Duke Xuan

（經二一七）公如晉，至河乃復。

(Classic 21.7) Duke Zhao set out for Jin and turned back on reaching the Yellow River.

春，齊侯伐莒。

Spring: the Marquis of Qi attacked Ju.

（經二二二）宋華亥、向寧、華定自宋南里出奔楚。

(Classic 22.2) Hua Hai, Xiang Ning, and Hua Ding of Song fled from Nanli in Song to Chu.

（經二二三）大搜於昌奸。

(Classic 22.3) A great hunt was held at Changjian.

（經二二四）夏，四月乙丑，天王崩。

(Classic 22.4) Summer, fourth month, yichou day: the Son of Heaven died.

（經二二五）六月，叔鞅如京師。

(Classic 22.5) Sixth month: Shu Yang went to the capital.

（經二二六）葬景王。

(Classic 22.6) King Jing was buried.

（經二二七）王室亂。

(Classic 22.7) The royal house fell into disorder.

（傳）何言乎王室亂？言不及外也。

(Commentary) Why is it written "the royal house fell into disorder"? It means that the disorder had not yet reached outside.

（經二二八）劉子、單子以王猛居於皇。

(Classic 22.8) Liu Zi and Shan Zi took Wang Meng and settled at Huang.

（傳）其稱王猛何？當國也。

(Commentary) Why is he called "Wang Meng"? He was holding the state and exercising government.

（經二二九）秋，劉子、單子以王猛入於王城。

(Classic 22.9) Autumn: Liu Zi and Shan Zi took Wang Meng into the royal city.

（傳）王城者何？西周也。其言入何？篡辭也。

(Commentary) What is the royal city? It is Western Zhou. Why is "entered" written? It is wording for usurpation.

（經二二十）冬，十月，王子猛卒。

(Classic 22.10) Winter, tenth month: Prince Meng died.

（傳）此未逾年之君也，其稱王子猛卒何？不與當也。不與當者，不與當父死子繼、兄死弟及之辭也。

(Commentary) He was a ruler who had not yet passed the year; why is it written "Prince Meng died"? Because it disapproves of his holding the state. Disapproving of his holding the state is wording that disapproves of succession from father to son and from elder brother to younger brother.

（經二二十一）十有二月癸酉朔，日有食之。

(Classic 22.11) Twelfth month, first day, guiyou: a solar eclipse.

春，王正月，叔孫舍如晉。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar: Shusun She went to Jin.

（經二三二）癸丑，叔鞅卒。

(Classic 23.2) Guichou day: Shu Yang died.

（經二三三）晉人執我行人叔孫舍。

(Classic 23.3) The people of Jin seized our Lu envoy Shusun She.

（經二三四）晉人圍郊。

(Classic 23.4) The people of Jin besieged Jiao.

（傳）郊者何？天子之邑也。曷為不繫於周？不與伐天子也。

(Commentary) What is Jiao? It is a city of the Son of Heaven. Why is it not attached beneath Zhou? Because it disapproves of attacking the Son of Heaven.

（經二三五）夏，六月，蔡侯東國卒於楚。

(Classic 23.5) Summer, sixth month: Dongguo, Marquis of Cai, died in Chu.

（經二三六）秋，七月，莒子庚輿來奔。

(Classic 23.6) Autumn, seventh month: Gengyu, Viscount of Ju, came seeking refuge.

（經二三七）戊辰，吳敗頓、胡、沈、蔡、陳、許之師於雞父。鬍子髡、沈子楹滅，獲陳夏齧。

(Classic 23.7) Wuchen day: Wu defeated the armies of Dun, Hu, Shen, Cai, Chen, and Xu at Jifu. Kun, Viscount of Hu, and Ying, Viscount of Shen, perished, and Xia Nie of Chen was captured.

（傳）此偏戰也，曷為以詐戰之辭言之？不與夷狄之主中國也。然則曷為不使中國主之？中國亦新夷狄也。其言滅獲何？別君臣也，君死於位曰滅，生得曰獲，大夫生死皆曰獲。不與夷狄之主中國，則其言獲陳夏齧何？吳少進也。

(Commentary) This was a battle with an agreed date; why is it described in the wording used for a battle without an agreed date? Because it disapproves of barbarians being leaders over the Central States. Then why not let the Central States lead? The Central States themselves had just turned barbarian. What is meant by writing "perished" and "captured"? It distinguishes ruler from minister: a ruler who dies in his position is said to have perished, one captured alive is said to be taken, and for a grandee, whether dead or alive, it is said to be taken. Since it disapproves of barbarians leading the Central States, why is the capture of Xia Nie of Chen written? Because Wu had advanced slightly.

（經二三八）天王居於狄泉。

(Classic 23.8) The Son of Heaven resided at Diquan.

（傳）此未三年，其稱天王何？著有天子也。

(Commentary) This was not yet three years; why is he called Heavenly King? To make clear that there is a Son of Heaven.

（經二三九）尹氏立王子朝。

(Classic 23.9) The Yin clan set up Prince Chao.

（經二三十）八月乙未，地震。

(Classic 23.10) Eighth month, yiwei day: an earthquake.

（經二三十一）冬，公如晉，至河，公有疾，乃復。（傳）何言乎公有疾乃復？殺恥也。

(Classic 23.11) Winter: Duke Zhao went to Jin; on reaching the Yellow River, the duke fell ill and turned back. (Commentary) Why is it written that the duke turned back because of illness? To lessen the disgrace.

春，王二月丙戌，仲孫貜卒。

Spring, second month of the Zhou calendar, bingxu day: Zhongsun Jue died.

（經二四二）叔孫舍至自晉。

(Classic 24.2) Shusun She returned from Jin.

（經二四三）夏，五月乙未朔，日有食之。

(Classic 24.3) Summer, fifth month, first day, yiwei: a solar eclipse.

（經二四四）秋，八月，大雩。

(Classic 24.4) Autumn, eighth month: the great rain sacrifice was held.

（經二四五）丁酉，杞伯鬱釐卒。

(Classic 24.5) Dingyou day: Yuli, Earl of Qi, died.

（經二四六）冬，吳滅巢。

(Classic 24.6) Winter: Wu destroyed Chao.

（經二四七）葬杞平公。

(Classic 24.7) Duke Ping of Qi was buried.

春，叔孫舍如宋。

Spring: Shusun She went to Song.

（經二五二）夏，叔倪會晉趙鞅、宋樂世心、衛北宮喜、鄭遊吉、曹人、邾婁人、滕人、薛人、小邾婁人於黃父。

(Classic 25.2) Summer: Shu Ni met at Huangfu with Zhao Yang of Jin, Yue Shixin of Song, Beigong Xi of Wei, You Ji of Zheng, and the people of Cao, Zhulou, Teng, Xue, and Xiao Zhulou.

（經二五三）有鸛鵒來巢。

(Classic 25.3) Mynah birds came and built nests.

（傳）何以書？記異也。何異爾？非中國之禽也，宜穴又巢也。

(Commentary) Why was it recorded? To record an anomaly. Where was the anomaly? They were not birds of the Central States, and while they should have lived in burrows, they came and built nests.

（經二五四）秋，七月上辛，大雩。季辛，又雩。

(Classic 25.4) Autumn, seventh month, the first xin day: the great rain sacrifice was held. On the last xin day, the rain sacrifice was held again.

（傳）又雩者何？又雩者非雩也，聚眾以逐季氏也。

(Commentary) What is meant by "again held the rain sacrifice"? The "again held the rain sacrifice" was not really a rain sacrifice, but a gathering of the people to drive out the Ji clan.

（經二五五）九月己亥，公孫於齊，次於楊州。

(Classic 25.5) Ninth month, jihai day: Duke Zhao withdrew to Qi and camped at Yangzhou.

（經二五六）齊侯唁公於野井。

(Classic 25.6) The Marquis of Qi offered condolences to Duke Zhao at Yejing.

（傳）唁公者何？昭公將弒季氏，告子家駒曰：「季氏為無道，僭於公室久矣，吾欲弒之，何如？」子家駒曰：「諸侯僭於天子，大夫僭於諸侯久矣！」昭公曰：「吾何僭矣哉？」子家駒曰：「設兩觀，乘大路，朱幹，玉戚，以舞《大夏》，八佾以舞《大武》，此皆天子之禮也。且夫牛馬維婁，委己者也，而柔焉。季氏得民眾久矣，君無多辱焉！」昭公不從其言，終弒之而敗焉。走之齊，齊侯唁公於野井，曰：「奈何君去魯國之社稷？」昭公曰：「喪人不佞，失守魯國之社稷，執事以羞。」再拜顙，慶子家駒曰：「慶子免君於大難矣。」子家駒曰：「臣不佞，陷君於大難，君不忍加之以鈇鑕，賜之以死。」再拜顙。高子執簞食與四脡脯，國子執壺漿，曰：「吾寡君聞君在外，餕饔未就，敢致糗於從者。」昭公曰：「君不忘吾先君，延及喪人，錫之以大禮。」再拜稽首，以衽受。高子曰：「有夫不祥，君無所辱大禮。」昭公蓋祭而不嘗。景公曰：「寡人有不腆先君之服，未之敢服；有不腆先君之器，未之敢用，敢以請。」昭公曰：「喪人不佞，失守魯國之社稷，執事以羞，敢辱大禮？敢辭。」景公曰：「寡人有不腆先君之服，未之敢服；有不腆先君之器，未之敢用，敢固以請。」昭公曰：「以吾宗廟之在魯地，有先君之服，未之能以服；有先君之器，未之能以出，敢固辭。」景公曰：「寡人有不腆先君之服，未之敢服；有不腆先君之器，未之敢用，請以饗乎從者。」昭公曰：「喪人其何稱？」景公曰：「孰君而無稱？」昭公於是噭然而哭，諸大夫皆哭。既哭以人為菑，以幦為席，以鞍為，以遇禮相見。孔子曰：「其禮與！其辭足觀矣！」

(Commentary) What is meant by "condoling with the duke"? Duke Zhao was about to kill the Ji clan, and told Zijia Ju: "The Ji clan lacks the Way and has usurped the ducal house for a very long time; I wish to kill him; what do you think?" Zijia Ju said: "The feudal lords have usurped the Son of Heaven, and the grandees have usurped the feudal lords, for a very long time!" Duke Zhao said: "In what have I usurped?" Zijia Ju said: "You set up two gate towers, ride in the Great Carriage, use red shields and jade axes to dance the Daxia, and use eight rows of dancers for the Dawu; these are all rites of the Son of Heaven. Moreover oxen and horses that are tethered become docile because they have entrusted their own affairs to the one who tethers them. The Ji clan has had the people's hearts for a very long time; do not take on much more shame!" Duke Zhao did not listen to him, and in the end went to kill the Ji clan and failed. He fled to Qi, and the Marquis of Qi offered condolences to Duke Zhao at Yejing, saying: "Why did you leave the altars of Lu?" Duke Zhao said: "This mourner lacks ability and lost hold of the altars of Lu, bringing shame to your officials." He bowed twice and touched his forehead to the ground, and congratulated Zijia Ju, saying: "I congratulate you for sparing the ruler a great calamity." Zijia Ju said: "Your servant lacks ability and has plunged the ruler into great calamity; the ruler could not bear to put the awl on me, but has granted me death." He bowed twice and touched his forehead to the ground. Gao Zi held a basket of food and four strips of dried meat, and Guo Zi held a jar of drink, saying: "Our humble ruler heard that you are abroad and that the feast has not yet been prepared; we dare to send dry provisions to your attendants." Duke Zhao said: "My lord has not forgotten my former lord, and extends this even to this mourner, giving me a great ritual gift." He bowed twice and touched his head to the ground, receiving it in the front of his robe. Gao Zi said: "With such ill omens, you need not stoop to such grand ritual." Duke Zhao made the sacrificial offering but did not taste it. Duke Jing said: "I have clothes of my former lord that are not rich, and I have not yet dared wear them; I have vessels of my former lord that are not rich, and I have not yet dared use them; I dare to request that you accept them." Duke Zhao said: "This mourner lacks ability and lost hold of the altars of Lu, bringing shame to your officials; how could I dare accept such a great gift? I dare decline." Duke Jing said: "I have clothes of my former lord that are not rich, and I have not yet dared wear them; I have vessels of my former lord that are not rich, and I have not yet dared use them; I dare request again." Duke Zhao said: "Because my ancestral temple is in Lu, and I have clothes of my former lord that I cannot yet wear, and vessels of my former lord that I cannot yet bring out, I dare decline again." Duke Jing said: "I have clothes of my former lord that are not rich, and I have not yet dared wear them; I have vessels of my former lord that are not rich, and I have not yet dared use them; I ask to use them to feast your attendants." Duke Zhao said: "How should this mourner be addressed?" Duke Jing said: "What ruler would have no title?" Duke Zhao then wailed aloud, and all the grandees wept. When they had finished weeping, they used people as screens, a carriage cover as a mat, and a saddle as a table, and met with the ritual of an encounter. Confucius said: "That ritual! Its wording is also worth a look!" (In the original text, a rare character stood after "used a saddle as" and was lost in transcription; it is supplied as "table" from the usual text. "Zhu gan" means a red shield.)

（經二五七）冬，十月戊辰，叔孫舍卒。

(Classic 25.7) Winter, tenth month, wuchen day: Shusun She died.

（經二五八）十有一月己亥，宋公佐卒於曲棘。

(Classic 25.8) Eleventh month, jihai day: Zuo, Duke of Song, died at Quji.

（傳）曲棘者何？宋之邑也。諸侯卒其封內不地，此何以地？憂內也。

(Commentary) What is Quji? It is a city of Song. When a feudal lord dies within his own borders, the place is not recorded; why is the place recorded here? Because of concern for the state.

（經二五九）十有二月，齊侯取運。

(Classic 25.9) Twelfth month: the Marquis of Qi seized Yun.

（傳）外取邑不書？此何以書？為公取之也。

(Commentary) When someone abroad seizes a city, it is not recorded as a rule; why is it recorded here? Because he seized it for Duke Zhao.

春，王正月，葬宋元公。

Spring, first month of the Zhou calendar: Duke Yuan of Song was buried.

（經二六二）三月，公至自齊，居於運。

(Classic 26.2) Third month: Duke Zhao returned from Qi and stayed at Yun.

（經二六三）夏，公圍成。

(Classic 26.3) Summer: Duke Zhao besieged Cheng.

（經二六四）秋，公會齊侯、莒子、邾婁子，杞伯盟於剸陵。公至自會，居於運。

(Classic 26.4) Autumn: Duke Zhao met the Marquis of Qi, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhulou, and the Earl of Qi, and made a covenant at Zhuanling. Duke Zhao returned from the covenant and stayed at Yun.