Interpreting the Human Form in the Middle Line

公篤曰：人中為交通之官，溝洫流通之所，起上承下之重要部位，故兩鄂之人，以人中為主要，即居中之樞紐故也。凡人利達於外，皆知有驛馬，而不知人中占多數，乃水陸之分也。又主子女壽祿，刑剋疾厄各類。茲特分別如下。

Chen Gongdu said: The human crease is the "traffic official" in physiognomy, it is the place where channels flow, serving as a hub that connects the nose above and the mouth below. Therefore, when examining the area between the two jaws, one should focus on the human crease, as it is located in the center. Whenever people go to other places to seek profit and development, they all know to look at the post horse, but they do not realize that the human crease has a greater significance in this regard. The difference between the two is that the post horse relates to land travel, while the human crease relates to water travel. The human crease also governs children, lifespan, salary, and various matters such as punishments, diseases, and calamities. The following is a detailed list.

一．深洫：深洫者，人中之洫深如淵也。所謂通達四瀆，萬里無阻，及結外緣，異姓可為輔助也。亦主貴名而厚祿，又旺子女，能容納也。二．平滿：平滿者，人中平而無洫也。主坐守鄉里，而無遠志，性情閉塞又見小，拘泥又貪格。早子不立，先有女二三，或為遲庶之子，及螟蛉之子也。

The first is called "Shen Xu."the so-called Shen Xu means the groove in the middle of the face is deep, like a deep abyss. In physiognomy, this is said to indicate the ability to connect with all major waterways (the four great rivers: Jiang, He, Huai, and Ji), traveling thousands of miles without obstruction; it also signifies the ability to form good external relationships, with friends from other families becoming his helpers. This feature also indicates a reputation for high status and abundant salary, numerous children, and the ability to tolerate people and matters. The second is called "Ping Man."the so-called Ping Man means the groove in the middle of the face is flat and not noticeable. The person is likely to remain in his hometown, lacking grand ambitions; his nature is closed off, with a narrow vision, being stubborn and greedy. The first son is not stable, often having two or three daughters first, or having a son very late through a concubine, or adopting a child from elsewhere.

三．長洫：長洫者，即人中長近寸也。主有壽根，元氣充足，亦主子女多而成立，及有衣祿也。又主子女得力而發達，宏恢門第而大創也。四．短洫：短洫者，即人中短而不見也。主志大而虛浮，心多而燥急，作事一成一敗，而有勞碌往返，掣肘而受累，結怨而官訟，亦主不壽也。

The third type is called 「长洫」, which refers to the philtrum being long, almost reaching an inch. This indicates the person has a foundation for a long life and abundant vital energy; it also signifies many children who are all well-established, with no lack of clothing, food, salary, or provisions. This characteristic also suggests that the children will be capable and successful, able to bring honor to the family and achieve great accomplishments. The fourth type is called 「短洫」, which refers to the philtrum being very short, almost invisible. This indicates the person has grand but hollow ambitions, many worries, and a quick temper. Their actions alternate between success and failure, leading to constant toil and restlessness. They face obstacles everywhere, suffer from burdens, and often create conflicts with others, leading to disputes and legal troubles. This characteristic also indicates a shorter lifespan.

五．寬洫：寬洫者，人中寬而流通也。其人內有相當之持重，外有交際之利益，器量宏大，略周到，又旺子女，亦主貴名厚祿，而立外美於異鄉也。六．窄洫：窄洫者，人中窄而閉塞也。其人內有心腹之憂患，外有惡劣之欺詐，器量窄狹，子女見刑，庶出者成立，或遲子也，或女多也。

The fifth type is called "Kuan Xu," which refers to a broad and open midline. Such people are steady within and can gain practical benefits through social interactions. They have a broad mind, thorough planning, and their children are prosperous. This type also indicates a reputation for nobility and honor, along with generous salaries, and the ability to establish a good reputation and career in a foreign land. The sixth type is called "Zhai Xu," which refers to a narrow and obstructed midline. Such people have inner troubles and face deceit from others. They have a narrow mind, and their children may suffer from misfortunes. Often, only adopted children can thrive, or they may have sons who come late or have more daughters.

七．唇掀：唇掀者，人中下半節掀出也。其人有偏僻之任性，多招是非，而成官訟，每因細故之爭端，間接之株連，無故而招非也。八．人中痣：人中痣，人中上下有黑痣發現也。當中主水災，上半節先生一子而妨父，下半節先生女而刑母，左右亦然。一應雙胎生，一主酒病有痕也。

The seventh type is called "chun xian," which refers to the lower part of the philtrum turning outward and up. This type of person tends to be eccentric and任性, often causing disputes and getting into legal trouble. They may often get involved in conflicts over trivial matters or be indirectly implicated by others, leading to trouble without any apparent reason. The eighth type is called "ren zhong zhi," which refers to a black mole growing on the philtrum. If the mole is in the center, it indicates problems related to water. If it is on the upper part, it may mean that the first child will be a son, which may harm the father. If it is on the lower part, it may mean that the first child will be a daughter, which may harm the mother. If the mole is to the left or right, the effects are similar. This type of mole also has two implications: one is that it may indicate the birth of twins, and the other is that it may be a mark left from illness caused by excessive drinking.

九．直紋：直紋者，當中一直紋穿過也。主刑子星而旺女宮也。又主勞心最重，成敗奔馳，經大挫折二三，然後再立業，子星或一，亦不肖也。十．橫紋：橫紋者，中瑕一紋橫斷也。主刑女星而旺子宮，主大病厄二次，近於死亡，及水火之災也。然有衣祿充足，女星或一，亦後患也。

The ninth type is called "Straight Line," which refers to a vertical line running straight through the center of the philtrum. It indicates that the person will suffer from the harm of children, while daughters will be prosperous. It also signifies great mental exertion, with a life full of ups and downs, experiencing two or three major setbacks before being able to rebuild their career; even if they have a son, he will not be capable. The tenth type is called "Horizontal Line," which refers to a horizontal line cutting across the middle of the philtrum. It indicates that the person will suffer from the harm of daughters, while sons will be prosperous; they will suffer from two serious illnesses that threaten their lives, as well as water and fire disasters. However, such a person will have sufficient food and clothing, and even if they have a daughter, she will later become a hidden danger.

十一．十字紋：十字紋者，人中有直紋沖破，橫紋沖斷，如十字形也。主孤絕，子女均不立，嫡庶所生亦不立，惟螟蛉繼撫之於可靠也。十二．偏左：偏左者，人中側左而偏也。主先妨父宮，而有母官也。亦主先得子星者，再而後有女也，子星倍旺於女星也。

The twelfth type is called "Cross纹" (Cross Pattern), which occurs when there is a vertical line crossing the philtrum and a horizontal line cutting it off, forming a cross shape where they intersect. This pattern indicates loneliness and isolation: the person's biological children cannot be sustained, whether they are legitimate or illegitimate; only adopted children raised as foster sons can be relied upon. The thirteenth type is called "Bias to the Left," which refers to the philtrum being entirely tilted to the left. This pattern suggests that the father's position is first affected, while the mother's position remains secure. It also indicates the order of childbirth: first a son, then a daughter, and the number and quality of sons are twice as strong as those of daughters.

十三．偏右：偏右者，人中側右而偏也。主先刑母官，而有父宮也。亦主先得女星者，再而後有子也，女星倍旺於子星也。十四．上寬下窄：人中不勻，而上寬下窄也。主女旺而多，子弱而少，及作事無恆而中止，疑多心亂也，行動往返而不決，改挫折也。

The thirteenth type is called 「偏右」, which refers to the human bridge leaning to the right. It indicates that the mother's palace will be affected first, while the father's palace remains secure. It also suggests that one will first have a daughter and then a son, with the daughter being twice as prosperous as the son. The fourteenth type is called 「上宽下窄」, which refers to the human bridge being uneven, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. It indicates that daughters will be numerous and prosperous, while sons will be weak and few. It also suggests lack of perseverance in doing things, giving up halfway; being suspicious and having scattered thoughts, being indecisive and wavering in actions, thus suffering repeated setbacks.

十五．上窄下寬：人中不勻，而上窄下寬也。主子旺而多，女弱而少，及有厚祿而勇為，剛直而任勞。一主嫡庶之先後各半，一主早遲之賢愚各半也。十六．雙人中：雙人中者，兩個溝洫，不是直紋沖破也。男主聰明，享受前人餘業；女主驕傲，又有生離再嫁。男女均主子女倍多，而有用也。

The fifteenth type is called 「upper narrow and lower wide」, which refers to the middle part of the face being uneven, narrow at the top and wide at the bottom. This indicates that sons will be numerous and prosperous, while daughters will be weak and few. It also signifies a generous income and a bold, straightforward personality, willing to endure hardship. There are two further implications: one is that the children, whether legitimate or illegitimate, will be equally numerous, born one after another; the other is that the children, whether born early or late, will be equally capable. The sixteenth type is called 「double middle groove」, which refers to having two distinct grooves in the middle of the face, not mistakenly perceived as two due to a single vertical line. For a man with this feature, it indicates intelligence and the ability to inherit the family's wealth from previous generations. For a woman with this feature, it suggests a proud nature and a tendency to separate from her husband and remarry. Regardless of gender, this feature indicates that children will be twice as numerous and each will be useful.

公篤曰：齒為骨之餘，內為腎絡，關係衣祿之享受，及刑人丁，又為壽徵之一部，以及疾病，故有相當之應驗，上牙下齒也。茲選其重要而錄於後。一．大瓣：大瓣者，牙齒大瓣也，古謂馬齒。主元氣厚而享大壽，亦主貴名之事業，有恆之成功，崇其位祿。馬齒之人心無毒，性善而慈良也。

Chen Gongdu said: Teeth are the remnants of bones, connected internally with the kidney meridian. They relate to a person's enjoyment of clothing, food, salary, and俸禄, and also concern the punishment and loss of family members. They are also a basis for determining longevity and can reveal illness, so they have considerable validity. It is important to note that the upper row is called "yá" (teeth) and the lower row is called "chǐ" (teeth). Below are some important types recorded. The first is called "dà bàn" (large瓣), which refers to each tooth being wide and large. Ancient face reading books call this "mǎ chǐ" (horse teeth). This indicates a strong vital energy and long life, and also suggests the ability to achieve famous and respected achievements through perseverance and success in high positions with substantialofficial stipend. People with horse teeth do not harbor harmful intentions and have a kind and gentle nature.

二．小瓣：小辦者，古謂之米齒也。主聰敏而靈巧，任勞而勇為，傲上而和下，矜功而好奇，有美術技藝之特長，而享盛名，然亦主病疾也。三．勻齊：勻齊者，牙齒勻而平齊也。主心和氣平，直快不拘，瀟灑自如，衣祿充足，通達無阻，即無族戚之累，而反受其利益尤多也。

The second type is called 「small teeth」, also known as 「rice grain teeth」 in ancient physiognomy texts. This refers to teeth that are each as small as rice grains. The person is intelligent and skillful, willing to work hard and bold in action; he is arrogant towards his superiors but kind to subordinates; he loves to take credit and is fond of novelty; he has special skills in art or some craft, thus gaining a good reputation; however, this type of teeth also indicates a tendency to be prone to illness. The third type is called 「even and neat」, meaning the teeth are of uniform size and neatly arranged. The person is calm and composed, straightforward and easygoing without being overly concerned with details, and his manner is graceful and at ease; his income and provisions are abundant, and everything goes smoothly; not only is he not burdened by his relatives, but he can also gain much benefit from them.

四．堅固：堅固者，牙齒堅硬而固也。此為筋骨強而先天之元氣充足，其人多壽而剛勇，有堅執之特性，一決即認為事實，亦主貴祿也。五．暴齒：暴齒者，錯亂不平又不齊，三個牙齒相擠，則為暴齒也。主冷退，初年破敗，而刑人丁，亦有富貴，而為勞碌走險之發達也。

The fourth type is called "Jiangu" (firm teeth), meaning strong and solid teeth. This indicates robust bones and abundant primordial energy from the Earlier Heaven; such people tend to live long lives and are strong and brave. They have a stubborn nature, and once they make up their minds, they treat their decisions as already settled. This facial characteristic also indicates a high position and salary. The fifth type is called "Baochi" (violent teeth), meaning misaligned and uneven teeth, with three teeth crowded together. This indicates a bleak situation and decline, early family ruin, and the punishment of family members. Such people may also become wealthy, but it is through hard work and taking risks.

六．楞掀：楞掀者，門牙齒楞生而掀露也。卜部門牙楞掀，主先刑父，而後刑母；下部門齒楞掀，主先刑母，而後刑父也。七．尖峰：尖峰者，上下之牙齒尖露起峰也。凡火形尖峰，主勞怨走險之上貴；其它形格，均主刑剋人丁，而多冷退，以及勞碌困苦，而不壽也。

The sixth type is called 「Leng Xian」, which refers to the front teeth growing with a sharp edge and protruding outward. If the upper front teeth are Leng Xian, it indicates that the person will first harm their father and then harm their mother (the character 「Bo」 in the original text is likely a mistake for 「Shang」). If the lower front teeth are Leng Xian, it indicates that the person will first harm their mother and then harm their father. The seventh type is called 「Jian Feng」, which refers to the upper and lower teeth being sharp and protruding, with the ends of the teeth resembling small mountain peaks. If a person with a fire shape has such Jian Feng teeth, they may achieve high status through hard work and complaints, and by taking desperate risks. However, for people of other body types who have Jian Feng teeth, it indicates that they will harm family members, have a bleak situation, face much hardship and toil, and have a shorter lifespan.

八．兩角：兩角者，兩邊各有尖齒一顆也。上牙各有角牙一顆，主幼年刑父；下齒各有角齒一顆，主幼年刑母；上下均有，主父母俱刑，而幼孤也。九．露齒：露齒者，兩唇不固而牙齒露出也。一主招是非而多官訟，一主破梓里而多奔馳，亦主刑剋勞碌，壽者少而夭者多也。

The eighth type is called "Two Points," which refers to having a sharp tooth on each side of the upper and lower jaws. If there are sharp teeth on both sides of the upper jaw, it indicates that the person will have conflicts with their father in childhood; if there are sharp teeth on both sides of the lower jaw, it indicates conflicts with the mother in childhood; if there are sharp teeth on both upper and lower jaws, it indicates conflicts with both parents, and the person may become an orphan from a young age. The ninth type is called "Exposing Teeth," which refers to the lips not closing properly, causing the teeth to be visible. Its implications are: first, it leads to frequent disputes and legal troubles, and second, it indicates leaving the hometown and being constantly on the move. It also signifies conflicts and hard work, and such people tend to have short lifespans and are prone to early death.

十．天包地：天包地者，上半部牙蓋過下半部齒也。主紹繼前人餘業，而有六親之累，亦有承祧，而胃病痼疾，及隨身之病也。十一．地包天：地包天者，下部之牙床蓋過上半部也。主刑剋人丁，男刑妻而重配，女刑夫而再嫁，至於衣祿，亦豐足無缺也。十二．漏痕：漏痕者，稀牙漏縫而有痕也。主父母破群而關係人丁不旺，冷退不休，耗散不已，駁雜不純，口舌官非尤多也。

The tenth type is called "Heaven Enveloping Earth," which refers to the upper teeth covering the lower teeth. This indicates that the person can inherit the family property left by ancestors, but there will be troubles from the Six Relations. There may also be cases of inheriting from a distant relative. Additionally, it signifies suffering from chronic illnesses such as stomach ailments, as well as persistent old ailments. The eleventh type is called "Earth Enveloping Heaven," which refers to the lower teeth covering the upper teeth. This indicates that there will be punishments and losses within the family: men will be punished for their wives and need to remarry, while women will be punished for their husbands and need to remarry. However, clothing, food, salary, and provisions will be abundant and sufficient. The twelfth type is called "Leak Marks," which refers to sparse teeth with gaps that allow wind to pass through, leaving marks. This indicates that the family of the parents' generation will be scattered, leading to a lack of family members. The situation will be bleak and declining without end, with continuous loss of wealth. The person's life will be complicated and impure, with frequent disputes and lawsuits.

十三．三十六顆：凡牙齒以多為吉，享受上等衣祿。故三十六顆，為上上祿；三十四顆，為上中祿，亦王壽根，而先天之氣充足也。十四．三十二顆：凡三十二顆，為中上祿；三十顆，為中中祿。內有賢愚不一，勞逸不等，此兩等較多，包括各項，故社會上享受中祿之人亦多也。

Article 13: "Thirty-six Teeth": Having more teeth is considered auspicious, as those with many teeth are said to enjoy the highest level of clothing and food. Therefore, those with thirty-six teeth are called "Superior Superior Fortune"; those with thirty-four teeth are called "Superior Middle Fortune," both indicating a solid foundation for longevity and an abundance of original qi from the Earlier Heaven. (The original text mistakenly wrote "Wang" instead of "Zhu," which means "main" or "principal.") Article 14: "Thirty-two Teeth": Those with thirty-two teeth are called "Middle Superior Fortune"; those with thirty teeth are called "Middle Middle Fortune." These two groups include both virtuous and wicked people, as well as those who work hard and those who are idle, covering all kinds of professions, and thus the number of people enjoying middle-level clothing and food is the largest in society.

十五．二十八顆：凡二十八顆，為下上祿；二十六顆，為下中祿。如出富貴之家，主夭亡疾厄，不能享受也。如不足二十六顆者，賤而夭也。十六．編齒：編齒者，上下皆成合縫，連編而如一也。此為奇格之一，主大貴，享大名，立大功，創大業，乃王霸之材，勞碌成功也。十七．重城：重城者，兩層牙齒，內外一樣平齊也。此為奇格之一，主有特別才智，又有特別技能，過目不忘，流芳身後，然妨父母，又刑子女也。

Article 15: "Twenty-eight Teeth": Those with twenty-eight teeth are called "Lower Upper Rank"; those with twenty-six teeth are called "Lower Middle Rank". Such people, even if born into a wealthy family, tend to die young or suffer from many illnesses, unable to bear the blessings, thus not able to enjoy the family's wealth. If they have less than twenty-six teeth, they will be both lowly and short-lived. Article 16: "Interlocked Teeth":所谓 "Interlocked Teeth" refers to the upper and lower teeth fitting together perfectly, like a woven piece, forming a single connected unit. This is one of the extraordinary facial features, indicating great wealth and honor, a great reputation, the ability to achieve great feats and establish great enterprises, making them suitable for becoming a ruler. However, they must achieve their success through hard work and constant effort throughout their lives. Article 17: "Double City":所谓 "Double City" refers to having two layers of teeth inside and out, with both rows being equally neat and straight. This is also one of the extraordinary facial features, indicating that this person has outstanding intelligence and possesses a unique skill or talent. They can remember things they have seen after a single glance, and will leave a lasting reputation after their death. However, this dental feature comes with a cost: it is unfavorable to the parents in early life, and after marriage, it may harm the children, causing many shortcomings in family relationships.

公篤曰：髭鬍為相法一小部，補助之品，威儀之表也。統而言之，則名鬍髭；分而言之，則有區別。人中所生為髭，承漿所生為髯，地閣所生為須，耳輪所生為胡。人之所以蓄鬍留琵者，表示老成，正重其事也。大抵宜清秀、柔細、疎勻、潤澤、一色、純粹，方吉。如粗濁、枯焦、濃亂、黃雜，皆不合法，而不吉也。形式不古，則不宜蓄。如強勉蓄之，猶開門揖盜，養癱遺患也。令人以美觀而蓄留之，風鑑家又以地庫弱，而勸人蓄留之，皆不合法，徒受其害也。試問地庫弱而蓄留，能增其厚乎？能掩其惡乎？

Chen Gongdu said: In physiognomy, the mustache is just a minor feature, belonging to the auxiliary category, and it is used to observe a person's dignity and bearing. In general, it is called "hu zi" (mustache); when divided, each has its own name: those growing on the "renzhong" (the groove between the nose and upper lip) are called "zi" (mustache), those growing on the "chengjiang" (the depression below the lower lip) are called "ran" (beard), those growing on the "dige" (chin) are called "xu" (beard), and those extending to the "erlun" (earlobe area) are called "hu" (beard). People grow beards and mustaches in order to appear mature and dignified, showing respect for their own appearance. The general standard is: clear, delicate, sparse and even, moist and lustrous, uniform in color, and pure in quality are considered auspicious. If they are coarse and rough, dry and withered, thick and disordered, or mixed with yellow and black, they are considered inauspicious. If the facial structure itself is not ancient, elegant, and upright, it is not suitable to grow a beard; forcing oneself to grow one is like opening the door to thieves or nurturing a boil while leaving it untreated, which can bring misfortune. Nowadays, people grow beards for appearance's sake, and physiognomists, seeing the "dige" (the area on both sides of the chin) as thin, advise people to grow beards to compensate. These two approaches are not in line with physiognomy and cause unnecessary harm. Let me ask: if the "dige" is already weak, can growing a beard make the flesh and bone thicker? Can it cover up the defects of theEarlier Heaven (Earlier Heaven)?

蓋亂世一語，可執其綱領：面無善痣，頭無惡骨，鬍髭敗多益少，此三項皆簡單要法也。凡宜蓄留者，蓄之小有順遂，不蓄亦無妨害；不宜蓄留者，不蓄亦無妨害，蓄之破敗立至。或刑人丁而傷子女，或遭暗害而受危險，或受株累而招官訟，或損財祿而多疾病。惟四濃格與海底松，則宜上下並蓄留之，減少破敗也。其它格局，則不可勉強。茲將各類吉凶，分別條例錄後。

In times of chaos, there is one general principle: there are no truly auspicious birthmarks on the face, no absolutely evil bone structures on the head, and growing a beard brings more harm than benefit. These three points are concise and clear rules. For those who are suitable to grow a beard, doing so only brings slight ease, but not growing one does not cause any harm. For those unsuitable to grow a beard, not growing one brings no trouble, but growing one immediately brings bad signs: either causing harm to family members or children, or being secretly harmed and facing danger, or being involved in others' affairs leading to legal troubles, or losing wealth and fortune and suffering from illness. Only the "Four Concentrated Patterns" and "Underwater Pine" patterns should have beards grown on both upper lip and the area below the cheeks, which can alleviate the bad effects. For all other patterns, it is not advisable to force the growth of a beard. Below is a list of the auspicious and inauspicious implications of different types of beards.

一．清秀：清秀者，清而不枯，秀而可愛也。主富貴而壽考，平安而厚福，又主清廉正直，慈良守信也。二．柔細：柔細者，柔而不燥，細而不粗也。主慈和大名，明敏多壽，衣祿充足，人丁亦旺，持久有恆也。三．潤澤：潤澤者，清潤如油而有光也。凡氣血充足，方能潤澤，而享大壽也。又主平安多祿，子女均強能有為，宏恢門第，而進田宅也。

The first type is called "Qingxiu" (Clear and Elegant). This refers to a beard that is clear and bright, not dry or withered, and has a delicate and charming appearance. The person with such a beard is wealthy and long-lived, enjoying a peaceful life with abundant blessings. In terms of character, they are upright and honest, kind and benevolent, and trustworthy. The second type is called "Rouxie" (Soft and Fine). This refers to a beard that is soft and not dry, with each strand fine and delicate rather than coarse and hard. The person with such a beard is gentle in nature, has a great reputation, is intelligent and quick-witted, and has a long life. They enjoy sufficient food and clothing, have a prosperous family, and are persistent and dedicated in their endeavors. The third type is called "Runze" (Moist and Lustrous). This refers to a beard that is bright and shiny, as if coated with oil, with each strand glowing. A person must have sufficient blood and qi to grow such a beard, and such people are destined for a long life. This facial feature also indicates a peaceful life with abundant blessings, strong and capable children who can bring honor to the family, and gradually increasing property and housing.

四．疎勻：疎勻者，清疎而根根見底也。主公平正直，心無積垢，慎細拘節，事無阻礙，一生多安閒，而有完善之晚景，享大壽，而足衣祿也。五．枯燥：枯燥者，枯而滯手，燥而無光也。主先天不足，後天戕，量窄器小，憂思勞心，有定根之痼疾，久而不痊可，又刑人丁，而冷退也。

The fourth category 「Sū Yún」: Sū Yún refers to sparse and even facial hair, with each strand clearly visible and distinct, allowing the skin and flesh to be seen through. Such a person is fair and upright, with no accumulated grievances or impurities in their heart. They are cautious and meticulous in their actions, adhering strictly to rules and regulations, thus encountering no obstacles in life. They enjoy a peaceful and comfortable life, with a fulfilling old age, long lifespan, and sufficient wealth and sustenance. The fifth category 「Kū Cào」: Kū Cào refers to dry and brittle facial hair that feels rough and涩 when touched, dry and lacking luster. Such facial hair indicates insufficient innate constitution and further damage in later life. The person has a narrow mind and limited capacity, constantly worrying and overthinking. They suffer from deep-rooted chronic illnesses that are difficult to cure. Moreover, they may harm family members, leading to the gradual decline and deterioration of the family's fortune.

六．濁滯：濁滯者，不清而俗，令人厭惡也。王前業耗散，一成一敗，多為平常寒賤之人，一生庸碌勞苦，挫折不立，恩怨不明，憂愁度日也。七．焦亂：焦亂者，焦枯不潤，錯亂不順也。其人心多而妄貪，疑慮而不決，弄巧反拙，六親多累，內外均有顧忌，而事實掣肘尤多也。

The sixth category 「Turbid and Stagnant」: Turbid and stagnant refers to a condition where the appearance is murky and unclear, and the scent is vulgar and unrefined, causing people to feel repelled upon seeing it. (The original text's 「Wang」 in 「Wang qian ye hao san」 is a miswriting for 「Zhu」.) This appearance indicates that the family's ancestral property has been completely consumed, and the person experiences a cycle of success and failure throughout their life, mostly being an ordinary and humble individual; they live a life of mediocrity and hardship, constantly facing setbacks and unable to establish themselves, unable to distinguish between kindness and hostility, and can only spend their days in worry. The seventh category 「Scorched and Confused」: Scorched and confused refers to a condition where the appearance is dry and withered, the form is disordered and scattered, and the direction is not smooth. Such people have excessive thoughts and generate greedy desires, are full of doubts and indecisiveness when facing matters, often acting foolishly and causing trouble; they have many relatives who burden them, and there are many concerns both at home and outside, and there are particularly many obstacles and hindrances when actually doing things.

八．一色：一色者，純粹一色也。大凡鬍髭皆以一色為合格，蓄之小有順遂，而無煩惱之糾紛也。九．雜花：雜花者，幾色合成，黑白斑棕黃不一也。主刑妻克子，人丁不旺也；危險招嫉，事實不遂也；驚惶疾厄，勞心失敗也。貴者減其權而受制，富者減其祿而受欺，雖有智能，亦不免也。

The eighth category, "One Color":the so-called one color means the entire beard is of a single color. Generally, beards are considered good if they are of a pure color. Such people who grow beards may experience some smoothness in their affairs, and will not attract troubles or disputes. The ninth category, "Mixed Colors":the so-called mixed colors means several colors are mixed together, black, white, speckled, brown, and yellow are uneven. This appearance indicates that one may suffer from harm to wife and children, and the family will have few descendants; one's situation is often dangerous, and they may attract hatred from others, and things will not go as desired; there will often be anxiety and illness, and although they may exert effort, they will ultimately fail. A nobleman with such a beard will have his authority diminished and be controlled by others; a wealthy person with such a beard will have their wealth and fortune reduced and be deceived by others; even if the person has intelligence and ability, they will still suffer from these problems.

十．黃色：黃色者，黃明光潤而如金也。主刑人丁而貴名，見危險而發達。如有銀白之面，而配金髮，亦主奇貴之事業，少年早顯達，而享盛名也。十一．白色：白色者，白潤而如銀絲，慈善之貌而和藹也。主穩見持重，耿介心平，有遠慮之預，充分之準備，子女成材，田宅豐富也。十二．黑色：黑色者，黑潤而如漆也。主衣祿之一，關係頗輕，蓄之小益，不蓄無害，無足重經也。

The tenth category 「Yellow」:the so-called yellow beard refers to a beard that is yellow, bright, and smooth, like golden threads. Such people may cause harm to their family members, but they can gain a reputation of high status. Often, they become successful after experiencing hardships. If they also have a silver-white complexion and golden hair, they are destined to achieve extraordinary success, becoming prominent at a young age and enjoying great fame. The eleventh category 「White」:the so-called white beard refers to a beard that is white and smooth, like silver threads, paired with a kind face and a gentle expression. Such people have steady judgment, steady behavior, straightforward character, and a calm disposition. They have long-term foresight and thorough preparation for everything. Their children are talented, and their land, property, and houses are abundant. The twelfth category 「Black」:the so-called black beard refers to a beard that is black, glossy, and smooth like lacquer. This appearance only brings a slight benefit in terms of clothing and food, and its influence is light. Keeping it brings a slight advantage, but not keeping it causes no harm. It is not worth paying much attention to. (The last sentence's 「经」 should be 「轻」.)

十三．紅碧：紅碧者，紫鬚也，為奇品之一。紅如珠砂者，主大貴，割據之霸業，次亦屏藩大臣也。紅如碧玉者，主清貴，流芳之事業，次亦盛名當時也。紅如棕色者，主中貴，勞碌之勇為，次亦州邑佐治也。十四．粗濃：粗濃者，又粗又多，而不見底也。主富貴，次亦足衣祿。多危險暗害，勞碌挫折，內有欺詐遺累，外有凌虐侵犯，煩擾不休也。一主旺子女，人丁日多也。

Thirteenth category "Red and Jade":the so-called red and jade refers to purple beard, which is one of the rare types of beard. Beards that are red like cinnabar indicate great wealth and the ability to establish a dominant domain, while the next level are ministers who defend the court as regional governors. Beards that are red with a hint of jade-like green indicate clear and noble status, capable of achieving a legacy that endures through the ages, while the next level can gain fame during their lifetime. Beards that are red with a brown tint indicate moderate wealth and success through hard work and bravery, while the next level can hold the position of assistant officials at the county level. Fourteenth category "Coarse and Thick":the so-called coarse and thick refers to a beard that is both coarse and dense, covering the skin so that the underlying flesh is not visible. This facial feature indicates wealth and prosperity, and the next level also ensures sufficient clothing and food. However, the cost is frequent danger and hidden harm, a life of toil and repeated setbacks: there is family trouble involving deceit and entanglements, and external troubles involving humiliation and infringement, leading to constant disturbances. On the other hand, this type of beard also indicates numerous children and a growing family population.

十五．海底松：海底松者，頰下之髯，而鎖結喉之管也。主刑人丁，有技藝美術之長，而有壽。又主老蚌生珠，五十以上，方有子女也。十六．不過溝：不過溝者，髭不過人中溝洫也。主勞碌不休，驚惶不安，衣祿不豐，財源不聚，虛浮耗散也。古法謂有官無祿也。十七．直如草：直如草者，即亂草如蒿也。主貧賤孤苦，勞碌破敗，刑妻克子，外箝制而內欺侮也。

The fifteenth category, "Underwater Pine," refers to the mustache hanging below the cheeks, which exactly covers the windpipe where the Adam's apple is located. This facial feature indicates that the person will experience conflicts and losses within the family, but they possess special skills in arts and crafts and are likely to live a long life. It also signifies "a pearl from an old clam," meaning children are born very late, often not until after the age of fifty. The sixteenth category, "Not Crossing the Groove," refers to a sparse and short beard on the upper lip, which does not extend beyond the groove known as the "human groove." This facial feature suggests a life of constant toil and inner anxiety, with limited wealth and an inability to retain money, as wealth is constantly lost. Ancient physiognomy texts refer to this pattern as "having an official title but no actual income," meaning there is prestige without real benefits. The seventeenth category, "Straight as Grass," refers to a beard that is straight, stiff, and disordered, resembling a patch of wild grass. This facial feature indicates a life of poverty and hardship, constant toil leading to eventual decline, conflicts with wife and children, being controlled by others outside the home, and being mistreated at home.

十八．串腮胡：串腮胡者，兩腮至耳珠皆胡，上接鬢髮也。主前人有餘業，又旺子女，及壽祿。中道有挫折一二度，晚年平安也。十九．硬如鐵：硬如鐵者，堅硬有力，入水沉底也。主草澤英雄，割據僭號，性情剛燥驕悍，恃勇任勞，而不完善其後，約為失敗也。

Eighteenth category: "Serial Cheeks Beard": A "serial cheeks beard" refers to a full beard covering from both cheeks down to the earlobes, connected upwards to the sideburns. This facial feature indicates that the person's ancestors left behind some remaining family property, and they will be prosperous in terms of children, also possessing longevity and good fortune. In middle age, they will encounter one or two setbacks along the way, but in old age, they will enjoy peace and ease. Nineteenth category: "Hard as Iron": "Hard as iron" refers to a beard with tough and strong hair that sinks to the bottom when cut and thrown into water. This facial feature indicates a hero from the grass roots, capable of establishing a domain and claiming a title. The person is fierce, impetuous, arrogant, and strong. Relying on courage and strength, they are willing to endure hardship and take on responsibilities, but unfortunately, their ending is not good, and their outcome is mostly failure.

公篤曰：頭圓象天，足方象地，各適其宜，各有關係。故天之覆也，又宜圓大為吉，古法有無小頭之貴客；地之載也，又宜方厚為吉，古法有足厚為萬物之載，亦事業之關鍵也。故足心為明堂，即醫家之湧泉穴也，宜空陷而開窩，以能容龜為吉，主奇貴，而有大壽厚祿，及流芳事業也。明堂平滿，雖貴而亦凶，雖富而亦貧，皆主子女不肖，而浪耗失敗也。

Chen Gongdu said: The head should be round, symbolizing heaven, and the feet should be square, symbolizing earth, each having their own appropriate characteristics and corresponding outcomes. Heaven is above, so a round and large head is auspicious; ancient physiognomy says, "There is no noble person with a small head." Earth is below, so square and thick feet are auspicious; ancient physiognomy says, "Thick feet can bear all things," and the feet are also key to career success. The soles of the feet are called "Bright Hall," which is also known as the "Yongquan acupoint" in medicine. This area should be slightly hollow, forming a depression, and ideally able to hold a turtle, which is most auspicious, indicating a rare and noble destiny, along with great longevity, substantial official rank, and a career that can be remembered by future generations. Conversely, if the Bright Hall on the soles is flat and full without a depression, even if one is prominent, there will eventually be danger; even if wealthy, it will eventually lead to poverty, and both indicate that children are untrustworthy, squandering and wasting the family's estate, leading to failure.

側有紋曰龜紋，主大壽而有祿；內側有井紋，主靈巧而多智。足跟為根基紋，主受祖業，無此紋者，雖有前業，而不守也。足跟為踵，以平過前掌為吉，如不履地，主破產無依，如貴人不履地，主凶死。內螺以大而有楞，主聰明多智，如無楞，主愚拙厚；外螺骨方楞，主遠發他鄉，如無楞，主屈膝井裡。

A turtle-shaped pattern on the sole of the foot is called "turtle pattern," indicating longevity and good fortune. A cross-shaped pattern on the inner side of the foot indicates a person who is clever and resourceful. The pattern on the heel is called "foundation pattern," indicating the ability to inherit ancestral wealth. Those without this pattern, even if their ancestors left them property, will not be able to retain it. The heel is also called "踵," and it is considered auspicious if the heel touches the ground as flatly as the front part of the foot. If the heel is suspended and does not touch the ground, it indicates financial ruin and lack of support. If a nobleman has a heel that does not touch the ground, it indicates a tragic death. The inner ankle bone (inner knuckle) is considered good if it is large and angular, indicating intelligence and wisdom. If it is not angular, it indicates dullness and slowness. The outer ankle bone (outer knuckle) is considered good if it is square and angular, indicating success through moving away from home. If it is not angular, it indicates a life confined to the local area without advancement.

前掌有峰，名曰福峰，高者，品學優良。大指為土，能生萬廿小根口福澤綿遠，祿室高者，衣祿豐物，放大過下四指也。二指為春木，三指為夏火，四指為秋金，小指為冬水，亦五行之餘也。大抵宜方正，宜細滑，宜多紋；足指宜長宜圓，足心宜空、宜大，足踵宜重、宜平。茲將各類例後。

The raised part on the front of the foot is called "Fu Feng," and if it is high, it indicates good character and scholarly ability. The big toe belongs to Earth, which can nurture all things, so its blessings are long-lasting (the original text has some damage and errors, with the words "能生万廿小根口" being incomprehensible). The "Lu Shi" at the base of the toe, if high, indicates abundant clothing and sustenance, which is why the big toe is larger than the other four toes. The second toe belongs to Spring Wood, the third to Summer Fire, the fourth to Autumn Metal, and the little toe to Winter Water. This is also a continuation of the Five Phases distribution. In general, the foot should be square, with smooth skin and many lines. The toes should be long and round, the soles should be hollow and large, and the heel should be thick and flat. Below is a list of various foot characteristics.

一．方正：方正者，兩足前方後正之謂也。主有恆志而前程遠大，有作為也。亂世亦貴而勞，晚年多福壽，常人亦主富而足衣祿也。二．長厚：長厚者，足長而厚也。主先天元氣充足，而有壽徵，致富源，務功名，皆有進展也。

The first category is "Square and Upright." This refers to feet that are square in the front and straight in the back. People with this foot shape have steady aspirations, a promising future, and can achieve something in their lives. Even in times of chaos, they can attain high status, though they may be hardworking, and enjoy both longevity and good fortune in their later years. Even ordinary people with this foot shape are likely to have a prosperous family and abundant provisions. The second category is "Long and Solid." This refers to feet that are both long and thick. This foot shape indicates abundant vital energy from birth, a sign of long life. Whether accumulating wealth or pursuing official success, they can make steady progress step by step.

三．直紋：直紋者，足掌多直紋也。主天姿聰敏，穎梧迅速，志大而堅決，智深而遠，亦主貴名也。四．橫紋：橫紋者，足掌多橫紋也。主多成多敗，風塵奔馳，勞碌往返，弄巧反拙，聰明自悞也。五．無紋：無紋者，足掌完全無紋也。主厚庸愚，志小量窄，夭亡者居多，有壽者，患神經病也。一主子女多而星散，有嗜好而敗家也。六．圓指：圓指者，是指圓如珠也。主衣祿充足，享受祖業，及有文名，為一州一邑之冠，而進田宅也。

The third type, "Straight Lines": Straight lines refer to many vertical lines on the soles of the feet. This foot reading indicates natural intelligence, quick understanding, lofty aspirations, firm decisions, and deep insight. It also suggests the potential to gain a distinguished reputation. The fourth type, "Horizontal Lines": Horizontal lines refer to many horizontal lines on the soles of the feet. This foot reading indicates a life marked by frequent success and failure, constant travel and toil, and often making mistakes due to overconfidence and relying on petty cleverness. The fifth type, "No Lines": No lines refer to the absence of any lines on the soles of the feet. This foot reading suggests a person who is dull-witted and mediocre, with small ambitions and a narrow mind. Such individuals are often short-lived; even if they live long, they are prone to neurological disorders. They also tend to have many children who disperse and scatter, and the person may have bad habits that lead to the ruin of their family's fortune. The sixth type, "Round Toes": Round toes refer to toes that are plump and round like pearls. This foot reading indicates abundant wealth and the ability to inherit ancestral property. It also suggests the potential for literary fame, becoming the top in their region or county, and an increasing amount of land and property in the family.

七．長指：長指者，是指長而節長也。主明敏勤能，而智化早開，有遠遊數千里，而立外業。又主特長之技藝，貴力之輔助，以繩其終身享受也。八．短指：短指者，是指短而節短也。其人志向不大，智識平常，見小而耐勞，穩見而持久，氣味稍濁，表面稍俗，然亦有小貴及素封也。九．尖指：尖指者，是指尖銳起峰也。主前業消耗，破梓離鄉，流落無依，刑妻克子，而孤苦也。如出於火局，主勞碌走險，而成上貴之事業也。

The seventh category, "Long Fingers":the so-called long fingers refers to long toes and long toe joints. This appearance indicates a person who is intelligent, quick-witted, diligent, and capable, with an early opening of mental faculties. They will travel thousands of miles, establish achievements in foreign lands. They also possess a unique skill, and with the help of a nobleman, they can maintain a comfortable life throughout their years. The eighth category, "Short Fingers":the so-called short fingers refers to short toes and short toe joints. Such people have limited ambitions, average insight, and focus only on immediate matters. They are hardworking and patient, with steady judgment and perseverance in their work. Their temperament is somewhat dull, and their appearance is somewhat vulgar. However, among them, some may attain a minor noble status or become wealthy householders without holding official positions. The ninth category, "Pointed Fingers":the so-called pointed fingers refers to toes that are sharp at the tip and have a peak at the top. This appearance indicates a person who will exhaust the family's inheritance, be forced to leave their homeland, and become homeless in foreign lands. They will suffer from marital and children's misfortunes, leading to a lonely and miserable life. However, if their overall body shape belongs to the "Fire Form," this is a different case: although they will be busy and often face dangers, they can achieve high-status noble careers.

十．足踵：足踵者，俗呼足後跟也。足踵宜大，行路宜踏實地，方有收場，而足衣祿也。如無足踵，及不履地，雖富貴亦主凶死，次則破敗困苦也。十一．無肚：無肚者，無足肚也。主刑人丁而孤獨，疾厄苦惱而夭亡，及客死他鄉，倒斃路傍也。十二．足心痣：足心痣者，明堂中心有痣也。主貴而有權勢，乃奇相之一。古謂李光祖安祿山，有此痣也。

The tenth category 「foot heel」: The foot heel refers to the common term for the heel of the foot. A large heel is auspicious, as it indicates walking firmly on the ground, leading to a good ending in life and sufficient clothing and food. If there is no heel or if the heel does not touch the ground while walking, even if one is wealthy and powerful, it is a sign of a violent death. The next best case is poverty and hardship. The eleventh category 「no calf」: This refers to the absence of the calf muscle on the lower leg. This physical characteristic indicates that the person will suffer from the loss of family members, be lonely, and be plagued by illness and suffering, possibly leading to an early death or dying away from home, even dying on the roadside. The twelfth category 「birthmark on the sole」: This refers to a birthmark located in the center of the sole's bright hall. This physical characteristic indicates that the person will be prominent and hold power, belonging to a rare and auspicious sign. Ancient texts mention that Li Guangbo (the original text says Li Guangzu) and An Lushan both had such birthmarks on their soles. One became a famous general and the other a fierce general, both holding military power.

十三．井字紋：井字紋者，在明堂前後，或側放大指之下也。主聰敏，過目不忘，多技能，又多嗜好也。十四．交叉紋：交叉紋者，在足心左右，形如叉字也。主任勞有恆，遠見多智，有貴名而宏恢居多也。十五．容龜：容龜者，明堂開窩而能容一龜也。主深遠慮，器量宏大，有大志而重權柄，及盛名偉業也。

Thirteenth category "Well Pattern": The Well Pattern refers to a cross-shaped mark on the front and back of the sole's Bright Hall, or near the base of the big toe. This sign indicates a person who is intelligent and quick-witted, able to remember things seen, possessing many skills, and having varied interests. Fourteenth category "Cross Pattern": The Cross Pattern refers to a cross-shaped mark on the left and right sides of the sole's Bright Hall. This sign indicates a person who is willing to endure hardship and has perseverance, with long-sightedness and great wisdom, often achieving high status and bringing glory to their family. Fifteenth category "Gourd Containment": The Gourd Containment refers to the Bright Hall of the sole being indented into a deep hollow, capable of holding a turtle. This sign indicates a person with deep thinking, great capacity, far-reaching ambitions, and a strong desire for authority, capable of achieving great fame and accomplishments.

公篤曰：舌為心之苗，能發五音，而分宮商角微羽，是為交際之官，而占應對與衣祿之關係，不可不查也。大抵以薄大者，善辯而多才，能應對知機，通今博古，主籌晝策，而決勝也；以敦厚者，信而愚樸，作事穩見，而不妄也。

Chen Gongdu said: The tongue is the sprout of the heart, capable of producing five kinds of sounds, corresponding to the five tones of "Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu" (the original text mistakenly writes "Wei" instead of "Zhi"). It is an organ responsible for communication, relating to a person's eloquence and the thickness of their fortune. It is essential to examine it carefully. Generally speaking, those with thin and wide tongues are eloquent, talented, and skilled in handling affairs, able to perceive the key points in conversation, well-versed in both ancient and modern times, and adept at planning and strategizing to outwit others. Those with thick and solid tongues are honest and trustworthy, though somewhat simple-minded, and they handle affairs steadily without acting recklessly.

又以尖長者，機巧而多智，作事陰險勇為，而有毒也；橢圓者，忠厚而直快，作事持義守禮，而有信也。凡紅而鮮明者，清閒而有恆，衣祿有餘也；青而枯滑，勞碌而疎懈，常多宿疾也；黑暗不潤者，貪妄而惡疾，淫亂自戕也；雜花不一，悋慳而見小，駁雜受制也。故黃者多俗，而鄙其行為；紫者多夭，而無壽徵。多紋者貴而英明，善交際，及外交政客之例。以薄細而舐準者，主貴而有權，然多勞碌奔馳，善籌劃也；以粗厚而舐準者，則平常而無用也。

Looking at the shape of the tongue: those with a long, pointed tongue are cunning and intelligent, often acting deceitfully and daringly, with a malicious mind; those with an oval-shaped tongue are loyal and straightforward, handling affairs with integrity and propriety, and keeping their word. Looking at the color of the tongue: a red and bright tongue indicates a life of ease and perseverance, with abundant fortune; a blue and dry, slippery tongue suggests constant toil yet laziness and apathy, often suffering from chronic illnesses; a dark and dry tongue indicates greed and unrealistic desires, easily leading to illness, often due to indulgence in improper relationships; a tongue with varied and scattered colors suggests stinginess and short-sightedness, a life full of obstacles and being controlled by others. Those with a yellow tongue are usually vulgar and despised by others; those with a purple tongue are likely to have a short life, lacking signs of longevity. Those with many markings on their tongue are destined for high status and wisdom, skilled in social interactions, which is characteristic of diplomats and politicians. A thin and delicate tongue that can reach the nose indicates high status and real power, though the person will be busy all their life, skilled in planning and strategy; if the tongue is thick and large enough to reach the nose, then the person is ordinary and will not achieve much.

公篤曰：項為流通之地，上下之關鍵也，故以長大為合格。女人鳳頸，必配君王，鳳頸者，言其項長也。又相法經云：肥人不忌項短，而忌項小也；瘦入不忌項長，而忌項短也。刻下無論男女，皆宜項長而合格，豐足衣祿，而刑剋亦少。至於女格，尤不可項短。蓋長者主貴而多子女，性和順而無疾苦；短者主賤而少子女，性浮燥而多病疾，此其不流通故也。茲將各類形式分別錄後。

Chen Gongdu said: The neck is the channel through which qi and blood circulate, and it is the key link between the head and the body. Therefore, a long and thick neck is considered good. The book of physiognomy says that a woman with a "Fengjing" neck will surely marry a king. The so-called Fengjing neck refers to a long neck. The classic texts of physiognomy also say: fat people do not fear a short neck, but they fear a thin neck; thin people do not fear a long neck, but they fear a short neck (the original text's "shou ru" is a miswriting of "shou ren"). This is because fat people have thick flesh, so a thin neck would narrow the qi pathway; thin people have exposed bones, so a short neck would block the flow of qi up and down. In today's context, regardless of gender, a long neck is considered good: people with long necks have abundant wealth and few troubles. As for women, a short neck is especially undesirable. This is because a long neck signifies nobility and many children, a gentle disposition, and fewer illnesses; a short neck signifies low status and few children, a restless disposition, and constant illness—this is due to the poor circulation of qi and blood. Below is a list of different neck types.

一．植長：植長者，項勻而長也。其人流通而達外務，又能遠萬里，遨遊天下，有遇合而發達也。女格尤以此為吉，助夫立業而旺子，量大而慈良也。二．短項：短項者，頭與肩連，短而不見項也。其人性情妒焊量小，可隨時軟化，而含毒質也。男主勞碌困苦，而無收場；女主破敗刑夫，而為賤品也。

The first category is "Plump Neck": This refers to a neck that is evenly proportioned and long. Such people have smooth energy flow, are good at handling external affairs, can travel far and wide, and achieve success through opportunities and connections. For women, this neck shape is especially auspicious, helping their husbands succeed, benefiting their children, and indicating a broad mind and kind heart. The second category is "Short Neck": This refers to a head that is almost directly connected to the shoulders, making the neck barely visible. Such people are often jealous, fierce, and have a narrow mind. They may appear soft on the surface, but they harbor hidden toxicity. Men with this feature tend to have a life of hardship and an unsatisfactory ending. Women with this feature often experience family decline, harm their husbands, and end up in a low social status.

三．縮項：縮項者，頭連大椎，頰連腕鎖骨也。另格貴不過典獄，主陰險心毒，卑鄙而貪也。女格主刑三夫，又刑子女，愚拙妄貪，破敗無依，均下賤居多也。四．三滌：三滌者，項上有橫紋三轉也，一名壽絛。主有晚福，而能安享，性慈和而知足也。亦主子女發達而賢良，無憂慮而少累也。

The third type, known as "Shuo Xiang" or "contracted head," is when the head is directly attached to the seventh cervical vertebra, with the cheeks almost reaching the collarbones. This is an unusual pattern; even if one attains wealth and status, they can only hold minor official positions, such as those in prison management. The person is cunning, ruthless, and greedy. For women with this facial structure, it often leads to the loss of three husbands, and it harms their children. They are foolish, clumsy, and greedy, leading to the decline of their family fortune and a lack of support. They are likely to end up in a low social status. The fourth type, known as "San Di" or "three washes," refers to three horizontal lines around the neck, also called "Shou Tao" or "longevity sash." This facial pattern indicates that the person will have good fortune in old age, able to enjoy a peaceful and comfortable life. They are kind and content, and their children will be successful and virtuous. They will have few worries and burdens throughout their lives.

五．餘皮：餘皮者，項之皮鬆而有多也。主先天充足，而享大壽。細膩而潤者，主平安而多壽也；粗燥而滯者，主勞碌而多壽也。六．項大：項大者，圓大而有力也。主器量宏大，志向遠大，智識作為亦大，此為流通，而無障礙也。如凹凸露筋蚓，主刑剋人丁，而多勞也。

The fifth category is "Excess Skin": Excess skin refers to loose and abundant skin on the neck. This sign indicates abundant original qi from the Earlier Heaven, leading to a long life. If the skin is fine and moist, it signifies a peaceful and long life. If the skin is rough and dry, it indicates a life of toil, yet still long life. The sixth category is "Broad Neck": A broad neck refers to a thick and strong neck. This sign indicates a large capacity, great ambition, and broad vision and achievements, which are signs of smooth blood and qi circulation and unobstructed affairs. However, if the neck is uneven and the blue veins are prominently visible like earthworms, it indicates a tendency to harm family members and a life of constant toil.

七．項小：項小者，不圓而不足也。主器量狹小，志向低小，思想見解作為均小，此為不流通，而多障礙也。如凹凸露筋蚓，主多疾厄，而刑剋也。八．結喉：結喉者，喉管突出而不收藏也。主勞碌多壽，父母無力，弟兄失助。古法謂客死他鄉，今則不驗。結喉收藏者，主安閒而少刑剋也。

The seventh category, "Xiang Xiao" (Thin Neck):the so-calledXiang Xiao means the neck is neither round nor thick, appearing thin and frail. This physical feature indicates a narrow mind, low aspirations, and limited thoughts and actions. It reflects poor circulation of qi and blood, leading to frequent obstacles in life. If the neck is also uneven or has prominent veins resembling earthworms, it indicates frequent illness and misfortune, and may cause harm to relatives. The eighth category, "Jie Hou" (Prominent Adam's Apple):the so-calledJie Hou refers to a prominent and protruding Adam's apple that cannot be retracted. This physical feature suggests a life of hard work but long lifespan. Parents and siblings are of little help. Ancient physiognomy claimed such people would die away from home, but this is no longer accurate in modern times. If the Adam's apple is retracted and not visible, it indicates a peaceful and trouble-free life with fewer conflicts.