Part Two, Volume Nine of Gongdu's Methods of Physiognomy

一、日月角為父母之正部，口角在左，月角在右。口角凸露主妨父，陷痕亦主妨父；月角凸露主妨母，陷痕亦主妨母。此為父母之應該考查之一。二、髮際為父母之正部。髮際低而三岔，主幼年刑父；五岔刑父尤早。當中尖垂、兩側上削，主中年刑父。鬢髮連眉尾，主幼年刑母；鬢髮曲突主先刑母。此為父母應該考查之二。

First, the "day angle" and "moon angle" on the forehead are the main positions for the parents' palace. The day angle is on the left, and the moon angle is on the right. If the day angle on the left is high and prominent, it indicates harm or conflict with the father; if it is indented or has a scar, it also indicates harm or conflict with the father. If the moon angle on the right is high and prominent, it indicates harm or conflict with the mother; if it is indented or has a scar, it also indicates harm or conflict with the mother. This is the first place to examine when looking at the parents' palace. (Note: The original text refers to "mouth angle" instead of "day angle" in both instances, which is likely a printing error.) Second, the hairline on the forehead is also a main position for the parents' palace. If the hairline is low and the hair splits into three branches, it indicates harm or conflict with the father in childhood; if it splits into five branches, the harm or conflict with the father occurs even earlier. If the hairline in the middle is pointed downward while the sides are cut upward, it indicates harm or conflict with the father in middle age. If the hair at the temples extends all the way to the end of the eyebrows, it indicates harm or conflict with the mother in childhood; if the hair is curved and prominent, it indicates harm or conflict with the mother first. This is the second place to examine when looking at the parents' palace.

三、兩額角為父母之連帶部位。左額角弱，或陷痕上沖者，主先刑父；右額角弱，或陷痕上沖者，主先刑母。此為父母之應該考查之三。四、兩耳為父母之連帶部位。如左耳低弱，或左耳廓反輪飛，主先刑父宮；如右耳低弱，或右耳廓反輪飛，主先刑母宮。此為父母之應該考查之四。

Third, the areas around both temples are connected parts of the parents' palace. A low and thin left temple, or an indentation or scar pointing upward, indicates the father's palace is first affected. A low and thin right temple, or an indentation or scar pointing upward, indicates the mother's palace is first affected. This is the third area to examine when looking at the parents' palace. Fourth, both ears are also connected parts of the parents' palace. A low and thin left ear, or the left earlobe turned outward and inverted, indicates the father's palace is first affected. A low and thin right ear, or the right earlobe turned outward and inverted, indicates the mother's palace is first affected. This is the fourth area to examine when looking at the parents' palace.

五、兩眉為父母之連帶部位。左眉低而陷主先妨父宮，右眉低而陷主先妨母官。此為父母宮之應該考查之五。一為兩眉不平而高低，有不同母之骨肉也。六、兩顴為父母宮之正部。左顴高突而上起者刑父，左顴弱小陷痕亦刑父；右顴高突上起者刑母，右顴弱小陷痕亦刑母。此為父母之應該考查之六。

Fifth, the two eyebrows are connected parts of the parents' palace. If the left eyebrow is low and sunken, it indicates trouble or harm to the father's palace first; if the right eyebrow is low and sunken, it indicates trouble or harm to the mother's palace first. This is the fifth place to examine when looking at the parents' palace. Additionally, there is another point: if the eyebrows are uneven in height, it suggests there are siblings born from different mothers in the family. Sixth, the two cheekbones are the main positions of the parents' palace. If the left cheekbone is high and prominent, it indicates harm to the father; if the left cheekbone is weak or has a depression or scar, it also indicates harm to the father. If the right cheekbone is high and prominent, it indicates harm to the mother; if the right cheekbone is weak or has a depression or scar, it also indicates harm to the mother. This is the sixth place to examine when looking at the parents' palace.

七、中嶽為父母之連帶部位。鼻準偏左者先刑父，鼻準偏右者先刑母。此為父母宮之應該考查之七，子女亦有連帶之應證也。八、人中為父母之連帶部位。人中偏左者先刑父宮，先見子星；人中偏右者，先刑母宮，先生女星。此為父母宮之應該考查之八。

Seventh, the nose tip is called 'Zhongyue' (Central Mountain), which is a connected part of the parents' palace. If the nose tip leans to the left, it indicates a prior conflict with the father; if it leans to the right, it indicates a prior conflict with the mother. This is the seventh point to examine when looking at the parents' palace, and the children's palace also has a connected verification here. Eighth, 'Renzhong' (the philtrum) is also a connected part of the parents' palace. If the philtrum leans to the left, it indicates a prior conflict with the father's palace, and the first child will be a son; if it leans to the right, it indicates a prior conflict with the mother's palace, and the first child will be a daughter. This is the eighth point to examine when looking at the parents' palace.

九、牙齒為父母之正部。凡門牙楞生，上牙主刑父，下齒主刑母。如兩側各有尖牙一顆，上主刑父，下主刑母。此為父母宮應該考查之九。以上九種，為父母宮應該考查之捷法。凡屬刑剋父母，不外此例，以多數為定論。如有刑父四種，刑母三種，則當然先刑父宮也；如有刑母二種，刑父一種，當然先刑母官也，否亦為重母之例，此為定法也。

Ninth, the teeth are the main position of the parents' palace. If the front teeth are crooked, sharp, uneven, or misaligned, those growing on the upper row indicate punishment of the father, while those on the lower row indicate punishment of the mother. If there are extra sharp teeth growing on both sides of the upper and lower rows, the ones on top indicate punishment of the father, and those on the bottom indicate punishment of the mother. This is the ninth point to examine in the parents' palace. The above nine points are the quick methods for examining the parents' palace. All signs indicating punishment of the parents fall within these nine categories. When making a judgment, one should take the majority. For example, if there are four signs indicating punishment of the father and three indicating punishment of the mother, it naturally indicates punishment of the father's palace first. If there are two signs indicating punishment of the mother and one indicating punishment of the father, it naturally indicates punishment of the mother's palace first. Even if these signs do not come true, it suggests a family that values the mother more than the father. This is an unchanging method of judgment.

公篤曰：弟兄一宮，不能確定數目，先後有刑傷，而不符其正數故也。其大抵分四項：第一為弟兄多，第二為弟兄少，第三為弟兄和睦，第四為弟兄忤逆，此為弟兄之大略耳，其它則不為正法也。茲將四類分注如下。

Chen Gongdu said: The section on brothers cannot accurately determine the exact number, because among brothers there are always some who die young or suffer injuries, so the actual number does not match the number indicated by the chart. Generally, it can be divided into four categories to consider: the first is having many brothers, the second is having few brothers, the third is brothers being harmonious, and the fourth is brothers being discordant. This is the general overview of the brothers' section; all other statements are not considered proper methods. Now I will explain these four categories separately.

一、弟兄宮多者，兩眉清秀修長，三陽豐滿，眉頭不沖。惟金眉之形難分，蓋金眉又稀又疎，直生而似無，主弟兄多而子女亦多也，又主弟兄賢而貴，有輔助也。二、兩眉短促而散，低濁壓目，加以眉頭逢沖，印窄而痕，五官拘束而不開闊，此主弟兄少，而無輔也，雖有亦刑剋，而不存在也。如兩耳有紋痕，幼小即刑弟兄姊妹也。

First, the appearance of many brothers is indicated by clear, long eyebrows, with the 'three yang' on the upper eyelids full and plump, and no stray hairs on the brow that interfere. Only the 'golden eyebrows' are difficult to distinguish: they are sparse and thin, growing straight, almost invisible, and such people tend to have many brothers and children, and their brothers are capable and prosperous, able to offer support. Second, if the eyebrows are short, abrupt, and disordered, hanging low and turbid, covering the eyes, and there are also stray hairs on the brow that interfere, a narrow and injured forehead, and the facial features are cramped and not open, this indicates few brothers and no support from them; even if they are born, they are likely to be lost due to conflicts and injuries. If there are markings or scars on the upper ears, it indicates that the person was injured to brothers and sisters in childhood.

三、弟兄和睦，凡眉秀神清，皆主弟兄貴而和睦，及得其實力之輔助。加以兩顴斜輔高聳，邊城豐滿有梁，此為弟兄和睦而有助，因之而進田宅，以宏恢門第，互相為用也。四、弟兄忤逆，凡眉尾逆生，或旋螺形，皆主弟兄忤逆。加以眉頭紋痕上沖，兩顴紋痕沖破，主弟兄忤逆，而有口舌官訟，反多遺累，又因之破產而憂死也。

Third, the appearance indicating harmonious brothers: Those with clear and elegant eyebrows and bright, clear eyes usually indicate that brothers will attain high status and live in harmony, and they will be able to provide real help. If in addition the two cheekbones slope upward and are prominent, and the sides of the 'border city' are full with prominent bone ridges, this indicates brothers who are harmonious and can help each other, thus enabling them to acquire property, expand their businesses, and bring glory to their family, achieving success through mutual support. Fourth, the appearance indicating rebellious brothers: Those with hairs at the end of the eyebrows growing backward and long, or twisted into spiral shapes, usually indicate rebellious and discordant brothers. If there are also lines on the forehead extending upward and the cheekbones are cut by lines, this indicates brothers who are not harmonious, leading to verbal disputes and even legal conflicts. They will not receive help but instead be constantly burdened, possibly leading to bankruptcy, sorrow, and even death.

一、魚尾奸門為妻妾宮之正部。魚尾豐滿者，主妻宮賢淑，而無刑剋；魚尾紋上仰，主妻強而有操持，及偕老無傷；魚尾有痣，主刑妻而續絃；魚尾有燕尾紋，主重配；魚尾雙紋，主兩妻；魚尾三紋，主三妻；魚尾四紋，主四妻；魚尾紋平破者，克妻宮而重配；魚尾紋下反，主刑三妻。如魚尾有十字紋，主生離，又主再離也。

First, the 'fish tail' and 'jianmen' outside the eyes are the main positions of the wife's palace. If the fish tail area is full and plump, it indicates a virtuous and kind wife, and there will be no conflicts between husband and wife. If the fish tail has lines slanting upward, it suggests a strong and capable wife who can manage the household and live happily together until old age without harm. If there is a mole on the fish tail, it indicates a wife who is difficult to get along with and the husband will need to remarry. If the fish tail has a forked pattern like a swallow's tail, it suggests a need to remarry once. If there are two lines on the fish tail, it indicates marrying two wives; three lines mean three wives; four lines mean four wives. If the fish tail has horizontal and broken lines, it indicates a wife who is difficult to get along with and the need to remarry. If the fish tail has lines that slope downward, it suggests conflicts with three wives in the future. If the fish tail has a cross pattern, it indicates separation from the wife, and this separation will occur more than once.

二、命宮生痣，主克妻而再配，亦主夫婦不和，意見不一，而有生離者，有刑三妻者，有官訟不休而後離者，一為再嫁之婦為婚配，一為病妻之例，而中年刑剋，及收娼妓也。三、兩顴雄突而有尖峰者，主刑妻而重配，女格亦主刑夫也。故顴骨宜高近目尾，不是尖峰而突，方無刑剋也，否則有嫡庶之配，及二妾三妾也。兩腮方突犄角，亦主嫡庶也。四、年壽間斷者，主刑妻克子，中年斷絃而續絃。印堂沖破，初年刑妻克子而續配。蘭臺弱小而洩，晚年失竊而鰥居。此皆刑剋而重配之格也。眉稜高而腮突，主納奴婢為妾也。

Second, if a birthmark appears on the "Ming Gong" of the mountain root, it indicates the possibility of marrying multiple wives, marital discord, and eventual separation due to disagreements. Some may consecutively marry three wives, while others may be involved in endless legal disputes leading to divorce. There is also a case where one marries a woman who has been previously married, or where the wife suffers from chronic illness, eventually leading to marital conflict in middle age, or marrying a courtesan. Third, if the two cheekbones are strong, prominent, and have sharp peaks, it also indicates the possibility of marrying multiple wives, and for women, it indicates the possibility of marital conflict with the husband. Therefore, the cheekbones should be high and close to the eye corners without sharp peaks to avoid marital conflict; otherwise, there may be a main wife and a concubine, or even the taking in of multiple concubines. If the two cheeks are square and sharp like horns, it also indicates the presence of both a main wife and a concubine. Fourth, if the middle part of the "Nian Shou" on the bridge of the nose is broken or fractured, it indicates the possibility of marital and child-related conflicts, and the loss of a spouse in middle age followed by remarriage. If the "Yin Tang" is pierced by markings, it indicates early marital and child-related conflicts followed by remarriage. If the "Lan Tai" on the nostrils is weak and lacks energy, it indicates the loss of a spouse in old age, leading to a life of solitude. These are all patterns indicating marital conflict and remarriage. If the eyebrow bone is high and the cheekbone is prominent, it indicates the taking in of a servant girl as a concubine.

一、淚堂為子女之正部，以平寬明潤為旺子女而貴。如有紋下陷，主刑子女；如淚堂厚而高突，亦主刑子女之例。此為早子女不枉，或中子女不旺，經刑剋一二，方能成立也。二、三陰臥蠶為子女之正部，以黃紫明潤為子女多而貴。如黑黯絳枯，主刑子克女，而多災厄；如有蠶肉橫起，為孤壽，而晚年刑子女也，或為螟蛉之子女也。

First, the "tear hall" is the main position of the children's palace. It is considered favorable if it is flat, wide, bright, and moist, indicating children who are numerous and prosperous. If there are lines and the tear hall is sunken, it indicates harm to children. If the tear hall is thick and prominently raised, it also indicates harm to children. Such a face may mean that children born early are not able to be raised, or those born in the middle are not prosperous. Generally, one or two children will be lost first, and the later ones will be able to survive. Second, the "three yin" and "wocan" on the lower eyelid are also the main positions of the children's palace. A yellow or purple, bright and moist complexion indicates numerous and prosperous children. If black, dark red, and dry colors appear, it indicates harm to children, and the children will suffer many diseases. If the wocan is thick and rises horizontally, it indicates loneliness and long life, but in the end, it will still harm the children, or the person will rely on adopting a foster son to see them off in old age.

三、蠶袋為子女之正部，而近顴骨之間有紋露出，為子女紋也。紋從外顴者，一紋一子成立也；紋向淚堂者，一紋一女成立也。此由陰騭栽培而成者，或庶出之子女也。四、人中為子女之正部。如溝洫寬深而長，主子女多而成立也；如上窄下寬，主子多女少；如上寬下窄，主子少女多；直紋克子，橫紋克女，十字紋主孤絕，而不成立也。

Third, the area beneath the 'caterpillar bag' is the main position of the children's palace. If there are lines visible near the cheekbone, they are called 'children's lines'. Lines originating from the outer side of the cheekbone indicate a son who will grow up; lines heading towards the tear hall indicate a daughter who will grow up. These lines are formed through the accumulation of Yin Virtue and cultivation in Later Heaven, and sometimes they indicate children who are not the eldest. Fourth, the 'human groove' is the main position of the children's palace. A wide and deep groove indicates many children who will all be well-established. If the groove is narrow at the top and wide at the bottom, it indicates more sons than daughters. If it is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, it indicates more daughters than sons. A straight line in the human groove indicates the loss of a son, a horizontal line indicates the loss of a daughter, and a cross-shaped line indicates being childless and having difficulty raising children.

五、兩眉為子女之連帶關係。如平橫一字者，主子少而成立，或庶出；再加低眉，則僅有女一人，或得庶子一人。如兩眉彎曲，主子女多；再加眉高，主子女多而貴也。六、印堂為子女之連帶關係。如印堂寬正而豐，則子女早成立而貴也；如印堂窄弱而沖，主子女見刑而弱，中子方成立也，三十以後方得子星成立，而有嫡庶之分也。

Fifth, the eyebrows are connected parts of the children's palace. If the eyebrows are flat and straight like the character '一', it indicates that although there may be few sons, they are stable, or they may be sons from secondary marriages. If the eyebrows are low, it suggests there may be only one daughter or only one son from a secondary marriage. If the eyebrows are curved and have an arc, it indicates many children. If the eyebrows are high, it indicates many children who are also prosperous. Sixth, the forehead is also a connected part of the children's palace. A broad, upright, and full forehead indicates children who are established early and prosperous. A narrow, thin forehead that is marred by markings indicates children who suffer from misfortunes and are weak. The middle child is likely to be stable, often having children established only after the age of thirty, and the children may have both legitimate and secondary origins.

七、年壽為子女之連帶關係。如年壽有梁，主中年之子女必旺；如年壽間斷，或直三曲之伏吟，或左右曲之反吟，皆主克子女也，雖有子女亦不可靠，而不成立也，或為不肖之子女，而敗家產也。八、兩目之眼神，為子女之連帶關係。如眼神和而收臧，光清而充，子女俱旺而聰明；如眼神痴定呆滯，光清如水，主子女遲立，及偏生庶出也，亦溺受而生後患也；如目露浮白，或神銳緊急，亦刑子女也。

Seventhly, the bridge of the nose, known as the 'year and longevity' area, is connected to the children's palace. If there is a prominent bone ridge in the year and longevity area, it indicates that the children born in middle age will certainly thrive. However, if the year and longevity area is broken in the middle, or rises straight up and down with three bends resembling the 'hidden chant' pattern, or if it curves left and right like the 'reverse chant' pattern, it indicates that the children will be harmed. Even if there are children, they may not be reliable, fail to grow up properly, or produce unworthy offspring who will ruin the family's fortune. Eighthly, the eyes' gaze is also connected to the children's palace. If the eyes are gentle, restrained, and clear with a full look, the children will be prosperous and intelligent. If the eyes appear呆滞 (dull), light, and cold like water, it indicates that the children will come late in life and are mostly from a concubine, and there will be problems due to excessive indulgence. If the white of the eye is exposed and floating upwards, or if the eye's light is sharp and urgent, it also indicates harm to the children. In summary, the bone structure of the year and longevity area is examined for the nose, and the spirit of the eyes is examined for the eyes. Both should be considered together to reach a conclusion.

一、伏犀骨貫頂而入百會，此貴而壽也。方伏犀骨為第一貴，圓伏犀骨次之，橢圓伏犀骨又次之，此為貴之分別者一，即古之巨鰲人腦，當作尚書也。二、兩眉修長上豎有勢，此為貴而有名，及有事業之流芳者，又關乎中。世界以此而貴者占多數，即古之間名在眉，即文彩之官，貴而有壽也。

First, the 'Fu Xi Gu' bone runs straight from the forehead to the top of the head, reaching the central 'Baihui' point on the top of the head. This is a sign of both high status and long life. A square-shaped 'Fu Xi Gu' is the most valuable, followed by a round shape, and then an oval shape. This is the first criterion for distinguishing different levels of noble destiny, as ancient people said that the 'Jua Ao' bone entering the brain indicates a person who will attain a high position such as that of a Minister of State. Second, if the eyebrows are long and upright, with a noble and majestic appearance, this signifies a person who will achieve high status and fame, with a career that will be remembered by future generations. It also relates to the fortune in middle age. Nowadays, most people who attain high status possess this characteristic, which is exactly what the ancients meant by 'the reputation is reflected in the eyebrows.' The eyebrows are the official stars governing literary achievements, indicating both high status and long life.

三、印堂方隆，及有骨方楞而橫突，名為金城骨；山根上貫印堂，名為玉柱骨。此皆大貴，而有非常之事業，及早發達也，盛衰皆以此為重要點。四、日月角上插，為帝王之貴；輔角骨上插，為將相之貴；邊城骨上插，為邊鎮之貴。又分其骨質之長大豐突，與短小拱露，為加減之分數也。

Third, if the area between the eyebrows is square and full, and there is a bone that protrudes horizontally and distinctly, it is called the 'Golden City Bone'; the bone that runs upward from the mountain root to the area between the eyebrows is called the 'Jade Pillar Bone'. Both of these indicate great fortune and the ability to achieve extraordinary accomplishments, with success coming early in life. The rise and fall of one's life should be judged with these features as the main focus. Fourth, if the bones on the forehead extend upward to the hairline, it signifies the dignity of a king; if the bones on the cheeks extend upward, it signifies the dignity of a general or minister; if the bones on the temples extend upward, it signifies the dignity of a border guardian. In addition, one should distinguish whether the bones are long and prominent or short and merely slightly raised, and accordingly add or subtract points to the rank of fortune.

五、兩目神清有威，為貴名而有權，占重要部位。盛世以黑白分明而貴也，盛世以玄黃有煞而貴也。其充足收藏，而含真彩者，又為貴之特等，而有身後之事業，或為仙品及聖賢，與流芳也。六、兩顴上插，為權柄之重要也。如兩顴上至鬢髮，為公侯將相而握重權；兩顴上至邊城，為屏藩柱石之臣；兩顴上至玉堂，為方伯刺史邊將之類，以此為實權之貴也。

Fifth, the eyes that are clear and bright with a commanding look indicate that one has both noble reputation and actual power, making the eyes a crucial feature in determining nobility. In times of peace, having clear and distinct black and white eyes is considered valuable, while in times of chaos and turmoil, having a deep yellow gaze with a fierce aura is considered valuable. If the eyes are full and reserved, subtly revealing true brilliance, this is the highest level of nobility, indicating that one's achievements will remain after death, or that one may become a person of extraordinary merit, such as a sage or a saint, and be remembered by future generations. Sixth, the two cheekbones rising upward are a significant sign of holding power. If the cheekbones rise all the way up to the hairline, it indicates a high-ranking official such as a marquis or general; if they rise up to 'Border City,' it indicates a great minister who serves as a pillar of the state; if they rise up to 'Jade Hall,' it indicates a local governor, a censor, or a border general. All these are signs of holding real power and are considered noble characteristics.

七、水星大仰而斂角，唇勻厚而塗朱，皆主貴也。如四字口為第一，角弓口次之，仰月口又次之，此為貴而厚祿也，即古之口能容拳、食祿萬鍾之義也。八、聲如宏鍾，虎頭燕頷，銀面金鬚，鐵面銀牙，五嶽朝天，地閣朝天，額如覆肝，聲音鏗鏘而韻長。上例各項皆主貴也，以其成形之多數為大貴，而分其特貴、上貴、中貴、下貴、常貴者，皆依其形質如何，而所得之分數，為一定之決斷也。

Seventh, if one speaks of 'the Water Star,' and has a broad and large face with the corners of the mouth raised and收敛, thick and thin lips that are evenly proportioned and red like painted vermilion, all indicate a noble destiny. Among these, the 'Four-Character Mouth' is the best, followed by the 'Horned Mouth,' and then the 'Moon-Up Mouth.' These are signs of both nobility and great wealth, as the ancients said, meaning that a large mouth can hold a fist, and one can receive a thousand measures of grain asofficial stipend. Eighth, a voice that is loud and resonant like a great bell, a tiger's head and a swallow's chin, a face as white as silver and beard as yellow as gold, a face with a bluish-green hue and white teeth like silver, the five mountains converging towards heaven, the earth's pavilion facing heaven, a forehead full and rounded like a liver leaf, and a voice that is ringing and has a long lingering echo—all these indicate nobility. The more of these features one has, the greater the nobility. As for dividing into special nobility, upper nobility, middle nobility, lower nobility, and common nobility, it depends on the actual form and quality, and the judgment is determined by the score obtained.

九、木形為清貴，名過於權也；金形為能貴，任勞有為也；水形為福貴，坦然安享而成功也；火形為勞碌險阻而貴，艱難而發達也。當以其合格與否，而定其收功與事業之途徑也。以上九則，是為認貴局之標準，當查其分數如何，或為一部有奇特偏重，或為幾部合法每稱，則據其形格而加推以定之可也。

Number nine: Each of the Five Phases forms has its own criteria for being esteemed. A person with the form of wood is of clear and noble character, with fame surpassing power; a person with the form of metal is capable of attaining status, willing to endure hardship and resentment while achieving something; a person with the form of water is blessed and wealthy, enjoying stability and success; a person with the form of fire attains status through toil and hardship, needing to overcome many difficulties to achieve success. When making a judgment, one should check whether the form and structure meet the criteria, and based on this determine how quickly the person will achieve success and which career path they will follow. The above nine points are the standards for identifying esteemed forms. One should look at the number of points achieved: either a particular feature is especially distinctive and carries more weight, or several features are all qualified and harmonious with each other. Then, based on the overall form and structure, proceed further to reach a conclusion.

一、土星為財源之正部，故準頭為土星，土生萬物之義，此為平生之正財祿。凡截筒鼻為第一，懸膽鼻次之，虎鼻、蒜鼻、獅鼻又次之，此為富之一也。二、天倉豐隆為前業之正部，關乎祖業之餘澤也，故天倉豐隆寬厚，為前業有餘。如南嶽高起而突，則為貴裔之後也。此為富之二也。

First, the nose is called the 'Earth Star,' representing the proper position of wealth. The nose is referred to as the 'Earth Star' because earth nurtures all things, and this area indicates proper wealth and official rank throughout one's life. Among nose shapes, the 'Cutting Tube Nose' is the best, followed by the 'Hanging Pearl Nose,' then the 'Tiger Nose,' 'Garlic Nose,' and 'Lion Nose.' This is the first criterion of wealth. Second, the 'Heavenly Granary' on both sides of the forehead being full and prominent indicates the proper position for ancestral property. It relates to the legacy left by ancestors, so if the Heavenly Granary is full, wide, and thick, it suggests that there is inherited property from previous generations. If the 'Southern Mountain' on the forehead is high and prominent, it indicates that one is the descendant of a distinguished family. This is the second criterion of wealth.

三、福堂為外財之正部，在眉尾之稜骨處。此主遠行而得外財，及得千里外之財源，而立異鄉之產業。凡西人過國者，或經商者，皆有此骨也。此為富之三也。四、井灶即蘭臺廷尉也。左蘭臺為偏財、浮財、交際財之例，右蘭臺為合財、潛伏財、轉輸財之例，此為意外之財祿而暴發也。此為富之四也。

Third, the 'Fu Tang' is the main position for external wealth, located at the ridge bone behind the eyebrows. This area indicates earning wealth from distant places, acquiring sources of income far away, and establishing businesses in foreign lands. All Westerners who cross the sea to other countries or those who go out to trade have this bone. This is the third rule of the Wealth Pattern. Fourth, the 'Well and Hearth' refers to the two nostrils, which are also called 'Lan Tai' and 'Ting Wei' in the art of physiognomy. The left 'Lan Tai' governs side wealth, floating wealth, and money obtained through social interactions; the right 'Lan Tai' governs partnership wealth, hidden savings, and profits from resale. This area signifies unexpected gains in wealth and official rank, often leading to sudden prosperity. This is the fourth rule of the Wealth Pattern.

五、兩目神清而和蘊，此為財星之連帶關係，又因貴名而得財祿及進田宅，此為以貴而發，有勢而富，因官得財也，多以貴力而營利源者半數。此為富之五也。六、地庫豐隆為財星之正部，主晚年之財富，而有晚年豐足衣祿及進田宅，而遺身後之業，或為子女之恢宏，以立其大業也。此為富之六也。

Fifth, when both eyes are bright and gentle with a reserved expression, this is the associated area of the wealth star, indicating that one attains wealth and honor, gains official rank, and acquires land and property. This type is first prosperous in status and then becomes wealthy, meaning that wealth is obtained through official position; such people rely on their noble status to manage their finances, and this accounts for about half. This is the fifth rule of the wealthy pattern. Sixth, when the areas on both sides of the chin, known as 'di ku,' are full and prominent, this is the main position of the wealth star, indicating that one will have wealth in old age, sufficient food and clothing in later years, and the ability to acquire more land and property, which can be passed down to descendants or further developed by them, achieving great success. This is the sixth rule of the wealthy pattern.

七、仙庫豐正為財星之正部，此主半享受貴子女之進田宅，而得晚年之遂心。此為富之七也。八、兩顴雄突上聳，是名中府，而得朋友至戚之助，中年發達而進田宅，因外而旺其內也。此為富之八也。九、腮頤方隆犄角，為財星之連帶關係，應得輔助之人員得力而致富業，此為用人而發達者也。此為富之九也。

Seventh, the 'Xianku' is full and well-proportioned, which is the proper position of the wealth star. This indicates that half of one's enjoyment comes from the purchase of land and property by noble and esteemed children, leading to contentment in old age. This is the seventh condition of wealth. Eighth, when both cheeks are strong and prominent, rising upwards, the physiognomist calls this 'Zhongfu'. This signifies receiving help from friends and close relatives, achieving success in middle age and acquiring land and property through the strength of others. This is the eighth condition of wealth. Ninth, when both cheeks are square and prominent, resembling horns, this is the connected part of the wealth star. This indicates that the helpers one employs are effective, thus accumulating family property. This is the type of prosperity achieved through the skill of employing people. This is the ninth condition of wealth.

十、兩眉清秀、修長、疎勻、有稜，是為弟兄平輩之財，而得弟兄姊妹之輔佐，以進其田宅，而創其大業。此為富之十也。十一、奸門魚尾為妻妾宮之正部，如魚尾紋上仰至福堂，奸門骨高橫平兩顴，此為妻妾貞淑而能操持以發達，以及後家暗助或接濟，而恢宏立業以大振。此為富之十一也。以上十一則皆為富格之必要，以考查其部位之分數如何，而斷其特富、上富、中富、下富、常富之等級也。

The tenth point is that if the eyebrows are clear, long, evenly spaced, and have sharp angles, it indicates that one will gain wealth from brothers and siblings, and be able to acquire land and property and establish great achievements through the help of siblings. This is the tenth condition of the Rich Destiny. The eleventh point is that the 'Jian Men' and 'Yu Wei' are the main positions of the wife and concubine's palace: if the Yu Wei lines slant upward and directly reach the Fu Tang, and the bone at the Jian Men is high and connects with the two cheeks horizontally, this indicates that the wife and concubine are virtuous and capable of managing household affairs, thus achieving prosperity. They can also receive secret assistance or support from the wife's family, thereby expanding their property and greatly reviving their family's status. This is the eleventh condition of the Rich Destiny. The above eleven points are all necessary conditions for the Rich Destiny. By examining how many points each person meets and the corresponding scores, one can determine whether they are exceptionally rich, highly rich, moderately rich, less rich, or just ordinary. The more qualified points they have and the higher the score, the higher their level of wealth.

一、兩耳長厚，圓輪如珠，此為豐足衣祿之一，又主有特別智識，而有專長之技藝，以充其祿也。如貴而有名權者，亦享受厚祿也。二、男子口闊大而斂角，主得厚祿，平生享受無窮；女子口小唇厚而圓，主得厚祿，而豐足衣祿也。此二者主貴猶多，及為餘蔭根基之家，亦有自創之享受也。

First, if one's ears are long and thick, with rounded earlobes smooth as pearls, this is a sign of abundant food and clothing. It also indicates that the person has exceptional insight and possesses a particular skill, which they use to supplement their income. If the person is already a nobleman with fame and power, they will certainly enjoy a generous salary. Second, for men, a broad and large mouth with corners that are retracted indicates a generous salary, which they can enjoy throughout their life. For women, a small mouth with thick and round lips also indicates a generous salary and abundant food and clothing. These facial features often indicate both high status and either a family with a strong heritage or someone who has earned this prosperity through their own efforts.

三、牙齒為衣祿之正當關係。凡牙齒大瓣而齊，白瑩如玉，堅固而勻，端正而多，此為享受厚祿，而有壽徵之格也。四、兩眉柔細修長有稜，為衣祿之連帶關係。眉尾接近福堂，是為外財庫故也。及天性腦明靈巧，而有特長之點，及進流通之外財，一為立外業，以貴名而得厚祿也，亦旺子女之豐隆，而有大壽之享受也。

Third, teeth are positively related to clothing and sustenance. If the teeth are large in size, neatly arranged, white and lustrous like jade, firm and evenly distributed, properly aligned and numerous, this indicates a pattern of receiving substantial wealth and enjoying a long life. Fourth, the eyebrows that are soft, fine, long, and have a distinct edge are connected to clothing and sustenance. This is because the end of the eyebrows is close to the 'Futang,' which is the storehouse for external wealth. Such people are naturally clear-minded and clever, possessing a special skill that allows them to earn circulating external wealth. They establish careers in other regions, gain substantial income through their reputation, and also have prosperous descendants. They themselves are destined for a long life.

五、兩目為田宅之正部，故神清而充、和慈而藏，為田宅宮，應以貴而得祿。如蚯蚓盤烏珠，主勞碌而進厚祿也；亂世尤以蚯蚓盤烏珠，為勞碌創業之格也。六、地閣為晚祿之正部，故地閣豐正而朝、圓拱者，主得晚祿；方拱者，主得子女之貴而發達，亦得晚祿之豐隆。以部位之分數，而斷其層次也。

Fifth, the eyes are the main position of the field and residence palace, so if the eyes are clear, full, gentle, kind, and reserved, the field and residence palace is strong, which indicates gaining official rank through wealth. If the blood vessels in the eyes are like earthworms coiling around the eyeball, it mainly means that one has to work hard to achieve a substantial official rank; in times of chaos, this "earthworm coiling eyes" pattern especially indicates a hardworking entrepreneurial structure. Sixth, the chin, known as "di ge," is the main position for late-life fortune and official rank, so if "di ge" is full, upright, and upwardly curved, with a round shape, it indicates gaining official rank in old age; if it is square and curved, it indicates gaining prestige and success through children, with equally abundant late-life fortune. Still, the level of late-life fortune is determined by the scores obtained from these areas.

一、南嶽有紋成伏犀三紋，或偃月二紋，或華蓋一紋，或多紋，皆主壽，享耄耋之壽也。如紋多而間斷，主壽而勞碌也，亦主風塵飄搖，而見刑剋也。二、兩眉高起而有稜，此為壽而貴名也，及多子女，亦主衣祿豐足。如有眉毫露出，主壽高而多憂愁，及有內顧之隱憂，六親之遺累，雖壽不閒而勞也。

First, if there is a mark on the forehead called 'Nan Yue' or if there are three horizontal lines forming 'Fu Xi纹' (伏犀纹), or two lines forming 'Yan Yue纹' (偃月纹), or just one line forming 'Hua Gai纹' (华盖纹), or many lines, it indicates longevity and the ability to live to be in their eighties or nineties. If the lines are numerous but broken in the middle, it suggests a long life but with a hardworking life, also indicating a wandering life, and conflicts among relatives. Second, if the eyebrows are high and have a sharp bone structure, this is a sign of longevity and a noble reputation, and also indicates many children, as well as sufficient food and clothing. If long hairs grow from the middle of the eyebrows and are visible, it suggests a long life but with many worries, hidden troubles at home, and being burdened by relatives. Although long-lived, one will not have peace and will always be busy with work.

三、兩目神清而充足，主享大壽，而有貴名，及事業成功而發達也，故眼神以充足而有，此為壽徵之重要點。如有蚯蚓盤睛，主壽而勞碌也；如神充而露，主壽而刑剋也。四、兩耳長厚有垂珠朝口者，主壽而有智識，及勤慎耐勞。凡享大壽之人，萬無小耳短薄也。內應腎繫，言其稟受之先天厚薄，據此而區別也。

Thirdly, if both eyes are bright and full, it indicates a long life and a noble reputation, with success in one's career. Therefore, the eyes should be full and abundant; this is a crucial point in determining longevity. If there are blood vessels winding around the eyes like earthworms, it indicates a long life but with much toil. If the eyes are full but appear outwardly and not concealed, it indicates a long life but with conflicts with relatives. Fourthly, if both ears are long and thick, with earlobes like pearls and pointing towards the mouth, it indicates a long life and good judgment, with a person being diligent, cautious, and able to endure hardship. Those who live long lives never have small and short ears. The ears correspond internally to the kidney system, which refers to the thickness and thinness of innate constitution, which is distinguished from this.

五、人中深長，為壽徵之正部。古人謂人中一寸，可至期頤之壽，及多子女，而有晚福也。再加法令紋下朝地庫，而為大壽之又一證也。六、項有三滌，為享大壽之一證據；如再項有餘皮，則壽數更享高年也，故老人項皮乾枯者必死也。

Fifth, a deep and long philtrum is the correct position for longevity. Ancient people said that if the philtrum extends one inch, one can live to be a hundred years old, have many children, and enjoy happiness in old age. If the lines on the face also extend downward toward the 'ground warehouse,' that is another sign of a long life. Sixth, three horizontal lines on the neck are a sign of living to an old age; if there is also some loose skin on the neck, the lifespan can be even longer. Therefore, if an old person has dry, shriveled skin on the neck, it is a sign of certain death.

七、山根上貫高起，此為稟受先天之氣厚故也，主享大壽。山根者，命根也，故山根低弱者，不滿四十，此之謂也，又以目神為兼併而斷之可也。八、枕骨魏魏高突而凸，此為壽骨，而得先天之正氣，故主大壽也。如耳後一骨高起，亦名壽骨，而享大壽，但刑人丁也。

Seventh, if the mountain root rises upward and is prominent, this is due to the thick and solid qi inherited from the Earlier Heaven, indicating a long life. The mountain root is the fundamental basis of life and destiny, so those whose mountain root is low, sunken, and thin usually do not live past forty. This is exactly the meaning conveyed. When making a judgment, it is even more accurate to also consider the eyes. Eighth, if the occipital bone at the back of the head is high and prominent, this is called the 'longevity bone,' indicating the reception of pure and correct qi from the Earlier Heaven, which signifies a long life. If there is another bone that is high and prominent behind the ears, it is also called the 'longevity bone,' and such a person will also live a long life, but this may cause harm to the family members.

九、法令無紋，不滿三十；法令紋至口角，五十以上；法令紋過口角，六十以上；法令紋入地庫，七十以上；法令紋二紋相交，則可至八十九矣。此為壽徵之一大關鍵也。如法令續長者，作添壽論也。十、牙齒齊固堅硬，此主壽徵之一，而多厚祿也；再加聲音遲緩，又發聲從丹田中出者，主大壽也。十一、安臥之間，神定而靜，其氣息不從鼻竅口竅，而從耳竅中進出者，是為龜息，此上上壽也。以上十一則，皆為壽徵應該考查之點，又以部位如何，而定其特壽、上壽、中壽、下壽也。

Ninth, if there are no lines on the philtrum, one will not live past thirty; if the philtrum lines extend to the corners of the mouth, one can live past fifty; if they go beyond the corners of the mouth, one can live past sixty; if they reach the 'earth chamber,' one can live past seventy; if two lines appear on the philtrum crossing over each other, one can live to be in the eighties or nineties. This is a major key in determining longevity. If the philtrum lines continue to grow downward later, they are considered as adding to longevity. Tenth, if the teeth are neat, strong, and solid, this is one aspect of a long life, and also indicates a prosperous official position; if in addition, one speaks calmly and slowly, with the voice coming from deep within the lower abdomen, this indicates a very long life. Eleventh, when a person is asleep, if their expression is calm and serene, and their breath does not pass through the nose or mouth, but instead seems to come in and out through the ear openings, this is called 'turtle breathing,' which is the highest sign of longevity. The above eleven points are all aspects to be examined when determining longevity; then, by looking at how each part is formed, one can determine whether the person is destined for extraordinary longevity, upper longevity, middle longevity, or lower longevity.

公篤曰：相法綱要，在加減乘除一語為根據耳，故有餘不足，而加減其分數，以定其富貴貧賤、壽夭勞逸也。其中分類，有四大綱領，即形局、精神、聲音、氣色，其用最大。至於紋痕、骨、痣、筋絡，為相法之小補耳，不足為定論也。至於手掌足掌，不過為部位之一輔助品耳。茲將其大綱分注如下。

Chen Gongdu said: The general principle of physiognomy is based entirely on the concept of "addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division"—where there is excess in one area and deficiency in another, points are added or subtracted accordingly, thus determining a person's wealth or poverty, longevity or short life, and ease or hardship. Among these, there are four major categories, namely "form and structure," "spirit and vitality," "voice and speech," and "color and complexion," which have the greatest effect. As for things like markings, bone structure, moles, and tendons, they are only minor supplements to physiognomy and cannot serve as the final judgment. As for the palms and soles of the feet, they are merely auxiliary elements outside these four main categories. Now I will explain these four major categories one by one.

一、形質為第一重要。如形質有餘，而精神不足，則主富貴功名、才智事業皆可發達，但不壽而夭亡也，或主多惡痛糾纒而不壽，亦主中道障礙，而發不足也。二、形質有餘，氣色不足，則主其人有才智，有能為，然時勢不助，而多中止之障礙，事實不成，而多反覆之挫折，雖有富貴基礎，終為虛浮飄搖，為受制之例也。

First, "form and substance" is the most important of the four aspects. If form and substance are abundant but spirit is lacking, it indicates prosperity, fame, talent, and success in career, but with a short lifespan and early death; or it may indicate suffering from chronic illness and pain, leading to a short life, or encountering obstacles in the middle of the way, resulting in incomplete success. Second, if form and substance are abundant but color and vitality are lacking, it suggests that the person has talent and ability, but is hindered by unfavorable circumstances, often facing repeated obstacles and failure in affairs. Although they have the foundation for wealth and status, their success is unstable and uncertain, and they are often controlled by others. Such people should wait for the right opportunity to act; striving forcefully will not bring them success.

三、形質有餘，聲音不足，每多困迍，名利虛浮不實，而不收全效，或為勞倍功半，刑剋人丁，以致無形影響，輕棄灰心，勞碌損失也，作半遂論。四、精神為重要之二。如精神有餘，形質不足，主富貴而有壽，其發達也離奇，其遇合也怪異，亦有愛思勞心、嫌疑嫉忌，而有繁煩之駁雜也。

Third, when the form and substance are excessive but the sound and energy are insufficient, people often face many difficulties and hardships, with fame and profit being hollow and unfulfilling, achieving only partial results. They may exert double the effort to gain half the result, and suffer from afflictions that harm family members, thus being subtly affected and easily giving up, becoming disheartened, and suffering losses in vain. This situation can only be considered as 'half success'. Fourth, 'spirit' is the second most important among the four aspects. If the spirit is abundant but the form and substance are lacking, it indicates wealth and longevity, though the path to success is unusual and the opportunities encountered are strange. Such people tend to think a lot and work hard, easily arousing suspicion and jealousy, and their affairs are often complicated and disorderly.

五、精神有餘，氣色不足，其人多才智而成敗不一，勞碌往返，風塵奔馳，然有事業小成，衣祿豐足，不過有壽，而有子女也，亦有時事之阻、人事之累，以困乏其身也。六、精神有餘，聲音不足，此主事業之成半而阻半，中有遺累煩擾，邪行淫蕩，以致惡痛糾握，不正之牽制，無形消耗，招讒之影響，亦有小富貴而有缺點也。

Fifth, if one has sufficient spirit but lacks vitality in appearance, such a person is usually intelligent and talented, but the outcomes of affairs are uncertain, with much toil and back-and-forth effort, constantly traveling and weary. However, their career will have some success, their food and clothing will be sufficient, and they will live a long life with children. Nevertheless, external circumstances may obstruct their path, and people around them may cause trouble, leading to physical exhaustion. Sixth, if one has sufficient spirit but lacks voice, their career will be partially successful and partially obstructed, with disturbances caused by being dragged down by others in the middle. They also engage in improper and reckless behavior, leading to chronic illness and being entangled in inappropriate relationships, which gradually depletes their strength. They are also often influenced by slander. This type may have some wealth and status, but ultimately they are flawed.

七、氣色為第三重要。如氣色有餘，形質不足，方可暫時發達，而收實效，故多小富小貴，而成功居多數，惟不持久，專以氣色而發達也，即破船遇順風而可航海之義也。八、氣色有餘，精神不足，亦主發達，而事業之成功，不過於惡疾多，而壽數弱耳，亦有良好時機，與最好遇合也，是為中下之貴，而非特別事業也，或夭折於貴權之時也。

Seventh, "qi se" (appearance and vitality) is the third most important among the four factors. If "qi se" is abundant but physical form is lacking, one may experience temporary success and immediate results, but such cases are mostly small wealth and minor status, with success being common but not lasting. It is like a broken boat encountering favorable winds, which allows it to sail for a while. Eighth, if "qi se" is abundant but spirit is lacking, it also indicates success and the ability to accomplish affairs, but with more chronic illnesses and a shorter lifespan. Such people often encounter good opportunities and favorable circumstances, but they are generally of medium to lower status, unable to achieve great accomplishments. Some even die during the height of their power.

九、氣色有餘，聲音不足，亦主豐足衣祿，而貪淫好色，邪淫穢行，故所發達有限，依人而獲名利，借力而作事業，結果有限，壽數尋常，中道而生障礙，以牽制其進取也，或人口死亡而灰心消極也。十、聲音為重要之第四。聲音有餘，形質不足，方可小發達，多出偏權副名，而為輔佐人材，豐足衣食，而為小作用也，及結合能力，同舟共濟，多出牽強之事業而為用也。

Ninth, if the aura is abundant but the voice is insufficient, it indicates that one's material needs are met, but they tend to be lustful and immoral in behavior, thus achieving limited success. Such people rely on others to gain fame and profit, and depend on others' strength to accomplish their careers, resulting in limited achievements and an ordinary lifespan. They may also encounter obstacles along the way that hinder their progress, or become disheartened and lose heart due to family deaths. Tenth, 'voice' is the fourth most important among the four factors. If the voice is abundant but the physical form is insufficient, one can only achieve minor success, mostly obtaining a secondary position or authority, serving as an assistant. Although their material needs are met, their contributions are not significant. They are good at cooperation and working with others, often forming makeshift enterprises, which are onlywith difficulty acceptable.

十一、聲音有餘，精神不足，此主多成多敗，及有偏性之嗜好，智小大，力輕任重，偏愛而貪，妄舉而亂，亦有親戚之株累，知交之妨害，然亦有乘時而暫發也。十二、聲音有餘，氣色不足，亦有小富貴，而多惡病，亦有勞碌奔馳，而多困苦，一生自負不凡，偏不遇時機，志向不群，偏不得知己，臨難有轉機，已成而忽敗，似是而非之例也。

The eleventh type is characterized by excessive voice but insufficient spirit, leading to repeated successes and failures throughout life, along with obsessive habits. Although their intelligence is not great, they attempt ambitious plans; though their strength is weak, they bear heavy responsibilities. They are biased in their affections, leading to greed, and act recklessly, causing disorder. They often suffer from involvement with relatives and hindrance from trusted friends. However, such individuals may temporarily achieve success due to favorable circumstances. The twelfth type has an abundant voice but lacks good complexion, resulting in minor wealth but plagued by chronic illness and continuous toil and hardship. Throughout life, they are overly confident yet fail to meet favorable opportunities; they have lofty aspirations but lack understanding companions. When facing critical situations, they suddenly find a turning point, seem to accomplish their tasks, yet suddenly fail—these are examples that appear successful but ultimately fall short.

十三、形質與精神有餘，聲音與氣色不足，此主富貴而有作用，明敏而有才智，多勞而有壽徵，惟平生不大發展，而無驚人事業，多勞而往返，不收全功，或發達而不足也。十四、形質與氣色有餘，聲音與精神不足，此主事業成功，名利並吉，時機與遇合均好，惟多疾厄，與不壽耳，亦主人丁不旺，而有刑剋，或由族戚牽制，而有遺累防內患也，或為發達而不善其後也。

Thirteenth, when both form and substance are abundant, but voice and spirit are lacking, this indicates a person who is wealthy and capable, with a sharp mind and talents and wisdom. Though they may be busy and laborious, they have a long life. However, they are unable to achieve great success in their lifetime, and their efforts may not yield full results, or they may become successful but not to a great extent. Fourteenth, when both form and spirit are abundant, but voice and color are lacking, this indicates success in career, good fortune and wealth, and favorable opportunities and circumstances. However, they tend to suffer from many illnesses and have a short lifespan. Such people also often experience a lack of descendants, conflicts within the family, or being hindered by relatives, leading to internal troubles. They may also achieve success but not have a good ending.

十五、形質與聲音有餘，氣色與精神不足，此主人丁旺而吉，名利成而阻，多成多敗，往返不一，困迍多勞，事業多虛，勞倍而功半也，衣祿亦豐足，不過外患之顧慮深耳。十六、精神與氣色有餘，形質與聲音不足，此主有壽徵而可發達，惟不持久，而不完善，其名與利均吉，惟人丁與疾厄稍弱耳。至於發展，多出異途歧路之乘時為用也。

Fifteenth, when both form and sound are abundant, but color and spirit are lacking, it indicates a prosperous family with many people, and good fortune. Although fame and profit can be achieved, they are often obstructed, leading to repeated failures and repeated successes, a situation of hardship and toil, with most endeavors ending in emptiness. Though clothing and food are sufficient, there is deep concern about external troubles. Sixteenth, when both spirit and color are abundant, but form and sound are lacking, it indicates a long life and potential for success, but the duration is short and the outcome is not complete. Fame and profit are favorable, but family members and physical health are somewhat weak. As for his path, he is likely to take an unconventional route, finding usefulness during favorable times.

十七、精神與聲音有餘，形質與氣色不足，此主有壽而無疾厄，有人丁而無事業，惟障礙多，而名利虛浮，成功有限也，一為弟兄之輔助，一為子女之發達，以濟本身之用也。十八、氣色與聲音有餘，形質與精神不足，此主暫時名利，而有乘時之發達，然不久必敗，又主疾厄與刑人丁，故為夭壽而中道死亡，及不善後也，以及挪雜之錯誤、顛倒之行為也。

Seventeenth, when both spirit and voice are abundant, but form and appearance are lacking, it indicates longevity without illness, but the family may have many people, yet they cannot achieve success. There are many obstacles, and fame and fortune are superficial, with limited achievements. The way out for such people is either through the help of brothers or the success of their children to compensate for their own shortcomings. Eighteenth, when both appearance and voice are abundant, but spirit and form are lacking, it indicates temporary fame and fortune, a brief rise due to favorable circumstances, but soon it will decline. It also indicates frequent illness and harm to family members, leading to a short lifespan, and death before the end of life. Such people often make mistakes involving borrowing and confusion, and act in a disordered manner. The above eighteen points are all derived by pairing the abundance and deficiency of the four aspects.

公篤曰：相法有變論，萬無有四者皆好而無缺，萬無有四者皆不好而全害，故分有餘與不足耳。大體形質為一生之名利、富貴榮枯也，精神為才智事業、富貴壽夭也，氣色為臨時之轉機、吉凶禍福也，聲音為完善不完善、關乎人丁子女也。其合併而論，則可分其大體也。此為絕妙心法，學者不可輕忽，而入異端之途徑也。

Chen Gongdu said: The art of physiognomy has a layer of flexibility - there is no person in the world who has all four aspects - form, spirit, voice, and complexion - perfectly good with no defects, nor is there anyone who has all four aspects completely bad and suffers everywhere. Therefore, the concept of 'excess' and 'deficiency' is introduced. In general, form relates to a person's fame, fortune, wealth, and rise and fall throughout life; spirit relates to intelligence and career, and also looks at wealth and longevity; complexion relates to immediate changes in fortune, that is, good or bad luck, calamity or blessing; voice relates to whether a person is complete and well-rounded, and concerns the family's population and children. When these four aspects are considered together, a person's overall situation can be determined. This is an extremely refined method, and those who study physiognomy must not neglect it, or they will fall into wrong paths.