Explanation of Ear Characteristics

公篤曰：耳為採聽官，又名金木二星，乃起之初部。按木為震卦，乃先天之生數第一，故有帝出乎震之說，此起之義耶？又考耳竅通腎絡，腎為水，而河圖有天一生水之說，此起之義耶？然總不外乎此兩點，而流年限起於耳也。於測量之分數則輕，不過占百分之三分也，故賤人有貴耳，貴人有賤耳，不為重要關係明矣。

Chen Gongdu said: The ear is called the "sampling and listening organ" in physiognomy, also known as the "Jin Xing" and "Mu Xing" stars, which are the first part in calculating the flow year. In terms of principle, wood belongs to the trigram Zhen in the Eight Trigrams, which is the first number in the earlier heaven birth numbers. The "Zhou Yi · Shuo Gua" says, "The Emperor comes forth from Zhen." Calculating the flow year starting from the ear probably refers to this meaning. Further examining medical theory, the ear communicates with the kidney meridian, and the kidney belongs to water in the Five Phases. The "He Tu" says, "Heaven produces water first." Calculating the flow year starting from the ear may refer to this meaning as well. In summary, it is no more than these two points, so the flow year should be calculated starting from the ear. However, if measured by weight, the ear is very light, accounting for only three percent of the entire face. Therefore, a humble person may have a pair of noble ears, and a noble person may have a pair of humble ears, showing that the ear is not a key part. This is clear.

然有奇特異形，亦主富貴而福壽。如劉先帝之兩耳垂珠，長至肩際，而創三分之業；太公望兩耳垂珠而對齊；甘羅兩耳垂珠而相秦。何以有遲早之發達耶？余考柳莊，則謂太公之輪珠朝日，白潤而不紅；甘羅之輪球朝日，紅潤而有光。是皆想像之說，餘獨謂不然。劉先帝之耳珠垂肩，萬不能以此即為帝王格，其龍眉鳳目，當有重大關係，不過記事者，以其耳異於常人，故錄大耳一項。太公望亦非兩耳垂珠能對齊，甘羅亦非兩耳垂珠能相秦。茲將耳之正義關係，與附帶關係，分別錄後，以待參考家證之。

Although this is true, if the ears are peculiar and outstanding, they may indicate wealth, honor, and longevity. For example, Liu Bei, the first emperor of Shu Han, had hanging earlobes that reached his shoulders, which enabled him to establish the foundation for the tripartite division of the country; Jiang Taigong, also known as Lü Shang, had two hanging earlobes that were neatly aligned to the left and right; and Gan Luo of the Qin state had hanging earlobes and became a high-ranking official at the age of twelve. All three had hanging earlobes, yet some achieved success earlier than others. I have checked the book on physiognomy by Yuan Liuzhuang of the Ming dynasty, who said that Jiang Taigong's earlobes had the appearance of the rising sun, with white and moist color but not red; Gan Luo's earlobes also had the appearance of the rising sun, but they were red and lustrous. These are all fanciful interpretations by later people, and I do not agree with them. Liu Bei's hanging earlobes reaching his shoulders could not be used alone to determine him as a king; his dragon eyebrows and phoenix eyes were the key. It was only because the recorders noticed his ears were different from the usual that they specially noted the "large ears." Similarly, Jiang Taigong did not achieve his success solely because of his two hanging earlobes aligned to the left and right, nor did Gan Luo become the prime minister of Qin solely because of his hanging earlobes. Below is a list of the main and secondary relationships of the ears, for fellow practitioners of physiognomy to verify.

一．耳廓：耳廓者，即上半節之圓處也，主器量之大小。如窄而狹，主志小器小，而不能容物也；如低而紋，及反飛，主刑父母，又主疾厄於九歲之前也。二．耳輪：耳輪者，即下節之珠輪也，主智識之賢愚。如有圓珠，主聰敏靈慧，及美術特技，足衣祿；如有紋痕，主刑弟兄姊妹，及疤痕之災；如有痣，主水災，及湯火之咎也。

The first is the "earlobe," referring to the rounded, soft cartilage at the upper part of the ear. Observing it can reveal the size of a person's capacity and character. A narrow, thin, and flat earlobe indicates a small ambition and limited capacity, unable to tolerate others or matters. If the earlobe is sunken and has markings, or if it flips outward, it suggests harm to parents and misfortune before the age of nine. The second is the "ear wheel," referring to the lower part of the ear connected to the earlobe. Observing it can reveal a person's intelligence and wisdom. If there is a round and smooth earlobe, the person is intelligent and clever, skilled in arts or special talents, and will not lack food or clothing. If there are markings on this area, it indicates harm to siblings and the possibility of injury or scarring. If there is a mole here, it suggests water-related disasters and accidents such as scalding from hot water or fire.

三．命門：命門者，即頰車之後，高突如門也，為先天命根，內通腎絡。凡小孩無命門，不能滿十二歲；中年命門黑慘色，主死；青膩色，主病；高厚者，主大壽也。四．外欄：外欄者，即中段之邊如欄杆也，主壽徵。如光邊無痕，盛世可至八十上壽，亂世至六十之壽；如有紋痕，主刑骨肉，又主幼小湯火瘡疥跌撲也。

The third is the "Mingmen," located behind the cheek bone, where there is a high and prominent protrusion resembling a gate. It is the root of the innate vital essence and connects internally with the kidney meridian. Any child without a Mingmen will not live beyond twelve years. For middle-aged people, if the Mingmen appears dark and gloomy, it indicates death; if it appears dark blue and oily, it indicates illness; if the Mingmen is very high and thick, it indicates a long life. The fourth is the "Wailan," referring to the outer edge of the ear, resembling a fence in the middle section. Observing this can reveal one's lifespan. If this edge is smooth and free of markings, a person living in a peaceful era may live over eighty years, and even in a chaotic era may reach sixty. However, if there are markings on this edge, it indicates suffering from the loss of close relatives, and also suggests childhood burns, sores, scabies, or injuries from falls and blows.

五．內欄：內欄者，即外攔之內有曲痕處也，主智敏。如曲痕多，或層數多，均主機巧聰敏，多預，不學而成，偏嗜負氣；如曲痕少，主厚守信，必少思欲也。六．耳漏：耳漏者，在命門之上，耳廓之側，有漏點也。主有不同母之昆仲，及父貴而繼起，故大禹三漏，為奇相之一，又主特智而任勞有桓也。

The fifth is "Inner Ridge," referring to the area within the outer ridge where the curved lines are located. By observing these curved lines, one can discern a person's sharpness and quickness. Those with many curved lines and multiple layers are intelligent and resourceful, often thinking ahead in matters, capable of understanding things without formal learning, but they tend to be overly attached to one particular interest and may be stubborn. Those with fewer curved lines are honest, trustworthy, and have simple thoughts and desires. The sixth is "Ear Holes," located above the命门 (life gate) and on the side of the earlobe. This indicates the presence of a half-brother from the same father, and also suggests that the father is of high status while the person themselves will rise to prominence. Therefore, it is said that the great Yu had three ear holes, making it one of the extraordinary physical traits. This trait also signifies exceptional wisdom, a willingness to endure hardship, and perseverance.

以上六則，為兩耳之正當關係，及附帶關係，然形式尚多，不過區瑕如是。茲將各形錄後。一．長大：長大者，兩耳長大，有二寸餘，及三寸餘者。此主大壽，而有厚祿，及正路功名之榮貴，晚年多平安之福澤，及子孫宏恢門第也。

The above six points discuss the main relationships and secondary relationships of the ears; there are many shapes of the ears, but here we only roughly divide them into these areas. Below are various types of ear shapes recorded. The first is called "Chang Da" (long and large).the so-called Chang Da means both ears are long and large, sometimes even more than two inches or three inches in length. This ear shape indicates a long life, abundant salary, and the ability to achieve official rank through the imperial examination system, thus enjoying honor and prominence; in old age, there will be much peace and blessings, and the descendants will also be able to uphold and expand the family's reputation.

二．敦厚：敦厚者，兩耳敦厚而勻隆也。主豐衣足食，清閒，多祿，紹繼前業居多，白手創業居少。又主聰明而和平，厚而守禮，持久有信也。三．輪珠：輪珠者，兩耳輪圓如珠也，故號垂珠。主奇聰異慧，遠見有桓，足智多，機巧好奇，凡技藝美術，皆超出人上也。如有痣，主水災三四也。

The second type is called "Dunhou," meaning thick and plump ears. This indicates abundant food and clothing, a leisurely life, and a generous salary. Such people are mostly those who inherit family businesses and few are those who start from scratch. They are also intelligent and peaceful, honest and respectful, trustworthy and reliable in their dealings. The third type is called "Lunzhu," meaning the earlobes are round and smooth like pearls, hence called "Chui Zhu." This indicates exceptional intelligence, foresight, and perseverance, with ample wisdom and strategy. They are resourceful and fond of novelty, excelling in skills and arts. If there is a mole present, it suggests that the person will suffer from water-related misfortunes three or four times in their lifetime.

四．廓堅：廓堅者，兩耳廓堅收豎也。主志遠大而動能，有操作而任勞，勇毅剛決，量大容忍。一主父母有餘蔭之美，而繼起也。五．命門高：命門者，虎耳後之突肉也，內通腎絡，五行為水，故關係生命。凡命門高者，主大壽；低者，主夭亡；無命門者，不滿十二歲即死也。

The fourth type is called "Kuo Jian." Kuo Jian refers to the earlobes being firm, upright, and收敛. Such a person has lofty aspirations and strong action, is willing to work hard, can endure hardship, is brave and resolute, and makes quick decisions. They have a broad mind and can tolerate others. Another sign is that they inherit the blessings from their parents and can flourish further. The fifth type is called "Ming Men Gao." The Ming Men refers to the prominent flesh behind the ears, which connects internally to the kidney meridian and belongs to the Water element among the Five Phases. Therefore, it relates to a person's life and death. Those with a high Ming Men tend to live long; those with a low Ming Men tend to die young; and those without a Ming Men at all are unlikely to live beyond twelve years.

六．薄反：薄反者，兩耳薄弱上下相反也。主刑人丁而冷退，初年不吉，前業耗散也。又主幼小多疾病災厄，交十一歲後，方吉而平安也。七．輪沖：輪沖者，兩耳輪尖薄，而有紋沖破也。主天姿之智化略遲，虛浮偏好也。又刑弟兄姊妹於耳，及幼小多疾厄湯火之咎，破相而有疤痕也。

The sixth type is called "Bofan."the so-called Bofan means that both ears are thin and soft, and they flip outward at the top and bottom. This indicates that there will be conflicts and harm to family members, and the person's circumstances will be cold, bleak, and declining. It is also not auspicious in early years, and the ancestral property will be consumed. At the same time, it indicates that the person will have many illnesses and misfortunes in childhood. Only after the age of eleven will the fortune turn auspicious and peaceful. The seventh type is called "Lunchong."所谓 Lunchong means that the ear lobes are pointed and thin, and there are lines that break through them. This indicates that the person's innate talent opens up a bit late, and their temperament is superficial and has obsessive interests. This characteristic also appears in conflicts with siblings, and it indicates that the person will have many illnesses and misfortunes in childhood, be scalded by hot water or burned by fire, and suffer disfigurement and scars.

八．輪珠紅：輪珠紅者，兩耳下墜之珠紅潤也。主天姿之智化早而聰慧，穎悟過人，亦王貴而早成名也。一為餘蔭貴裔之後，繼起前人之緒業也。九．輪白潤：輪白潤者，兩耳輪之珠下墜白潤也。主聰明有大志，有享受厚祿，又主科甲之捷，晚年尤享盛名也。一為初勞碌，前業蕭條也。

The eighth type is called "Lun Zhu Hong."the so-called "Lun Zhu Hong" refers to the earlobes hanging down with red and lustrous earlobes. This indicates that the person has an early awakening of talent and is intelligent, with a superior understanding beyond ordinary people, and also signifies a high social status and early fame (the original text's "Wang" in "Yi Wang Gui" should be a mistake for "Zhu"). Another interpretation is that he comes from a noble family, inheriting the legacy of his ancestors, and can continue and complete the unfinished business of his predecessors. The ninth type is called "Lun Bai Run."the so-called "Lun Bai Run" refers to the earlobes hanging down with white and moist earlobes. This indicates that the person is intelligent and has great ambitions, able to enjoy a generous salary, and also signifies success in the imperial examinations, achieving success in one go, and enjoying great reputation in old age. Another interpretation is that he was laborious in his early years, and the family's ancestral property had already declined.

十．短小：短小者，兩耳短而小也。其人愚而慳悋，志小而量窄，勞碌飄搖，駁雜不純，前業不守，幾經成敗，壽徵亦弱，人丁亦刑剋也。十一．貼輪：貼輪者，兩耳輪尖長無珠，貼生而不分開也。其形外表似不吉，其實主富而多田宅，又聰敏而多厚祿。一為享受祖業，一為本身自創。亂世貴者十分之七，盛世貴者十之三，均有作為而宏恢也。

The tenth type is called "short and small ears."the so-called short and small ears means the ears are both short and small. Such people are dull-witted and stingy, with narrow ambitions and limited capacity. They live a life of toil and wandering, with inconsistent circumstances. They cannot maintain their ancestors' property, experiencing many ups and downs. Their lifespan is weak, and there are conflicts within the family. The eleventh type is called "attached ear."所谓 attached ear means the ear's rim is sharp and long, with no earlobe, and the entire ear grows flat against the head without spreading out. Although this ear shape appears unfavorable at first glance, it actually indicates wealth, abundant land and property, intelligence, and generous income. Some inherit their ancestors' fortune, while others build their own success. In times of chaos, seven out of ten people with this ear shape can achieve prominence, while in peaceful times, three out of ten can. Both can make significant achievements and expand their family's business.

公篤曰：口為出納官，又名水星，外號北嶽，為五官之一，關係衣祿之享受也。其聲音發於唇口，關人應對交際也。以測量法計算，不過百分之四耳，然亦有重要點，即覆舟口之一式，乃兩口角下反，主凶死而不善終，輕亦孤苦憂愁至死也。如貴人有此口，必斷首領，或遺暗害；富紳有此口，輕則噎疾餓死，重則盜匪戕殺，亦有水中淹死者；又如富貴女娘，有此口主產厄，或懸樑自剔，或投河服毒；如貧賤有此口，則為飢寒交迫而死。凡凶危之部位，愈富貴而愈危險，愈貧賤而愈輕微也。其中分別，又以紅如塗朱者輕，青黑而枯者重，是其關鍵也。

Chen Gongdu said: The mouth is called the "outlet and intake official" in physiognomy, also known as the "water star," with the nickname "Northern Peak." It is one of the five senses, relating to a person's enjoyment of clothing, food, salary, and sustenance. A person's voice originates from the lips and mouth, and it also relates to how one interacts with others and handles social affairs. If calculated by percentage, the mouth accounts for only four percent, but there is a very important aspect called the "capsizing mouth" pattern. This is when both corners of the mouth turn downward and fold inward, indicating a death by misfortune and an untimely end. Even a milder form leads to a life of loneliness and sorrow until death. The mouths of the powerful and esteemed are likely to result in losing their heads or being betrayed and plotted against. The mouths of wealthy merchants may lead to mild cases of choking and starvation, or severe cases of being robbed and murdered, or even drowning in water. For women from wealthy families with such mouths, it indicates the danger of difficult childbirth, or even suicide by hanging, or drowning in rivers, or poisoning themselves. For poor and lowly people with such mouths, it means dying from hunger and cold. Generally, the more dangerous the body part, the more dangerous the consequences for those in higher status, and the less dangerous for those in lower status. As for the distinction between light and heavy consequences, it depends on the color of the mouth: a red color resembling cinnabar indicates a lighter consequence, while a dark blue or black and dry color indicates a heavier consequence, which is the key point.

一．上唇：上唇者，即口之上半部也，為男子之丹田，女子之血海，專主疾厄。古法皆以紅潤為吉，血足故也。女格上唇不枉而青白，主痼疾而無生育。凡上唇曲痕，主胃噎病也。二．下唇：下唇者，即口之下半部也，為男女之腎絡，主衣祿之多寡，亦主疾厄也。如多紋，主勞碌駁雜；如有曲痕，主肺病，即子病母亦病也。

The first is the "upper lip," which refers to the upper part of the mouth: in men it corresponds to the dan field, and in women it corresponds to the blood sea, and it governs diseases and calamities. Ancient physiognomy regarded a red and plump upper lip as auspicious, because it indicates abundant blood and qi. If a woman's upper lip is not straight and appears pale and bluish, it indicates suffering from chronic illness and infertility. Any curved lines on the upper lip indicate suffering from a disease of the stomach and esophagus. The second is the "lower lip," which refers to the lower part of the mouth: regardless of gender, it corresponds to the kidney meridian, and it governs the amount of food, clothing, andofficial stipend, as well as diseases and calamities. A lower lip with many lines indicates a life of toil and a complicated situation. A curved line on the lower lip indicates suffering from lung disease—according to the principle of mutual generation in the Five Phases, the kidney is the child of the lung, so when the child is ill, the mother also becomes ill.

三．口角：口角者，主貴祿，即兩口角上下相交之處也，宜收斂，不宜洩露。上仰者，名曰仰月口，主貴祿；下反者，名日覆舟口，主凶死，雖富貴亦不免也。四．承漿：承漿者，在口下有橫紋處也，即生髯處，主行船之吉凶，水上之驚恐也。如幾色混合，主花柳病，亦為清閒勞碌之區別，一小部份也。

The third is 'mouth corners', which indicate prestige and salary. It refers to the point where the upper and lower lips meet at the sides of the mouth. It should be收敛 (restrained) rather than slack or exposed. If the mouth corners are upturned, it is called 'upturned moon mouth', indicating a position of honor and salary. If the mouth corners are downturned and folded downward, it is called 'capsized boat mouth', indicating death by misfortune, even if one is in a wealthy position, it is hard to escape. The fourth is 'chengjiang', located at the lower part of the mouth where there is a horizontal line, also known as the area where long beard grows. It indicates the fortune or misfortune of traveling by boat and the dangers on water. If various colors are mixed here, it indicates a risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease. It is also a basis for determining whether a person is idle or busy, although it only accounts for a small part.

五．溝洫：溝洫者，人中之下半節，接近上唇之處也，亦主衣祿子女，與達外之行動也。按洫以深長為吉，以短為不吉，洫為通達，口為容納，故也。以上五則，為口部之正義，與附帶關係，而各從其類，以應驗事實也。茲將各形式例後。

The fifth is "gou xi," referring to the lower part of the philtrum, the section near the upper lip. It also governs food, clothing, salary, and children, as well as actions involving traveling to distant places. This groove is considered auspicious if it is deep and long, and inauspicious if it is short; this is because "xi" signifies smoothness and connectivity, while "kou" signifies capacity and containment, and the combination of these two is favorable. The above five points explain the main meanings and related aspects of the mouth, each according to its own category, to be used for verifying specific matters. Below are examples of various shapes of the mouth.

一．方口：方口者，即古之四字口也，上下四角有方稜。此主大貴，而享萬鍾之厚祿，亦有特貴，而受餘蔭之福澤，又主多壽，故列為第一。二．闊大：闊大者，即古之口能容拳是也。凡男子口宜闊大，其祿最豐隆，田宅亦汗陌，又享受盛名偉業。女格宜小厚方吉，闊大反為破敗，而耗田宅也。

The first type is called "Fangkou," which is referred to as "Sizishou" in ancient face reading texts. It features square corners at the top and bottom. This mouth shape indicates great wealth and the ability to enjoy abundant official salaries. It also signifies exceptional nobility and inheritance of ancestral blessings. It also indicates longevity, hence its position as the first. The second type is called "Kueda," which refers to a mouth that can hold a fist. For men, a broad mouth is favorable, leading to rich salaries, connected fields and properties, and the attainment of fame and great achievements. For women, a small and thick mouth is auspicious, while a broad mouth is unfavorable, leading to decline and loss of property and land.

三．小口：小口者，即形小之謂也。凡女格以小厚而收斂，主貴祿，次亦旺夫而進田宅，豐衣足食也；男格口小，則祿不足而減等，又多勞碌也。四．圓厚：圓厚者，口圓而唇厚也。主衣祿豐足，平安多福。一為享受前人之餘業，一為自己創立之宏恢，均為有餘之格也。

The third type is called "small mouth," meaning a small mouth shape. For women, a small and thick mouth that is retracted rather than spread open is considered good, indicating she will hold a position of importance and receive a salary; even if not as good, she can support her husband and acquire land and property, with sufficient clothing and food. For men, a small mouth means their salary will be insufficient, and they will be one rank lower, with a life full of toil. The fourth type is called "round and thick." This refers to a round mouth shape with thick lips. It signifies abundant food, clothing, salary, and safety, with much fortune. Some inherit the family estate from their ancestors, while others build their own businesses and expand them, both belonging to a prosperous and comfortable situation.

五．仰月：仰月者，兩口角上仰如月也。口角以仰為貴，而享萬鍾之祿，又得清名，多為文貴輔佐政治人物，兼有流傳之事業於身後也。六．唇勻：唇勻者，上下唇兩相勻配也。上唇薄而下唇厚，主胃噎氣逆病發生於中年；上唇厚而下唇薄，主痰飲水泛病於晚年，雖富貴不免，勻者方吉。

The fifth type is called "Yang Yue."the so-called Yang Yue means that both corners of the mouth are raised upward, resembling a new moon. Having the corners of the mouth raised upward is considered auspicious, indicating a person who will enjoy a salary of ten thousand measures and gain a reputation of purity and integrity. Such people usually pursue official careers, assist in state affairs, and leave behind a legacy that can be passed down through generations. The sixth type is called "Chun Yun."the so-called Chun Yun means that the upper and lower lips are evenly proportioned. If the upper lip is thin and the lower lip is thick, the person is likely to suffer from ailments such as obstruction in the stomach and upward rushing of qi in middle age; if the upper lip is thick and the lower lip is thin, the person is likely to suffer from diseases such as phlegm accumulation and water retention in old age. Even the wealthy cannot escape these misfortunes, and only those with evenly proportioned lips will have good fortune.

七．收斂：收斂者，上下唇收而不見，古謂一字口是也。主貴名而厚祿，聰敏而矜驕，雄談善辯，凡外交家及政客代表，多以此口為奇才。最低者，亦州邑之公務，鄉里之梓榮，排難解紛，享受厚祿也。八．掀露：掀露者，唇掀齒露也。主招是非，六親多累，平生多官訟，及爭端，又主刑人丁。上掀先妨父，下掀先妨母，又主水氣溼氣、痰飲痼疾之有根也。

The seventh type is called "converging."the so-called converging means the upper and lower lips are tightly drawn together, almost making the flesh of the lips invisible. Ancient physiognomy called this "single-character mouth." This type of mouth indicates a person who has a distinguished reputation and a generous salary. The person is intelligent but somewhat reserved and proud. They are eloquent in debate and skilled in argumentation. Diplomats and representatives in politics often regard this mouth shape as a sign of extraordinary talent. Even the lowest type can hold a public office at the county level, becoming a source of honor for their hometown, helping others resolve difficulties, and enjoying a substantial salary. The eighth type is called "exposing."the so-called exposing means the lips are flipped upward and the teeth are exposed. This type of mouth leads to trouble and disputes, with many relatives causing burdens. The person will have continuous legal troubles and conflicts throughout their life, and it also indicates the illness of internal water and dampness, such as phlegm and other stubborn diseases. The upper lip flipping up first harms the father, while the lower lip flipping up first harms the mother. It also indicates an internal accumulation of water and dampness in the body, with the root of diseases such as phlegm already present.

九．薄削：薄削者，上下唇均薄削，而不慎于格局也。主衣祿不充，聰明有嗜好，而不務正，多弄巧而反拙，志小而妄貪，勞苦奔馳，飄搖不定，亦有壽徵也。十．下反：下反者，兩口角下反如覆舟也。主凶死，如富貴者，凶危不免也。男子左反，亦經危險，右反稍輕；女子右反，亦經危險，左反稍輕。次則主孤苦困窮，刑剋疾厄，飢寒交迫而死也。

The ninth type is called "Bóxiāo."the so-called Bóxiāo means both upper and lower lips are thin and sharp, not matching the overall facial structure. This indicates insufficient food and salary; although a person may be intelligent, they indulge in vices instead of pursuing proper occupations, often trying to take shortcuts but ending up clumsy. Their ambitions are small yet they act recklessly, leading to a life of hardship and constant wandering. However, such a mouth may also indicate a long life. The tenth type is called "Xiàfǎn."the so-called Xiàfǎn means both corners of the mouth turn downward, resembling an overturned boat. This indicates a death by misfortune; if a wealthy and prosperous person has such a mouth, they cannot avoid danger. For men, if the left corner of the mouth turns downward, they will face danger; if the right corner does, the danger is less severe. For women, if the right corner of the mouth turns downward, they will face danger; if the left corner does, the danger is less severe. A lesser degree of this condition results in a life of loneliness and poverty, causing harm to the Six Relations, suffering from illness, and ultimately dying from hunger and cold.

十一．歪斜：歪斜者，口形不正之謂也，如患病不在此例。如生成歪斜，左妨父，右刑母，又主輕舉妄動，貪多務得，其言不信，口是心非也。十二．吹火：吹火者，即尖口，古謂雷公嘴而吹火口也。此主刑剋冷退，貧賤常有之，女格最忌，男子較輕也。主殘毒不考，刑夫克子，乃八敗之一也。

The twelfth type is called 'Blowing Fire,' which refers to a sharp mouth. In ancient physiognomy, it is also called 'Leigong Mouth' or 'Blowing Fire Mouth.' This type of mouth indicates a tendency to cause harm and misfortune, leading to a bleak and declining situation. It is commonly seen among the poor and lowly. Women are especially discouraged from having this type of mouth, while men are less affected. It signifies a cruel and poisonous nature, often resulting in an untimely death. For women, it also causes harm to their husband and children, and is considered one of the 'Eight Disasters' in physiognomy.

十三．多紋：多紋者，即上下唇之紋多而粗也。主勞碌多反覆，亦善說詞，虛浮聰敏，而偏見自悞也。誇大好奇，不服錯侯，故成敗不一，亂世亦有勞而貴也。十四．塗朱：塗朱口，即上下唇紅潤，而如硃砂也。主清名厚祿，少年顯達，多才智，有遠，及文章鳴世，持久穩見，堅決有恆，而多厚福也。

The thirteenth type is called 「多纹」, which refers to having many and thick lines on both upper and lower lips. This person is destined to be busy all their life and their circumstances are unstable. They are good at speaking, clever but superficial, often making mistakes due to their own preconceptions. They tend to exaggerate, like new and strange things, and refuse to admit when they are wrong, so their success and failure fluctuate greatly. Those born in times of chaos may first work hard and then achieve fame and wealth. The fourteenth type is called 「涂朱」, which refers to having red lips as if they were painted with cinnabar. This person is destined to have a clean reputation and a generous salary, and to achieve success at a young age. They are outstanding in intelligence and have a long-term vision, capable of gaining fame through writings and literary works. They are persistent and steady in their actions, decisive and determined, and have a deep store of blessings.

公篤曰：額為南嶽，又名天獄，統名上停，亦名火宿火星，定人之貴賤，辨人之根基。兩額角名天府上府，即天倉而關祖業也。故髮際高超，主聰敏靈慧，承繼前人餘業，初年亨通而福也；無祖業者，亦能創立而進貴也。髮際低者，主愚拙，及妨父母；亦有聰明者，而為庶母所出也；亦有祖業者，為數代之餘也。

Chen Gongdu said: The forehead is called "Nan Yu," also known as "Tian Yu," with the general name "Shang Ting," also referred to as "Hu Xiu" and "Huo Xing." It determines a person's status and discerns their innate qualities. The two sides of the forehead are called "Tian Fu" and "Shang Fu," which are also called "Tian Cang," relating to the family's ancestral property. Therefore, those with a high and broad hairline are intelligent and capable of inheriting their ancestors' legacy, experiencing smooth beginnings and good fortune. Even if they do not inherit ancestral property, they can establish their own success and attain high status. Those with a low hairline are dull and clumsy, and may harm their parents. Among them, some may be intelligent, usually born to a concubine; others may still inherit ancestral property, which is the result of accumulated blessings over several generations.

凡髮際上削不平，均主妨父；三岔五岔，主幼小妨父，亦有遺腹而生；髮曲突者，主刑母；鬢連眉尾，主幼小刑母，而有嫡母庶母之分也。其天庭之上有骨凸突，名曰伏犀骨。方拱者，主特貴，及不朽之事業；圓拱者，主上貴，為將相九卿；橢圓者，主中貴，為廳道師旅；最小者，赤洲伯邑侯也。

If the hairline is uneven and the upper edge appears as if cut, it indicates harm to the father. If the hairline splits into three or five branches, it suggests harm to the father in childhood, or in some cases, the person is a posthumous child born after the father's death. If the hair is curved and protrudes forward, it indicates harm to the mother. If the temples extend all the way to the end of the eyebrows, it indicates harm to the mother in childhood, and further distinction is made between the mother being the legitimate or concubine mother. If there is a bone protrusion in the area of the forehead called "Tianjing," it is called "Fuxi Bone." If the bone is square and rounded, it indicates extraordinary wealth and prestige, capable of achieving immortal achievements. If the bone is round and rounded, it indicates high wealth and prestige, capable of becoming a general or high-ranking official. If the bone is oval, it indicates moderate wealth and prestige, capable of holding a position as a county magistrate or a military commander. The smallest type of bone also corresponds to the rank of a county magistrate or a prefect.

印堂之上有骨直聳，名曰玉柱骨，主大貴，為公侯將相，列土分封。如長橫，名曰華蓋骨，主文武雙全之上貴，或中貴，而享大名於身後也。華蓋有紋橫破，主前業耗散三分之一；華蓋有紋直破，主前業失敗三分之二；紋痕長深者加倍，紋痕短者減半也。

If there is a bone standing upright and high on the area above the forehead, it is called "Yu Zhu Gu," indicating great fortune and the potential to become a marquis, general, or high-ranking official, receiving rewards of territorial fiefs. If this bone grows horizontally forming a long strip, it is called "Hua Gai Gu," indicating a superior or middle-ranking noble with both literary and martial talents, and enjoying a great reputation after death. If there are horizontal lines breaking through the Hua Gai Gu, it signifies that one-third of the ancestral property will be lost. If there are vertical lines breaking through, two-thirds of the ancestral property will be lost. If the lines are long and deep, the loss will be doubled; if the lines are short, the loss will be halved.

日月角骨上插，帝王之貴，英明之君；日月角骨圓突，主貴名，父母亦貴，而紹前蔭之餘業。輔角骨長橫，主總督文武，大為屏藩大臣，小為重鎮邊將。邊城骨上插，主威鎮邊陣；邊城骨沖破，盛世主失祖業，而不發達，亂世主破梓離鄉，而立異地之產業也。

The "Sun and Moon Angle Bones" that rise straight upward indicate the appearance of an emperor, destined to become a wise and virtuous ruler. If the Sun and Moon Angle Bones are merely round and prominent, it signifies a person with noble reputation, with both parents holding high status, and the ability to inherit the family's legacy from previous generations. The "Helper Angle Bone" that is long and horizontal suggests a person who oversees both civil and military affairs; if of great ability, they may serve as a minister governing a region, while if of lesser ability, they may become a general defending key territories. The "Border City Bone" that rises straight upward indicates a commanding presence in border warfare, capable of shaking the frontiers. However, if this bone is broken by markings, those born in peaceful times will lose their ancestral fortune and fail to prosper, while those born in turbulent times will have to leave their homeland and establish new enterprises elsewhere.

印堂有骨方楞長橫，名曰金城骨，主上貴，多操兵柄，臨險暴發。印堂直紋懸針，主凶，次憂苦而死；如雙紋，主刑剋駁雜；三紋，名川字紋，主貴及痣血，刑妻克子；四紋五紋，均主刑剋勞碌；成火焰紋，主大貴凶死；成人字紋，主家族至戚之遺累也。

If there is a square and sharp bone on the forehead, forming a long strip horizontally, it is called 'Golden City Bone', indicating great wealth and high status, often holding military power, and becoming suddenly prosperous in times of danger. If there is a single vertical line on the forehead, it is called 'Suspended Needle Pattern', indicating misfortune; the next level also leads to suffering and death. If there are two vertical lines, it indicates severe punishments and complicated circumstances; three vertical lines form the 'River Character Pattern', indicating high status but also the presence of moles and accidents involving blood, harm to wife and children; four or five vertical lines indicate punishments and hard work; if the lines spread out like flames, it indicates great fortune but death by misfortune; if the lines form the character 'person', it indicates being dragged down by close relatives.

額橫一長紋，名華蓋紋，主貴而刑剋，子女庶出也；二紋長橫，名偃月紋，主貴壽而克子女；三紋長橫，名伏群紋，主貴壽勞心，奔馳往返。額紋多者，王勞碌風塵；額紋間斷，主成敗不一；額紋偏斜，主勞碌耗散。凡額以高廣方隆，為貴名福壽，及享受餘蔭前業也。

A long horizontal mark on the forehead is called "Huagai纹" (Huagai pattern), indicating high status and prominence but with some punishments or obstacles, and children are mostly from secondary marriages. Two horizontal long marks are called "Yanyue纹" (Yanyue pattern), indicating high status and longevity but with loss of children. Three horizontal long marks are called "Fugun纹" (Fugun pattern), indicating high status and longevity but with much mental exertion, and a life of constant travel and toil. Those with many forehead lines are destined for a life of hardship and toil. Those with broken or intermittent forehead lines indicate uncertain success or failure. Those with crooked forehead lines indicate toil and loss of family wealth. In summary, a high, broad, square, and prominent forehead is desirable, as it indicates high status, longevity, and the ability to enjoy the remaining blessings of ancestors.

公篤曰：兩顴為中府之官，又名東西嶽，及國印，顴即權之別名也。兩顴高聳上插，方有大權重柄，而號四正，占重要部位，五嶽得二嶽故也。以測量法乘之，得百分之十分。左顴高妨父，先見子星；右觀高妨母，先見女星。兩顴高聳雄突，主大貴而有重權。兩顴大而中嶽低小，此為強賓壓主，養廱犯上，為部下所欺侮，而受其牽制，及倒戈相向也。

Chen Gongdu said: The two cheekbones are called "the officials of the central mansion" in physiognomy, also known as "the Eastern Mountain" and "the Western Mountain," or "the national seal." The cheekbones themselves are another name for power. For true great power, the two cheekbones should be high and rise upward into the hairline. Such a configuration is called "the four cardinal points," occupying an important position on the face, as it accounts for two of the five mountains. According to measurement, the two cheekbones account for ten percent. A high left cheekbone is harmful to the father, and the first son is born first; a high right cheekbone is harmful to the mother, and the first daughter is born first (the "guan" in "you guan" refers to the cheekbone). If the two cheekbones are high and strong, it indicates great wealth and power. However, if the two cheekbones are large but the nose, the "central mountain," is small and low, it is called "the guest overpowering the host," which is like nurturing one's own misfortune. One would be bullied by subordinates, controlled by them, or even turned against by them.

兩顴能輔中嶽，得內助外輔，而有重要實權，此名三嶽勻配，主貴權而厚福。高聳上插入山林者，主上上貴，為屏藩柱石之臣，列土分茅也；高聳上插入邊城者，為上中貴，威權萬里，將軍之格；高聳上插入玉堂者，主上貴，為外藩威鎮一方，邊將之格也。

If both cheekbones can support and complement the nose, which represents the central mountain, it indicates internal assistance and external support, thus holding important actual power. This is called "three mountains evenly distributed," indicating possession of noble rank and substantial fortune. If the cheekbones are high and rise upward into the "mountain forest" area, it signifies the highest level of nobility and prominence, capable of serving as a pillar of the state, receiving titles and land grants. If they rise upward into the "border city" area, it indicates a high but middle-level noble status, with authority reaching thousands of miles, fitting the pattern of a general. If they rise upward into the "Jade Hall" area, it signifies the highest level of nobility and prominence, capable of holding key positions in the outer provinces, commanding a region, fitting the pattern of a border general.

兩顴隆大下墜者，是名假顴，主伶界樂妓之例。近眼角者為真顴，近法令者為假顴，雖隆大而無用也。兩觀為淚堂紋沖破，王破敗勞碌，憂愁度日，神經昏憒而死。左顴沖破，主子女不肖，叔伯欺侮而失敗，憂氣成痼疾；右顴沖破，主妻妾不睦，弟兄仇怨而內患，憂氣減智識。女格反此而類推也。

The two cheekbones, although prominent and high, if they droop downward, are called "false cheekbones," often seen in people such as actors and musicians. To distinguish them, those located near the eye corners are true cheekbones, while those near the lines between the eyebrows are false cheekbones; even if false cheekbones are prominent, they are of no use. If the lines from the tear ducts break through the cheekbones, it indicates a life of ruin and toil, constantly living in worry, eventually leading to mental confusion and death. If the left cheekbone is broken by these lines, it signifies that children are unremarkable, are bullied and fail by uncles and cousins, and become ill from worry. If the right cheekbone is broken by these lines, it indicates discord among spouses, enmity among brothers, internal strife, and a decline in mental capacity. For women, the effects are the opposite, and the same logic applies accordingly.

兩顴不輔中嶽，或倍大於中嶽，均主上下不和，主客欺凌；常人則主族戚遺累，煩惱不休。平者有名無權，偏閒之職；常人則依人度日。女格兩顴不宜圓聳尖露，主夫弱而勞碌，代夫權也；女格兩顴宜高厚而平，主賢淑旺夫，明敏勤能，又得貴夫，而無刑剋也。

If the two cheeks are unable to support the central mountain, or if they are significantly larger than the central mountain, it indicates disharmony between superiors and inferiors, and mutual oppression between the host and guest. For an ordinary person, it suggests being burdened by relatives from the same clan and constant troubles. If the two cheeks are flat, they signify only a title without real power, leading to a position of idleness and secondary status. For an ordinary person, it means relying on others for a living. For women, the two cheeks should not be round and prominent with sharp tips, as this indicates a weak husband and the woman having to work hard, effectively taking over the husband's authority. Instead, women's cheeks should be high, thick, and flat, indicating a virtuous and capable wife who supports her husband, is intelligent and diligent, can manage affairs well, and can marry a wealthy husband, living a life free from misfortunes.

公篤曰：色為氣之餘，髮為血之餘，故醫家名曰血餘。如山之樹林，如樹之枝葉，如禾之苗蒂。蓋山林宜清秀，樹木宜茂榮，禾苗宜繁實，此髮之關係如是也。大凡蓄髮剃髮，辮髮剪髮，雖出於國家制度，而各人形格，亦有宜與不宜耳。至於女格之髮，關係尤重，有富貴貧賤、壽夭勞逸之區別，尤宜注意焉。

Chen Gongdu said: The complexion is the remainder of qi, and hair is the remainder of blood, so physicians refer to hair as "blood residue." Hair on a person's body is like the forests on mountains, the branches and leaves on trees, and the stalks and grains on crops. The forests on mountains should be clear and elegant, the branches and leaves on trees should be flourishing, and the stalks and grains in the fields should be dense and productive—hair is also the same. As for whether to keep hair or shave it, whether to braid or cut short, although it depends on the country's regulations, from the perspective of each person's constitution, there are also appropriate and inappropriate distinctions. Especially for women's hair, the relationship is even more significant, from which one can distinguish between wealth and poverty, longevity and short life, labor and ease. It is particularly worth paying attention to.

一．長髮：長髮者，修長而齊地也。主多祿而壽徵，聰明而閒逸。凡髮長之人，心細而有智識；女格主眼靈手巧，多技能而堅決，淫而不亂也。二．短髮：短髮者，長不盈尺也。主陰險而性垢，片言好勝，而不容物也；私心自用，只顧自己利益，失信違法，不管他人生死。其見者小，其者毒也。

The first type is called "long hair." Long hair refers to hair that is long enough to reach the ground. This indicates a person who has a generous salary and a long life, is intelligent, and lives a peaceful and comfortable life. Those with long hair are thoughtful and have insight; women with long hair are sharp-eyed and skilled, have many abilities, and are decisive in character, though they may have desires, they do not become reckless. The second type is called "short hair." Short hair refers to hair that does not reach a foot in length. This indicates a person who is cunning and has a mean nature, easily quarrels over small matters, is jealous and cannot tolerate others; he is selfish and self-willed, only concerned with his own interests, breaks promises and breaks laws, and cares nothing for others' lives. Such people have a narrow-minded view and a poisonous heart.

三．柔細：柔細者，髮細而不粗也。主聰敏多智慧，男女皆厚祿，豐衣足食，一生多安享也；亦主性情和順，遠見不苟，而不粗燥也。四．潤澤：潤澤者，光潤而不枯也。氣為陽而血為陰，故宜潤澤也。主和平正直，厚慈良，聰明好學，勤慎守義。男女均以潤澤為貴壽，而多祿也。

The third type is called "flexible and delicate."the so-called flexible and delicate means the hair is fine and soft rather than coarse and hard. The person is intelligent and wise, and both men and women have abundantofficial stipend and sufficient clothing and food, and can enjoy a peaceful life. Such people also tend to have a gentle disposition, a long-term perspective, and do things without being careless or hasty. The fourth type is called "moist and lustrous."the so-called moist and lustrous means the hair is shiny and not dry. Since the qi is yang and the blood is yin, hair is considered the leftover of blood, so it should be moist and lustrous. The person is peaceful and upright, kind and charitable, intelligent and eager to learn, diligent and cautious, and keeps to righteousness. Whether male or female, moist and lustrous hair is a sign of nobility, longevity, and abundantofficial stipend.

五．粗髮：粗髮者，粗而不細也。主剛燥而刑剋人丁。男女皆主性燥量窄，勞碌疾苦居多數；女格最忌，刑夫克子，有流入青樓，及伶界歌姬之類也。六．枯髮：枯髮者，枯亂如麻而滯手，枯焦不潤也。此為先天不足之鐵證，其人稟受弱而善忘，其性多猶豫而不決，故有惡病病疾，而不壽也。

The fifth type is called "Cufa" or "coarse hair."the so-called coarse hair refers to hair that is coarse and hard, not fine and soft. This indicates a person who is fierce and impetuous, causing harm to family members. Both men and women with this type of hair tend to be impatient and have narrow minds, often working hard and suffering from many illnesses. For women, this is especially undesirable, as it may lead to harm to their husband and children, and even result in falling into a brothel or becoming a performer or singer. The sixth type is called "Kufa" or "dry hair."the so-called dry hair refers to hair that is dry, disheveled, and resembles straw, feeling rough when touched, and appearing dry and lacking luster. This is a clear sign of insufficient innate constitution: such people have weak bodies and poor memory, are indecisive and timid in nature, and are prone to serious illnesses and have shorter lifespans.

七．黑髮：黑髮者，光潤如漆如油也。主聰敏而厚，信義而有恆，持久如常，謹慎遠見，平生衣祿充足，有餘而不缺乏也。八．黃髮：黃髮者，焦黃不黑也。其人多刑剋：幼年妨父母，中年刑弟兄，及喪妻妾，晚年少子女也。其性刻薄寡恩，機巧有管，聰明自誤也。

The seventh type is called "Black Hair." Black hair refers to hair that is dark and lustrous, like lacquer or oil. The person is intelligent and sincere, trustworthy and persistent, enduring over a long period with a steady demeanor, cautious and far-sighted. Throughout his life, his clothing, food, andofficial stipend are abundant, sufficient without ever being in want. The eighth type is called "Yellow Hair." Yellow hair refers to hair that is dry and yellow, not dark. This person suffers from heavy punishments and calamities: in childhood, he harms his parents; in middle age, he harms his brothers and loses his wife and concubines; in old age, his children are few. His nature is harsh and unkind, cunning and fond of meddling. He is clever but ends up being harmed by his own cleverness.

九．稀少：稀少者，稀疏而少也。其人多壽而勞心，因事實牽制，而生反想；族戚遺累，而多紛爭。衣祿充足，人丁刑剋，否則忤逆不睦，顧忌不釋也。十．白髮：白髮者，少年而有白髮也。主前業耗散，初年冷退而不旺，白手成家，拘節守信而受累，妻宮繼配，子女先後成立，亦有壽根也。

The ninth type is called "Scarcity." Scarcity refers to sparse and scanty hair. Such people tend to live long but are often preoccupied with worries. They frequently have fluctuating thoughts due to constraints in their real-life situations. Their relatives leave them burdened, leading to constant disputes. Although their clothing, food, andofficial stipend are sufficient, there is a problem within the family; even if the family is not lacking in members, there is rebellion and discord, with many concerns that remain unresolved. The tenth type is called "White Hair." White Hair refers to having white hair at a young age. This indicates that ancestral property has been depleted, and in early years, their circumstances were bleak and unprosperous, requiring them to start from scratch. They are strict in upholding their principles and are trustworthy, yet they suffer as a result. Their wives are those they have married after the death of their first spouses, and their children are established one after another. This type also has the root for a long life.

十一．濃髮：濃髮者，濃重叢生而多也。主剛燥遲鈍，勞碌自立，初年父母見弱，中年六親多累，憂愁度日。女格髮濃，主淫賤，次則刑夫，或生離再嫁也。十二．落髮：落髮者，腦頂之髮禿落，兩側上曲削也。主勞心過度，貪心尤重，又見小也。男女均主壽，男刑妻而女刑夫，子女亦弱少也。

The twelfth type is called "Luofa" or "falling hair."the so-called falling hair refers to the hair on the top of the head falling out, with the hairline on both sides curving upward and receding. This indicates excessive mental exertion, a particularly strong desire for wealth, and a narrow perspective. Both men and women with this feature tend to live long lives; men will suffer from harm to their wives, and women will suffer from harm to their husbands, and their children will be weak and few.

十三．碎斷：碎斷者，其髮不潤，而容易斷節也。此主先天不足，老年受胎所生，或根基移動所生。幼小經危險病厄，於九歲之前也。一主有血液病疾於中年，一主見冷退消耗於中年，均不壽也。十四．低下：低下者，髮際曲低下岔也。主天姿遲鈍，性直樸。初年妨父母，三岔者幼小刑父，五岔者刑父尤早，孤苦自立。亦有倉庫好而受祖業，多從庶出，或承祧，為數略少。亦主腦明上貴，走險發達也。

The thirteenth type is called "Shuidian," which refers to hair that is not moist and tends to break in sections. This indicates an insufficient constitution from the Earlier Heaven, often resulting from conception when the parents were old or during times of family instability. Such individuals face dangers and illnesses in childhood, usually before the age of nine. The manifestation of this sign is either suffering from blood-related diseases in middle age or experiencing a decline in circumstances and financial loss during middle age, both of which suggest a shorter lifespan. The fourteenth type is called "DiXia," which refers to a low and curved hairline that splits downward. This indicates a dull mind and a straightforward, simple nature. In early life, it may cause harm to the parents; those with a hairline split into three branches will suffer from father's misfortune in childhood, and those with five branches will experience it even earlier, leading to a life of hardship and self-reliance. Among these, some may still inherit ancestral property if their Heavenly Granary and Earthly Repository are well developed, which usually indicates they are illegitimate children or have inherited the family through succession, with fewer family members. This sign also suggests a sharp mind leading to high status, achieved through taking risks.

十五．雜花：雜花者，黑白斑黃不一也。主厚而直，守矩而拘，主壽而勞碌，內顧牽制，外患欺凌，及刑人丁，晚年神經恍憾，記憶昏迷，肝氣不舒也。十六．髮高：髮際高廣而透天嶽也。主早開智化，天性明敏。一主紹前業而進益田宅，一主自創立而宏恢門第，有名祿與壽徵居多也。

The fifteenth type is called 「Zahua」.the so-called Zahua refers to hair that is black, white, speckled, and yellow, all mixed together. The person is honest and straightforward, follows rules but is too restrained. They may live a long life, yet they are busy and troubled, facing obstacles everywhere at home, being oppressed by others outside, and suffering from the loss of family members. In old age, they may become confused, have poor memory, and experience stagnation of liver qi. The sixteenth type is called 「Fagao」, which means the hairline is high and broad, revealing the entire forehead. Such a person has an early maturity, is naturally bright and quick-witted. The manifestations are: first, inheriting ancestral property and increasing land, property, and houses; second, establishing and expanding their family's reputation. These people usually have a good reputation, receiveofficial stipend (salary or stipend), and have a good sign for longevity.