Qi. The day is not recorded, because the covenant was later broken. Just when Qi had no lord, the power to decide lay in Duke Zhuang's hands. At the time when he could have sent him in, he did not, so the text hates Lu's side.
夏，公伐齊，納糾。當可納而不納，齊變而後伐，故干時之戰不諱敗，惡內也。
In summer, Duke Zhuang attacked Qi to send Jiu in. At the time when he could have sent him in he did not, and only sent out troops after the situation in Qi had changed, so in the battle at Gansi Lu's defeat is not concealed, and the text hates Lu's side.
齊小白入於齊。大夫出奔反，以好曰歸，以惡曰入。齊公孫無知弒襄公，公子糾、公子小白不能存，出亡。齊人殺無知，而迎公子糾於魯，公子小白不讓公子糾，先入，又殺之於魯。故曰齊小白入於齊，惡之也。
Xiaobai of Qi entered Qi. When a grand master flees and later returns, a return with good intent is called "gui" and a return with bad intent is called "ru." Gongsun Wuzhi of Qi killed Duke Xiang, and Gongzi Jiu and Gongzi Xiaobai could not survive and fled abroad. The men of Qi killed Wuzhi and came to Lu to fetch Gongzi Jiu, but Gongzi Xiaobai did not yield to Gongzi Jiu and went in ahead of him, and later killed Gongzi Jiu in Lu. So it is written "Xiaobai of Qi entered Qi," out of hatred for him.
九月，齊人取子糾殺之。外不言取，言取，病內也。取，易辭也，猶曰取其子糾而殺之云爾。十室之邑，可以逃難；百室之邑，可以隱死。以千乘之魯，而不能存子糾，以公為病矣。
In the ninth month, the men of Qi took Zijiu and killed him. For another state's affairs the text does not normally write "took"; writing "took" blames Lu's side. "Took" says the matter came easily, which is like saying that they simply took Zijiu and killed him. In a city of ten households, one can still flee from calamity; in a city of a hundred households, one can still hide a man about to die. With Lu a state of a thousand chariots yet unable to protect Zijiu, the text takes Duke Zhuang as sick.
十年春，王正月，公敗齊師於長勺。不日，疑戰也。疑戰而曰敗，勝內也。
In the tenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Zhuang defeated the Qi army at Changshao. The day is not recorded, because this was a chance encounter without prior agreement. That it was written as "defeated" though it was not agreed shows that victory lay on Lu's side.
二月，公侵宋。侵時，此其月何也？乃深其怨於齊，又退侵宋以眾其敵，惡之。故謹而月之。
In the second month, Duke Zhuang invaded Song. An invasion is normally recorded by season, but here the month is recorded; why? He had just formed a deep grudge with Qi, and then turned back to invade Song, making more enemies for himself; the text hates him, and so records the month with emphasis.
三月，宋人遷宿。遷，亡辭也。其不地，宿不復見也。遷者，猶未失其國家以往者也。
In the third month, the men of Song moved away Su. "Moved" is wording for the destruction of a state. It is not recorded where it was moved to, because Su did not appear again. Saying "moved" describes the case of one who left before fully losing his state.
夏，六月，齊師、宋師次於郎。次，止也。畏我也。
In summer, in the sixth month, the Qi army and the Song army encamped at Lang. "Ci" means to halt, because of fear of our Lu.
公敗宋師於乘丘。不日，疑戰也。疑戰而曰敗，勝內也。
Duke Zhuang defeated the Song army at Chengqiu. The day is not recorded, because this was a chance encounter without prior agreement. That it was written as "defeated" though it was not agreed shows that victory lay on Lu's side.
秋，九月，荊敗蔡師於莘，以蔡侯獻武歸。荊者，楚也。何為謂之荊？狄之也。何為狄之？聖人立，必後至；天子弱，必先叛。故曰荊，狄之也。蔡侯何以名也？絕之也。何為絕之？獲也。中國不言敗，此其言敗何也？中國不言敗，蔡侯其見獲乎！其言敗何也？釋蔡侯之獲也。以歸，猶愈乎執也。
In autumn, in the ninth month, Jing defeated the Cai army at Shen and took the Marquis of Cai, Xianwu, back with them. "Jing" is Chu. Why is it called "Jing"? It is treated as a Di barbarian. Why treat it as a Di? When a sage is on the throne, they must arrive last; when the Son of Heaven is weak, they must rebel first. So it is called "Jing," treating it as a Di. Why is the Marquis of Cai called by name? To cut him off. Why cut him off? Because he was captured. When states of the Central Plain fight, the text does not normally write "defeated"; here "defeated" is written; why? If "defeated" were not written for a Central Plain state, how would the capture of the Marquis of Cai be accounted for? What does writing "defeated" mean? It explains the capture of the Marquis of Cai. Writing "took back with them" is a little better than writing "seized."
夏，五月戊寅，公敗宋師於鄑。內事不言戰，舉其大者，其日，成敗之也。宋萬之獲也。
In summer, in the fifth month, on the day wuyin, Duke Zhuang defeated the Song army at Zi. For Lu's own battles, the text does not write "fought" but picks out the heavier side to write; recording the day makes the victory definite. In this battle, Song Wan was also captured.
秋，宋大水。外災不書，此何以書？王者之後也。高下有水災曰大水。
In autumn, Song had a great flood. For another state's disasters, the text does not normally record them; here it is recorded; why? Because Song was a descendant of the former kings. Only when high and low places are both flooded is it called a "great flood."
十有二年春，王三月，紀叔姬歸於酅。國而曰歸，此邑也，其曰歸何也？吾女也，失國喜得其所，故言歸焉爾。
In the twelfth year, in spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, Shu Ji of Ji returned to the city of Xi. "Return" is used for a state; here it is a city, so why is "return" also used? Because she was a daughter of our Lu, and her state was already gone, and it is fortunate that she still got a place to settle, so "return" is used to say it.
秋，八月甲午，宋萬弒其君捷。宋萬，宋之卑者也。卑者以國氏，及其大夫仇牧以尊及卑也。仇牧，閒也。
In autumn, the eighth month, jiawu day, Song Wan killed his ruler Jie. Song Wan was a person of low standing in Song. A person of low standing has the state name placed before his name; and when it writes "and his grand master Chou Mu", it writes the honored one first and then links the lowly one with "and". Chou Mu was one who stood in the middle to shield the ruler.
十有三年春，齊人、宋人、陳人、蔡人、邾人會於北杏。是齊侯、宋公也，其曰人何也？始疑之。何疑焉？桓非受命之伯也，將以事授之者也。曰：可矣乎？未乎？舉人，眾之辭也。
In spring of the thirteenth year, men of Qi, men of Song, men of Chen, men of Cai and men of Zhu met at Beixing. The "men of Qi" and "men of Song" here were in fact the Marquis of Qi and the Duke of Song, but the text calls them "men"; why? It is the beginning of doubt about him. Doubt about what? Duke Huan of Qi was not a hegemon appointed by the Son of Heaven, yet the matter of the meeting was entrusted to him. It is asking: is this acceptable? Is it not yet acceptable? Calling them "men" expresses the wording of the multitude.
夏，六月，齊人滅遂。遂，國也。其不日，微國也。
In summer, the sixth month, the men of Qi destroyed the state of Sui. Sui was a state. The day is not recorded because it was a small state.
冬，公會齊侯盟於柯。曹劌之盟也，信齊侯也。桓盟雖內與，不日，信也。
In winter, Duke Zhuang and the Marquis of Qi made a covenant at Ke. This is the covenant of Cao Gui, and it was trust in the Marquis of Qi. When Duke Huan of Qi presided over a covenant, even with Lu taking part, the day was not recorded, because he was trusted.
秋，七月，荊入蔡。荊者，楚也，其曰荊何也？州舉之也。州不如國，國不如名，名不如字。
In autumn, the seventh month, Jing entered Cai. "Jing" is Chu; why is it called "Jing"? It is calling it by the name of its province. Calling it by the province is less than calling it by the state name; the state name is less than the personal name; the personal name is less than the courtesy name.
冬，單伯會齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯於鄄。復同會也。
In winter, Shan Bo convened with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Zheng at Juan. This was once more a joint assembly.
十有五年春，齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯會於鄄。復同會也。
In spring of the fifteenth year, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Zheng met at Juan. This was once more a joint assembly.
夏，夫人姜氏如齊。婦人既嫁不逾竟，逾竟非禮也。
In summer, the lady Jiang went to Qi. A woman after marriage should not leave the borders again, and leaving the borders is not in accord with ritual.
冬，十有二月，會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯、滑伯、滕子，同盟於幽。同者，有同也，同尊周也。不言公，外內寮一，疑之也。
In winter, the twelfth month, he convened with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Cao, the Earl of Hua and the Viscount of Teng, and they made a covenant together at You. "Together" means having a common goal, which is jointly honoring the Zhou house. The word "Duke" is not written, which places the outside lords and the inside ruler of Lu on the same level, expressing doubt about him.
十有七年春，齊人執鄭詹。入者，眾辭也。以人執，與之辭也。鄭詹，鄭之卑者。卑者不志，此其志何也？以其逃來志之也。逃來則何志焉？將有其末，不得不錄其本也。鄭詹，鄭之佞人也。
In spring of the seventeenth year, the men of Qi seized Zheng Zhan. Calling them "men" expresses the wording of the multitude. Using "men" to record seizing someone is wording that acknowledges the other side's right to do so. Zheng Zhan was a person of low standing in Zheng. For persons of low standing the text normally does not record; here it records, why? Because he later fled to Lu, so it must be noted. Why record even his fleeing here? When there is a result later, the earlier cause cannot go unrecorded. Zheng Zhan was the man of Zheng who could talk and curry favor.
夏，齊人殲於遂。殲者，盡也。然則何為不言遂人？盡齊人也，無遂之辭也。無遂則何為言遂？其猶存遂也。存遂奈何？曰：齊人滅遂，使人戍之，遂之因氏飲戍者酒而殺之，齊人殲焉。此謂狎敵也。
In summer, the men of Qi were wiped out at Sui. "Wiped out" means entirely. Then why is it not written "men of Sui"? Because those wiped out were men of Qi, and this is wording that treats Sui as no longer existing. If Sui no longer existed, why still say "Sui"? Because there was still a wish to keep Sui in existence. How is Sui kept in existence? The answer is: the men of Qi destroyed Sui and sent people to garrison it; the Yin family of Sui invited the garrison to drink and killed them, and so the men of Qi were wiped out there. This is what is called taking one's enemy too lightly.
十有八年春，王三月，日有食之。不言日，不言朔，夜食也。何以知其夜食也？曰：王者朝日，故雖為天子，必有尊也；貴為諸侯，必有長也。故天子朝日，諸侯朝朔。
In spring of the eighteenth year, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, there was an eclipse of the sun. The ganzhi day is not recorded and neither is "the first day", because the eclipse occurred at night. How do we know it was an eclipse at night? The answer is: the Son of Heaven pays homage to the sun every morning, so even one who has become Son of Heaven surely still has someone above to be honored; even one who has become a lord surely still has someone above to be revered. Therefore the Son of Heaven pays homage to the sun, and the lords pay homage to the new moon.
夏，公追戎於濟西。其不言戎之伐我，何也？以公之追之，不使戎邇於我也。於濟西者，大之也。何大焉？為公之追之也。
In summer, Duke Zhuang pursued the Rong, pursuing them as far as the west of the Ji River. Why is it not written that the Rong came to attack our state of Lu? Because the text writes it from the angle of Duke Zhuang pursuing them, so as not to make the Rong appear to have already pressed close on our state of Lu. Writing "west of the Ji" makes this affair appear large. Why make it large? Precisely because Duke Zhuang went in person to pursue them.