Duke Yin (Years 1-11)

【傳】惠公元妃孟子。孟子卒，繼室以聲子，生隱公。宋武公生仲子。仲子生而有文在其手，曰為魯夫人，故仲子歸於我。生桓公而惠公薨，是以隱公立而奉之。

[Commentary] The principal wife of Duke Hui was Meng Zi. After Meng Zi died, Sheng Zi was made secondary wife, and she bore Duke Yin. Duke Wu of Song had a daughter, Zhong Zi. When Zhong Zi was born there was a pattern of marks on her hand that read "Lady of Lu," and so Zhong Zi was married into our state. After she bore Duke Huan, Duke Hui died, and so Duke Yin took the position as regent while honoring Duke Huan.

【經】元年春王正月。三月，公及邾儀父盟於蔑。夏五月，鄭伯克段於鄢。

[Classic] In the first year, spring, the first month by the calendar of the Zhou king. In the third month, Duke Yin and Yifu of Zhu made a covenant at Mie. In summer, in the fifth month, the Earl of Zheng defeated Duan at Yan.

秋七月，天王使宰咺來歸惠公、仲子之賵。九月，及宋人盟於宿。冬十有二月，祭伯來。公子益師卒。

In autumn, in the seventh month, the Zhou king sent Zai Xuan to present carriages, horses and garments as funeral aid for Duke Hui and Zhong Zi. In the ninth month, he made a covenant with the men of Song at Su. In winter, in the twelfth month, Earl Zhai came. Gongzi Yishi died.

【傳】元年春，王周正月。不書即位，攝也。

[Commentary] In the first year, spring, the Zhou royal calendar was used for the first month. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record Duke Yin's accession because he was only acting as regent.

三月，公及邾儀父盟於蔑，邾子克也。未王命，故不書爵。曰“儀父”，貴之也。公攝位而欲求好於邾，故為蔑之盟。

In the third month, Duke Yin and Yifu of Zhu made a covenant at Mie. Yifu was Ke, Viscount of Zhu. He had not yet received an enfeoffment from the Zhou king, and so the Annals does not write his rank. Calling him "Yifu" shows respect for him. Duke Yin, having taken the regency, wished to be on good terms with Zhu, and so he held the covenant at Mie.

夏四月，費伯帥師城郎。不書，非公命也。

In summer, in the fourth month, Earl Fei led troops to build a wall at Lang. The Annals does not record it, because it was not done by Duke Yin's order.

初，鄭武公娶於申，曰武姜，生莊公及共叔段。莊公寤生，驚姜氏，故名曰“寤生”，遂惡之。愛共叔段，欲立之。亟請於武公，公弗許。及莊公即位，為之請制。公曰：“制，巖邑也，虢叔死焉。佗邑唯命。”請京，使居之，謂之京城大叔。祭仲曰：“都，城過百雉，國之害也。先王之制：大都，不過參國之一；中，五之一；小，九之一。今京不度，非制也，君將不堪。”公曰：“姜氏欲之，焉闢害？”對曰：“姜氏何厭之有？不如早為之所，無使滋蔓！蔓，難圖也。蔓草猶不可除，況君之寵弟乎？”公曰：“多行不義，必自斃，子姑待之。”

In the beginning, Duke Wu of Zheng took a wife from Shen, named Wu Jiang, who bore Duke Zhuang and Gong Shuduan. When Duke Zhuang was born it was a hard birth, which frightened Lady Jiang, so she named him "Wusheng" (Breech Birth) and from then on disliked him. She favored Gong Shuduan and wished to make him heir, and repeatedly asked Duke Wu for it, but Duke Wu would not agree. When Duke Zhuang took the throne, Lady Jiang asked on behalf of Gong Shuduan for the place called Zhi. Duke Zhuang said: "Zhi is a precipitous city, and Shu of Guo died there. As for other cities, I shall do as you command." Lady Jiang asked for Jing, and Duke Zhuang let him live there, and he was called Grand Uncle of Jing. Zhai Zhong said: "If the wall of a city exceeds a hundred zhi (a unit of wall length), it is a harm to the state. The system of the former kings was that a great city should not exceed one third of the capital, a middling one one fifth, and a small one one ninth. Now Jing does not conform to the standard or the system, and my lord will not be able to bear it." Duke Zhuang said: "Lady Jiang wants it so; how could I avoid the harm?" Zhai Zhong replied: "When has Lady Jiang ever been satisfied? It would be better to arrange early a place for him and not let him grow and spread! Once it spreads it is hard to deal with. Even creeping weeds cannot be got rid of, how much less the favored younger brother of the lord!" Duke Zhuang said: "One who does much that is unrighteous will surely stumble himself; just wait and see."

既而大叔命西鄙、北鄙貳於己。公子呂曰：“國不堪貳，君將若之何？欲與大叔，臣請事之；若弗與，則請除之，無生民心。”公曰：“無庸，將自及。”

Before long the Grand Uncle ordered the western and northern border towns to owe allegiance to both him and Duke Zhuang. Gongzi Lu said: "The state cannot bear a double allegiance; what does my lord intend? If you wish to give the throne to the Grand Uncle, allow me to serve him; if not, please remove him, and do not let the people develop a divided mind." Duke Zhuang said: "There is no need; he will run into disaster by himself."

大叔又收貳以為己邑，至於廩延。子封曰：“可矣，厚將得眾。”公曰：“不義不暱，厚將崩。”

The Grand Uncle then took the border towns of double allegiance as his own cities, extending as far as Linyan. Zifeng said: "It is time to act; with a broad territory he will win the people." Duke Zhuang said: "One who is unrighteous to his ruler and not close to his brother, however broad his land, will collapse."

大叔完聚，繕甲兵，具卒乘，將襲鄭，夫人將啟之。公聞其期，曰：“可矣！”命子封帥車二百乘以伐京。京叛大叔段，段入於鄢，公伐諸鄢。五月辛丑，大叔出奔共。

The Grand Uncle repaired his walls, gathered his people, prepared armor and weapons, readied infantry and chariots, and was about to make a surprise attack on the capital of Zheng, with Lady Jiang to open the city gate for him. Duke Zhuang heard the date agreed on and said: "Now!" He ordered Zifeng to lead two hundred chariots to attack Jing. The people of Jing turned against the Grand Uncle Duan, and Duan fled into Yan, and Duke Zhuang went on to Yan to attack him. On the xinchou day of the fifth month, the Grand Uncle fled to Gong.

書曰：“鄭伯克段於鄢。”段不弟，故不言弟；如二君，故曰克；稱鄭伯，譏失教也：謂之鄭志。不言出奔，難之也。

The Annals wrote: "The Earl of Zheng defeated Duan at Yan." Duan did not act like a younger brother, so he is not called a brother; the two sides were like two rulers in combat, so the word "defeated" is used; calling Zhuang "Earl of Zheng" is a rebuke of Duke Zhuang for failing to instruct his brother properly: this shows that it came from the Earl of Zheng's own intention. The Annals does not write that Duan fled, because it was difficult to put into words.

遂寘姜氏於城潁，而誓之曰：“不及黃泉，無相見也。”既而悔之。

Then he put Lady Jiang in Chengying and swore an oath to her: "Until we reach the Yellow Springs, we shall not see each other again." Before long he regretted it.

潁考叔為潁谷封人，聞之，有獻於公，公賜之食，食舍肉。公問之，對曰：“小人有母，皆嘗小人之食矣，未嘗君之羹，請以遺之。”公曰：“爾有母遺，繄我獨無！”潁考叔曰：“敢問何謂也？”公語之故，且告之悔。對曰：“君何患焉？若闕地及泉，隧而相見，其誰曰不然？”公從之。公入而賦：“大隧之中，其樂也融融！”姜出而賦：“大隧之外，其樂也洩洩！”遂為母子如初。

Ying Kaoshu was the border warden of Yinggu, and when he heard of this he brought a gift for Duke Zhuang. The Duke gave him a meal, and while eating he set the meat aside. The Duke asked him, and he replied: "Your humble servant has a mother, who has tasted all of my food, but has not yet tasted the lord's meat soup; please let me take it home for her." Duke Zhuang said: "You have a mother to whom to show filial devotion; I alone have none!" Ying Kaoshu said: "May I ask what this means?" The Duke told him the reason and said that he regretted it. Ying Kaoshu replied: "What is there for my lord to worry about? If you dig into the earth until you reach spring water and build a tunnel and meet there, who could say it is not meeting at the Yellow Springs?" The Duke followed this. Duke Zhuang entered the tunnel and recited: "Within the great tunnel, how joyful and harmonious!" Lady Jiang came out of the tunnel and recited: "Outside the great tunnel, how joyful and relaxed!" And so mother and son were as before.

君子曰：“潁考叔，純孝也，愛其母，施及莊公。《詩》曰‘孝子不匱，永錫爾類。’其是之謂乎！”秋七月，天王使宰咺來歸惠公、仲子之賵。緩，且子氏未薨，故名。天子七月而葬，同軌畢至；諸侯五月，同盟至；大夫三月，同位至；士逾月，外姻至。

The gentleman said: "Ying Kaoshu was a man of pure filial devotion; he loved his own mother and extended it to Duke Zhuang. The Odes say: 'The filial son's filial devotion is without end; it forever bestows blessings on those of his kind.' That is what this refers to!" In autumn, in the seventh month, the Zhou king sent Zai Xuan to present carriages, horses and garments as funeral aid for Duke Hui and Zhong Zi. They came late, and moreover Zhong Zi had not yet died, so the Annals records Zai Xuan's name. When the Son of Heaven dies he is buried after seven months, and the feudal lords with the same chariot gauge all attend; for a feudal lord, five months, and those in alliance attend; for a grandee, three months, and those of equal office attend; for a scholar, after a month, relatives by marriage attend.

贈死不及屍，吊生不及哀，豫凶事，非禮也。

To present gifts to the dead without reaching the encoffining, to offer condolence to the living without reaching the period of mourning, and to arrange funeral matters in advance, is contrary to ritual.

八月，紀人伐夷。夷不告，故不書。

In the eighth month, the people of Ji attacked Yi. Yi did not report it, and so the Annals does not record it.

有蜚。不為災，亦不書。

Fei insects appeared. They caused no harm, and the Annals does not record it either.

惠公之季年，敗宋師於黃。公立而求成焉。九月，及宋人盟於宿，始通也。

In his late years Duke Hui defeated the army of Song at Huang. After Duke Yin took the throne he sought peace with Song. In the ninth month he made a covenant with the men of Song at Su, and from then on exchanges began.

冬十月庚申，改葬惠公。公弗臨，故不書。惠公之薨也，有宋師，太子少，葬故有闕，是以改葬。衛侯來會葬，不見公，亦不書。鄭共叔之亂，公孫滑出奔衛。衛人為之伐鄭，取廩延。鄭人以王師、虢師伐衛南鄙。請師於邾。邾子使私於公子豫，豫請往，公弗許，遂行。及邾人、鄭人盟於翼。不書，非公命也。

In winter, on the gengshen day of the tenth month, Duke Hui was reburied. Duke Yin did not attend in person, and so the Annals does not record it. When Duke Hui died there was war with Song and the heir was young, so the funeral was deficient and he was reburied. The Marquis of Wei came to attend the burial but did not see Duke Yin, and the Annals does not record this either. When Gong Shuduan of Zheng rebelled, Gongsun Hua fled to Wei. The men of Wei attacked Zheng on his behalf and took Linyan. The men of Zheng, with the royal army and the army of Guo, attacked the southern border of Wei. They asked Zhu for troops. The Viscount of Zhu told Gongzi Yu privately; Gongzi Yu asked to go, Duke Yin would not agree, and he went by himself. He made a covenant with the men of Zhu and the men of Zheng at Yi. The Annals does not record it, because it was not done by Duke Yin's order.

新作南門。不書，亦非公命也。

The south gate was newly built. The Annals does not record it, also because it was not done by Duke Yin's order.

十二月，祭伯來，非王命也。

In the twelfth month, Earl Zhai came, not by the Zhou king's command.

眾父卒。公不與小斂，故不書日。

Zhong Fu died. Duke Yin did not take part in the lesser encoffining, and so the Annals does not give the date.

【經】二年春，公會戎於潛。夏五月，莒人入向。無駭帥師入極。秋八月庚辰，公及戎盟於唐。九月，紀裂繻來逆女。冬十月，伯姬歸於紀。紀子帛、莒子盟於密。十有二月乙卯，夫人子氏薨。鄭人伐衛。

[Classic] In the second year, spring, Duke Yin met with the Rong at Qian. In summer, in the fifth month, the men of Ju entered Xiang. Wuhai led troops and entered Ji. In autumn, on the gengchen day of the eighth month, Duke Yin made a covenant with the Rong at Tang. In the ninth month, Lie Xu of Ji came to meet the bride. In winter, in the tenth month, Bo Ji married into the state of Ji. Zi Bo of Ji and the Viscount of Ju made a covenant at Mi. In the twelfth month, on the yimao day, the Lady Zi died. The men of Zheng attacked Wei.

【傳】二年春，公會戎於潛，修惠公之好也。戎請盟，公辭。

[Commentary] In the second year, spring, Duke Yin met with the Rong at Qian, in order to renew the friendship of Duke Hui's time. The Rong asked for a covenant, and Duke Yin declined.

莒子娶於向，向姜不安莒而歸。夏，莒人入向，以姜氏還。

The Viscount of Ju took a wife from the state of Xiang, but Xiang Jiang could not settle in Ju and returned to her family home. In summer, the men of Ju entered Xiang and brought Lady Jiang back.

司空無駭入極，費庈父勝之。

The Minister of Works Wuhai entered Ji, and Fei Gengfu took Ji.

戎請盟。秋，盟於唐，復修戎好也。

The Rong asked for a covenant. In autumn, a covenant was made at Tang, again to renew friendship with the Rong.

九月，紀裂繻來逆女，卿為君逆也。

In the ninth month, Lie Xu of Ji came to meet the bride; this was a minister coming to receive the bride on behalf of his ruler.

冬，紀子帛、莒子盟於密，魯故也。

In winter, Zi Bo of Ji and the Viscount of Ju made a covenant at Mi, for the sake of Lu.

鄭人伐衛，討公孫滑之亂也。

The men of Zheng attacked Wei, to punish the rebellion of Gongsun Hua.

【經】三年春王二月，己巳，日有食之。三月庚戌，天王崩。夏四月辛卯，君氏卒。秋，武氏子來求賻。八月庚辰，宋公和卒。冬十有二月，齊侯，鄭伯盟於石門。癸未，葬宋穆公。

[Classic] In the third year, spring, on the jisi day of the second month by the Zhou calendar, there was a solar eclipse. On the gengxu day of the third month, the Son of Heaven died. In summer, on the xinmao day of the fourth month, Lady Jun died. In autumn, the son of the Wu clan came to seek funeral aid. On the gengchen day of the eighth month, Duke He of Song died. In winter, in the twelfth month, the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng made a covenant at Shimen. On the guiwei day, Duke Mu of Song was buried.

【傳】三年春，王三月壬戌，平王崩。赴以庚戌，故書之。

[Commentary] In the third year, spring, on the renxu day of the third month by the Zhou calendar, King Ping died. The announcement said gengxu, and so the Annals records it according to the announcement.

夏，君氏卒。聲子也。不赴於諸侯，不反哭於寢，不祔於姑，故不曰薨。不稱夫人，故不言葬，不書姓。為公故，曰“君氏”。

In summer, Lady Jun died. This was Sheng Zi. No announcement was sent to the feudal lords, no mourning was held in the ancestral temple, and her spirit tablet was not joined to her mother-in-law's in the sacrifice, and so the term "hong" is not used. She is not called "lady," so the burial is not recorded and the surname is not written. Because she was Duke Yin's own mother, she is called "Lady Jun."

鄭武公、莊公為平王卿士。王貳於虢，鄭伯怨王，王曰“無之”。故周、鄭交質。王子狐為質於鄭，鄭公子忽為質於周。王崩，周人將畀虢公政。四月，鄭祭足帥師取溫之麥。秋，又取成周之禾。周、鄭交惡。

Duke Wu and Duke Zhuang of Zheng successively served as ministers to King Ping. The Son of Heaven then divided government among the Duke of Guo, and the Earl of Zheng resented the Son of Heaven, who said, "There is no such thing." So Zhou and Zheng exchanged hostages. Prince Hu was a hostage in Zheng, and Gongzi Hu of Zheng was a hostage in Zhou. After the Son of Heaven died, the men of Zhou prepared to hand government to the Duke of Guo. In the fourth month, Zhai Zu of Zheng led troops and cut the wheat of Wen. In autumn, they again cut the grain of Chengzhou. Zhou and Zheng became hostile.

君子曰：“信不由中，質無益也。明恕而行，要之以禮，雖無有質，誰能間之？苟有明信，澗溪沼沚之毛，蘋蘩薀藻之菜，筐筥錡釜之器，潢汙行潦之水，可薦於鬼神，可羞於王公，而況君子結二國之信，行之以禮，又焉用質？《風》有《採繁》、《採蘋》，《雅》有《行葦》、《泂酌》，昭忠信也。”

The gentleman said: "If good faith does not come from the heart, hostages are of no use. If one acts with clear discernment and consideration, and restrains oneself with ritual, then even without hostages who could sow discord? If there is truly clear good faith, then the wild plants in streams, ponds and islets, such wild vegetables as apple-mugwort, white mugwort, duckweed and pondweed, vessels such as baskets, bamboo containers and cauldrons, standing water and water flowing on the road, can all be offered to the spirits and presented to kings and dukes; how much more when gentlemen conclude good faith between two states and act by ritual, what need is there of hostages? The Airs include 'Gathering Mugwort' and 'Gathering Apple Mugwort,' and the Odes include 'Walking Among the Reeds' and 'Drawing Water from a Distance,' all of which commend loyalty and good faith."

武氏子來求賻，王未葬也。

The son of the Wu clan came to seek funeral aid because the Son of Heaven had not yet been buried.

宋穆公疾，召大司馬孔父而屬殤公焉，曰：“先君舍與夷而立寡人，寡人弗敢忘。若以大夫之靈，得保首領以沒，先君若問與夷，其將何辭以對？請子奉之，以主社稷，寡人雖死，亦無悔焉。”對曰：“群臣願奉馮也。”公曰：“不可。

Duke Mu of Song was gravely ill and summoned the Grand Marshal Kong Fu, entrusting Duke Shang to him, saying: "The former ruler passed over Yuyi and set me up, and I dare not forget it. If, by the grace of the grandees, I can die with my head intact, and the former ruler should ask about Yuyi, what shall I say in reply? I ask you to serve him in managing the altars of the state, and then even if I die I shall have no regret." Kong Fu replied: "The ministers wish to serve Gongzi Feng." Duke Mu said: "No.

先君以寡人為賢，使主社稷，若棄德不讓，是廢先君之舉也，豈曰能賢？光昭先君之令德，可不務乎？吾子其無廢先君之功。”使公子馮出居於鄭。八月庚辰，宋穆公卒。殤公即位。

(Duke Mu of Song continued:) The former ruler thought me worthy and had me manage the altars of the state; if I abandoned virtue and did not yield the position, that would be to discard the former ruler's promotion, so how could it be called worthy? To carry forward the former ruler's fine virtue, can one do it without effort? Do not abandon the former ruler's achievement." And so he had Gongzi Feng go to live in Zheng. On the gengchen day of the eighth month, Duke Mu of Song died, and Duke Shang took the throne.

君子曰：“宋宣公可謂知人矣。立穆公，其子饗之，命以義夫。《商頌》曰：‘殷受命咸宜，百祿是荷。’其是之謂乎！”冬，齊、鄭盟於石門，尋盧之盟也。庚戌，鄭伯之車僨於濟。

The gentleman said: "Duke Xuan of Song can be said to have known men. He set up Duke Mu, and yet his own son came to hold the throne; this was appointment by righteousness. The Odes of Shang say: 'In every receiving of the mandate, Yin was fitting, and received a hundred blessings.' That is what this means!" In winter, Qi and Zheng made a covenant at Shimen, renewing the covenant of Lu. On the gengxu day, the Earl of Zheng's chariot overturned in the Ji River.

衛莊公娶於齊東宮得臣之妹，曰莊姜，美而無子，衛人所為賦《碩人》也。

Duke Zhuang of Wei took a wife, the younger sister of Deichen of the Eastern Palace of Qi, called Zhuang Jiang; she was beautiful but had no son, and the men of Wei composed the ode "Shuo Ren" about her.

又娶於陳，曰厲媯，生孝伯，早死。其娣戴媯生桓公，莊姜以為己子。公子州籲，嬖人之子也，有寵而好兵，公弗禁，莊姜惡之。石碏諫曰：“臣聞愛子，教之以義方，弗納於邪。驕、奢、淫、泆，所自邪也。四者之來，寵祿過也。將立州籲，乃定之矣，若猶未也，階之為禍。夫寵而不驕，驕而能降，降而不憾，憾而能眕者鮮矣。且夫賤妨貴，少陵長，遠間親，新間舊，小加大，淫破義，所謂六逆也。君義，臣行，父慈，子孝，兄愛，弟敬，所謂六順也。去順效逆，所以速禍也。君人者將禍是務去，而速之，無乃不可乎？”弗聽，其子厚與州籲遊，禁之，不可。桓公立，乃老。

He also took a wife from Chen, called Li Gui, who bore Xiao Bo, who died young. Her younger sister Dai Gui bore Duke Huan, whom Zhuang Jiang treated as her own son. Gongzi Zhouxu was the son of a favored concubine; he was favored and fond of using arms, and Duke Zhuang did not restrain him, and Zhuang Jiang disliked him. Shi Que remonstrated: "I have heard that in loving a son, one should instruct him in the right way and not let him enter evil paths. Arrogance, extravagance, licentiousness and dissipation are the origins of going down an evil path. These four come because favor and emolument go too far. If you wish to set Zhouxu up, settle it; if it is not yet decided, you are making a stepping stone to disaster for him. It is rare for one who is favored not to be arrogant, who is arrogant to be content with a lower rank, who is demoted not to resent, and who resents to restrain himself. Moreover, the lowly obstructing the noble, the young overriding the old, the distant dividing the close, the new dividing the old, the weak bullying the strong, and licentiousness destroying righteousness: these are the so-called six reversals. A ruler acting in righteousness, a minister carrying it out, a father kind, a son filial, an elder brother loving, a younger brother respectful: these are the so-called six accordances. To discard accordance and imitate reversal is to hasten disaster. One who is a ruler should strive to remove disaster, and instead you hasten it; is that not unacceptable?" Duke Zhuang did not listen. Shi Que's son Shi Hou associated with Zhouxu; Shi Que forbade it but could not stop it. After Duke Huan took the throne, Shi Que retired in old age.

【經】四年春王二月，莒人伐杞，取牟婁。戊申，衛州籲弒其君完。夏，公及宋公遇於清。宋公、陳侯、蔡人、衛人伐鄭。秋，翬帥師會宋公、陳侯、蔡人、衛人伐鄭。九月，衛人殺州籲於濮。冬十有二月，衛人立晉。

[Classic] In the fourth year, spring, in the second month by the Zhou calendar, the men of Ju attacked Qi and took Moulou. On the wushen day, Zhouxu of Wei murdered his ruler Wan. In summer, Duke Yin met Duke of Song by chance at Qing. The Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the men of Cai and the men of Wei attacked Zheng. In autumn, Hui led troops and joined the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the men of Cai and the men of Wei in attacking Zheng. In the ninth month, the men of Wei killed Zhouxu at Pu. In winter, in the twelfth month, the men of Wei set up Jin as ruler.

【傳】四年春，衛州籲弒桓公而立。公與宋公為會，將尋宿之盟。未及期，衛人來告亂。夏，公及宋公遇於清。

[Commentary] In the fourth year, spring, Zhouxu of Wei murdered Duke Huan and set himself up. Duke Yin and the Duke of Song agreed to meet in order to renew the covenant of Su. Before the agreed date, men of Wei came to report the disorder. In summer, Duke Yin and the Duke of Song met by chance at Qing.

宋殤公之即位也，公子馮出奔鄭，鄭人慾納之。及衛州籲立，將修先君之怨於鄭，而求寵於諸侯以和其民，使告於宋曰：“君若伐鄭以除君害，君為主，敝邑以賦與陳、蔡從，則衛國之願也。”宋人許之。於是，陳、蔡方睦於衛，故宋公、陳侯、蔡人、衛人伐鄭，圍其東門，五日而還。

When Duke Shang of Song took the throne, Gongzi Feng fled to Zheng, and the men of Zheng wished to send him back to be ruler. When Zhouxu of Wei was set up, he planned to avenge the old resentment between the former ruler and Zheng, and also to seek favor from the feudal lords to settle his own people; he sent word to Song: "If you, my lord, attack Zheng to remove the harm to you, with you taking the lead, my humble state will supply troops and follow Chen and Cai; that is Wei's wish." The men of Song agreed. At that time Chen and Cai were on good terms with Wei, and so the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the men of Cai and the men of Wei attacked Zheng, besieged the east gate, and returned after five days.

公問於眾仲曰：“衛州籲其成乎？”對曰：“臣聞以德和民，不聞以亂。以亂，猶治絲而棼之也。夫州籲，阻兵而安忍。阻兵無眾，安忍無親，眾叛親離，難以濟矣。夫兵猶火也，弗戢，將自焚也。夫州籲弒其君而虐用其民，於是乎不務令德，而欲以亂成，必不免矣。”

Duke Yin asked Zhong Zhong: "Can Zhouxu of Wei succeed?" Zhong Zhong replied: "I have heard of settling the people by virtue, but not by disorder. To use disorder is like trying to sort silk and tangling it instead. Zhouxu relies on military force and is at ease with cruelty. Relying on military force, he has no followers; at ease with cruelty, he has no relatives. When people and kin forsake him, it is hard to succeed. Weapons are like fire; if not restrained, they will burn the user. Zhouxu murdered his ruler and cruelly works his people, yet he does not strive for good virtue and hopes to succeed by creating disorder; he certainly cannot avoid disaster."

秋，諸侯復伐鄭。宋公使來乞師，公辭之。羽父請以師會之，公弗許，固請而行。故書曰“翬帥師”，疾之也。諸侯之師敗鄭徒兵，取其禾而還。

In autumn, the feudal lords again attacked Zheng. The Duke of Song sent a man to ask for troops, and Duke Yin declined. Yufu asked to lead troops to join them, and Duke Yin did not agree; after he pressed his request he went anyway. Therefore the Annals writes "Hui led troops" to show disapproval of him. The feudal lords' armies defeated Zheng's infantry, cut its grain, and returned.

州籲未能和其民，厚問定君於石子。石子曰：“王覲為可。”曰：“何以得覲？”曰：“陳桓公方有寵於王，陳、衛方睦，若朝陳使請，必可得也。”厚從州籲如陳。石碏使告於陳曰：“衛國褊小，老夫耄矣，無能為也。此二人者，實弒寡君，敢即圖之。”陳人執之而請蒞於衛。九月，衛人使右宰醜蒞殺州籲於濮，石碏使其宰獳羊肩蒞殺石厚於陳。

Zhouxu could not settle his people, and Shi Hou asked Shi Que how to secure the throne. Shi Que said: "Go to court before the Son of Heaven, and that will do." He asked: "How can an audience be obtained?" He said: "Duke Huan of Chen is now in favor with the Son of Heaven, and Chen and Wei are on good terms; if you pay court to Chen and ask him to request on your behalf, it will surely be granted." Shi Hou followed Zhouxu to Chen. Shi Que sent word to Chen: "Wei is small and I am old and can do nothing. These two men truly murdered my late ruler; I venture to ask that you deal with them on the spot." The men of Chen arrested them and asked Wei to come and deal with them on the spot. In the ninth month, the men of Wei sent the Right Steward Chou to Pu and killed Zhouxu on the spot, and Shi Que sent his house steward Nu Yangjian to Chen to kill Shi Hou on the spot.

君子曰：“石碏，純臣也，惡州籲而厚與焉。‘大義滅親’，其是之謂乎！”衛人逆公子晉於邢。冬十二月，宣公即位。書曰“衛人立晉”眾也。

The gentleman said: "Shi Que was a pure minister: he hated Zhouxu, and Shi Hou was also removed along with him. 'Putting great righteousness above kinship' refers to this!" The men of Wei went to Xing to welcome Gongzi Jin. In winter, in the twelfth month, Duke Xuan took the throne. The Annals writes "the men of Wei set up Jin" because it came from the will of the people.

【經】五年春，公矢魚於棠。夏四月，葬衛桓公。秋，衛師入郕。九月，考仲子之宮。初獻六羽。邾人、鄭人伐宋。螟。冬十有二月辛巳，公子彄卒。

[Classic] In the fifth year, spring, Duke Yin displayed fishing gear at Tang. In summer, in the fourth month, Duke Huan of Wei was buried. In autumn, the army of Wei entered Cheng. In the ninth month, the temple of Zhong Zi was completed. For the first time the six-row feather dance was offered. The men of Zhu and the men of Zheng attacked Song. There was a plague of borers. In winter, on the xinsi day of the twelfth month, Gongzi Qiang died.

宋人伐鄭，圍長葛。

The men of Song attacked Zheng and besieged Changge.

【傳】五年春，公將如棠觀魚者。臧僖伯諫曰：“凡物不足以講大事，其材不足以備器用，則君不舉焉。君將納民於軌物者也。故講事以度軌量謂之軌，取材以章物採謂之物，不軌不物謂之亂政。亂政亟行，所以敗也。故春蒐夏苗，秋獮冬狩，皆於農隙以講事也。三年而治兵，入而振旅，歸而飲至，以數軍實。昭文章，明貴賤，辨等列，順少長，習威儀也。鳥獸之肉不登於俎，皮革齒牙、骨角毛羽不登於器，則公不射，古之制也。若夫山林川澤之實，器用之資，皂隸之事，官司之守，非君所及也。”公曰：“吾將略地焉。”遂往，陳魚而觀之。僖伯稱疾，不從。書曰“公矢魚於棠”，非禮也，且言遠地也。

[Commentary] In the fifth year, spring, Duke Yin was about to go to Tang to watch fishermen. Zang Xibo remonstrated: "In general, if a thing is not suited to practicing great affairs, and the materials are not suited to making utensils, the ruler does not act. The ruler is the one who brings the people into the norms and the standards. So practicing great affairs to correct the rules is called the norm, and selecting materials to display the colors and patterns is called the standard; what is neither norm nor standard is called disorderly government. When disorderly government is repeatedly carried out, that is why states fall. Therefore the spring hunt, the summer hunt, the autumn hunt and the winter hunt are all held in the farming off-season to practice great affairs. Every three years the army is drilled, enters the city to arrange its ranks, returns to announce it with a drinking feast, and counts the military supplies. Displaying the patterns, distinguishing noble from humble, separating ranks, and ordering young and old is practicing dignified conduct. If the meat of birds and beasts cannot be put on the sacrificial stand, and the hides, teeth, bones, horns, fur and feathers cannot be used for utensils, the ruler does not shoot; this is the ancient rule. As for the products of mountains, forests, rivers and marshes and the materials for utensils, these are the business of menials and the duty of the officials, and not for the ruler to concern himself with." Duke Yin said: "I am going to inspect the border." And so he went, and had the fishing gear displayed and watched. Xibo claimed illness and did not accompany him. The Annals writes "The Duke displayed fish at Tang" because it was contrary to ritual, and it also makes clear that it was a distant place.

曲沃莊伯以鄭人、邢人伐翼，王使尹氏、武氏助之。翼侯奔隨。

Zhuang Bo of Quwo led the men of Zheng and the men of Xing to attack Yi, and the Son of Heaven sent the Yin clan and the Wu clan to help him. The Marquis of Yi fled to Sui.

夏，葬衛桓公。衛亂，是以緩。

In summer, Duke Huan of Wei was buried. Wei had had disorder, and so it was late.

四月，鄭人侵衛牧，以報東門之役。衛人以燕師伐鄭。鄭祭足、原繁、洩駕以三軍軍其前，使曼伯與子元潛軍軍其後。燕人畏鄭三軍而不虞制人。六月，鄭二公子以制人敗燕師於北制。君子曰：“不備不虞，不可以師。”

In the fourth month, the people of Zheng raided the pasture lands outside Wei in retaliation for the campaign at the Eastern Gate. The people of Wei brought in the army of Yan to attack Zheng. Zhai Zu, Yuan Fan, and Xie Jia of Zheng led the three armies and drew up in front, while sending Man Bo and Zi Yuan with the troops of Zhi to take position quietly in the rear. The men of Yan feared Zheng's three armies but had no guard against the men of Zhi. In the sixth month, the two sons of the Zheng ruler defeated the Yan army at Beizhi with the men of Zhi. The gentleman said: "If one does not guard against the unexpected, one should not send out troops."

曲沃叛王。秋，王命虢公伐曲沃而立哀侯於翼。

Quwo rebelled against the Son of Heaven. In autumn, the Son of Heaven ordered the Duke of Guo to attack Quwo, and installed Marquis Ai at Yi.