Duke Min

元年春，王正月。繼弒君不言即位，正也。親之非父也，尊之非君也，繼之如君父也者，受國焉爾。

In spring of the first year, in the first month of the Zhou calendar. Following a ruler who was assassinated, the text does not write "took the throne"; this is the regular form. In terms of kinship, that man was not his father; in terms of honor, that man was not yet his ruler; yet he continued him as one would a ruler and father, because the state was received from him.

夏，六月辛酉，葬我君莊公。莊公葬而後舉諡，諡所以成德也，於卒事乎加之矣。

In summer, the sixth month, xinyou day, our ruler Duke Zhuang was buried. Only after Duke Zhuang was buried was the posthumous title indicated; the posthumous title is used to complete the name and virtue of a whole life, and is added only after the funeral affairs are done.

秋，八月，公及齊侯盟於洛姑。盟納季子也。

In autumn, the eighth month, Duke Min and the Marquis of Qi made a covenant at Luogu. This covenant was to bring Jizi back.

季子來歸。其曰季子，貴之也。其曰來歸，喜之也。

Jizi returned to the state. Calling him "Jizi" exalts him. Writing "came back" is rejoicing for him.

冬，齊仲孫來。其曰齊仲孫，外之也。其不目而曰仲孫，疏之也。其言齊，以累桓也。

In winter, Zhongsun of Qi came. Writing "Zhongsun of Qi" treats him as an outsider. Not specifying which one and calling him only "Zhongsun" keeps him at a distance. Naming "Qi" burdens Duke Huan of Qi with this matter.

夏，五月乙酉，吉禘於莊公。吉禘者，不吉者也。喪事未畢而舉吉祭，故非之也。

In summer, the fifth month, yiyou day, the auspicious di sacrifice was performed for Duke Zhuang. It says "auspicious di", but in fact it was not auspicious. Performing an auspicious sacrifice before the funeral matters were over is why this is censured.

秋，八月辛丑，公薨。不地，故也。其不書葬，不以討母葬子也。

In autumn, the eighth month, xinchou day, Duke Min died. The place is not recorded because his death involved an incident. The burial is not recorded because a burial is not conducted for the son on the ground of 'the mother has already been punished'; while the mother's guilt has not been settled, the burial of the son cannot be written.

九月，夫人姜氏孫於邾。孫之為言猶孫也。諱奔也。

In the ninth month, the lady Jiang fled to Zhu. "Sun" is like "xun" (to yield), concealing that she was in fact fleeing.

公子慶父出奔莒。其曰出，絕之也，慶父不復見矣。

Gongzi Qingfu fled to Ju. Writing "went out" cuts him off; Qingfu no longer appears from here on.

冬，齊高子來盟。其曰來，喜之也。其曰高子，貴之也。盟立僖公也，不言使，何也？不以齊侯使高子也。

In winter, Gao Zi of Qi came to make a covenant. Writing "came" rejoices for him. Calling him "Gao Zi" exalts him. This covenant was to establish Duke Xi. Why is it not written "sent by the Marquis of Qi"? It is unwilling to write that the Marquis of Qi was commanding Gao Zi.

鄭棄其師。惡其長也，兼不反其眾，則是棄其師也。

Zheng abandoned its own army. Loathing its commander, and moreover not letting the subordinates return, is abandoning its own army.

齊師、宋師、曹師次於聶北，救邢。救不言次，言次非救也，非救而曰救，何也？遂齊侯之意也。是齊侯與？齊侯也。何用見其是齊侯也？曹無師。曹師者，曹伯也，其不言曹伯，何也？以其不言齊侯，不可言曹伯也。其不言齊侯，何也？以其不足乎揚，不言齊侯也。

The armies of Qi, Song and Cao were stationed at Nieber to rescue Xing. Rescuing is normally not written with "halted"; once "halted" is written it is not a true rescue. Not a true rescue yet written as "rescue"; why? It is to fulfill the Marquis of Qi's intention. Does what is said here mean the Marquis of Qi? It is the Marquis of Qi. On what ground can we tell it is the Marquis of Qi? Cao had no army that could be called a "shi". "Cao shi" in fact means the Earl of Cao; why is the Earl of Cao not written? Because the Marquis of Qi is not written, the Earl of Cao cannot be written either. Why is the Marquis of Qi not written? Because his merit is not yet enough to be praised, so the Marquis of Qi is not written.

夏，六月，邢遷於夷儀。遷者，猶得其國家以往者也。其地，邢復見也。

In summer, the sixth month, Xing moved to Yiyi. Saying "moved" is the sort of case where one leaves while still keeping one's own state. The place is recorded because Xing would appear again later.

齊師、宋師、曹師城邢。是向之師也，使之如改事然，美齊侯之功也。

The armies of Qi, Song and Cao built a wall for Xing. This was still the same army as before, yet the text writes it as if another thing were done, in order to praise the Marquis of Qi's merit.

秋，七月戊辰，夫人姜氏薨於夷。夫人薨不地。地，故也。

In autumn, the seventh month, wuchen day, the lady Jiang died at Yi. When a lady dies, the place is normally not recorded. Here the place is recorded because her death involved an incident.

齊人以歸。不言以喪歸，非以喪歸也。加喪焉，諱以夫人歸也。其以歸，薨之也。

The men of Qi took her back. It is not written "brought the funeral back", because she was not sent back according to funeral rites. The text adds the word "died" to conceal that Qi took the lady away. Writing "took her back" in fact means that she died because of it.

八月，公會齊侯、宋公、鄭伯、曹伯、邾人於檉。

In the eighth month, Duke Xi met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao and the men of Zhu at Cheng.

九月，公敗邾師於偃。不日，疑戰也。疑戰而曰敗，勝內也。

In the ninth month, Duke Xi defeated the army of Zhu at Yan. The day is not recorded because it was a chance encounter without an agreement. Without an agreement yet written as "defeated", it shows that the victory lay on Lu's side.

冬，十月壬午，公子友帥師，敗莒師於麗。獲莒挐。莒無大夫，其曰莒挐，何也？以吾獲之目之也。內不言獲，此其言獲，何也？惡公子之紿。紿者奈何？公子友謂莒挐曰：「吾二人不相說，士卒何罪？」屏左右而相搏。公子友處下。左右曰：「孟勞。」孟勞者，魯之寶刀也。公子友以殺之。然則何以惡乎紿也？曰：棄師之道也。

In winter, the tenth month, renwu day, Gongzi You led an army and defeated the army of Ju at Li, capturing Ju Na. Ju had no commissioned grand masters; why is he called "Ju Na" here? Because our state of Lu captured him, he is brought out by name. For Lu's own wars the text normally does not write "captured"; here it writes it, why? It loathes Gongzi You's use of deception. How was it deception? Gongzi You said to Ju Na: "The two of us do not get along; what fault do the soldiers have?" He had his attendants withdraw, and the two wrestled. Gongzi You fell into the weaker position. His attendants shouted: "Menglao!" Menglao was a precious knife of Lu. Gongzi You used it to kill Ju Na. Then why loathe this deception? The answer is: this is the conduct of abandoning one's own army.

十有二月丁巳，夫人氏之喪至自齊。其不言姜，以其殺二子，貶之也。或曰為齊桓諱殺同姓也。

In the twelfth month, dingsi day, the coffin of the lady Shi arrived from Qi. "Jiang" is not written because she had killed two sons, so she is demoted. Another view: it conceals for Duke Huan of Qi that he killed someone of the same surname.

二年春，王正月，城楚丘。楚丘者何？衛邑也。國而曰城；此邑也，其曰城，何也？封衛也。則其不言城衛，何也？衛未遷也。其不言衛之遷焉，何也？不與齊侯專封也。其言城之者，專辭也。故非天子不得專封諸侯，諸侯不得專封諸侯。雖通其仁，以義而不與也。故曰：仁不勝道。

In spring of the second year, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Chuqiu was fortified. What is Chuqiu? It is a city of Wei. "Walling" is used for a state; here it was a city, so why is "walling" used too? It is re-enfeoffing Wei. Then why is it not written "walled Wei"? Because Wei had not yet moved there. Why is the moving of Wei's capital not written? It disapproves of the Marquis of Qi's enfeoffing lords on his own authority. Writing "walled so-and-so" is wording for acting alone. So: if one is not the Son of Heaven, one may not enfeoff lords on one's own authority; and lords may not enfeoff lords on their own authority. Even if one acknowledges his benevolent heart, by righteousness it is not approved. Hence it is said: benevolence cannot overcome the Way.

虞師、晉師滅夏陽。非國而曰滅，重夏陽也。虞無師，其曰師，何也？以其先晉，不可以不言師也。其先晉，何也？為主乎滅夏陽也。夏陽者，虞、虢之塞邑也，滅夏陽而虞、虢舉矣；虞之為主乎滅夏陽，何也？晉獻公欲伐虢。荀息曰：「君何不以屈產之乘，垂棘之璧，而借道乎虞也？」公曰：「此晉國之寶也。如受吾幣而不借吾道，則如之何？」荀息曰：「此小國之所以事大國也。彼不借吾道，必不敢受吾幣。如受吾幣而借吾道，則是我取之中府，而藏之外府；取之中廄，而置之外廄也。」公曰：「宮之奇存焉，必不使受之也。」荀息曰：「宮之奇之為人也，達心而懦，又少長於君。達心則其言略，懦則不能強諫，少長於君，則君輕之。且夫玩好在耳目之前，而患在一國之後，此中知以上，乃能慮之。臣料虞君，中知以下也。」公遂借道而伐虢。宮之奇諫曰：「晉國之使者，其辭卑而幣重，必不便於虞。」虞公弗聽，遂受其幣而借之道。宮之奇諫曰：「語曰：『唇亡則齒寒』，其斯之謂與！」挈其妻子以奔曹。獻公亡虢，五年而後舉虞，荀息牽馬操璧而前曰：「璧則猶是也，而馬齒加長矣。」

The armies of Yu and Jin destroyed Xiayang. It was not a state yet "destroyed" is used, treating Xiayang as very important. Yu had no army that could be called a "shi", yet the text calls it "shi"; why? Because it is written ahead of Jin, it cannot but be called "shi". Why is it written ahead of Jin? Because it was the instigator in destroying Xiayang. Xiayang was a stronghold of Yu and Guo; once Xiayang was destroyed, Yu and Guo were both in hand. Why is Yu said to be the instigator in destroying Xiayang? Duke Xian of Jin wished to attack Guo. Xun Xi said: "Why does Your Lordship not borrow passage through Yu with the horses produced at Qu and the jade of Chuiji?" Duke Xian said: "These are Jin's treasures. If they accept my gifts but do not lend passage, what then?" Xun Xi said: "A small state serves a large state by means of exactly these. If they do not lend passage, they surely will not dare accept our gifts; if they accept the gifts and also lend passage, it would be no more than my taking things out of the inner storehouse and putting them in the outer storehouse, or leading them out of the inner stable and putting them in the outer stable." Duke Xian said: "Gong Zhiqi is there, and he surely will not let the ruler accept them." Xun Xi said: "Gong Zhiqi as a person is clear in mind but weak in character, and has watched the ruler grow up from childhood. Being clear in mind, his words are brief; being weak, he cannot remonstrate forcefully; having watched the ruler since childhood, the ruler makes light of him. Moreover, playthings are set before the eyes and ears, while the calamity lies behind the state, which only someone of above-average insight can think of. I reckon that the lord of Yu is of below-average insight." Duke Xian then borrowed passage to attack Guo. Gong Zhiqi remonstrated: "The Jin envoy's words are humble and his gifts heavy, and it must be bad for Yu." The Duke of Yu did not listen, accepted the gifts and lent them passage. Gong Zhiqi remonstrated again: "The proverb says 'when the lips are gone, the teeth will be cold'; this is surely what it means!" Then he fled to Cao with his wife and children. Duke Xian destroyed Guo, and five years later took Yu. Xun Xi stepped forward leading the horses and holding the jade, saying: "The jade is still the same jade, but the horses' teeth have grown longer."

秋，九月，齊侯、宋公、江人、黃人盟於貫。貫之盟，不期而至者，江人、黃人也。江人、黃人者，遠國之辭也。中國稱齊、宋，遠國稱江、黃，以為諸侯皆來至也。

In autumn, the ninth month, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the men of Jiang and the men of Huang made a covenant at Guan. At the Guan covenant, those who arrived without prior agreement were the men of Jiang and the men of Huang. Calling them "men of Jiang" and "men of Huang" is wording for distant states. Within the central plain Qi and Song are named, and among the distant states Jiang and Huang, to show that the lords had all arrived at Qi.

夏，四月，不雨。一時言不雨者，閔雨也。閔雨者，有志乎民者也。

In summer, the fourth month, there was no rain. Writing only "no rain" in a season expresses pity at there being no rain. Pity at there being no rain is having the people in one's heart.

六月，雨。雨雲者，喜雨也。喜雨者，有志乎民者也。

In the sixth month, it rained. Writing "rain" in this way rejoices in the rain. Rejoicing in the rain is having the people in one's heart.

秋，齊侯、宋公、江人、黃人會於陽穀。陽穀之會，桓公委端搢笏而朝諸侯，諸侯皆諭乎桓公之志。

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the men of Jiang and the men of Huang met at Yanggu. At the Yanggu meeting, Duke Huan, in dark ceremonial dress and with a tablet in his sash, received the lords in audience, and the lords all understood Duke Huan's intent.

冬，公子季友如齊蒞盟。蒞者位也。其不日，前定也。不言及者，以國與之也。不言其人，亦以國與之也。

In winter, Gongzi Jiyou went to Qi to attend the covenant. "Li" means to take one's place. The day is not recorded because it had been agreed beforehand. "And" is not used, because the state is entrusted to the other side. Not writing out the other side's people is likewise entrusting the state to the other side.

四年春，王正月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯侵蔡。蔡潰。潰之為言，上下不相得也。侵，淺事也。侵蔡而蔡潰，以桓公為知所侵也。不土其地，不分其民，明正也。遂伐楚，次於陘。遂，繼事也。次，止也。

In spring of the fourth year, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xi convened with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao and invaded Cai. Cai collapsed. "Collapsed" means that high and low could not agree. Invading is a shallow matter. That invading Cai made Cai collapse shows that Duke Huan knew where to invade. Not occupying its land and not dividing its people shows this was an upright way of doing it. Then he attacked Chu and was stationed at Xing. "Sui" means then carrying on with the business. "Ci" means halting.

夏，許男新臣卒。諸侯死於國，不地；死於外，地。死於師，何為不地？內桓師也。

In summer, Xin Chen, Baron of Xu, died. When a lord dies in his own state, the place is not recorded; if he dies abroad, the place is recorded. Dying in the army, why is the place not recorded? Because Duke Huan's army is treated as one's own.

楚屈完來盟於師，盟於召陵。楚無大夫，其曰屈完，何也？以其來會桓，成之為大夫也。其不言使，權在屈完也，則是正乎？曰：非正也。以其來會諸侯，重之也。來者何？內桓師也。於師，前定也。於召陵，得志乎桓公也。得志者，不得志也，以桓公得志為僅矣。屈完曰：「大國之以兵向楚，何也？」桓公曰：「昭王南征不反，菁茅之貢不至，故周室不祭。」屈完曰：「菁茅之貢不至，則諾，昭王南征不反，我將問諸江。」

Qu Wan of Chu came to the army to make a covenant, and the covenant was concluded at Shaoling. Chu had no commissioned grand masters; why is he called "Qu Wan" here? Because he came to meet with Duke Huan, he is treated as a grand master. "Sent" is not written, because the authority lay with Qu Wan. Was this in accord with the right way? The answer is: not in accord with the right way. Because he came to meet the lords, he is written heavily. What does "came" mean? It treats Duke Huan's army as one's own. Writing "at the army" shows that it was agreed beforehand. Writing "at Shaoling" says that Duke Huan attained his aim. In saying he attained his aim, it in fact says he did not truly attain it, and views Duke Huan's attainment as merely that. Qu Wan said: "What does the great state mean by pointing its army at Chu?" Duke Huan said: "King Zhao's southern campaign did not return, and the tribute of bundled sedge was not sent, so the Zhou house could not perform its sacrifices." Qu Wan said: "That the tribute of bundled sedge did not arrive, we accept; King Zhao's southern campaign did not return, I will go and ask the Jiang River."

齊人執陳袁濤塗。齊人者，齊侯也，其人之，何也？於是哆然外齊侯也。不正其逾國而執也。

The men of Qi seized Yuan Taotu of Chen. The "men of Qi" were in fact the Marquis of Qi, written as "men"; why? By this time people had openly begun to treat him as an outsider. It is dissatisfaction at his crossing another state to seize someone.

秋，及江人、黃人伐陳。不言其人及之者何？內師也。

In autumn, he attacked Chen together with the men of Jiang and the men of Huang. Why is the person not written out and only "and" used? Because it was Lu's own army.

八月，公至自伐楚。有二事偶，則以後事致。後事小，則以先事致。其以伐楚致，大伐楚也。

In the eighth month, Duke Xi returned from the army attacking Chu. When two matters are linked, the return is written according to the latter matter; when the latter matter is small, the return is written according to the former matter. Here the return is written according to "attacking Chu", viewing the attack on Chu as the greater.

冬，十有二月，公孫茲帥師，會齊人、宋人、衛人、鄭人、許人、曹人，侵陳。

In winter, the twelfth month, Gongsun Zi led an army and, together with the men of Qi, Song, Wei, Zheng, Xu and Cao, invaded Chen.

五年春，晉侯殺其世子申生。目晉侯斥殺，惡晉侯也。

In spring of the fifth year, the Marquis of Jin killed his crown prince Shensheng. Naming "the Marquis of Jin" and writing "killed" directly expresses loathing of the Marquis of Jin.

杞伯姬來朝其子。婦人既嫁，不逾竟；逾竟非正也。諸侯相見曰朝，伯姬為志乎朝其子也。伯姬為志乎朝其子，則是杞伯失夫之道矣！諸侯相見曰朝，以待人父之道待人之子，非正也。故曰「杞伯姬來朝其子」，參譏也。

Lady Ji of Qi came with her son to pay court. A woman after marriage should not leave the borders again, and leaving the borders is not in accord with the right way. Only when lords meet is it called "court", and Lady Ji set her mind on having her son come to court. Lady Ji setting her mind on having her son come to court means the Earl of Qi had lost the principle of a husband! Only when lords meet is it called "court", and to treat someone's son with the ritual for someone's father is not in accord with the right way. So it is written as "Lady Ji of Qi came to court with her son", criticizing all three parties together.

公及齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯，會王世子於首戴。及以會，尊之也。何尊焉？王世子云者，唯王之貳也。雲可以重之存焉，尊之也。何重焉？天子世子世天下也。

Duke Xi, together with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao, met the crown prince of the Zhou Son of Heaven at Shoudai. Writing "and" first and then "met" honors him. Honors what? He is called "royal heir" because he is the Son of Heaven's only deputy. It is said he can bear a very heavy trust, so he is honored. Where lies the weight? The Son of Heaven's crown prince is one who will inherit the world through the generations.

秋，八月，諸侯盟於首戴。無中事而復舉諸侯，何也？尊王世子，而不敢與盟也。尊則其不敢與盟，何也？盟者，不相信也，故謹信也。不敢以所不信而加之尊者，桓諸侯也。不能朝天子，是不臣也。王世子，子也，塊然受諸侯之尊己，而立乎其位，是不子也。桓不臣，王世子不子，則其所善焉何也？是則變之正也。天子微，諸侯不享覲。桓控大國，扶小國；統諸侯不能以朝天子，亦不敢致天王。尊王世子於首戴，乃所以尊天王之命也。世子含王命會齊桓，亦所以尊天王之命也。世子受之可乎？是亦變之正也。天子微，諸侯不享覲。世子受諸侯之尊己，而天王尊矣，世子受之可也。

In autumn, the eighth month, the lords made a covenant at Shoudai. There was no separate item set up in between, yet "the lords" is raised again; why? It honors the Son of Heaven's crown prince and does not dare let him take part in the oath. Since it honors him, why does it not dare let him take part in the oath? A covenant is because of mutual distrust, and so solemnly seeks trust. One dare not put this distrust on someone honored. Duke Huan was a lord. For him to be unable to go and pay court to the Son of Heaven is not acting as a minister. The Son of Heaven's crown prince is a son, yet calmly accepts the lords' honoring of him and stands in that position, which is not acting as a son. Duke Huan not acting as a minister and the crown prince not acting as a son, then what does the text approve in them? This is the right way within expediency. The Son of Heaven had declined, and the lords did not go to bring tribute and pay court. Duke Huan controlled the great states and supported the small, led the lords yet could not lead them to pay court to the Son of Heaven, and also did not dare summon the Son of Heaven. Honoring the Son of Heaven's crown prince at Shoudai was precisely a way to honor the Son of Heaven's command. The crown prince coming with the king's command to meet Duke Huan of Qi was also a way to honor the Son of Heaven's command. Is it acceptable for the crown prince to receive this? This too is the right way within expediency. The Son of Heaven had declined, and the lords did not go to bring tribute and pay court. When the crown prince received the lords' honor, the Son of Heaven was instead more honored, and the crown prince's receiving it is acceptable.

楚人滅弦，弦子奔黃。弦，國也；其不日，微國也。

The men of Chu destroyed Xian, and the Viscount of Xian fled to Huang. Xian was a state. The day is not recorded because it was a small state.

冬，晉人執虞公。執不言所於地，縕於晉也。其曰公，何也？猶曰其下執之之辭也。其猶下執之之辭，何也？晉命行乎虞民矣。虞、虢之相救，非相為賜也。今日亡虢，而明日亡虞矣！

In winter, the men of Jin seized the Duke of Yu. In seizing someone the place is not written, because he was already within Jin. Why is he called "Duke"? It is like wording in which his own subordinates seized him. Why does it seem his subordinates seized him? Because Jin's command had already been carried out among the people of Yu. Yu and Guo rescued each other, and it was not that they were giving each other benefits. Having destroyed Guo today, tomorrow it would be Yu's turn!

夏，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、曹伯伐鄭，圍新城。伐國不言圍邑，此其言圍，何也？病鄭也。著鄭伯之罪也。

In summer, Duke Xi convened with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Cao and attacked Zheng, besieging Xincheng. In attacking a state, the text normally does not write the besieging of its city; here it writes "besiege", why? It reproaches Zheng and brings out the guilt of the Earl of Zheng.

冬，公至自伐鄭。其不以救許致，何也？大伐鄭也。

In winter, Duke Xi returned from the army attacking Zheng. Why is the return not written according to "rescuing Xu"? It views the attack on Zheng as the greater.

鄭，殺其大夫申侯。稱國以殺大夫，殺無罪也。

Zheng killed its grand master Shen Hou. Recording the killing of a grand master by the name of the state indicates that the one killed was without guilt.

秋，七月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳世子款、鄭世子華，盟於寧母。衣裳之會也。

In autumn, the seventh month, Duke Xi convened with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, Kuan, the crown prince of Chen, and Hua, the crown prince of Zheng, and made a covenant at Ningmu. This was a meeting in ceremonial robes.

八年春，王正月，公會王人、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、許男、曹伯、陳世子款，盟於洮。王人之先諸侯，何也？貴王命也。朝服雖敝，必加於上；弁冕雖舊，必加於首；周室雖衰，必先諸侯。兵車之會也。

In spring of the eighth year, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xi convened with the man of the Zhou royal house, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Cao and Kuan, the crown prince of Chen, and made a covenant at Tao. The man of the royal house is written before the lords; why? It honors the Son of Heaven's command. Even a court robe that is worn out must still be put on the body; even a cap that is old must still be put on the head; even a Zhou house that is declining must still be written ahead of the lords. This was a meeting with war chariots.

鄭伯乞盟。以向之逃歸乞之也。乞者，重辭也，重是盟也。乞者，處其所而請與也。蓋汋之也。

The Earl of Zheng asked to take part in the covenant. This was asked on account of his earlier flight back. "Qi" (to beg) is a heavy word, which views this covenant as weighty. "Qi" means that the person is still with his own side and asks to be allowed to join. He was probably drawn in after being weighed up.

秋，七月，禘於太廟。用致夫人。用者，不宜用者也。致者，不宜致者也。言夫人必以其氏姓。言夫人而不以氏姓，非夫人也，立妾之辭也，非正也。夫人之，我可以不夫人之乎？夫人卒葬之，我可以不卒葬之乎？一則以宗廟臨之而後貶焉，一則以外之弗夫人而見正焉。

In autumn, the seventh month, the di sacrifice was held in the grand temple, and the lady was sent into the temple to receive sacrifice. Using the word "use" precisely shows that it should not have been used; using the word "send" precisely shows that she should not have been sent in. Calling someone a lady must be done with the clan name. Calling her a lady without the clan name means she is not a lady, but is wording for raising a concubine to be lady, which is not in accord with the right way. Since she has been treated as lady, can I not treat her as lady? When a lady dies the death and burial are recorded; can I not record her death and burial? On one hand she is made to face the ancestral temple and then she is demoted; on the other, by means of outsiders not acknowledging her as lady, the right way is shown.

夏，公會宰周公、齊侯、宋子、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯於葵丘。天子之宰，通於四海，宋其稱子，何也？未葬之辭也。禮：柩在堂上，孤無外事。今背殯而出會，以宋子為無哀矣！

In summer, Duke Xi convened with Zhai Zhou Gong, the Marquis of Qi, the Viscount of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao at Kuiqiu. The Grand Chief Steward of the Son of Heaven had government orders that reached the four seas. The lord of Song is called "Viscount"; why? This is wording for before a burial. By ritual: while the coffin is still in the hall, the orphan son has no outside affairs. Now he left the funeral affairs to attend a meeting, and the text regards the Viscount of Song as having no grief!

秋，七月乙酉，伯姬卒。內女也，未適人不卒，此何以卒也？許嫁笄而字之，死則以成人之喪治之。

In autumn, the seventh month, yiyou day, Boji died. She was a daughter of Lu who had not yet married, and her death is normally not recorded; why is it recorded here? She had been betrothed, had had her coming-of-age hairpin ceremony and been given a courtesy name, and so on her death it was handled with adult funeral rites.

九月戊辰，諸侯盟於葵丘。桓盟不日，此何以日？美之也。為見天子之禁，故備之也。葵丘之會，陳牲而不殺，讀書加於牲上，壹明天子之禁，曰：毋雍泉，毋訖糴，毋易樹子，毋以妾為妻，毋使婦人與國事。

In the ninth month, wuchen day, the lords made a covenant at Kuiqiu. Covenants presided over by Duke Huan normally do not record the day; why is it recorded here? It praises him. Because the Son of Heaven's prohibitions are to be shown, it is written in full. At the Kuiqiu meeting, the sacrificial animals were displayed but not slaughtered, the covenant text was placed on the animals, and the Son of Heaven's prohibitions were declared with a single purpose: do not obstruct springs of water, do not forbid the purchase of grain, do not change an established crown prince, do not make a concubine into a wife, and do not let women interfere in affairs of state.

冬，晉裡克殺其君之子奚齊。其君之子云者，國人不子也。國人不子，何也？不正其殺世子申生而立之也。

In winter, Li Ke of Jin killed his ruler's son Xiqi. Writing "his ruler's son" is because the people of the state did not treat him as a son. Why did the people of the state not treat him as a son? They were dissatisfied that the Marquis of Jin had killed the crown prince Shensheng and set up this person.

晉裡克弒其君卓，及其大夫荀息。以尊及卑也，荀息閒也。

Li Ke of Jin killed his ruler Zhuo and his grand master Xun Xi. The honored one is written first and then the lowly one is linked with "and". Xun Xi was one who stood in the middle to shield the ruler.

晉殺其大夫裡克。稱國以殺，罪累上也。裡克弒二君與一大夫，其以累上之辭言之，何也？其殺之不以其罪也。其殺之不以其罪，奈何？裡克所為弒者，為重耳也。夷吾曰：「是又將殺我乎？」故殺之，不以其罪也。其為重耳弒，奈何？晉獻公伐虢，得麗姬，獻公私之。有二子，長曰奚齊，稚曰卓子。麗姬欲為亂，故謂君曰：「吾夜者夢夫人趨而來，曰：『吾苦畏。』胡不使大夫將衛士而衛冢乎？」公曰：「孰可使？」曰：「臣莫尊於世子，則世子可。」故君謂世子曰：「麗姬夢夫人趨而來曰『吾苦畏』，女其將衛士而往衛冢乎？」世子曰：「敬諾。」築宮。宮成，麗姬又曰：「吾夜者夢夫人趨而來，曰：『吾苦飢。』世子之宮已成，則何為不使祠也？」故獻公謂世子曰：「其祠。」世子祠。已祠，致福於君。君田而不在，麗姬以酖為酒，藥脯以毒。獻公田來，麗姬曰：「世子已祠。故致福於君。」君將食，麗姬跪曰：「食自外來者，不可不試也。」覆酒於地而地賁，以脯與犬，犬死。麗姬下堂而啼呼曰：「天乎！天乎！國子之國也，子何遲於為君？」君喟然嘆曰：「吾與女未有過切，是何與我之深也！」使人謂世子曰：「爾其圖之。」世子之傅裡克謂世子曰：「入自明。入自明，則可以生；不入自明，則不可以生。」世子曰：「吾君已老矣，已昏矣。吾若此而入自明，則麗姬必死。麗姬死，則吾君不安。所以使吾君不安者，吾不若自死。吾寧自殺以安吾君。」以重耳為寄矣，刎脰而死。故里克所為弒者，為重耳也。夷吾曰：「是又將殺我也。」

Jin killed its high official Li Ke. To record a killing by the name of the state means that the guilt extends to those above. Li Ke killed two rulers and one high official, yet it is phrased in the way that implicates those above; why? Because he was not killed according to his crime. In what sense was he not killed according to his crime? The reason Li Ke killed those people was for Chong'er. Yi Wu said: “Will this man kill me too?” So he was killed, and it was not according to his crime. How is it said that he killed for Chong'er? Duke Xian of Jin attacked Guo and obtained Lady Li, and the duke loved her. She bore two sons, the elder named Xiqi and the younger named Zhuozi. Lady Li wanted to cause disorder and said to the ruler: “Last night I dreamed that the late lady came hurrying and said: ‘I am very afraid.’ Why not send a high official with guards to protect the tomb?” Duke Xian said: “Whom can I send?” She said: “Among your ministers none is more honored than the crown prince; if the crown prince goes it will do.” So the ruler said to the crown prince: “Lady Li dreamed that the late lady came hurrying and said ‘I am very afraid’; take the guards and go protect the tomb.” The crown prince said: “I will follow your orders.” Then a palace was built. When the palace was finished, Lady Li said again: “Last night I dreamed that the late lady came hurrying and said: ‘I am very hungry.’ The crown prince's palace has already been finished; why not have him go and sacrifice?” Then Duke Xian said to the crown prince: “Go and sacrifice.” When the crown prince had finished sacrificing, he presented the sacrificial meat and wine to the ruler. The ruler was out hunting and not at home, and Lady Li put poison wine into the wine and smeared poison on the dried meat. When Duke Xian returned from hunting, Lady Li said: “The crown prince has already sacrificed, so he presents the blessed food to Your Majesty.” As the ruler was about to eat, Lady Li knelt and said: “Food brought from outside must be tried.” She poured the wine on the ground and the ground swelled; she gave the meat to a dog and the dog died. Lady Li went down from the hall, weeping and crying: “Heaven! Heaven! The state is the son's state; why is the son so slow to become ruler?” The ruler sighed long and said: “I have never been harsh to you; why have you tied such a deep knot with me!” He sent someone to say to the crown prince: “Plan for yourself.” The crown prince's tutor Li Ke said to the crown prince: “Go in and defend yourself. If you go in and defend yourself you can live; if you do not go in and defend yourself you cannot live.” The crown prince said: “My ruler is already old and already confused. If I go in and defend myself like this, Lady Li must die. If Lady Li dies, my ruler will have no peace. Rather than let my ruler have no peace, I would rather die myself. I would rather kill myself to give my ruler peace.” He entrusted his affairs to Chong'er and cut his own throat and died. So the reason Li Ke killed those people was for Chong'er. Yi Wu said: “Will this man kill me too?”

十有一年春，晉殺其大夫丕鄭父。稱國，以殺罪累上也。

In the spring of the eleventh year, Jin killed its high official Pi Zhengfu. To record a killing by the name of the state means that the guilt extends to those above.

秋，八月，大雩。雩，月正也。雩，得雨曰雩，不得雨曰旱。

In autumn, in the eighth month, the great rain sacrifice was held. The rain sacrifice is recorded by month, which is the regular form. Praying for rain and getting rain is called the “yu”; praying for rain and not getting it is called “drought.”

夏，楚人滅黃。貫之盟，管仲曰：「江、黃遠齊而近楚，楚為利之國也。若伐而不能救，則無以宗諸侯矣！」桓公不聽，遂與之盟。管仲死，楚伐江、滅黃，桓公不能救。故君子閔之也。

In summer, the people of Chu destroyed the state of Huang. At the meeting at Guan, Guan Zhong said: “Jiang and Huang are far from Qi and near to Chu, and Chu regards them as profitable states. If Chu attacks and Qi cannot rescue them, Qi will have no qualification to be the chief of the feudal lords!” Duke Huan did not listen and in the end allied with them. After Guan Zhong died, Chu attacked Jiang and destroyed Huang, and Duke Huan could not rescue them. So the gentleman pities this matter.

公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯於鹹。兵車之會也。

Duke Xi met with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Viscount of Xu, and the Earl of Cao at Xian. This was a meeting with war chariots.

十有四年春，諸侯城緣陵。其曰諸侯，散辭也。聚而曰散，何也？諸侯城，有散辭也。桓德衰矣。

In the spring of the fourteenth year, the feudal lords walled Yuanling. They are called “the feudal lords,” which is a scattered phrasing. The people were clearly gathered together; why use a scattered phrasing? The feudal lords walled a city and the text uses a scattered phrasing because Duke Huan's virtue had already declined.