Chapter 11: Explaining Mountains

河南，華。河西，嶽。河東，岱。河北，恆。江南，衡。

South of the Yellow River is Mount Hua, west of the Yellow River is Mount Wu Yue, east of the Yellow River is Mount Tai, north of the Yellow River is Mount Heng, and south of the Yangtze is Mount Heng (衡山).

山三襲，陟。再成，英。一成，坯。

A mountain in three overlapping tiers is called zhi (陟). Two tiers is called ying. One tier is called pi.

山大而高，崧。山小而高，岑。銳而高，嶠。卑而大，扈。小而眾，巋。

A mountain both large and high is called song. A mountain small and high is called cen. One sharp and high is called qiao. One low and broad is called hu. One small and numerous is called kui.

小山，岌。大山，峘。

A small mountain is called ji (岌). A large mountain is called huan (峘).

屬者嶧。獨者蜀。上正，章。宛中，隆。山脊，岡。未及上，翠微。山頂，

Mountains joined together are called yi (峄). A mountain standing alone is called shu. One with a flat top is called zhang. One hollow in the middle is called long. A mountain ridge is called gang. The part not yet reaching the summit is called cuiwei. The summit is called

冢。

zhong (冢).

崒者，厜。

A mountain high and perilous is called zui (厜).

山如堂者，密。如防者，盛。

A mountain like a hall is called mi. One like an embankment is called sheng.

巒山，墮。重甗，隒。

A mountain narrow and long is called duo. Mountains layered like a steamer (yan) are called xian (隒).

左右有岸，厒。

A mountain with cliff banks on both sides is called xi (厒).

大山，宮。小山，霍。小山別，大山鮮。山絕，陘。

A large mountain is called gong. A small mountain is called huo. A small mountain separated from a large one is called xian (鲜). A break in a mountain is called xing.

多小石，磝。多大石，礐。多草木，岵。無草木，峐。

A mountain with many small stones is called ao (磝). One with many large stones is called a mountain of great rocks (𬒈). One with many plants and trees is called hu. One without plants and trees is called ke (峐).

山上有水，埒。夏有水，冬無水，澩。

Water on a mountain is called lie. Water in summer but none in winter is called xue (泶).

山豄無所通，谿。

A mountain gully with no way out is called xi.

石戴土謂之崔嵬，土戴石為砠。

Earth covering stone is called cuiwei (崔嵬); stone covering earth is called ju (砠).

山夾水，澗。陵夾水，澞。山有穴為岫。

Water between two mountains is called jian (涧); water between two mounds is called ju (澞). A mountain with a cave is called xiu.

山西曰夕陽，山東曰朝陽。

The west side of a mountain is called xiyang; the east side of a mountain is called chaoyang.

泰山為東嶽，華山為西嶽，霍山為南嶽，恆山為北嶽，嵩高為中嶽。

Mount Tai is the Eastern Peak, Mount Hua is the Western Peak, Mount Huo is the Southern Peak, Mount Heng is the Northern Peak, and Mount Song is the Central Peak.

梁山，晉望也。

Mount Liang is the mountain at which the state of Jin made distant sacrifices.

泉一見一否，為瀸。

A spring that appears and hides by turns is called jian (瀸).

井一有水，一無水，為瀱汋。

A well that sometimes has water and sometimes none is called yi zhuo (瀱汋).

濫泉正出。正出，湧出也。

A "lan" spring is one that comes out straight (zhengchu). Coming out straight means welling up.

沃泉縣出。縣出，下出也。

A "wo" spring is one that comes out hanging (xianchu). Coming out hanging means flowing down from above.

氿泉穴出，穴出，仄出也。

A "gui" spring is one that comes out of a hole (xuechu). Coming out of a hole means flowing from the side.

湀闢流川，過辨回川。

A xiubi (湀辟) is a river flowing straight; a guoban (过辨) is a river that swirls around.

灉，反入。潬，沙出。

Yong (灉) is a river whose water goes out and then flows back. Tan (潬) is a sandbank that has emerged.

汧，出不流。歸異，出同流，肥。

Qian (汧) is water that flows out and does not flow away again. Streams of different sources that merge are called fei.

瀵，大出尾下。水醮曰厬。水自河出為灉。

Fen (瀵) is water gushing in great volume from the bottom of a hole. Water that has dried up is called gui (厬). Water branching off from the Yellow River is called yong.

濟為濋，汶為灛，洛為波，漢為潛，淮為滸，江為沱，濄為洵，潁為

A branch of the Ji River is called zhuo (濋), a branch of the Wen River is called lan (灛), a branch of the Luo River is called bo, a branch of the Han River is called qian, a branch of the Huai River is called hu, a branch of the Yangtze is called tuo, a branch of the Jue River (㳡水) is called xun, and a branch of the Ying River is called

沙，汝為濆。

sha, and a branch of the Ru River is called fen (𣸣).

水決之澤為汧，決復入為汜。

When Yellow River water breaks into a marsh it is called qian; when it breaks out and flows back into its own water it is called si.

“河水清且瀾漪”，大波為瀾，小波為淪，直波為徑。

"The Yellow River is clear and rippling": a large wave is called lan, a small wave is called lun, and a wave running straight is called jing.

江有沱，河有灉，汝有濆。

The Yangtze has the tuo, the Yellow River has the yong, and the Ru has the fen.

滸，水厓。水草交為湄。

Hu is the water's edge. The place where water and grass meet is called mei.

“濟有深涉，深則厲，淺則揭”。揭者，揭衣也；以衣涉水為厲，繇膝以下

"The Ji has a deep ford; if deep, wade across with clothes on; if shallow, lift your clothes." Jie means lifting up the clothes; crossing water with clothes on is called li; from the knee down

為揭，繇膝以上為涉，繇帶以上為厲，潛行為泳。

is called jie, from the knee up is called she, up to the belt is called li, and moving through water submerged is called yong.

“汎汎楊舟，紼縭維之”。紼，也。縭，緌也。

"Drifting is the willow boat, tied with a rope and sash." Fu is (a word missing from the base text). Li is a hanging sash.

天子造舟，諸侯維舟，大夫方舟，士特舟，庶人乘泭。

The Son of Heaven links boats to make a pontoon bridge, the feudal lords tie four boats together, a grandee joins two boats, a scholar rides a single boat, and a commoner rides a raft.

水注川曰谿，注谿曰谷，注谷曰溝，注溝曰澮，注澮曰瀆。

Water flowing into a great river is called xi, into a xi is called gu, into a gu is called gou, into a gou is called kuai, and into a kuai is called du.

逆流而上曰溯洄，順流而下曰溯游。正絕流曰亂。

Going upstream against the current is called suhui; going downstream with the current is called suyou. Crossing a swift current directly is called luan.

江河淮濟為四瀆。

The Yangtze, the Yellow River, the Huai and the Ji are the Four Waterways.

四瀆者，發源注海者也。──水泉。

The so-called Four Waterways all rise at their sources and then flow into the sea. That concludes water and springs.

水中可居者曰洲，小洲曰陼，小陼曰沚，小沚曰坻。人所為為潏。

A habitable place in the water is called a zhou (island); a small island is called a zhi; a smaller zhi is called a zhi (沚); a smaller zhi is called a chi (坻). One piled up by human hands is called yu (潏).

──水中。

That concludes what is in the water.

河出崑崙虛，色白。

The Yellow River comes out of the ruins of Kunlun, and its water is white.

所渠並千七百一川，色黃。百里一小曲，千里一曲一直。──河曲。

The tributary channels that gather into it number one thousand seven hundred and one streams, and its water is yellow. A small bend every hundred li, and a bend and a straight stretch every thousand li. That concludes the bends of the Yellow River.

徒駭、太史、馬頰、覆鬴、胡蘇、簡、絜、鉤盤、鬲津。──九河。

Tuhai, Taishi, Majia, Fufu, Husu, Jian, Jie, Goupan and Gejin. These are the Nine Rivers.