Duke Cheng

夏，叔孫豹會晉趙武、楚屈建、蔡公孫歸生、衛石惡、陳孔奐、鄭良霄、許人、曹人於宋。

In summer, Shu Sun Bao met with Zhao Wu of Jin, Qu Jian of Chu, Gongsun Guisheng of Cai, Shi E of Wei, Kong Huan of Chen, Liang Xiao of Zheng, the men of Xu and the men of Cao in Song.

衛殺其大夫寧喜。稱國以殺，罪累上也。寧喜弒君，其以累上之辭言之，何也？嘗為大夫，與之涉公事矣！寧喜由君弒君，而不以弒君之罪罪之者，惡獻公也。

Wei killed its senior official Ning Xi. Recording a killing in the name of the state means the guilt extends to those above. Ning Xi had killed the ruler, yet it is said in wording that implicates those above; why? Because he had once been a senior official and had already handled public affairs together with the ruler. Ning Xi was instructed by the ruler to kill the ruler, yet he is not judged by the guilt of regicide; this shows hatred for Duke Xian.

衛侯之弟專出奔晉。專，喜之徒也。專之為喜之徒，何也？己雖急納其兄，與人之臣謀弒其君，是亦弒君者也。專其曰弟，何也？專有是信者，君賂不入乎喜而殺喜，是君不直乎喜也，故出奔晉。織絇邯鄲，終身不言衛。專之去，合乎《春秋》。

Zhuan, younger brother of the Marquis of Wei, fled to Jin. Zhuan was a follower of Xi. Why is he called a follower of Xi? Though he himself was eager to bring in his elder brother, he plotted with another man's minister to kill the ruler, and so he was also one who killed the ruler. Why is Zhuan called "younger brother"? Zhuan had this good faith: the ruler's bribe had not been delivered to Xi, yet Xi was killed, which shows the ruler was not upright toward Xi, and so he fled to Jin. In Handan he wove cords for shoe toes and never spoke of Wei in his life. Zhuan's departure accords with the Spring and Autumn Annals.

秋，七月辛巳，豹及諸侯之大夫盟於宋。湨梁之會，諸侯在而不曰諸侯之大夫，大夫不臣也。晉趙武恥之。豹雲者，恭也。諸侯不在而曰諸侯之大夫，大夫臣也。其臣恭也，晉趙武為之會也。

In autumn, on the xinsi day in the seventh month, Bao made a covenant with the senior officials of the lords in Song. At the meeting at Jueliang, the lords were present yet it was not written "senior officials of the lords," because the senior officials did not act like ministers. Zhao Wu of Jin was ashamed of this. Writing only "Bao" shows respect. When the lords were not present yet it is written "senior officials of the lords," it means the senior officials acted like ministers. These ministers were respectful because Zhao Wu of Jin presided over the meeting.

夏，五月，公至自楚。喜之也。致君者，殆其往；而喜其反，此致君之意義也。

In the fifth month of summer, Duke Xiang returned from Chu. This is joy for him. Writing the ruler's return expresses worry for his going out and joy for his coming back; this is the meaning of writing the ruler's return.

閽弒吳子餘祭。閽，門者也，寺人也。不稱名姓，閽不得齊於人；不稱其君，閽不得君其君也。禮：君不使無恥，不近刑人，不狎敵，不邇怨。賤人非所貴也，貴人非所刑也，刑人非所近也。舉至賤而加之吳子，吳子近刑人也。閽弒吳子餘祭，仇之也。

A gatekeeper killed Yuji, Viscount of Wu. "Hun" means the gatekeeper, who is also a eunuch. No name or surname is given because a gatekeeper cannot be ranked with ordinary people; "his ruler" is not said because a gatekeeper cannot take that ruler as his own ruler. By ritual: a ruler does not employ those without shame, does not draw close to those who have suffered mutilation, does not take enemies too lightly, and does not go near those with grudges. The lowly should not be treated as noble, the noble should not suffer punishment, and those who have suffered punishment should not be drawn close. Raising the lowest of people over the Viscount of Wu was because the Viscount of Wu drew close to one who had suffered mutilation. The gatekeeper killed Yuji, Viscount of Wu, in revenge.

仲孫羯會晉荀盈、齊高止、宋華定、衛世叔儀、鄭公孫段、曹人、莒人、邾人、滕人、薛人、小邾人，城杞。古者天子封諸侯，其地足以容其民，其民足以滿城以自守也。杞危而不能自守，故諸侯之大夫，相帥以城之。此變之正也。

Zhongsun Jie met with Xun Ying of Jin, Gao Zhi of Qi, Hua Ding of Song, Shi Shuyi of Wei, Gongsun Duan of Zheng, the men of Cao, the men of Ju, the men of Zhu, the men of Teng, the men of Xue and the men of Little Zhu, and built a city wall for Qi. In ancient times, when the Son of Heaven enfeoffed lords, the land had to be enough to hold their people, and the people had to be enough to fill the city to defend themselves. Qi was in danger and could not defend itself, so the senior officials of the lords led one another to build its walls. This is the right way within a necessary adaptation.

吳子使札來聘。吳其稱子，何也？善使延陵季子，故進之也。身賢，賢也；使賢，亦賢也。延陵季子之賢，尊君也。其名，成尊於上也。

The Viscount of Wu sent Zha to make a friendly visit. Wu is called "viscount"; why? To approve his sending of Jizi of Yanling, and so he is raised one grade. To be worthy oneself is worthy; to be able to employ the worthy is also worthy. The worth of Jizi of Yanling lay in honoring his ruler. Calling him by name completes the honor of the one above.

夏，四月，蔡世子般弒其君固。其不日，子奪父政，是謂夷之。

In the fourth month of summer, Ban, heir of Cai, killed his ruler Gu. The day is not recorded, because a son seizing his father's position is treated as a barbarian.

五月甲午，宋災，伯姬卒。取卒之日，加之災上者，見以災卒也。其見以災卒奈何？伯姬之舍失火，左右曰：「夫人少闢火乎？」伯姬曰：「婦人之義，傅母不在，宵不下堂。」左右又曰：「夫人少闢火乎？」伯姬曰：「婦人之義，保母不在，宵不下堂。」遂逮乎火而死。婦人以貞為行者也，伯姬之婦道盡矣！詳其事，賢伯姬也。

On the jiawu day in the fifth month, there was a fire in Song, and Bo Ji died. The day of death is placed above the fire, in order to show that she died because of the fire. How is it shown that she died because of the fire? Bo Ji's dwelling caught fire, and those at her side said: "Madam, might you step away from the fire for a moment?" Bo Ji said: "The way of a woman is that when the governess is not present, she does not go down from the hall at night." Those at her side again said: "Madam, might you step away from the fire for a moment?" Bo Ji said: "The way of a woman is that when the nurse is not present, she does not go down from the hall at night." And so she was reached by the fire and died. A woman takes chastity as the rule of her conduct, and Bo Ji fulfilled the way of a wife! To write this matter in detail considers Bo Ji worthy.

天王殺其弟佞夫。傳曰：諸侯且不首惡，況於天子乎！君無忍親之義，天子、諸侯所親者，唯長子母弟耳。天王殺其弟佞夫，甚之也！

The Son of Heaven of Zhou killed his younger brother Ningfu. The commentary says: even a lord does not lead in evil, how much less the Son of Heaven! A ruler has no principle of being harsh to kin, and the kin of the Son of Heaven and lords are only the eldest son and the younger brother of the same mother. For the Son of Heaven to kill his own brother Ningfu is to put the matter very gravely!

秋，七月，叔弓如宋，葬共姬。外夫人不書葬，此其言葬，何也？吾女也。卒災，故隱而葬之也。

In the seventh month of autumn, Shu Gong went to Song to attend the funeral of Lady Gong Ji. The funeral of a foreign wife is normally not recorded in the text; it is recorded here, why? Because she was a daughter of our state of Lu. She died in a fire, so she is pitied and her burial is recorded.

鄭良霄出奔許，自許入於鄭。鄭人殺良霄。不言大夫，惡之也。

Liang Xiao of Zheng fled to Xu, and then entered Zheng from Xu. The men of Zheng killed Liang Xiao. He is not called a senior official, which shows hatred for him.

冬，十月，葬蔡景公。不日卒而月葬，不葬者也。卒而葬之，不忍使父失民於子也。

In the tenth month of winter, Duke Jing of Cai was buried. The day of death is not recorded and the burial is recorded only by month, meaning he was a man whose burial should not originally have been recorded. Recording both his death and burial is because one cannot bear to let a father lose the people because of his son.

晉人、齊人、宋人、衛人、鄭人、曹人、莒人、邾人、滕人、薛人、杞人、小邾人，會於澶淵，宋災故。會不言其所為，其曰「宋災故」，何也？不言災故，則無以見其善也。其曰人，何也？救災以眾。何救焉？更宋之所喪財也。澶淵之會，中國不侵伐夷狄，夷狄不入中國，無侵伐八年，善之也。晉趙武、楚屈建之力也。

The men of Jin, the men of Qi, the men of Song, the men of Wei, the men of Zheng, the men of Cao, the men of Ju, the men of Zhu, the men of Teng, the men of Xue, the men of Qi and the men of Little Zhu met at Chanyuan because of the fire in Song. In covenants it is normally not recorded what the purpose was; here it is written "because of the disaster in Song"; why? If it did not say because of the fire, there would be no way to see their goodness. Why are they called "men"? Relieving a disaster depends on the multitude. What was relieved? It was the supplementing of the goods Song had lost. After this meeting at Chanyuan, the central states did not invade or attack the barbarians, and the barbarians did not enter the central states, and for eight years there was no invasion or attack; the text approves of this. This was the work of Zhao Wu of Jin and Qu Jian of Chu.

夏，六月辛巳，公薨於楚宮。楚宮，非正也。

In the sixth month of summer, on the xinsi day, Duke Xiang died in the Chu palace. To die in the Chu palace is not the right way.

冬，十月，滕子來會葬。癸酉，葬我君襄公。

In the tenth month of winter, the Viscount of Teng came to attend the funeral. On the guiyou day, Duke Xiang, ruler of our state of Lu, was buried.

元年春，王正月，公即位。繼正即位，正也。

In the first year, the spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Zhao took the throne. To take the throne following a ruler who died a natural death is the regular form.

叔孫豹會晉趙武、楚公子圍、齊國弱、宋向戌、衛齊惡、陳公子招、蔡公孫歸生、鄭罕虎、許人、曹人於郭。三月，取鄆。

Shu Sun Bao met with Zhao Wu of Jin, Gongzi Wei of Chu, Guo Ruo of Qi, Xiang Xu of Song, Qi E of Wei, Gongzi Zhao of Chen, Gongsun Guisheng of Cai, Han Hu of Zheng, the men of Xu and the men of Cao at Guo. In the third month, Yun was taken.

夏，秦伯之弟針出奔晉。諸侯之尊，弟兄不得以屬通。其弟雲者，親之也。親而奔之，惡也。

In summer, Zhen, younger brother of the Earl of Qin, fled to Jin. Lords are of high rank, and brothers cannot be addressed by kin relation. Here "his younger brother" is written, showing closeness to him. Though close to him, he fled; this is evil.

晉荀吳帥師，敗狄於太原。傳曰：中國曰太原，夷狄曰太滷。號從中國，名從主人。

Xun Wu of Jin led an army and defeated the Di at Taiyuan. The commentary says: in the central states it is called Taiyuan, among the barbarians it is called Tailu. The title follows the central states, and the name follows the host.

冬，公如晉，至河乃復。恥如晉，故著有疾也。

In winter, Duke Zhao went to Jin and turned back on reaching the Yellow River. He was ashamed of going to Jin, so his illness is recorded.

季孫宿如晉。公如晉而不得入，季孫宿如晉而得入，惡季孫宿也。

Ji Sun Su went to Jin. Duke Zhao went to Jin but could not get in, while Ji Sun Su went to Jin and could get in, which shows hatred for Ji Sun Su.

夏，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、鄭伯、許男、徐子、滕子、頓子、鬍子、沈子、小邾子、宋世子佐、淮夷會於申。楚人執徐子。

In summer, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Viscount of Xu, the Viscount of Teng, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Hu, the Viscount of Shen, the Viscount of Little Zhu, Zuo, heir of Song, and the Huai Yi met at Shen. The men of Chu seized the Viscount of Xu.

秋，七月，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、許男、頓子、鬍子、沈子、淮夷伐吳。執齊慶封殺之。此入而殺，其不言入，何也？慶封封乎吳鍾離。其不言伐鍾離，何也？不與吳封也。慶封其以齊氏，何也？為齊討也。靈王使人以慶封令于軍中曰：「有若齊慶封弒其君者乎？」慶封曰：「子一息，我亦且一言，曰：『有若楚公子圍弒其兄之子，而代之為君者乎？』」軍人粲然皆笑。慶封弒其君，而不以弒君之罪罪之者，慶封不為靈王服也，不與楚討也。《春秋》之義，用貴治賤，用賢治不肖，不以亂治亂也。孔子曰：「懷惡而討，雖死不服，其斯之謂與？」（經四

In the seventh month of autumn, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, the Baron of Xu, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Hu, the Viscount of Shen and the Huai Yi attacked Wu, seized Qing Feng of Qi, and killed him. They killed him after entering Wu, so why is "entered" not written? Qing Feng had been enfeoffed at Zhongli in Wu. Why is it not written "attacked Zhongli"? To show disapproval of Wu's enfeoffment. Qing Feng's clan name of Qi is placed before his name, why? Because it was punishment on behalf of Qi. King Ling had Qing Feng paraded through the army and proclaimed: "Is there anyone who has killed his ruler like Qing Feng of Qi?" Qing Feng said: "Wait a moment, and let me say one thing too: 'Is there anyone who killed his elder brother's son and took his place as ruler like Gongzi Wei of Chu?'" At once the men in the army all laughed. Qing Feng had killed his ruler, yet he is not judged by the guilt of regicide, because Qing Feng did not submit to King Ling, and the text does not approve of Chu's punishing him. The principle of the Spring and Autumn Annals is: use the noble to govern the lowly and the worthy to govern the unworthy, and do not use disorder to govern disorder. Confucius said: "If one attacks while harboring evil oneself, even if the other dies he will not submit; is this what is meant?" (The base text leaves a stray fragment at the end of this section, reproduced without repair.)

夏，莒牟夷以牟婁及防茲來奔。以者，不以者也。來奔者，不言出。及防茲，以大及小也。莒無大夫，其曰牟夷，何也？以其地來也。以地來，則何以書也？重地也。

In summer, Mou Yi of Ju came to seek refuge, bringing Mou Lou as well as Fang and Zi. The use of "yi" (with) shows precisely that they should not have been used so. His coming to seek refuge is not written "leaving." Writing "and Fang and Zi" connects the large to the small. Ju had no commissioned senior officials, and here "Mou Yi" is named; why? Because he came bringing land. Why is it recorded that he came bringing land? Because land is valued.

戊辰，叔弓帥師，敗莒師於賁泉。狄人謂賁泉失臺，號從中國，名從主人。

On the wuchen day, Shu Gong led an army and defeated the army of Ju at Benquan. The Di called Benquan Shitai. The title follows the central states, and the name follows the host.

冬，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、許男、頓子、沈子、徐人、越人伐吳。

In winter, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, the Baron of Xu, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Shen, the men of Xu and the men of Yue attacked Wu.

七年春，王正月，暨齊平。平者，成也。暨，猶暨暨也。暨者，不得已也。以外及內曰暨。

In the spring of the seventh year, the first month of the Zhou calendar, peace was made with Qi. "Ping" means making peace. "Ji" is like "jiji," meaning there was no choice. Connecting from outside to inside is called "ji."

叔孫婼如齊蒞盟。蒞，位也。內之前定之辭謂之蒞，外之前定之辭謂之來。

Shu Sun Chuo went to Qi to attend a covenant. "Li" means to take one's place. The wording of an arrangement made beforehand on the Lu side is "li," and the wording of an arrangement made beforehand outside is "lai."

秋，八月戊辰，衛侯惡卒。鄉曰衛齊惡，今曰衛侯惡，此何為君臣同名也？君子不奪人名，不奪人親之所名，重其所以來也。王父名子也。

In autumn, on the wuchen day in the eighth month, E, Marquis of Wei, died. Before it was written "Qi E of Wei," and now "E, Marquis of Wei"; why do ruler and minister share the same name? The noble person does not take away another's name, and does not take away the name given by another's parents, valuing the origin of this name. It was the grandfather who named the son.

冬，十有一月癸未，季孫宿卒。十有二月癸亥，葬衛襄公。

In the eleventh month of winter, on the guiwei day, Ji Sun Su died. In the twelfth month, on the guihai day, Duke Xiang of Wei was buried.

八年春，陳侯之弟招殺陳世子偃師。鄉曰陳公子招，今曰陳侯之弟招，何也？曰：盡其親，所以惡招也。兩下相殺，不志乎《春秋》，此其志，何也？世子云者，唯君之貳也。雲可以重之存焉志之也。諸侯之尊兄弟不得以屬通，其弟雲者，親之也。親而殺之，惡也。

In the spring of the eighth year, Zhao, younger brother of the Marquis of Chen, killed Yanshi, heir of Chen. Before it was written "Gongzi Zhao of Chen," and now "Zhao, younger brother of the Marquis of Chen"; why? The answer: writing his kinship to the extreme is precisely to show hatred for Zhao. When persons of equal rank kill one another, the Spring and Autumn Annals does not normally record it; it is recorded here, why? He is called "heir" because he was the ruler's only deputy. It is said that he could carry a heavy trust, so it is recorded. Lords are of high rank, and brothers cannot be addressed by kin relation; here "his younger brother" is written, showing closeness to him. Though close to him, he killed; this is evil.

楚人執陳行人幹徵師，殺之。稱人以執大夫，執有罪也。稱行人，怨接於上也。

The men of Chu seized Gan Zhengshi, an envoy of Chen, and killed him. Writing "men of such-and-such state seized a senior official" shows that the one seized was guilty. Calling him an "envoy" means the resentment was passed up to the top.

秋，搜於紅。正也。因搜狩以習用武事，禮之大者也。艾蘭以為防，置旃以為轅門，以葛覆質以為槷。流旁握，御轚者不得入。車軌塵，馬候蹄，揜禽旅，御者不失其馳，然後射者能中。過防弗逐，不從奔之道也。面傷不獻，不成禽不獻。禽雖多，天子取三十焉，其餘與士眾。以習射於射宮，射而中，田不得禽，則得禽；田得禽而射不中，則不得禽。是以知古之貴仁義，而賤勇力也。

In autumn, there was an autumn hunt at Hong. This is the regular form. Using hunting to practice military affairs is one of the great matters of ritual. They cut orchid grass to mark the boundary, set up banners as the gate of the camp, and covered stakes with kudzu vines to serve as gate posts. Between the outside of the wheel and the gate post only a hand's width was left, and any whose hub touched the gate post was not allowed in. The wheel ruts did not stir up dust, the horses' hooves kept time, the flocks of birds and beasts were encircled, the drivers did not lose the rules of galloping, and only then could the archers hit the mark. One does not pursue beyond the boundary, which is the principle of not chasing fleeing game. One wounded in the face is not presented, and the not yet grown are not presented. However much game there is, the Son of Heaven takes only thirty animals, and the rest is given to the officers and people. They then go to the archery hall to practice: if one hits the mark, even if he got no game at the hunt, he still receives a share; if one got game at the hunt but does not hit the mark, he cannot receive a share. From this one knows the ancients valued benevolence and righteousness and made light of bravery and strength.

冬，十月壬午，楚師滅陳，執陳公子招，放之於越。殺陳孔奐。惡楚子也。

In the tenth month of winter, on the renwu day, the Chu army destroyed Chen, seized Gongzi Zhao of Chen, banished him to Yue, and killed Kong Huan of Chen. This shows hatred for the Viscount of Chu.

夏，四月，陳火。國曰災，邑曰火。火不志，此何以志？閔陳而存之也。

In the fourth month of summer, there was a fire in Chen. For a state it is called "calamity," and for a city it is called "fire." Fires are normally not recorded; why is it recorded here? It is in pity for Chen, to preserve it.

秋，七月，季孫意如、叔弓、仲孫貜帥師伐莒。

In the seventh month of autumn, Ji Sun Yiru, Shu Gong and Zhongsun Jue led an army and attacked Ju.

十有一年春，王二月，叔弓如宋，葬宋平公。

In the spring of the eleventh year, the second month of the Zhou calendar, Shu Gong went to Song to attend the funeral of Duke Ping of Song.

夏，四月丁巳，楚子虔誘蔡侯般，殺之於申。何為名之也？夷狄之君，誘中國之君而殺之，故謹而名之也。稱時、稱月、稱日、稱地，謹之也。

In the fourth month of summer, on the dingsi day, Qian, Viscount of Chu, lured Ban, Marquis of Cai, and killed him at Shen. Why is he called by name? A barbarian ruler lured a ruler of the central states and killed him, so his name is given solemnly. The recording of season, month, day and place all marks it as solemn.

秋，季孫意如會晉韓起、齊國弱、宋華亥、衛北宮佗、鄭罕虎、曹人、杞人於厥憖。

In autumn, Ji Sun Yiru met with Han Qi of Jin, Guo Ruo of Qi, Hua Hai of Song, Beigong Tuo of Wei, Han Hu of Zheng, the men of Cao and the men of Qi at Jueyin.

冬，十有一月丁酉，楚師滅蔡，執蔡世子友以歸，用之。此子也，其曰世子，何也？不與楚殺也。一事注乎志，所以惡楚子也。

In the eleventh month of winter, on the dingyou day, the Chu army destroyed Cai, seized You, heir of Cai, took him back, and used him in sacrifice. He was a son, so why is he called "heir"? To show disapproval of Chu's killing him. Combining two matters into one record is precisely to show hatred for the Viscount of Chu.

十有二年春，齊高偃帥師，納北燕伯於陽。納者，內不受也。燕伯之不名，何也？不以高偃挈燕伯也。

In the spring of the twelfth year, Gao Yan of Qi led an army and sent the Earl of Northern Yan into Yang. "Na" (to send in) shows that the other side did not accept him. The Earl of Yan is not named, why? Because one does not wish to use Gao Yan to bring up the Earl of Yan.

公如晉。至河，乃復。季孫氏不使遂乎晉也。

Duke Zhao went to Jin and turned back on reaching the Yellow River. It was the Ji Sun family who did not let him finish the matter of going to Jin.

晉伐鮮虞。其曰晉，狄之也。其狄之，何也？不正其與夷狄交伐中國，故狄稱之也。

Jin attacked Xianyu. Only "Jin" is written, which treats it as Di. Why treat it as Di? Because it was displeasing that it took turns with the barbarians in attacking the central states, so it is called by the Di title.

夏，四月，楚公子比自晉歸於楚，弒其君虔於乾溪。自晉，晉有奉焉爾。歸而弒，不言歸，言歸非弒也。歸一事也，弒一事也，而遂言之，以比之歸弒，比不弒也。弒君者日；不日，比不弒也。

In the fourth month of summer, Gongzi Bi of Chu returned to Chu from Jin and at Ganxi killed his ruler Qian. Writing "from Jin" shows that Jin escorted and helped him. When one returns and kills the ruler, "return" is normally not written; since "return" is written, he was not the one who killed. The return is one matter and the killing of the ruler is one matter, yet they are linked in the narration, and linking Bi's return with the killing of the ruler shows that Bi did not do the killing. A killing of a ruler is recorded with the day; here the day is not recorded, which also shows that Bi did not do the killing.

楚公子棄疾殺公子比。當上之辭也。當上之辭者，謂不稱人以殺，乃以君殺之也。討賊以當上之辭，殺非弒也。比之不弒有四。取國者稱國以弒，楚公子棄疾殺公子比，比不嫌也。《春秋》不以嫌代嫌，棄疾主其事，故嫌也。

Gongzi Qiji of Chu killed Gongzi Bi. This is wording that is placed in the position of the ruler. What is called placed in the position of the ruler means not writing "someone killed" but writing it as the ruler killing someone. Punishing a bandit with wording from the position of the ruler means this killing is not a regicide. That Bi did not do the killing can be seen from four angles. When one who seizes a state, the killing of the ruler is recorded in the name of the state; Gongzi Qiji of Chu killed Gongzi Bi, and Bi did not have that suspicion. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not use one suspicion to replace another; Qiji presided over this matter, so the suspicion falls on him.

秋，公會劉子、晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子於平丘。

In autumn, Duke Zhao met with the Viscount of Liu, the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Little Zhu at Pingqiu.

八月申戌，同盟於平丘。公不與盟。同者，有同也，同外楚也。公不與盟者，可以與而不與，譏在公也。其日，善是盟也。

On the shenxu day in the eighth month, a covenant was made together at Pingqiu. Duke Zhao did not take part in the oath. "Together" means having a common aim, which was to jointly resist Chu. To say that Duke Zhao did not take part means he could have taken part but did not, and the criticism falls on Duke Zhao. The day is recorded, which approves of this covenant.

蔡侯廬歸於蔡。陳侯吳歸於陳。善其成之會而歸之，故謹而日之。此未嘗有國也，使如失國辭然者，不與楚滅也。

Lu, Marquis of Cai, returned to Cai. Wu, Marquis of Chen, returned to Chen. It approves that they were helped to return after the meeting, so the day is recorded solemnly. In fact they had never yet possessed these states, but it is written as if those who had lost their states returned to them, which shows disapproval of Chu's destroying them.

冬，十月，葬蔡靈公。變之不葬有三：失德不葬，弒君不葬，滅國不葬。然且葬之，不與楚滅，且成諸侯之事也。

In the tenth month of winter, Duke Ling of Cai was buried. There are three cases in which the burial is not recorded as a variant: one who lost his virtue is not buried, one who was killed as a ruler is not buried, and a state that was destroyed is not buried. The burial is still recorded here to show disapproval of Chu's destroying Cai, and to complete the affair of the lords.

十有四年春，意如至自晉。大夫執則致，致則名，意如惡，然而致，見君臣之禮也。

In the spring of the fourteenth year, Yiru returned from Jin. When a senior official is seized, his return is written, and when his return is written, he is named; Yiru had done evil, yet his return is still written, in order to show the ritual between ruler and minister.

冬，莒殺其公子意恢。言公子而不言大夫，莒無大夫也。莒無大夫而曰公子意恢，意恢賢也。曹、莒皆無大夫，其所以無大夫者，其義異也。

In winter, Ju killed its Gongzi Yihui. He is called a duke's son and not a senior official, because Ju had no commissioned senior officials. Ju had no commissioned senior officials yet he is called "Gongzi Yihui," because Yihui was worthy. Neither Cao nor Ju had commissioned senior officials, and the principles on which they had none are not the same.

二月癸酉，有事於武宮，龠入叔弓卒，去樂卒事。君在祭樂之中，聞大夫之喪，則去樂卒事，禮也。君在祭樂之中，大夫有變以聞可乎。大夫，國體也。古之人重死，君命無所不通。

On the guiyou day in the second month, there was a sacrifice in the Wu temple, and as the Yue dance had just entered, Shu Gong died, and so the music was withdrawn and the matter was completed. When the ruler is in the midst of sacrificial music and hears of the funeral of a senior official, withdrawing the music and completing the matter is ritual. When the ruler is in the midst of sacrificial music and a senior official has a calamity, may he be allowed to hear of it? Senior officials are the trunk of the state. The ancients valued death, and there was nowhere the ruler's command could not reach.

十有六年春，齊侯伐徐。楚子誘戎蠻子殺之。夏，公至自晉。

In the spring of the sixteenth year, the Marquis of Qi attacked Xu. The Viscount of Chu lured the Viscount of the Rong Man and killed him. In summer, Duke Zhao returned from Jin.

冬，有星孛於大辰。一有一亡曰有。於大辰者，濫於大辰也。

In winter, a comet appeared in Dachen. To appear and then disappear is called "you." Writing "in Dachen" means it spread into Dachen.

楚人及吳戰於長岸。兩夷狄曰敗，中國與夷狄亦曰敗。楚人及吳戰於長岸，進楚子，故曰戰。

The men of Chu fought with Wu at Changan. For two barbarian states only "defeated" is written, and for the central states and barbarians also only "defeated" is written. The men of Chu fought with Wu at Changan, which raises the Viscount of Chu one grade, and so "battle" is written.

夏，五月壬午，宋、衛、陳、鄭災。其志，以同日也；其日，亦以同日也。或曰，人有謂鄭子產曰：「某日有災。」子產曰：「天者神，子惡知之？是人也。」同日為四國災也。

In the fifth month of summer, on the renwu day, there were fires in Song, Wei, Chen and Zheng. It is recorded because it was the same day; the day is recorded also because it was the same day. Another account: someone said to Zichan of Zheng: "On a certain day there will be a fire." Zichan said: "Heaven is a spirit; how would you know? This is what people say." On the same day it became the fire of four states.