Duke Zhao (First to Thirty-second Year)

【經】三十有一年春王正月，公在乾侯。季孫意如會晉荀躒於適歷。夏四月丁巳，薛伯谷卒。晉侯使荀躒唁公於乾侯。秋，葬薛獻公。冬，黑肱以濫來奔。

[Classic] In the thirty-first year, spring, the first month by the Zhou royal calendar, the duke was at Ganhou. Jisun Yiru met Xun Li of Jin at Shili. In summer, on the dingsi day of the fourth month, Gu, Earl of Xue, died. The Marquis of Jin sent Xun Li to Ganhou to console the duke. In autumn, Duke Xian of Xue was buried. In winter, Hei Gong came as a refugee with Lan.

十有二月辛亥朔，日有食之。

On the first day of the twelfth month, the xinhai day, there was a solar eclipse.

【傳】三十一年春，王正月，公在乾侯，言不能外內也。

[Commentary] In the thirty-first year, spring, the first month by the Zhou royal calendar, the duke was at Ganhou, meaning that he could obtain help neither from abroad nor from within.

晉侯將以師納公。範獻子曰：“若召季孫而不來，則信不臣矣。然後伐之，若何？”晉人召季孫，獻子使私焉，曰：“子必來，我受其無咎。”季孫意如會晉荀躒於適歷。荀躒曰：“寡君使躒謂吾子：‘何故出君？有君不事，周有常刑，子其圖之！’”季孫練冠麻衣跣行，伏而對曰：“事君，臣之所不得也，敢逃刑命？君若以臣為有罪，請囚於費，以待君之察也，亦唯君。若以先臣之故，不絕季氏，而賜之死。若弗殺弗亡，君之惠也，死且不朽。若得從君而歸，則固臣之願也。敢有異心？”夏四月，季孫從知伯如乾侯。子家子曰：“君與之歸。一慚之不忍，而終身慚乎？”公曰：“諾。”眾曰：“在一言矣，君必逐之。”荀躒以晉侯之命唁公，且曰：“寡君使躒以君命討於意如，意如不敢逃死，君其入也！”公曰：“君惠顧先君之好，施及亡人，將使歸糞除宗祧以事君，則不能夫人。己所能見夫人者，有如河！”荀躒掩耳而走，曰：“寡君其罪之恐，敢與知魯國之難？臣請復於寡君。”退而謂季孫：“君怒未怠，子姑歸祭。”子家子曰：“君以一乘入於魯師，季孫必與君歸。”公欲從之，眾從者脅公，不得歸。

The Marquis of Jin was about to send the army to escort the duke back to his state. Fan Xianzi said: "If we summon Jisun and he does not come, he truly does not keep the way of a minister. Then we can attack him; how about that?" The people of Jin summoned Jisun, and Xianzi sent someone to tell him privately: "You must come; I guarantee you will have no harm." Jisun Yiru met Xun Li of Jin at Shili. Xun Li said: "Our lord has sent Li to say to you: 'For what reason did you drive out your ruler? Having a ruler and not serving him, Zhou has a fixed punishment; consider it!'" Jisun wore a cap of plain silk and a hemp garment and went barefoot, and prostrated himself and answered: "Serving the ruler is what your servant cannot obtain; would I dare avoid the command of punishment? If the ruler thinks your servant guilty, please imprison me at Bi and await the ruler's inquiry, in all things as the ruler decides. If, for the sake of my former ministers, the Ji clan is not wiped out, then grant me death. If I am neither killed nor exiled, it is the ruler's kindness, and even in death I will not be forgotten. If I can return with the ruler, that is what your servant truly wishes. Would I dare have a divided heart?" In summer, in the fourth month, Jisun followed Zhi Bo to Ganhou. Zijia Zi said: "My lord, return together with him. A single bout of shame cannot be endured, but must you bear shame for your whole life?" The duke said: "Good." The people said: "It hangs on a single word; my lord must drive him out." Xun Li consoled the duke in the name of the Marquis of Jin and added: "Our lord has sent Li to punish Yiru by your command; Yiru does not dare avoid death. My lord, please go in!" The duke said: "If the lord shows kindness out of regard for the friendship of our former lords, extending it to one who is in exile, and lets me return to sweep the ancestral temple in order to serve him, then I cannot see that man. If I could ever see that man in his presence, may the River God be my witness!" Xun Li covered his ears and ran off, saying: "Our lord fears even his own faults; how would he dare take part in knowing the troubles of Lu? Your servant begs to report to our lord." He withdrew and said to Jisun: "The ruler's anger has not yet eased; for now you should go back and preside over the sacrifices." Zijia Zi said: "If the ruler enters the Lu army with a single chariot, Jisun will surely return with the ruler." The duke wanted to follow this advice, but his followers pressed the duke, and he could not go back.

薛伯谷卒，同盟，故書。

Gu, Earl of Xue, died; because he was a covenant ally, it is recorded.

秋，吳人侵楚，伐夷，侵潛、六。楚沈尹戌帥師救潛，吳師還。楚師遷潛於南岡而還。吳師圍弦。左司馬戌、右司馬稽帥師救弦，及豫章。吳師還。始用子胥之謀也。

In autumn, the people of Wu raided Chu, attacked Yi, and raided Qian and Liu. Shen Yinxu of Chu led troops to rescue Qian, and the Wu army withdrew. The Chu army moved Qian to Nangang and then went back. The Wu army besieged Xian. The Left Marshal Xu and the Right Marshal Ji led troops to rescue Xian and reached Yuzhang. The Wu army withdrew. Zixu's plan was now being used.

冬，邾黑肱以濫來奔，賤而書名，重地故也。君子曰：“名之不可不慎也如是。夫有所名，而不如其已。以地叛，雖賤，必書地，以名其人。終為不義，弗可滅已。是故君子動則思禮，行則思義，不為利回，不為義疚。或求名而不得，或欲蓋而名章，懲不義也。齊豹為衛司寇，守嗣大夫，作而不義，其書為‘盜’。

In winter, Hei Gong of Zhu came as a refugee with Lan; his status was low yet his name is recorded, because the land was valued. The gentleman said: "One must be careful with names, as this shows. To have a name that is recorded is worse than having none. One who rebels with land, though lowly, will certainly have the land recorded, in order to point out that person's name. In the end he becomes unrighteous, and this cannot be erased. Therefore a gentleman thinks of ritual at every move and of righteousness at every act, is not twisted by profit and not troubled in conscience by righteousness. Some seek a name and cannot get it; some want to hide their name and it is made plain; this is to warn against unrighteousness. Qi Bao was Minister of Crime of Wei, a grand officer who kept his hereditary position, but he acted unrighteously, and the record calls him a 'bandit.'

邾庶其、莒牟夷、邾黑肱以土地出，求食而已，不求其名，賤而必書。此二物者，所以懲肆而去貪也。若艱難其身，以險危大人，而有名章徹，攻難之士將奔走之。

Shu Qi of Zhu, Mou Yi of Ju and Hei Gong of Zhu left with their land only to seek food, not seeking that name; they were lowly, yet they are surely recorded. These two things serve to warn against recklessness and to remove greed. If one went through hardship oneself in order to harm the great men above and yet had one's name made famous, those who attack the endangered would run to do it.

若竊邑叛君，以徼大利而無名，貪冒之民將置力焉。是以《春秋》書齊豹曰‘盜’，三叛人名，以懲不義，數惡無禮，其善志也。故曰：《春秋》之稱微而顯，婉而辨。上之人能使昭明，善人勸焉，淫人懼焉，是以君子貴之。”

If someone steals a city and rebels against his ruler in order to gain great profit yet has no evil name, greedy and reckless people will exert themselves for it. Therefore the Annals records Qi Bao as a 'bandit' and writes out the names of the three who rebelled, in order to warn against unrighteousness and to reproach ugliness and lack of ritual; this is skilled writing. Hence it is said that the language of the Annals is subtle yet clear and indirect yet discriminating. If those above can make it shine, good people are encouraged and the dissolute are made afraid, and so the gentleman values it."

十二月辛亥朔，日有食之。是夜也，趙簡子夢童子羸而轉以歌。旦占諸史墨，曰：“吾夢如是，今而日食，何也？”對曰：“六年及此月也，吳其入郢乎！終亦弗克。入郢，必以庚辰，日月在辰尾。庚午之日，日始有謫。火勝金，故弗克。”

On the first day of the twelfth month, the xinhai day, there was a solar eclipse. That night, Zhao Jianzi dreamed of a naked boy turning about and singing. In the morning he asked Shi Mo and said: "My dream was like this, and now there is also an eclipse; what does it mean?" He answered: "In six years, in this month, Wu will probably enter Ying! In the end it will not be able to win. When it enters Ying, it will certainly be on a gengchen day, with the sun and moon at the tail of Chen. On the gengwu day, the sun first shows a rebuke. Fire overcomes metal, and so it will not be able to win."

【經】三十有二年春王正月，公在乾侯。取闞。夏，吳伐越。秋七月。冬，仲孫何忌會晉韓不信、齊高張、宋仲幾、衛世叔申、鄭國參、曹人、莒人、薛人、杞人、小邾人城成周。十有二月己未，公薨於乾侯。

[Classic] In the thirty-second year, spring, the first month by the Zhou royal calendar, the duke was at Ganhou. He took Kan. In summer, Wu attacked Yue. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, Zhongsun Heji joined Han Buxin of Jin, Gao Zhang of Qi, Zhong Ji of Song, Shi Shu Shen of Wei, Guo Can of Zheng, and the men of Cao, Ju, Xue, Qi and Lesser Zhu in fortifying Chengzhou. On the jiwei day of the twelfth month, the duke died at Ganhou.

【傳】三十二年春，王正月，公在乾侯。言不能外內，又不能用其人也。

[Commentary] In the thirty-second year, spring, the first month by the Zhou royal calendar, the duke was at Ganhou. This means he could obtain help neither from abroad nor from within, and also could not employ his own people.

夏，吳伐越，始用師于越也。史墨曰：“不及四十年，越其有吳乎！越得歲而吳伐之，必受其兇。”

In summer, Wu attacked Yue, the first time it used arms against Yue. Shi Mo said: "Within forty years, Yue will probably possess Wu! Yue has obtained Jupiter, and Wu attacked it, and will surely suffer the ill omen."

秋八月，王使富辛與石張如晉，請城成周。天子曰：“天降禍於周，俾我兄弟並有亂心，以為伯父憂。我一二親暱甥舅，不遑啟處，於今十年，勤戍五年。

In autumn, in the eighth month, the Son of Heaven of Zhou sent Fu Xin and Shi Zhang to Jin to request the fortification of Chengzhou. The Son of Heaven said: "Heaven has sent misfortune on Zhou and made even my brothers have rebellious hearts, which has become an anxiety to my uncle. My several close maternal kin have had no leisure to rest for ten years, and have labored on garrison duty for five years.

餘一人無日忘之，閔閔焉如農夫之望歲，懼以待時。伯父若肆大惠，復二文之業，馳周室之憂，徼文、武之福，以固盟主，宣昭令名，則餘一人有大願矣。昔成王合諸侯，城成周，以為東都，崇文德焉。今我欲徼福假靈於成王，修成周之城，俾戍人無勤，諸侯用寧，蝥賊遠屏，晉之力也。其委諸伯父，使伯父實重圖之。

I alone have not forgotten it for a single day; I am anxious like a farmer hoping for the harvest, wary and awaiting the season. If my uncle will extend great kindness, restore the work of Marquis Wen and Duke Wen, ease the worries of the Zhou house, seek the blessings of Kings Wen and Wu, strengthen the leader of the covenant and proclaim a bright and fine name, that would be my own great wish. Formerly King Cheng assembled the lords and fortified Chengzhou as the eastern capital, honoring cultural virtue. Now I wish to seek blessing and borrow the spirit from King Cheng, repair the walls of Chengzhou so that the garrison does not have to toil and the lords are thereby at peace, and so that the grain-eating pests are driven far away; this is the strength of Jin. I entrust it to my uncle; let my uncle truly reconsider.

俾我一人無徵怨於百姓，而伯父有榮施，先王庸之。”範獻子謂魏獻子曰：“與其戍周，不如城之。天子實云，雖有後事，晉勿與知可也。從王命以紓諸侯，晉國無憂。是之不務，而又焉從事？”魏獻子曰：“善！”使伯音對曰：“天子有命，敢不奉承，以奔告於諸侯。遲速衰序，於是焉在。”

Let me alone not draw resentment from the people, and let my uncle have glorious bestowals, for which the former kings will reward him." Fan Xianzi said to Wei Xianzi: "Rather than garrison Zhou, it is better to build the wall. The Son of Heaven has indeed said so, and even if there is trouble later, Jin need not be involved. Following the royal command to ease the lords, Jin will have no worry. If we do not do this, what shall we do?" Wei Xianzi said: "Good!" He sent Boyin to reply: "The Son of Heaven has given a command; how dare we not obey? We will hurry to inform the lords. The speed, the schedule and the order will be fixed in this one matter."

冬十一月，晉魏舒、韓不信如京師，合諸侯之大夫於狄泉，尋盟，且令城成周。魏子南面。衛彪徯曰：“魏子必有大咎。幹位以令大事，非其任也。《詩》曰：‘敬天之怒，不敢戲豫。敬天之渝，不敢馳驅。’況敢幹位以作大事乎？”己丑，士彌牟營成周，計丈數，揣高卑，度厚薄，仞溝恤，物土方，議遠邇，量事期，計徒庸，慮材用，書餱糧，以令役於諸侯，屬役賦丈，書以授帥，而效諸劉子。韓簡子臨之，以為成命。

In winter, in the eleventh month, Wei Shu and Han Buxin of Jin went to the capital, assembled the grand officers of the lords at Diquan, renewed the covenant, and commanded the fortification of Chengzhou. Master Wei faced south. Wei Biaoxi said: "Master Wei will surely meet great disaster. He has usurped a position to proclaim an order for a great matter, which he cannot bear. The Odes say: 'Fearing the anger of Heaven, I dare not play or idle. Fearing the changes of Heaven, I dare not run wild.' How much more, then, does one dare usurp a position to do a great thing?" On the jichou day, Shi Mimou laid out Chengzhou, calculating the number of feet and measuring height, measuring thickness, surveying the moats and ditches (the base text has a variant form of the word for ditches), examining the earthwork, discussing distances, estimating the schedule, counting labor, considering materials, registering dry provisions, issuing orders to the lords for service, assigning labor and allotting lengths, writing it down and handing it to the commanders, and presenting it again to the Viscount of Liu. Han Jianzi supervised and treated it as a settled order.

十二月，公疾，遍賜大夫，大夫不受。賜子家子雙琥，一環，一璧，輕服，受之。大夫皆受其賜。己未，公薨。子家子反賜於府人，曰：“吾不敢逆君命也。”

In the twelfth month, the duke fell ill and gave gifts to all the grand officers, but the grand officers did not accept. He gave Zijia Zi a pair of jade tigers, a ring, a disk and light warm clothing, and he accepted them. The grand officers then all accepted gifts. On the jiwei day, the duke died. Zijia Zi returned the gifts to the officer of the treasury, saying: "I dare not go against the ruler's command."

大夫皆反其賜。書曰：“公薨於乾侯。”言失其所也。

The grand officers all returned their gifts. The record says: "The duke died at Ganhou," meaning that he lost the place where he should have been.

趙簡子問於史墨曰：“季氏出其君，而民服焉，諸侯與之，君死於外，而莫之或罪也。”對曰：“物生有兩，有三，有五，有陪貳。故天有三辰，地有五行，體有左右，各有妃耦。王有公，諸侯有卿，皆有貳也。天生季氏，以貳魯侯，為日久矣。民之服焉，不亦宜乎？魯君世從其失，季氏世修其勤，民忘君矣。雖死於外，其誰矜之？社稷無常奉，君臣無常位，自古以然。故《詩》曰：‘高岸為谷，深谷為陵。’三後之姓，於今為庶，王所知也。在《易》卦，雷乘《乾》曰《大壯》ⅲⅰ，天之道也。昔成季友，桓之季也，文姜之愛子也，始震而卜。卜人謁之，曰：‘生有嘉聞，其名曰友，為公室輔。’及生，如卜人之言，有文在其手曰‘友’，遂以名之。既而有大功於魯，受費以為上卿。至於文子、武子，世增其業，不廢舊績。魯文公薨，而東門遂殺適立庶，魯君於是乎失國，政在季氏，於此君也，四公矣。民不知君，何以得國？是以為君，慎器與名，不可以假人。”

Zhao Jianzi asked Shi Mo: "Jisun drove out his ruler, yet the people submit to him, the lords are close to him, and the ruler died abroad with no one blaming him." He answered: "Things are born in pairs, in threes, in fives, and with a counterpart. Therefore Heaven has the three luminaries, earth has the five phases, the body has left and right, each with a mate. The king has dukes, the lords have ministers, and each has a second. Heaven gave birth to Jisun to be the second of the Marquis of Lu, and that was a very long time ago. That the people submit to him, is that not only proper? The rulers of Lu followed their faults for generations, and the Ji clan cultivated its diligence for generations, and the people forgot their ruler. Even if he died abroad, who would pity him? The altars of state have no fixed worshipers, and ruler and minister have no fixed places; it has been so since antiquity. Therefore the Odes say: 'High banks become valleys, deep valleys become hills.' The descendants of the Three Rulers are now commoners, as the king knows. In the hexagrams of the Changes, thunder riding above Qian is called Great Strength (the base text has the hexagram symbol here), which is the pattern of Heaven. Long ago Ji You, called Chengji, the youngest son of Duke Huan and the beloved son of Wen Jiang, was divined about as soon as she was pregnant. The diviner reported: 'He will be born with a good name, his name will be You, and he will be an assistant to the ducal house.' When he was born, it was as the diviner said, with lines on his hand like the character for 'friend,' and so he was named for it. Afterward he rendered great service to Lu and received Bi as a senior minister. Down to Wenzi and Wuzi, generation after generation they added to the family estate and did not discard past achievements. When Duke Wen of Lu died, Dongmen Sui killed the legitimate heir and set up a son by a lesser wife, and from then on the rulers of Lu lost the government, which has been in the hands of the Ji clan, through this ruler, for four dukes already. If the people do not know their ruler, how can he hold the state? Therefore one who is a ruler must be careful with vessels and titles, and may not lend them to others."

【經】元年春王三月。晉人執宋仲幾於京師。夏六月癸亥，公之喪至自乾侯。

[Classic] In the first year, spring, the third month by the Zhou royal calendar. The people of Jin seized Zhong Ji of Song in the capital. In summer, on the guihai day of the sixth month, the duke's coffin arrived from Ganhou.

戊辰，公即位。秋七月癸巳，葬我君昭公。九月，大雩。立煬宮。冬十月，隕霜殺菽。

On the wuchen day, the duke took the throne. In autumn, on the guisi day of the seventh month, our lord Duke Zhao was buried. In the ninth month, the great rain sacrifice was held. The Yang Temple was established. In winter, in the tenth month, frost fell and killed the beans.

【傳】元年春，王正月辛巳，晉魏舒合諸侯之大夫於狄泉，將以城成周。魏子蒞政。衛彪傒曰：“將建天子，而易位以令，非義也。大事奸義，必有大咎。

[Commentary] In the first year, spring, the first month by the Zhou royal calendar, on the xinsi day, Wei Shu of Jin assembled the grand officers of the lords at Diquan, about to fortify Chengzhou. Master Wei took charge of the affair. Wei Biaoxi said: "He is about to build a wall for the Son of Heaven yet changes his position to issue orders; this is unrighteous. To offend righteousness in a great matter will surely bring great disaster.

晉不失諸侯，魏子其不免乎！”是行也，魏獻子屬役於韓簡子及原壽過，而田於大陸，焚焉，還，卒於寧。範獻子去其柏槨，以其未覆命而田也。

If Jin does not lose the lords, Master Wei will perhaps not escape!" On this trip, Wei Xianzi handed over the labor to Han Jianzi and Yuan Shouguo, and himself went hunting in Dalu, setting fires to clear the land. On his return he died at Ning. Fan Xianzi had his outer coffin of cypress removed, because he had gone hunting before reporting back.

孟懿子會城成周，庚寅，栽。宋仲幾不受功，曰：“滕、薛、郳，吾役也。”

Meng Yizi took part in fortifying Chengzhou, and on the gengyin day the pounded-earth walls began. Zhong Ji of Song did not accept the labor assignment, saying: "Teng, Xue and Ni are to serve us."

薛宰曰：“宋為無道，絕我小國於周，以我適楚，故我常從宋。晉文公為踐土之盟，曰：‘凡我同盟，各復舊職。’若從踐土，若從宋，亦唯命。”仲幾曰：“踐土固然。”薛宰曰：“薛之皇祖奚仲，居薛以為夏車正。奚仲遷於邳，仲虺居薛，以為湯左相。若復舊職，將承王官，何故以役諸侯？”仲幾曰：“三代各異物，薛焉得有舊？為宋役，亦其職也。”士彌牟曰：“晉之從政者新，子姑受功。歸，吾視諸故府。”仲幾曰：“縱子忘之，山川鬼神其忘諸乎？”士伯怒，謂韓簡子曰：“薛徵於人，宋徵於鬼，宋罪大矣。且己無辭而抑我以神，誣我也。

The steward of Xue said: "Song acts without the way, cuts off our small state from Zhou and takes us to Chu, and so we often followed Song. When Duke Wen of Jin made the covenant at Jiantu, he said: 'Whoever is in our covenant, let each restore his old duty.' Shall we follow Jiantu or follow Song? We listen only to the command." Zhong Ji said: "Jiantu was indeed so." The Xue steward said: "Xue's august ancestor Xi Zhong lived in Xue and was Master of Chariots for Xia. Xi Zhong moved to Pi, and Zhong Hui lived in Xue and was Left Chancellor to Tang. If old duties were restored, we would be inheriting royal offices; why should we serve the lords?" Zhong Ji said: "The three dynasties each differed; how could Xue still have old duties? Serving Song is also its own duty." Shi Mimou said: "The man in charge of government in Jin is new; for now, accept the labor assignment. After we return, I will check the old archives." Zhong Ji said: "Even if you forget, would the spirits of the mountains and rivers also forget?" Shi Bo was angry and said to Han Jianzi: "Xue takes witnesses from men, and Song takes witnesses from spirits; Song's guilt is great. Moreover, having no words of his own, he uses spirits to overawe us, which is deceiving us.

啟寵納侮，其此之謂矣。必以仲幾為戮。”乃執仲幾以歸。三月，歸諸京師。

Opening the way to favor and then inviting insult: this is what it means. We must take Zhong Ji as the example for punishment." So they seized Zhong Ji and took him back. In the third month, they sent him to the capital.

城三旬而畢，乃歸諸侯之戍。

The wall was finished in thirty days, and then they sent back the garrisons of the lords.

齊高張後，不從諸侯。晉女叔寬曰：“周萇弘、齊高張皆將不免。萇叔違天，高子違人。天之所壞，不可支也。眾之所為，不可奸也。”

Gao Zhang of Qi came late and did not follow the lords. Nü Shukuan of Jin said: "Chang Hong of Zhou and Gao Zhang of Qi will both not escape. Chang Shu has gone against Heaven, and Gaozi has gone against men. What Heaven intends to destroy cannot be propped up. What the multitude does cannot be offended."

夏，叔孫成子逆公之喪於乾侯。季孫曰：“子家子亟言於我，未嘗不中吾志也。吾欲與之從政，子必止之，且聽命焉。”子家子不見叔孫，易幾而哭。叔孫請見子家子，子家子辭，曰：“羈未得見，而從君以出。君不命而薨，羈不敢見。”

In summer, Shu Sun Chengzi went to Ganhou to receive the duke's coffin. Jisun said: "Zijia Zi has spoken to me many times and never once failed to match my own thoughts. I want to take charge of government together with him; you must keep him and have him listen to our order." Zijia Zi did not see Shu Sun and changed the time of his mourning wails. Shu Sun asked to see Zijia Zi, and Zijia Zi declined, saying: "Ji had not been able to see you when he followed the lord out of the state. The lord died without a command, so Ji does not dare to meet you."

叔孫使告之曰：“公衍、公為實使群臣不得事君。若公子宋主社稷，則群臣之願也。凡從君出而可以入者，將唯子是聽。子家氏未有後，季孫願與子從政，此皆季孫之願也，使不敢以告。”對曰：“若立君，則有卿士、大夫與守龜在，羈弗敢知。若從君者，則貌而出者，入可也；寇而出者，行可也。若羈也，則君知其出也，而未知其入也，羈將逃也。”

Shu Sun sent someone to tell him: "Gongyan and Gongwei were truly the ones who prevented the ministers from serving the lord. If Prince Song presides over the altars of state, it is the ministers' wish. All those who followed the lord out of the state and are suitable to enter will listen only to you. The Zijia clan has no heir yet, and Jisun is willing to take charge of government together with you. All this is Jisun's wish, and I dare not fail to inform you." He replied: "As for setting up a ruler, the ministers, grand officers and the tortoise-keepers are there, and Ji does not dare take part in knowing it. As for those who followed the lord, those who outwardly followed him out of the state may come in; those who left like enemies may go away. As for Ji, the lord knew he left the state but does not yet know he comes in, and Ji will flee."

喪及壞隤，公子宋先入，從公者皆自壞隤反。

When the coffin reached Huaitui, Prince Song entered first, and those who had followed the duke all turned back from Huaitui.

六月癸亥，公之喪至自乾侯。戊辰，公即位。季孫使役如闞，公氏將溝焉。

In the sixth month, on the guihai day, the duke's coffin arrived from Ganhou. On the wuchen day, the duke took the throne. Jisun sent laborers to Kan, intending to dig a ditch to separate the tomb from the other ducal tombs.

榮駕鵝曰：“生不能事，死又離之，以自旌也。縱子忍之，後必或恥之。”乃止。

Rong Jiae said: "He could not be served in life, and now you separate him in death; this is advertising your own fault. Even if you can bear it, later generations will certainly be ashamed of it." So it was stopped.

季孫問於榮駕鵝曰：“吾欲為君諡，使子孫知之。”對曰：“生弗能事，死又惡之，以自信也。將焉用之？”乃止。

Jisun asked Rong Jiae: "I want to give the lord a posthumous title so that descendants will know." He answered: "You could not serve him in life and now you dislike him in death, using it to justify yourself; what is the use?" So it was stopped.

秋七月癸巳，葬昭公於墓道南。孔子之為司寇也，溝而合諸墓。

In autumn, on the guisi day of the seventh month, Duke Zhao was buried south of the passage to the tombs. When Confucius was Minister of Crime, he dug a ditch to join the tomb with the others.

昭公出，故季平子禱於煬公。九月，立煬宮。

Because Duke Zhao went out of the state, Ji Pingzi prayed to Duke Yang. In the ninth month, the Yang Temple was established.

周鞏簡公棄其子弟，而好用遠人。

Gong Jian, Duke of Zhou's Gong, abandoned his own sons and brothers and liked to employ men from afar.

【經】二年春王正月。夏五月壬辰，雉門及兩觀滅。秋，楚人伐吳。冬十月，新作雉門及兩觀。

[Classic] In the second year, spring, the first month by the Zhou royal calendar. In summer, on the renchen day of the fifth month, the Zhi Gate and the two towers caught fire. In autumn, the people of Chu attacked Wu. In winter, in the tenth month, the Zhi Gate and the two towers were newly built.

【傳】二年夏四月辛酉，鞏氏之群子弟賊簡公。

[Commentary] In the second year, summer, on the xinyou day of the fourth month, a group of younger kinsmen of the Gong clan killed Duke Jian.

桐叛楚。吳子使舒鳩氏誘楚人，曰：“以師臨我，我伐桐，為我使之無忌。”

Tong rebelled against Chu. The Viscount of Wu sent the Shujiu clan to lure the people of Chu, saying: "Press us with your army, and we shall attack Tong, and on our behalf make them free of suspicion."

秋，楚囊瓦伐吳，師於豫章。吳人見舟於豫章，而潛師於巢。冬十月，吳軍楚師於豫章，敗之。遂圍巢，克之，獲楚公子繁。

In autumn, Nang Wa of Chu attacked Wu, and the army was stationed at Yuzhang. The people of Wu displayed boats at Yuzhang but hid their army at Chao. In winter, in the tenth month, Wu attacked the Chu army at Yuzhang and defeated it. They then besieged Chao, took it, and captured Prince Fan of Chu.

邾莊公與夷射姑飲酒，私出。閽乞肉焉。奪之杖以敲之。

Duke Zhuang of Zhu was drinking with Yi Shegu and went out in private. The gatekeeper asked him for meat. Duke Zhuang seized his staff and beat him.

【經】三年春王正月，公如晉，至河，乃復。二月辛卯，邾子穿卒。夏四月。

[Classic] In the third year, spring, the first month by the Zhou royal calendar, the duke went to Jin, reached the Yellow River, and turned back. On the xinmao day of the second month, Chuan, Viscount of Zhu, died. In summer, the fourth month.

秋，葬邾莊公。冬，仲孫何忌及邾子盟於拔。

In autumn, Duke Zhuang of Zhu was buried. In winter, Zhongsun Heji made a covenant with the Viscount of Zhu at Ba.

【傳】三年春二月辛卯，邾子在門臺，臨廷。閽以瓶水沃廷。邾子望見之，怒。閽曰：“夷射姑旋焉。”命執之，弗得，滋怒。自投於床，廢於爐炭，爛，遂卒。先葬以車五乘，殉五人。莊公卞急而好潔，故及是。

[Commentary] In the third year, spring, on the xinmao day of the second month, the Viscount of Zhu was on the gate terrace looking down at the courtyard. The gatekeeper sprinkled the courtyard with a jar of water. The Viscount of Zhu saw it and was angry. The gatekeeper said: "Yi Shegu urinated here." He ordered him seized, but he was not caught, and he grew angrier. He threw himself onto his bed, fell onto the hot coals of the brazier, was burned and ulcerated, and so died. First five chariots were used for burial, and five people were buried with him. Duke Zhuang was hasty and fond of cleanliness, and so it came to this.

秋九月，鮮虞人敗晉師於平中，獲晉觀虎，恃其勇也。

In autumn, in the ninth month, the people of Xianyu defeated the Jin army at Pingzhong and captured Guan Hu of Jin, because he relied on his courage.

冬，盟於郯，修邾好也。

In winter, they made a covenant at Tan, renewing friendship with Zhu.

蔡昭侯為兩佩與兩裘，以如楚，獻一佩一裘於昭王。昭王服之，以享蔡侯。

Marquis Zhao of Cai had made two jade pendants and two fur coats, and went to Chu and presented one pendant and one coat to King Zhao. King Zhao wore them to feast the Marquis of Cai.

蔡侯亦服其一。子常欲之，弗與，三年止之。唐成公如楚，有兩肅爽馬，子常欲之，弗與，亦三年止之。唐人或相與謀，請代先從者，許之。飲先從者酒，醉之，竊馬而獻之子常。子常歸唐侯。自拘於司敗，曰：“君以弄馬之故，隱君身，棄國家，群臣請相夫人以償馬，必如之。”唐侯曰：“寡人之過也，二三子無辱。”

The Marquis of Cai also wore the other set. Zichang wanted it, was not given it, and detained him for three years. Duke Cheng of Tang went to Chu and had two fine Sushuang horses; Zichang wanted them, was not given them, and detained him for three years too. Some of the people of Tang conspired together and asked to replace the followers who had come first, and it was allowed. They gave the original followers wine and got them drunk, stole the horses and presented them to Zichang. Zichang let the Marquis of Tang go back. They had themselves bound and sent to the Minister of Justice, saying: "Because of a horse for pleasure, our lord hid himself away and abandoned his state. We ministers ask to help that man pay for the horses, certainly as he would." The Marquis of Tang said: "It was my fault; you gentlemen need not take disgrace."

皆賞之。蔡人聞之，固請而獻佩於子常。子常朝，見蔡侯之徒，命有司曰：“蔡君之久也，官不共也。明日，禮不畢，將死。”蔡侯歸，及漢，執玉而沈，曰“餘所有濟漢而南者，有若大川。”蔡侯如晉，以其子元與其大夫之子為質焉，而請伐楚。

All were rewarded. The people of Cai heard of it and insistently asked that the pendant be presented to Zichang. Zichang went to court, saw the Marquis of Cai's followers, and ordered the officials: "The reason the lord of Cai has stayed so long is that the officials have not supplied him. If the ritual is not completed tomorrow, he will be put to death." The Marquis of Cai returned, and on reaching the Han River he took a jade and sank it, saying: "If I ever again cross the Han southward, may this great river be my witness." The Marquis of Cai went to Jin, gave his son Yuan and the sons of grand officers as hostages, and asked to attack Chu.

【經】四年春王二月癸巳，陳侯吳卒。三月，公會劉子、晉侯、宋公、蔡侯、衛侯、陳子、鄭伯、許男、曹伯、莒子、邾子、頓子、鬍子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子、齊國夏於召陵，侵楚。夏四月庚辰，蔡公孫姓帥師滅沈，以沈子嘉歸，殺之。五月，公及諸侯盟於皋鼬。杞伯成卒於會。六月，葬陳惠公。許遷於容城。

[Classic] In the fourth year, spring, the second month by the Zhou royal calendar, on the guisi day, Wu, Marquis of Chen, died. In the third month, the duke met the Viscount of Liu, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Wei, the Viscount of Chen, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Hu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, the Viscount of Lesser Zhu and Guo Xia of Qi at Zhaoling, and raided Chu. In summer, on the gengchen day of the fourth month, Gongsun Xing of Cai led troops and destroyed Shen, took Jia, Viscount of Shen, back, and killed him. In the fifth month, the duke and the lords made a covenant at Gaoyou. Cheng, Earl of Qi, died at the meeting. In the sixth month, Duke Hui of Chen was buried. Xu moved to Rongcheng.

秋七月，至自會。劉卷卒。葬杞悼公。楚人圍蔡。晉士鞅、衛孔圍帥師伐鮮虞。

In autumn, in the seventh month, the duke returned from the meeting. Liu Juan died. Duke Dao of Qi was buried. The people of Chu besieged Cai. Shi Yang of Jin and Kong Wei of Wei led troops to attack Xianyu.

葬劉文公。冬十有一月庚午，蔡侯以吳子及楚人戰於柏舉，楚師敗績。楚囊瓦出奔鄭。庚辰，吳入郢。

Duke Wen of Liu was buried. In winter, on the gengwu day of the eleventh month, the Marquis of Cai led the Viscount of Wu and fought the people of Chu at Boju, and the Chu army was greatly defeated. Nang Wa of Chu fled to Zheng. On the gengchen day, Wu entered Ying.

【傳】四年春三月，劉文公合諸侯於召陵，謀伐楚也。

[Commentary] In the fourth year, spring, in the third month, Duke Wen of Liu assembled the lords at Zhaoling, to plan the attack on Chu.