Shigu, Chapter 1 (Explaining Old Words)

祭山曰庪縣，祭川曰浮沈，祭星曰布，祭風曰磔。

Sacrifice to mountains is called guixian (庪县), hanging up the offerings; sacrifice to rivers is called fuchen (浮沈), floating or sinking the offerings in water; sacrifice to stars is called bu (布); and sacrifice to the wind is called zhe (磔).

是禷是礻馬，師祭也。既伯既禱，馬祭也。禘，大祭也。繹，又祭也。

Shi lei (是禷) and shi ma (是祃; the source text writes ma with the altar radical beside the horse radical) are sacrifices for sending out the army. Ji bo ji dao (既伯既祷) is a sacrifice to the ancestor of horses. Di (禘) is a great sacrifice. Yi (绎) is a sacrifice offered again after the main sacrifice.

周曰繹，商曰肜，夏曰復胙。──祭名。

In the Zhou dynasty it is called yi (绎), in the Shang dynasty rong (肜), and in the Xia dynasty fuzuo (复胙). The above are the names of sacrifices.

春獵為蒐，夏獵為苗，秋獵為獮，冬獵為狩。

Hunting in spring is called sou (搜), hunting in summer is called miao (苗), hunting in autumn is called xian (狝), and hunting in winter is called shou (狩).

宵田為獠，火田為狩。

Hunting at night is called liao (獠), and hunting by burning the fields with fire is called shou (狩).

乃立冢土，戎醜攸行。起大事，動大眾，必先有事乎社而後出，謂之宜。

Thereupon the great she altar is set up, and the troops set out from it. To undertake a great affair and mobilize the multitude, one must first sacrifice at the she altar and then set out; this is called yi (宜).

振旅闐闐，出為治兵，尚威武也。入為振旅，反尊卑也。──講武。

The ranks are drawn up and the drums resound: going out to war is called zhibing (治兵), which stresses martial might; coming back is called zhenlü (振旅), which restores the order of high and low. The above concerns military training.

素錦綢槓，纁帛縿，素升龍於縿，練旒九，飾以組，維以縷。

The flagpole is wrapped in white brocade, the banner is made of pale red silk, white rising dragons are painted on the banner, nine streamers are made of cooked silk, adorned with silk cords and held together with silk threads.

緇廣充幅，長尋曰旐，繼旐曰旆，注旄首曰旌，有鈴曰旂，錯革鳥曰旟，因

A black silk banner one full width wide and eight chi long is called zhao (旐), the part attached to the end of the zhao is called pei (旆), a banner with a yak tail fixed to the top of the pole is called jing (旌), one with bells is called qi (旗), one painted with a bird on a crossed animal skin is called yu (旟), and one following

章曰旃。──旌旂。

existing insignia is called zhan (旃). The above concerns banners and flags.

兩河間曰冀州，河南曰豫州，河西曰雝州，漢南曰荊州，江南曰楊州，濟河

The land between two rivers is called Jizhou (冀州), south of the Yellow River is Yuzhou (豫州), west of the Yellow River is Yongzhou (雍州), south of the Han River is Jingzhou (荆州), south of the Yangtze is Yangzhou (扬州), between the Ji River and the Yellow River

間曰兗州，濟東曰徐州，燕曰幽州，齊曰營州。──九州。

is Yanzhou (兖州), east of the Ji River is Xuzhou (徐州), the land of Yan is Youzhou (幽州), and the land of Qi is Yingzhou (营州). The above are the Nine Provinces.

魯有大野。晉有大陸。秦有楊陓。宋有孟諸。楚有云夢。吳越之間有具

Lu has Daye (大野). Jin has Dalu (大陆). Qin has Yangyu (杨陓). Song has Mengzhu (孟诸). Chu has Yunmeng (云梦). Between Wu and Yue there is Juqu

區。齊有海隅。燕有昭餘祁。鄭有圃田。周有焦護。──十藪。

(具区). Qi has Haiyu (海隅). Yan has Zhaoyuqi (昭余祁). Zheng has Putian (圃田). Zhou has Jiaohu (焦护). The above are the Ten Marshes.

東陵阠，南陵息慎，西陵威夷，中陵朱滕，北陵西隃雁門是也。陵莫

The eastern mound is called Qian (阠), the southern mound is called Xishen (息慎), the western mound is called Weiyi (威夷), the central mound is called Zhuteng (朱滕), and the northern mound is called Xishu (西隃), which is Yanmen (雁门). Among mounds there is none

大於加陵，梁莫大於湨梁，墳莫大於河墳。──八陵。

larger than Jialing (加陵), among bridges none larger than Jueliang (湨梁), and among embankments none larger than Hefen (河坟). The above are the Eight Mounds.

東方之美者，有醫無閭之珣玗琪焉；東南之美者，有會稽之竹箭焉；南方

The fine product of the east is the xunyuqi (珣玗琪) jade of Yiwulü (医无闾); the fine product of the southeast is the bamboo arrows of Kuaiji (会稽); of the south

之美者，有梁山之犀象焉；西南之美者，有華山之金石焉；西方之美者，有霍山

the fine products are the rhinoceros horn and ivory of Mount Liang (梁山); of the southwest, the metals and jade of Mount Hua (华山); of the west, the many pearls and jades of

之多珠玉焉；西北之美者，有崑崙虛之璆琳琅玕焉；北方之美者，有幽都之筋角

Mount Huo (霍山); of the northwest, the qiulin and langgan jades of the Kunlun ruins (昆仑虚); of the north, the sinews and horns of Youdu (幽都)

焉；東北之美者，有斥山之文皮焉；中有岱嶽，與其五穀魚鹽生焉。──九府。

; of the northeast, the patterned animal hides of Mount Chi (斥山); and at the center is Mount Dai (岱岳), where grain, fish and salt are produced. The above are the Nine Storehouses.

東方有比目魚焉，不比不行，其名謂之鰈；南方有比翼鳥焉，不比不飛，其

In the east there is a flatfish that cannot move unless it goes side by side with another, and its name is die (鲽); in the south there is a bird with joined wings that cannot fly unless it flies side by side with another, and its

名謂之鶼鶼；西方有比肩獸焉，與邛邛岠虛比，為邛邛岠虛，齧甘草，即有

name is jianjian (鹣鹣); in the west there is a beast with joined shoulders that lives together with the qiongqiong juxu (邛邛岠虚), biting sweet grass for the qiongqiong juxu, and whenever

難，邛邛岠虛負而走，其名謂之蹷；北方有比肩民焉，迭食而迭望；中有

danger comes, the qiongqiong juxu carries it on its back and runs, and its name is jue (蹷); in the north there is a people with joined shoulders, who take turns eating and take turns keeping watch; in the center there is

枳首蛇焉。此四方中國之異氣也。──五方。

the two-headed zhishou snake (枳首蛇). These are the strange qi of the four directions and the Central Land. The above are the Five Directions.

邑外謂之郊，郊外謂之牧，牧外謂之野，野外謂之林，林外謂之坰。

Outside a town is called jiao (郊), outside the jiao is called mu (牧), outside the mu is called ye (野), outside the ye is called lin (林), and outside the lin is called jiong (坰).

下溼曰隰，大野曰平，廣平曰原，高平曰陸，大陸曰阜，大阜曰陵，大陵曰

Low, damp land is called xi (隰), a great open field is called ping (平), wide and level land is called yuan (原), high and level land is called lu (陆), a great lu is called fu (阜), a great fu is called ling (陵), and a great ling is called

阿。可食者曰原，陂者曰阪，下者曰隰。田一歲曰菑，二歲曰新田，三歲曰畬。

e (阿). Land that can be cultivated is called yuan (原), a slope is called ban (阪), and low ground is called xi (隰). Fields plowed for one year are called zi (菑), for two years xintian (新田), and for three years yu (畬).

──野。

The above concerns open country.

東至於泰遠，西至於邠國，南至於濮鉛，北至於祝栗，謂之四極。

Taiyuan (泰远) to the east, Bin (邠国) to the west, Puqian (濮铅) to the south, and Zhuli (祝栗) to the north are called the Four Extremities (siji).

觚竹、北戶、西王母、日下，謂之四荒。

Guzhu (觚竹), Beihu (北户), Xiwangmu (西王母) and Rixia (日下) are called the Four Wildernesses (sihuang).

九夷、八狄、七戎、六蠻，謂之四海。

The Nine Yi (九夷), Eight Di (八狄), Seven Rong (七戎) and Six Man (六蛮) are called the Four Seas (sihai).

岠齊州以南，戴日為丹穴，北戴斗極為空桐，東至日所出為大平，西至日

Counting from Qizhou (齐州), the place to the south directly beneath the sun is called Danxue (丹穴), the place to the north directly facing the Dipper and the North Pole is called Kongtong (空桐), the place in the east where the sun rises is called Taiping (太平), and the place in the west where the sun

所入為大蒙。太平之人仁，丹穴之人智，大蒙之人信，空桐之人武。──四極。

sets is called Dameng (大蒙). The people of Taiping are kind and generous, the people of Danxue are wise, the people of Dameng are trustworthy, and the people of Kongtong are brave. The above are the Four Extremities.

丘，一成為敦丘，再成為陶丘，再成銳上為融丘，三成為崑崙丘。

As for mounds, one with a single tier is called dunqiu (敦丘), one with two tiers is called taoqiu (陶丘), one with two tiers and a sharp top is called rongqiu (融丘), and one with three tiers is called kunlunqiu (昆仑丘).

如乘者乘丘，如陼者陼丘。

One shaped like a carriage is called chengqiu (乘丘), and one shaped like a small islet is called zhuqiu (陼丘).

水潦所止泥丘。方丘胡丘。

A place where water collects and stays is called niqiu (泥丘). A square mound is called huqiu (胡丘).

絕高為之京，非人為之丘。

One that is extremely high and made by human labor is called jing (京), and one not made by human labor is called qiu (丘).

水潦所還埒丘。上正章丘。

One encircled by standing water is called lieqiu (埒丘). One with a flat and level top is called zhangqiu (章丘).

澤中有丘，都丘。當途梧丘。

A hill in the middle of a marsh is called Du Qiu. One standing right in the middle of a road is called Wu Qiu.

途出其右而還之畫丘。

A hill from whose right side the road goes out and then curves back is called Hua Qiu.

途出其前戴丘，途出其後昌丘。

A hill from whose front the road goes out is called Dai Qiu; one from whose back the road goes out is called Chang Qiu.

水出其前渻丘，水出其後沮丘。

A hill from whose front water flows out is called Sheng Qiu (渻丘); one from whose back water flows out is called Ju Qiu.

水出其右正丘，水出其左營丘。

A hill from whose right side water flows out is called Zheng Qiu; one from whose left side water flows out is called Ying Qiu.

如覆敦者敦丘，邐迤沙丘。

A hill shaped like an overturned food vessel is called Dun Qiu; one stretching off at a slant is called Sha Qiu.

左高鹹丘，右高臨丘，前高旄丘，後高陵丘，偏高阿丘。

A hill high on the left is called Xian Qiu, high on the right Lin Qiu, high in front Mao Qiu, high behind Ling Qiu, and high on one side E Qiu.

宛中宛丘，丘背有丘為負丘，左澤定丘，右陵泰丘。

A hill hollow in the middle is called Wan Qiu; one with another hill behind it is called Fu Qiu; one facing a marsh on the left is called Ding Qiu; one leaning on a great mound on the right is called Tai Qiu.

如畝畝丘，如陵陵丘。丘上有丘，為宛丘。

A hill shaped like a field ridge is called Mu Qiu; one shaped like a great mound is called Ling Qiu. A hill with another hill on top of it is also called Wan Qiu.

陳有宛丘，晉有潛丘，淮南有州黎丘。

The state of Chen has Wan Qiu, the state of Jin has Qian Qiu, and Huainan has Zhouli Qiu.

天下有名丘五，三在河南，其二在河北。──丘。

There are five famous hills in the world, three south of the Yellow River and two north of it. That concludes the hills.

望厓灑而高岸。夷上灑下不漘。

A place that looks high and steep at the water's edge from afar is called an "an" (bank). One that is flat on top and steep below, yet not at the water's edge, is not called a "chun."

隩隈，厓內為隩，外為隈。

Ao and wei: a bank that is concave inward is called ao; one that bulges outward is called wei.

畢，堂牆。重厓，岸。岸上，滸。墳，大防。

Bi (毕) is like the wall at the side of a hall. Banks piled in layers are called an. The upper part of a bank is called hu. Fen is a great embankment.

涘為厓。窮瀆，汜。谷者，溦。──厓岸。

The water's edge is called ya. A ditch that leads nowhere is called si. A small stream in a mountain valley is called wei (溦). That concludes cliffs and banks.