General of the Array, Number 92

偏將一人，勇猛果敢、揮戈掉劍、力敵百夫、好勇者任。副偏將二人，子將四人，明旌旗金鼓節令者任。虞候二人，多機謀能擒奸摘伏者任。承局二人，點平更漏，無失糾舉。偏將別奏六人，亻兼一十二人。副將奏同亻兼，判官一人，虞候亻兼、充子虞候八人，典二人。

A deputy general is to be appointed, selected from someone who is brave, resolute, and courageous, capable of wielding a halberd and a sword, with strength sufficient to resist a hundred men, and who is skilled in warfare. Two deputy deputy generals and four subordinates are to be appointed, selected from those who understand the signals of banners, drums, and other commands and regulations. Two supervisors are to be appointed, selected from those who are intelligent and resourceful, skilled in capturing spies and uncovering hidden enemies. Two recorders are responsible for checking and recording the time of the night watch, and they must not fail in their duty of supervision and reporting. Under the deputy general, there are six assistants and twelve attendants; the number of assistants and attendants under the deputy general is the same. One official is appointed as the judge. The attendants of the supervisors and those serving as subordinates to the supervisors total eight. Two clerks are appointed.

押官一人，經軍陣習戰鬥。隊頭二人，副隊二人，主文書名目點簿，酬功行賞，知勞苦，明部隊行列。秉旗一人，副旗二人，勇者用。抱鼓一人，主昏明，警進止。吹角一人，主收軍。司兵一人，主五兵利鈍。提轄承局一人，主雜差科惡，口舌無人情者即任。火長五人，主持採等。

A supervisor is required, who must have experienced warfare and be familiar with combat. Two team leaders and two deputy team leaders are needed, responsible for managing documents, registers, and records, rewarding meritorious deeds, implementing rewards and punishments, caring for the hardships of soldiers, and understanding the arrangement of the unit's formation. One flag bearer and two deputy flag bearers are required, who must be brave. One person to beat the drum is needed, responsible for announcing the early and late hours and signaling the movement and halt of the troops. One person to blow the horn is needed, responsible for the signal to retreat and return to camp. One soldier in charge is needed, responsible for the five types of weapons: bow, spear, spear, halberd, and戟, i.e., the sharpness and dullness of the five weapons. One person in charge of miscellaneous duties and difficult tasks is needed, who should be someone who is not afraid of verbal disputes and does not show favoritism. Five fire attendants are required, responsible for purchasing and other affairs related to their group.

徵馬副一人，副大將擇能養者（已下並同）。總管二人，副將子將八人，軍隊子將押官五十人，群頭五百人，善騎馬奔走者任。馬子一千人，軍外差能者禦之。

A deputy in charge of war horses is appointed, selected by the deputy general from those skilled in horse breeding. Two chief officers, eight deputy generals, and fifty sub-officers for each military unit are appointed, all from those skilled in riding and galloping. Five hundred group leaders are appointed, also from those skilled in riding and galloping. One thousand horse attendants are appointed, selected from outside the military to manage and control the horses.

諸營各作異旗一，放馬，每隊作認旗。放驢於外，其馬中央，令四面援馬。放驢馬子並宜於驢群四面，圍達驢群知更。如狂賊偷馬，例須（一作到傾）奔走，驢在外，驅趁稍難。以次防閑亦甚，尤便營別。即令別放，諸群不得相交。非直發引之不難，忽有不虞追喚亦易。

Each camp must make a flag that is unique to itself; when herding horses, each squad should also make a distinguishing flag. The arrangement for herding is as follows: the donkey herds should be placed on the outer perimeter, while the horse herds should be in the center, with the donkeys surrounding the horses from all sides. The herders of the donkeys should be stationed around the donkey herds, taking turns to keep watch in a circular manner. If there are fierce thieves who come to steal horses, they would usually drive the horses to flee. However, the donkey herds are positioned on the outer circle, making it more difficult for the thieves to drive them. This method of successive defense and obstruction is particularly secure, and also facilitates the separate management of each camp. Therefore, an order should be given for each camp to herd their animals separately, ensuring that different groups of livestock do not mix or cross each other. This not only makes it easier to form ranks when setting out, but also facilitates the quick retrieval of individuals in case of any unexpected situation requiring an urgent call.

諸將軍立營，驢馬各於所管地界放牧。如營側草惡，使擇好處放。仍與虞候計會，不使交雜，各執本營認旗。如須追喚，見旗疾知驢馬處。所謂諸軍驢馬牧放不得連繫。每軍營，令定一官專檢校逐水草，合群牧放，仍定一虞候果貂專巡諸營水草。令各分界牧放，不使參雜。

After the generals have set up their camps, the donkeys and horses are kept within the territory under their command for grazing. If the grass near the camp is poor, they may choose another place with better water and grass, but they must still consult with the Yu Hou to ensure that the livestock from different camps do not mix. Each unit should carry the flag of their own camp. When an urgent call is needed, seeing the flag's color will immediately indicate where the donkeys and horses are. This is the reason why the livestock of different units should not be grazed together. Each camp should appoint one official specifically responsible for observing the water and grass conditions and managing the grazing together. Another person, the Yu Hou (the text may have an error in the words "guo diao"), should be assigned to inspect the water and grass conditions of each camp. In summary, each unit should graze within its own territory, preventing the mixing of livestock from different units.

四陣圖者，非古陣也。臣切見李筌纂聚諸家陣圖，但有形勢而已。其部位行列，精微尺寸，則莫能釋然。其名既多，其要則寡。臣因辯古陣之法，創造新意，別為四陣之施，可禦而變。因著論以明之。

These four formations are not ancient inherited ones. I (Xu Dong, referring to himself) have carefully examined the various formations compiled by Li Quan, a Tang dynasty person. Those diagrams only show the general outlines, but they do not clarify the positions of each unit, the order of their ranks, or the precise measurements. Although there are many names, there is little essential content. Therefore, I have studied the ancient methods of forming arrays and created new ideas to establish these four formations, which can be used for defense and also allow for flexible responses. I have thus written this comprehensive explanation to clarify them.

論曰：臣聞兵陣戰場，立功之所，不能規度以固法，何以取功決勝而定天下乎？是故結陣之術不可疏，疏則難應；不可密，密則難用。首欲棲，翼欲輕，腹欲實，尾欲正。棲者不可使過，輕者不可使淩，實者不可使不應機，正者不可使不知便（即變）。

The treatise says: I have heard that the battlefield of confrontation and combat is the place where great achievements are made. If one cannot plan and measure, and establish firm rules, on what basis can one win victories and pacify the world? Therefore, the art of forming an army formation must not be too loose, for if it is too loose, the various units will find it difficult to support each other; nor can it be too dense, for if it is too dense, the troops will find it hard to maneuver. The formation should be like a bird perched on a branch, high and commanding, with light and agile wings, a solid center, and a properly aligned rear. However, being high and commanding should not be excessive, agility should not degenerate into disorderly haste, solidity should not be so rigid as to prevent adaptability, and proper alignment should not be so fixed as to prevent flexibility. (The word "便" means "change" or "adaptation.")

今之所定四陣者，十萬人之正陣也（人數之多少臨時增減，此非執蓋此十萬人為準則焉）。每一陣，步兵七萬，騎兵七萬，以為常準。但四陣更變，各隨所便而用之爾。每步兵一人占地兩步，騎兵一人占地四步，取其出入輕各受敵。

The four formations currently proposed are for a regular large formation of ten thousand soldiers (the actual number can be temporarily adjusted, not strictly fixed, but used as a basis for calculation). In each formation, there are seven thousand infantry and three thousand cavalry (the total of these two numbers does not add up to ten thousand, and "three thousand cavalry" is likely the correct figure). This is the usual standard. The four formations can be transformed into one another, and each can be used according to the convenience of the situation. Each infantryman occupies two steps of space, and each cavalryman occupies four steps of space, to ensure that the formations can move freely and each unit can effectively engage the enemy.

夫四陣我應之法：若敵為彎陣，我以飛鶚陣應之；敵為直陣，我以重覆陣當之；敵為突陣，我以長虹陣當之；敵用兵四面圍我，我以八卦陣當之。此所謂應敵者也。其逐校所動，各因敵之去就焉。

These four formations are used to respond to the enemy's tactics: if the enemy arranges their forces in a crescent shape, I use the Flying Eagle Formation to counter them; if the enemy forms a straight line, I use the Overlapping Formation to resist; if the enemy charges forward with a sudden attack, I use the Long Rainbow Formation to block them; if the enemy surrounds my forces on all sides, I use the Eight Trigrams Formation to resist. This is called adapting to the enemy's changes. As for when each unit should move out, it is decided according to the enemy's advances and retreats.

善結陣者，先結人心。何謂先結人心？賞罰明也。欲士伍應變之精熟，在日月數習之。不能教陣者，是舉其師伍與敵也。夫孔子云：以不教人戰，是謂棄之。此之謂也。雖萬變之機，不能精於陣戰之事，與愚者同也。然善戰者不陣。騎兵也，一部謂之五百；步兵也，部如騎之數。

A skilled commander in forming formations must first gain the hearts of his soldiers. What does it mean to gain the hearts of soldiers first? It means to be clear and fair in rewards and punishments. To enable soldiers to respond flexibly and skillfully in battle, they must be repeatedly trained daily and monthly. A commander who refuses to train his troops is effectively handing his army over to the enemy. Confucius said: "To lead untrained common people into battle is to abandon them." (See The Analects of Confucius, Zilu) This is exactly what this refers to. Even if one has clever strategies, without mastery of battlefield formations, he is no better than an ignorant person. However, truly skilled warriors often do not rely strictly on formations. The cavalry is organized in units of five hundred men; the infantry is organized in units of the same number.

前校首騎三陣一十部，合成五千騎。一陣一部，長一百四十步；第二陣四部（左右各只一隊，大陣中並同），長一里二百步（計五百六十步）；第三陣五部，長一里三百四十步（計七百步）。前校項兵三陣，步兵二十七步，合一萬三千五百人。第一陣九部，長一里二百七十步（計六百三十步）；第二陣並第三陣亦如之。

The deployment of the Flying Eagle Formation is as follows. The vanguard, serving as the bird's head, consists of three formations with a total of ten units, amounting to 5,000 cavalry. The first formation has one unit, with a width of 140 paces. The second formation has four units (with one unit on each side, and this applies to all large formations), with a width of one li and 200 bu (equivalent to 560 bu, with each li being 360 bu in this text). The third formation has five units, with a width of one li and 340 bu (equivalent to 700 bu). The vanguard, serving as the bird's neck, consists of three formations with a total of 27 units, amounting to 13,500 soldiers. The first formation has nine units, with a width of one li and 270 bu (equivalent to 630 bu). The second and third formations are arranged in the same manner.

中校五陣，步兵九十二步，合四萬六千人。第一陣二十一陣（即部），長四里三十步（計一千四百七十步）；第二陣、第三陣、第四陣亦如之；第五陣八部，長一里二百步（計五百七十步）。後校尾兵一直陣，步兵二十一步，合（舀計一千四百七十步）。

The middle commander has five formations, with 92 infantry units totaling 46,000 men. The first formation consists of 21 units, with a width of four li and thirty steps (equivalent to 1,470 steps). The second, third, and fourth formations are also arranged in the same manner. The fifth formation has eight units, with a width of one li and two hundred steps (equivalent to 570 steps). The rear commander's formation is a straight line, consisting of 21 infantry units (the number of men is missing in the original text, only the measurement 'a total of 1,470 steps' remains; the character '舀' is a fragmentary text).

左校爪騎二陣五步，合二千五百騎。第一陣二部，長一里六十步（計四百二十步）；第二陣長一百八十步。右校爪騎亦如之。左校翼騎四陣，二十步，一萬騎。第一陣五部，長一里三百四十步（計七百步）；第二陣、第三陣、第四陣亦如之。右校翼陣亦如之。

The left division's bird claw cavalry consists of two formations and five units, totaling 2,500 riders. The first formation has two units, with a width of one li and sixty steps (equivalent to 420 steps). The second formation has a width of 180 steps. The right division's bird claw cavalry is the same. The left division's bird wing cavalry consists of four formations and twenty units, totaling 10,000 riders. The first formation has five units, with a width of one li and 340 steps (equivalent to 700 steps). The second, third, and fourth formations are also the same. The right division's bird wing formations are the same as well. The bird claw cavalry are positioned on both sides of the bird's body, in the front, while the bird wing cavalry are spread out in a more distant layer, together forming the double claws and two wings of an eagle.

前校首騎三陣之中，兩處各虛六十八步，計一百三十六步，在內虛實都厚三百四十步。前校項兵三陣之中，兩處各虛三、四步，計六十八步（一作一百三十步），虛實都厚三百七十步。中校五陣之中，四處各虛三十四步，計一百三十六步，虛實共厚三百六步。後校一陣，厚三十四步。右校爪騎二陣之中，一處虛六十八步，計二百四步，虛實都厚一里一百一十六步。左校翼騎亦如之。

Between the formations, the gaps are as follows: In the three formations of the front vanguard cavalry, there are two gaps each of 68 steps, totaling 136 steps. Including the gaps, the combined depth of the real and imaginary formations is 340 steps. In the three formations of the front vanguard infantry, there are two gaps each of 34 steps (the original text says 'three, four steps,' but according to the following text which says 'totaling 68 steps,' it should be 34 steps), totaling 68 steps (another version says 130 steps), and the combined depth of the real and imaginary formations is 370 steps. In the five formations of the central vanguard, there are four gaps each of 34 steps, totaling 136 steps, and the combined depth of the real and imaginary formations is 306 steps. In the single formation of the rear vanguard, the depth is 34 steps. In the two formations of the right vanguard cavalry, there is one gap of 68 steps, totaling 204 steps, and the combined depth of the real and imaginary formations is one li and 116 steps. The left vanguard's wing cavalry is also the same.

前校之項前去首騎之末三百四十步，中校之首去前校項兵之末一百七十步。後校之首去中校之末，自前校首共之，到後校之並虛在內，共厚四里二百二十步（計一千六百七十步）。左校爪騎居中校左校相接之地，中校稍前一百三十步。右校爪騎所居之地亦如之。左右校低於中校第二陣一隊，與中校相去各一里四十步，統成一大陣，虛實共長八里二百七十步，計三千一百五十步。

The distance between the schools is as follows: the front line of the first school's neck soldiers is 340 paces behind the end of the leading riders of the first school; the front line of the middle school is 170 paces behind the end of the first school's neck soldiers. The front line of the rear school is 4 li and 220 paces (equivalent to 1,670 paces) behind the end of the middle school, including all gaps. The front line of the left school's leading riders is 130 paces ahead of the middle school where they connect; the right school's leading riders are also positioned in the same way. The left and right schools are one formation lower than the second formation of the middle school, and each is 1 li and 40 paces away from the middle school. All these parts form a large formation, with a total width of 8 li and 270 paces, equivalent to 3,150 paces.

（圖缺）

(The original text here included a diagram of the Flying Eagle Formation, but the diagram has been lost.)

前校三陣，步兵三十七部，合一萬三千五百人。第一陣九步，長一里二百七十步（計六百三十步）；第二、第三陣亦如之。中校五陣，步兵九十二部，合一萬六十（作千）人。第一陣一十九部，長三里二百五十步，計一千三百三十步；第二陣二十一部，長四里三十步（計一千四百七十步）；第三、第四陣亦如之；第五陣一十部，一里三百四十步（計百七步）。

The deployment of the Long Rainbow Formation is as follows. The front division consists of three formations, with 27 infantry units (the original text says "thirty-seven units," but according to the calculation that each of the three formations has nine units, it should be 27 units), totaling 13,500 soldiers. The first formation consists of nine units, with a width of one li and 270 bu (equivalent to 630 bu, with each li being 360 bu in this text); the second and third formations are also arranged in the same manner. The middle division consists of five formations, with 92 infantry units, totaling 46,000 soldiers (the original text says "16,000 soldiers," and the note mentions "a thousand," indicating a possible error or omission in the numbers). The first formation consists of 19 units, with a width of three li and 250 bu (equivalent to 1,330 bu); the second formation consists of 21 units, with a width of four li and 30 bu (equivalent to 1,470 bu); the third and fourth formations are also arranged in the same manner; the fifth formation consists of 10 units, with a width of one li and 340 bu (equivalent to 700 bu, the original text mentions "170 bu" with an omitted character).

後校一陣步兵二十一部，合一萬五百人，長四里三十步（計一千四百七十步）。右校沖騎二陣八部，合四十騎。第一陣五步，左右各抵隊，長一里三百四十步（計一千步）；第二陣亦如之。第三陣六部，長二里一百二十步（計八百四十步）；第四陣亦如之。左校四陣，與左校同法。

After the initial inspection, there were twenty-one infantry units, totaling eleven thousand five hundred men, with a width of four li and thirty steps (equivalent to one thousand four hundred and seventy steps). The right division had two cavalry formations with eight units, totaling four thousand cavalry (the original text says 'forty cavalry,' which probably omits the character 'hundred'). The first formation had five units (the original text says 'step' but should be 'unit'), with each side blocking one unit, covering a width of one li and three hundred forty steps (equivalent to seven hundred steps, the original text mistakenly says 'one thousand steps'). The second formation was the same. The third formation had six units, covering a width of two li and one hundred twenty steps (equivalent to eight hundred forty steps); the fourth formation was the same. The left division had four formations, using the same method as the right division (the original text mentions 'left division' twice, but the first instance should be 'right division').

前校三陣之中，二處各虛三十四步（計六十八步），左內都厚一百七十步。中校五陣之中，四處各虛三十四步，計一百三十六步，虛實都厚二百六步。後校一陣，都厚三十四步。左校沖騎亦如之。中一處虛六十八步，虛實都厚二百四步。右校沖騎亦如之。左校四陣之中，三處各虛五十八步，計二百四十步，虛實都一里一百二十二步（計四百七十二步）。右校亦如之。

Between the formations, the gaps are as follows: In the front formation with three arrays, two gaps each of thirty-four steps (totaling sixty-eight steps), including the gaps, the total depth is one hundred and seventy steps (the original text "left inner" should be "within"). In the middle formation with five arrays, four gaps each of thirty-four steps, totaling one hundred and thirty-six steps, with the gaps included, the total depth is two hundred and six steps. In the rear formation with one array, the total depth is thirty-four steps. The charge cavalry of the left formation is also like this. One gap of sixty-eight steps, with the gaps included, the total depth is two hundred and four steps. The charge cavalry of the right formation is also like this. In the left formation with four arrays, three gaps each of fifty-eight steps, totaling two hundred and forty steps, with the gaps included, the total depth is one li and one hundred and twenty-two steps (equivalent to four hundred and seventy-two steps). The right formation is also like this.

中校之首去前校之末一百五十步，後校之首去中校之末一百二十步。自前校之首到後校之末，虛實共厚二里六十步（計七百八十步）。自後校之首，左右校沖騎之末一百五十步。自左校沖騎之首到右校之末，虛實共厚一里三百一十六步（計六百七十六步）。右校沖騎到左校之末亦如之。

The vanguard of the middle formation is 150 paces behind the rear of the front formation. The vanguard of the rear formation is 120 paces behind the rear of the middle formation. From the vanguard of the front formation to the rear of the rear formation, the combined depth of real and imaginary positions is two li and sixty paces (equivalent to 780 paces). From the vanguard of the rear formation to the ends of the left and right flanking cavalry, the distance is 150 paces. From the vanguard of the left flanking cavalry to the rear of the right formation, the combined depth of real and imaginary positions is one li, three hundred and sixteen paces (equivalent to 676 paces). The distance from the right flanking cavalry to the rear of the left formation is the same. These distances are arranged to allow each formation to have space for advancing and retreating, and to take turns in combat.

左右校角，各去中校角一十步，計二十步在內。左右校第一陣、第二陣，與中校齊頭（以向中校巡各一部為準，外府高於中校六十步），左右校角第三、第四陣，皆掩一百在中之後。統成一大陣，彎長七里二百三十步，計二千七百五十步。

The left and right formations each have their corners ten steps away from the corner of the central formation, with a total of twenty steps on both sides included within the formation. The first and second formations of the left and right formations are aligned parallel to the central formation, extending outward in the direction of the central formation, with the outer edges sixty steps ahead of the central formation. The third and fourth formations of the left and right formations are positioned one hundred steps behind the central formation, concealed behind it. All these parts form a single large formation, with a curved length of seven li and two hundred thirty steps, totaling two thousand seven hundred fifty steps—the formation resembles a long rainbow stretching across the sky, with its ends curving forward to encircle and block the enemy.

（圖缺）

(The original book here included a diagram of the Long Rainbow Formation, but the diagram has been lost.)

前校沖騎三陣，一十二部，合六十騎。第一陣六部，左右各抵一隊，長二里一百二十步（計八百四十步）。第二陣亦如之。前校四陣，步兵三十五步，騎兵八部，兵四十三步，計步、騎各二萬一千五百人。第一陣步兵九部，步騎兵左右各二部，計一十三部，長五里一百一十三步（計一千一百九十八之地各虛步，並步騎二處相接四步在內）；第二陣步兵九步，長一里二百七十步，計六百三十步；第三陣與第四陣同法。第四陣步兵八步，長一里二百步（計五百六十步）。

The deployment of the repeated formation is as follows. The vanguard commander leads three formations of cavalry, totaling twelve units and six thousand horsemen (the original text says 'sixty horsemen,' which is likely missing the character 'hundred'). The first formation consists of six units, with each side facing one unit, spanning two li and 120 bu (equivalent to 840 bu). The second formation is arranged in the same manner. The vanguard commander also has four formations, consisting of 35 units of infantry and 8 units of cavalry, totaling 43 units (the original text's 'step' should be read as 'unit'), with a combined total of 21,500 infantry and cavalry. The first formation has nine units of infantry, with two units of cavalry on each side, totaling thirteen units, spanning five li and 113 bu (equivalent to 1,198 bu; the gaps between units and the four bu where infantry and cavalry meet have been accounted for, the original text has a reversed character). The second formation has nine units of infantry, spanning one li and 270 bu (equivalent to 630 bu). The third and fourth formations are arranged in the same way. The fourth formation has eight units of infantry, spanning one li and 200 bu (equivalent to 560 bu).

中校四陣，步兵八十四部，合一萬二千人。第一陣二十一隊，四里三十步（計一千一百七十步）。第二陣、第三陣、第四陣亦如之。後校一陣二十一步，合一萬五百人，長四里三十步（計一千四百七十步）。右校四陣，騎兵二十部，合一萬騎。第一陣五部，長一里三百四十步（計七百步）。第二陣、第三陣、第四陣亦如之。右校四陣，與左校同法。

The middle division consists of four formations, with 84 infantry units totaling 42,000 men (the original text states '12,000 men'; according to the calculation of 500 men per unit, it should be 42,000). The first formation has 21 units, with a width of four li and thirty steps (equivalent to 1,470 steps, the original text states '1,170 steps' which is incorrect). The second, third, and fourth formations are the same. The rear division has one formation of 21 units, totaling 10,500 men, with a width of four li and thirty steps (equivalent to 1,470 steps). The right division has four formations, with 20 cavalry units totaling 10,000 riders. The first formation has five units, with a width of one li and three hundred forty steps (equivalent to 700 steps). The second, third, and fourth formations are the same. The four formations of the right division are arranged in the same manner as the left division.

前校沖騎二陣之中，一處虛六十八步，虛實都厚二百四步。前校四陣之中，三處各虛三十步，計一百二步，虛實都厚二百三十八步。騎兵即虛六十八步，厚薄同數。中校四陣之中，厚薄之數與前校同法，無騎兵數。後校一陣，後三十四步。

Between the formations, the gaps are as follows: In the two cavalry formations of the front school, there is one gap of sixty-eight steps, with the combined depth of the real and imaginary lines totaling two hundred and four steps. In the four formations of the front school, there are three gaps each of thirty-four steps (the original text is missing the character 'four'), totaling one hundred and two steps, with the combined depth of the real and imaginary lines totaling two hundred and thirty-eight steps. If it is cavalry, then the gap is sixty-eight steps, and the depth remains the same. In the four formations of the middle school, the depth is calculated in the same way as the front school, but without counting the share for cavalry. In the single formation of the rear school, a gap of thirty-four steps is left at the back.

左校四陣之中，三處各虛六十八步（計二百四十步），虛實都厚一里一十六步（計四百七十六步）。右校亦如之。前校之首去中騎之末二百步。自沖之首到後校之末，並虛在內，共厚二里二百三十四步（計一千三百一十四部）。左右校於中校平頭，各相去四步，計八步。在內統成一大陣，長七里三百五十八步，計三千八百七十八步。

Among the four formations of the left wing, three places each left a gap of sixty-eight steps (totaling two hundred and four steps, the original text mistakenly says two hundred and forty steps), with the combined depth of the real and imaginary positions amounting to one li and one hundred and sixteen steps (equivalent to four hundred and seventy-six steps). The right wing is the same. The front line of the front formation is two hundred steps away from the end of the rear cavalry. From the front of the charge cavalry to the end of the rear formation, including all the gaps, the total depth is two li and two hundred and thirty-four steps (equivalent to one thousand three hundred and fourteen steps, the original text mistakenly says 'bu' instead of 'bu'). The left and right formations are arranged side by side with the central formation, each separated by four steps, totaling eight steps on both sides. All these are included within the formation, forming a large formation with a horizontal length of seven li and three hundred and fifty-eight steps, equivalent to three thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight steps. The two formations in front and behind protect each other, hence it is called the heavy overlapping formation.

（圖缺）

(The original book here included a repeated array diagram, but the diagram has been lost.)

沖騎四穗各五部，每穗一部居中，中部則居於左右前各二處，各相去二十步，虛實彎長二里二十步（計七百四十步，每穗各二千五百，計四穗並同）。居大陣角前，披掩左右，去大陣三十步，不繫大陣厚薄之數。四陣並同法。

The deployment of the Eight Trigrams formation is as follows. The cavalry units assigned for the attack are divided into four "sui," each consisting of five parts. Each "sui" has one part in the center, positioned in the space between two points on the left, right, and front, with each part separated by twenty paces. The total curved length of the real and virtual positions combined is two li and twenty paces (equivalent to seven hundred forty paces; each "sui" has two thousand five hundred cavalrymen, and all four "sui" are identical in composition). The four "sui" are placed in front of the four corners of the main formation, spreading out to the left and right to provide cover, at a distance of thirty paces from the main formation, not counted within the depth of the main formation. The same method is applied to all four sides of the formation.

前校四陣，步兵二十部，騎六部，共計六十四步，步、騎合一萬七千人。第一陣步兵七部，騎兵左右各二部，計一十一部，長二里三里五十八步（計一千五百八步，並部騎三處相接之地，各虛四步）；第二陣步兵七部，長一里一百三十步（計四百九十步）；第三陣步兵七部，騎兵左右各一部，計九部，長二里五十八步（計七百七十八步，虛法同前）；第四陣與第二陣同法。右左後校並同前校法。

The front formation consists of four arrays, with twenty infantry units and six cavalry units, totaling twenty-six units (the original text's "a total of sixty-four infantry units" is incorrect), amounting to seventeen thousand soldiers combined of infantry and cavalry. The first array has seven infantry units, with two cavalry units on each side, totaling eleven units, with a width of two li and three hundred fifty-eight steps (equivalent to one thousand five hundred and eight steps; the original text's "two li and three li" has an extra "li" character). There are four steps left between each of the three places where infantry and cavalry meet, which have already been counted in. The second array has seven infantry units, with a width of one li and one hundred thirty steps (equivalent to four hundred ninety steps). The third array has seven infantry units, with one cavalry unit on each side, totaling nine units, with a width of two li and fifty-eight steps (equivalent to seven hundred seventy-eight steps, with the same method of leaving space as before). The fourth array uses the same method as the second array. The right formation, left formation, and rear formation all use the same method as the front formation.

中校七陣，步兵二十八部，騎兵八部，共三十六部（部騎合一萬八千人）。第一陣步兵五部，騎兵右各一部，共七部，長一里二百七十八步（計六百八十六步，並步騎二處相接之地，各處四步）；第二陣步兵五部，長三百五十步；第三陣、第五陣與第一陣同；第四陣與二陣同法；第六陣步兵三部，長二百一十一部；第七陣步兵二部，長二百八十步。

There are seven formations in total, with 28 infantry units and 8 cavalry units, making a total of 36 units (infantry and cavalry combined amount to 18,000 men). The first formation consists of 5 infantry units, with one cavalry unit on each side (the original text says "cavalry on the right each has one unit," missing the word "left"), totaling 7 units, with a horizontal length of 1 li and 278 steps (the original text records it as 686 steps; according to the calculation of 1 li being 360 steps, it should be 638 steps; the areas where infantry and cavalry meet each have 4 steps of space, which has already been included). The second formation consists of 5 infantry units with a horizontal length of 350 steps. The third and fifth formations are the same as the first. The fourth formation follows the same method as the second. The sixth formation consists of 3 infantry units with a horizontal length of 210 steps (the original text says "211 units," where "units" should be "steps"). The seventh formation consists of 2 infantry units with a horizontal length of 280 steps.

前校四陣之中，三處各虛三十四部，計一百二部，虛實都厚二百三十八步。騎兵即虛六十八步，厚薄同數。左右後校並同前校法。中校七陣之中，六處各虛三十四步，虛實都厚一里一百一十六步（計四百七十六步）。

Between the formations, the gaps are as follows: Among the four formations of the front division, three places each leave a gap of thirty-four steps (the original text says "bu" instead of "bu"), totaling one hundred and two steps. The combined depth of real and imaginary formations is two hundred and thirty-eight steps. If cavalry is used, the gap is sixty-eight steps, with the same depth. The left division, right division, and rear division all use the same method as the front division. Among the seven formations of the central division, six places each leave a gap of thirty-four steps, resulting in a combined depth of one li and sixteen bu (equivalent to four hundred and seventy-six steps).

中校不常其地，觀四面敵人力攻之處則應之。別出騎兵八部，居大陣四角之內。每二部，第二陣後一部兩哨，指大陣相去五步，第三陣後一部同前部法（四面並同）。

The position of the middle regiment is not fixed; it should observe the direction from which the enemy is attacking most fiercely and move there promptly to support. Additionally, eight cavalry units are drawn out and positioned within the four corners of the main formation: two units per corner. Among these, part of the second unit is arranged as two outposts facing the main formation, five paces apart. Similarly, part of the third unit is arranged in the same manner, with the same application for all four directions.

統成一大陣，每角前虛一百步，計四百步。在內徑三里一百八十步，計一千三百六十步。四方並同。外環一十二里三百一十三步（計四千六百三十二步）。如敵兵四面俱以沖騎力戰，大陣不可輒動。沖敵之進退，令無反自蹂踐我陣焉。

The above components form a large formation: a hundred steps are left empty before each corner, totaling four hundred steps for all four corners. The diameter of the formation inside is three li and one hundred eighty steps, which equals one thousand three hundred sixty steps, and each side is the same. The circumference outside the formation is twelve li and three hundred thirteen steps (equivalent to four thousand six hundred thirty-two steps). If the enemy attacks simultaneously from all four sides with charging cavalry, the central formation must not move easily; instead, it should adjust precisely according to the enemy's advances and retreats, ensuring that one's own cavalry does not trample upon the formation.

（圖缺）

The original book should have had a diagram of the Eight Trigrams阵 here, but it is now lost.

飛轅陣者，非古陣也。臣切謂戎馬以沖突為利，因此寨以禦之。每一束，竿四條，每四條長六尺五寸，徑方一寸五分。前間一尺為槍頭側立（槍頭以好鐵為之），一尺為幹過竿，方八尺二寸五分。筍中間二尺近鉆，方一寸五分。筍後間八寸為幹，三寸為鉆（鉆亦以鐵為之）。其竿各相去七寸一分，鑿圓竅以扇之。其方兩頭，各露六寸三分。

The "Fei Yuan Formation" is not an ancient formation passed down by our ancestors. Minister Xu Dong believes that the enemy's horses are most skilled in charging and attacking, so this formation with spear-like poles should be used to resist them. Each "shu" (group of components) of Fei Yuan consists of four poles, each pole being six feet five inches long with a square cross-section of one inch and five fen. At the front end of each pole, one foot is left for a side-mounted spear head (the spear head should be made of high-quality tempered iron); another foot is left for the spear shaft, which passes through a horizontal bar. The horizontal bar is square and eight feet two inches and five fen long. The mortise in the middle of the mortise is two feet from the end, near the "zuan" (the iron cone at the end), also square with a cross-section of one inch and five fen. From the end of the mortise, eight inches are left for the pole, and three inches for the zuan (the zuan is also made of iron). The four poles are spaced seven inches and one fen apart. Circular holes are drilled into the horizontal bar, and the poles are inserted like the ribs of a fan. Each end of the horizontal bar protrudes six inches and three fen.

槍頭四條，每條長二尺五寸。內一尺為槍頭，一尺為幹（同前法），二寸五分入槍頭。方筍二寸五分，五分通過後以拴之。腳四度，每隻長四尺，徑方一寸五分。搭腦筍入一寸，上間一尺通竿，方入二寸五分。筍中間一尺一寸，置槍頭，方入二寸五分。筍下間一尺一寸，陷雲頭筍二寸。令透底腳，各居竿高中安置。兩畔間各闊七寸一分，中闊一尺五寸七分。

The spear head has four parts, each two feet five inches long. One foot is the blade, one foot is the shaft, and two and a half inches are inserted into the spear head base. The square tenon is two and a half inches long, with five tenths penetrating and then secured with a wooden pin. There are four legs, each four feet long, with a square cross-section of one inch five tenths. The top part, called the "crossbar," is tenoned in one inch. One foot up from the bottom, it crosses the shaft, with a square tenon of two and a half inches. The spear head is placed at one foot one inch from the middle of the tenon, also tenoned in two and a half inches. At one foot one inch below the middle of the tenon, a "cloud head," a curved wooden piece, is inserted with a tenon of two inches. The tenon should pass completely through the base. Each leg is placed at the center height of the shaft. The space between the sides is seven inches one part, and the middle space is one foot five inches seven parts.

方二條，每條長四尺，徑二寸五分。穿腳兩頭，各露二寸，鑿竅各闊一寸五分，以腳穿之。近鉆，方一條，長四尺二寸五分，闊一寸五分。搭腦，方一條，長四尺，徑方以一尺五寸。雲頭，自四角起伏如車輞而起，闊一寸五分，厚三寸二分，彎長七寸一分。車通竿上用鐵鉤二，左右各一也。一照內而一垂下，以牛車挽之。

Two horizontal bars, each four feet long with a cross-section of two and a half inches, are placed across the legs. Each bar extends two inches beyond each end. Holes are drilled into the horizontal bars, each one and a half inches wide, allowing the legs to pass through. Near the iron drill, another horizontal bar, four feet two and a half inches long and one and a half inches wide, is placed. The "danan" is made of a horizontal bar four feet long and one foot five inches square. The "yuntou" is shaped like the outer rim of a wheel, curving upward from each of the four corners. It is one and a half inches wide, three and a quarter inches thick, and the curved part is seven inches one part. Two iron hooks are attached to the main pole of the entire tool, one on each side: one is turned inward to hook on, and the other is hanging downward. It is pulled forward by a cart.

如有所用，則眾車相鉤聯，周環如城，以拒沖突。欲戰則旋，拆開為門，內鉆強彎為守。行則剖之，止則聯之。每一車用步士一人禦之。其用兵器者，不限其數。或立營或據險，皆可用之也。

When it is needed, connect many chariots together to form a circle like a city wall, to resist the impact of enemy cavalry. If a battle is desired, rotate the chariot bodies and open one as a gate, with iron drills and strong bows defending inside. When marching, disassemble it; when encamping, connect it into a ring. Each chariot is operated by a single infantryman; as for those who use bows, crossbows, spears, and guns to fight while relying on it, the number is not fixed. Whether setting up camp or defending a strategic position, this equipment can be used.

凡欲擢用，先須辯人形神肌骨之貴賤。且人神隱於中，形藏於身，氣發於外，先觀其形。夫山有美玉，草木滋茂；人有貴相，氣色豐潤。人雖處下品，顏色、形神、器度、動止與眾殊也。相有七等也：一曰看骨，二曰看神氣，三曰看肉，四曰看色，五曰看文理、黑子、赤子，六曰看毛髮，七曰看星文。

When appointing or promoting people, one must first discern their appearance, demeanor, muscles, and bones to determine their potential for greatness. The "spirit" of a person is within the heart, the "form" is embodied in the body, and the "energy" radiates outward. Therefore, one should first observe their appearance. Mountains that contain fine jade will have particularly lush vegetation; similarly, a person with a noble destiny will have a radiant and prosperous complexion. Such a person may be in a low position at present, but their facial expression, demeanor, capacity, and manner of behavior will differ from others. The method of judging people's appearances is divided into seven categories: first, examining the bones; second, observing the spirit; third, looking at the muscles; fourth, checking the complexion; fifth, analyzing the skin patterns, black moles, and red moles; sixth, examining the hair; and seventh, observing the "star patterns" (the patterns and points on the forehead and face).

人相有十成：一曰神氣清，二曰五嶽齊，三曰笑語美媚，四曰聲色深沉，五曰鬚髮無間，六曰詞語穩重，七曰接對無偽，八曰不欺信行，九曰為事正直，十曰風骨合度。此謂十成之相也。十成之人，其可信乎。經曰：七成八成，臣中（一作子）尊貴，位極人臣也。

There is a saying about human appearance called "Ten Perfections": first, the spirit is clear and bright; second, the "Five Mountains" (forehead, chin, nose, and the left and right cheekbones) are properly proportioned; third, one's laughter and conversation are gentle and pleasant; fourth, the voice is steady and the complexion is deep; fifth, the beard and hair are evenly distributed without any missing or broken parts; sixth, speech is steady and composed; seventh, one is sincere in dealing with others; eighth, one does not deceive and keeps promises; ninth, one acts uprightly in affairs; tenth, one's demeanor and bone structure conform to proper standards. This is called "Ten Perfections." A person who possesses all ten perfections is entirely trustworthy. The classic on physiognomy says: those who possess seven or eight perfections are already esteemed among officials and can attain the highest position in the court (in some editions, "officials" is written as "sons").

凡欲相人，先視其頭。頭者，五臟之主，四體之父，百體之母。頭面之間有五獄，有四瀆，有四骨。四瀆：鼻江，口河，目淮，耳濟。四骨：龍骨，神龜，驛馬，伏犀。平滿為頰，高成為嶽。入耳曰龍骨，入鬢曰驛馬。耳濟為將軍，左目後骨為日角，右目後骨為月角，圓為龍宮。鼻上天中曰伏犀，次兩邊溝，外神龜。額間後為中子，中子下高為龍角骨，主三公臺輔之骨。腦後為玉枕。此骨一十六般，並應頭面之主。

When looking at someone's face to determine their destiny, the first thing to examine is their head. The head is the master of the five internal organs, the father of the four limbs, and the mother of the entire body. The area between the head and face is divided into 'Five Mountains', 'Four Rivers', and 'Four Bones'. The Four Rivers are: the nose represents the river, the mouth represents the river, the eyes represent the river, and the ears represent the river. The Four Bones are: Dragon Bone, Divine Tortoise, Post-horse, and Hidden Rhino. Flat and full areas are called 'Cheeks', and elevated and prominent areas are called 'Mountains'. Bones that extend into the ear are called 'Dragon Bone', and those that extend into the hairline are called 'Post-horse'. The ears correspond to the 'Ji Du' (River), and they indicate a destiny of military leadership. The bone behind the left eye is called 'Sun Angle', and the bone behind the right eye is called 'Moon Angle'. If their shape is full and round, it is called 'Dragon Palace'. The central part of the nose bridge is called 'Hidden Rhino', and on both sides of it are 'Gou' (gullies), outside of which is 'Divine Tortoise'. The central part of the forehead, slightly behind, is called 'Zhong Zi', and below Zhong Zi, if there is a raised bone, it is called 'Long Jiao Gu', which indicates a destiny of holding the position of the Three Grand Ministers and the Star of Conferment. The bone at the back of the head is called 'Yu Zhen'. The above sixteen bones correspond to the main positions on the head and face.

且玉枕之相，自兩耳上中平為百歲。前頭後腦，前為星堂，後為玉枕也。其一○，卒軸枕。其二，六字枕。其三，連珠枕。其四，仰月枕。其五，覆日枕。其六，兩背日枕。其七，上下相背月枕。其八，如環日枕。其九，十字枕。其十，一字枕。其十一，左稍枕。其十二，右稍枕。其十三，垂露枕。其十四，雞子枕。其十五□，犀口枕。其十六，懸枕。如此者，皆公侯之相也。

Now regarding the appearance of the Yu Zhen (Jade Pillow): The area from the two ears upward to the center of the back of the head, if it is flat and full, indicates a longevity of up to a hundred years. The front part of the head is called "Xing Tang" (Star Hall), and the back part is called "Yu Zhen" (Jade Pillow). The Yu Zhen is divided into sixteen types: the first is Su Zhu Zhen (Sudden Axle Pillow), the second is Liu Zi Zhen (Six-Character Pillow), the third is Lian Zhu Zhen (Linked Pearl Pillow), the fourth is Yang Yue Zhen (Upside-Down Moon Pillow), the fifth is Fu Ri Zhen (Covered Sun Pillow), the sixth is Liang Bei Ri Zhen (Two Back Sun Pillows), the seventh is Shang Xia Xiang Bei Yue Zhen (Up and Down Opposite Moon Pillows), the eighth is Ru Huan Ri Zhen (Ring-like Sun Pillow), the ninth is Shu Zi Zhen (Cross Pillow), the tenth is Yi Zi Zhen (Single Character Pillow), the eleventh is Zuo Shao Zhen (Left Slight Pillow), the twelfth is You Shao Zhen (Right Slight Pillow), the thirteenth is Chui Lu Zhen (Drooping Dew Pillow), the fourteenth is Ji Zi Zhen (Chicken Egg Pillow), the fifteenth is Xi Kou Zhen (Rhino Mouth Pillow) (the original text here is missing one character), and the sixteenth is Xuan Zhen (Hanging Pillow). Those who possess these bone structures are said to have the appearance of a marquis or duke.

又若人之形也，魂居肝，魄居肺，志居脾，精居命，神居心。故心有五輪，則目亦有五輪，五行各以居其位。且（一作低）觀其目，則知其心矣。是以心圓者上也，鈴次之，破地者主奸詐。夫心如月形者為盜，如弓形者主非命，圓者主事不虛妄之情。目多正視，主忠孝慈惠。

As for the human body: the soul resides in the liver, the spirit in the lungs, the will in the spleen, the essence in the lower dantian, and the mind in the heart. The heart has the 'five wheels,' and accordingly, the eyes also have the 'five wheels,' each of the five phases occupying its proper position. Therefore, if one carefully examines the eyes, one can discern the nature of the heart. A heart shape that is round and upright is the best, followed by a bell-shaped heart. A heart shape that is broken like a crack indicates a deceitful person. A heart shape like a crescent moon suggests a thief, while a heart shape like a bow indicates death by misfortune. A heart shape that is round and upright signifies sincerity without pretense, with eyes that look straight ahead, indicating a person who is loyal, filial, and kind.

心鈴形者屬火，能辯明禮義。目視重大回顧有常，聰明智慧。心破梯者，目視瞬息高下，主多作盜，言詞虛妄無信。心月形者，目視百回，高下屬水，水流急不還，少信行不忠孝，貶流在外而死。心如弓形者，目視左右高下方回，兼露白睛，必逐遠方，為子殺父，為臣殺君。

The heart shaped like a bell is of the fire element, capable of distinguishing propriety and righteousness, with steady gaze and consistent looking back, indicating a person who is intelligent and wise. If the heart is broken like a broken ladder, the eyes flicker up and down quickly, indicating a person who often commits theft and speaks falsely without keeping promises. If the heart is shaped like a moon, the eyes move around frequently, flickering up and down, belonging to the water element, like a rapid current that flows away and does not return, indicating a person who lacks trustworthiness, is unfaithful and disrespectful to parents, often gets demoted or exiled, and dies in a foreign land. If the heart is shaped like a bow, the eyes move left, right, up and down randomly, and the whites of the eyes are visible, such a person will surely be banished to a distant place, sons dare to kill their fathers, and ministers dare to assassinate their kings.

至若解後如鬼神，有形而無骨，莽蒼無色，黃色亂翌，口葉舌尖，腸淺語薄，似歡不歡，似顛不顛，面毛半茸若有塵灰，腦髮倒垂，鶴頭露結，忽行後視，神采昏茸，骨法不正如是者，皆極賤人也。

As for those who meet by chance and seem to appear like ghosts or spirits: they have flesh but no bones, their faces are pale and dull, yellowish and disordered, their lips are thin like leaves, their tongues are sharp, their thoughts are shallow and their words are light and flippant. They seem happy but are not truly so, seem mad but are not truly mad. Their faces have half-grown hair, as if covered with a layer of dust. Their hair at the back of their head hangs down, their heads are shaped like cranes, their bones are prominent, and as they walk, they suddenly turn their heads to look around. Their spirit is dim and unclear, and their bone structure is not proper—such people are all extremely lowly and base.