Duke Xiang (Years 1 to 31)

【經】元年春王正月，公即位。仲孫蔑會晉欒黶、宋華元、衛寧殖、曹人、莒人、邾人、滕人、薛人圍宋彭城。夏，晉韓厥帥師伐鄭，仲孫蔑會齊崔杼、曹人、邾人、杞人次於鄫。秋，楚公子壬夫帥師侵宋。九月辛酉，天王崩。邾子來朝。冬，衛侯使公孫剽來聘。晉侯使荀罃來聘。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang took the throne. Zhongsun Mie joined Luan Yan of Jin, Hua Yuan of Song, Ning Zhi of Wei, and the men of Cao, Ju, Zhu, Teng and Xue in besieging Pengcheng of Song. In summer, Han Jue of Jin led an army to attack Zheng, and Zhongsun Mie joined Cui Zhu of Qi and the men of Cao, Zhu and Qi (the state of Qi in the east) and encamped at Zeng. In autumn, Prince Renfu of Chu led an army to invade and attack Song. In the ninth month, on the xinyou day, the Son of Heaven died. The Viscount of Zhu came to court. In winter, the Marquis of Wei sent Gongsun Piao on a visit. The Marquis of Jin sent Xun Ying on a visit.

【傳】元年春己亥，圍宋彭城。非宋地，追書也。於是為宋討魚石，故稱宋，且不登叛人也，謂之宋志。彭城降晉，晉人以宋五大夫在彭城者歸，置諸瓠丘。

[Commentary] In the first year, in spring, on the jihai day, they besieged Pengcheng of Song. At that time it was no longer Song's land, and the Spring and Autumn Annals recorded it retrospectively. Here they were attacking Yu Shi on behalf of Song, and so it is called Song's; and in not letting the rebels have their way, it is called the will of the men of Song. Pengcheng surrendered to Jin, and the men of Jin took the five high officers of Song who were in Pengcheng back with them and settled them at Huqiu.

齊人不會彭城，晉人以為討。二月，齊大子光為質於晉。

The men of Qi did not take part in besieging Pengcheng, and Jin therefore called them to account. In the second month, Crown Prince Guang of Qi went to Jin as hostage.

夏五月，晉韓厥、荀偃帥諸侯之師伐鄭，入其郛，敗其徒兵於洧上。於是東諸侯之師次於鄫，以待晉師。晉師自鄭以鄫之師侵楚焦夷及陳，晉侯、衛侯次於戚，以為之援。

In summer, in the fifth month, Han Jue and Xun Yan of Jin led the armies of the feudal lords to attack Zheng, entered the outer city and defeated the Zheng infantry by the Wei River. At this time the armies of the eastern feudal lords were encamped at Zeng, waiting for the Jin army. The Jin army, leading the Zeng troops from Zheng, invaded and attacked Jiao and Yi of Chu and Chen; the Marquis of Jin and the Marquis of Wei encamped at Qi as reserves.

秋，楚子辛救鄭，侵宋呂、留。鄭子然侵宋，取犬丘。

In autumn, Zixin of Chu relieved Zheng and invaded and attacked Lu and Liu of Song. Ziran of Zheng invaded and attacked Song and took Quanqiu.

九月，邾子來朝，禮也。

In the ninth month, the Viscount of Zhu came to court, which accords with ritual.

冬，衛子叔、晉知武子來聘，禮也。凡諸侯即位，小國朝之，大國聘焉，以繼好結信，謀事補闕，禮之大者也。

In winter, Zishu of Wei and Zhi Wuzi of Jin came on visits, which accords with ritual. Whenever a feudal lord takes the throne, small states come to court and great states send visits, to continue friendship and establish good faith, to discuss affairs and make up for lapses; this is the greatest of rituals.

【經】二年春王正月，葬簡王。鄭師伐宋。夏五月庚寅，夫人姜氏薨。六月庚辰，鄭伯侖卒。晉師、宋師、衛寧殖侵鄭。秋七月，仲孫蔑會晉荀罃、宋華元、衛孫林父、曹人、邾人於戚。己丑，葬我小君齊姜。叔孫豹如宋。冬，仲孫蔑會晉荀罃、齊崔杼、宋華元、衛孫林父、曹人、邾人、滕人、薛人、小邾人於戚，遂城虎牢。楚殺其大夫公子申。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, King Jian was buried. The Zheng army attacked Song. In summer, in the fifth month, on the gengyin day, the lady Jiang died. In the sixth month, on the gengchen day, Lun, Earl of Zheng, died. The armies of Jin and Song and Ning Zhi of Wei invaded and attacked Zheng. In autumn, in the seventh month, Zhongsun Mie met Xun Ying of Jin, Hua Yuan of Song, Sun Linfu of Wei, and the men of Cao and Zhu at Qi. On the jichou day, our lady Qi Jiang was buried. Shu Sun Bao went to Song. In winter, Zhongsun Mie met at Qi Xun Ying of Jin, Cui Zhu of Qi, Hua Yuan of Song, Sun Linfu of Wei, and the men of Cao, Zhu, Teng, Xue and Little Zhu, and then they built the wall of Hulao. Chu killed its high officer Prince Shen.

【傳】二年春，鄭師侵宋，楚令也。

[Commentary] In the second year, in spring, the Zheng army invaded and attacked Song, by Chu's command.

齊侯伐萊，萊人使正輿子賂夙沙衛以索馬牛，皆百匹，齊師乃還。君子是以知齊靈公之為“靈”也。

The Marquis of Qi attacked Lai, and the men of Lai sent Zheng Yuzi with a hundred each of selected horses and oxen to bribe Susha Wei, and the Qi army then went back. The gentleman thereby knew why Duke Ling of Qi was given the posthumous name "Ling."

夏，齊姜薨。初，穆姜使擇美檟，以自為櫬與頌琴。季文子取以葬。君子曰：“非禮也。禮無所逆，婦，養姑者也，虧姑以成婦，逆莫大焉。《詩》曰：‘其惟哲人，告之話言，順德之行。’季孫於是為不哲矣。且姜氏，君之妣也。

In summer, Qi Jiang died. Earlier, Mu Jiang had someone select good catalpa wood to make a coffin and a song zither for herself. Ji Wenzi took it and used it for the burial. The gentleman said: "This is not proper. Ritual has no perversity: a daughter-in-law is one who serves her mother-in-law, and to diminish the mother-in-law in order to complete the daughter-in-law is the greatest perversity. The Odes say: 'Only the wise, tell him good words and he follows virtue.' In this matter Ji Sun cannot be called wise. Moreover Jiang was the ruler's grandmother.

《詩》曰：‘為酒為醴，烝畀祖妣，以洽百禮，降福孔偕。’”齊侯使諸姜宗婦來送葬。召萊子，萊子不會，故晏弱城東陽以逼之。

(The gentleman continued:) "The Odes say: 'Make wine and sweet liquor and present them to the ancestresses, in order to accompany the many rites; the blessings sent down will be universal.'" The Marquis of Qi sent the various Jiang women and women of the same clan to attend the funeral. He summoned the Viscount of Lai, but the Viscount did not attend the meeting, so Yan Ruo built the wall of Dongyang to press him.

鄭成公疾，子駟請息肩於晉。公曰：“楚君以鄭故，親集矢於其目，非異人任，寡人也。若背之，是棄力與言，其誰暱我？免寡人，唯二三子！”秋七月庚辰，鄭伯侖卒。於是子罕當國，子駟為政，子國為司馬。晉師侵鄭，諸大夫欲從晉。子駟曰：“官命未改。”

Duke Cheng of Zheng fell ill, and Zisi asked to lay down the burden in Jin. Duke Cheng said: "For Zheng's sake the lord of Chu personally had an arrow strike his eye; the one who bore this was none other than I. If I betrayed him, I would be abandoning others' exertions and promises, and who would be close to us? To free me from guilt, it rests only on you gentlemen!" In autumn, in the seventh month, on the gengchen day, Lun, Earl of Zheng, died. At this time Zihan was in charge of the state's affairs, Zisi held government, and Ziguo was Marshal. The Jin army invaded and attacked Zheng, and the high officers wished to follow Jin. Zisi said: "The ruler's command has not yet changed."

會於戚，謀鄭故也。孟獻子曰：“請城虎牢以逼鄭。”知武子曰：“善。鄫之會，吾子聞崔子之言，今不來矣。滕、薛、小邾之不至，皆齊故也。寡君之憂不唯鄭。罃將復於寡君，而請於齊。得請而告，吾子之功也。若不得請，事將在齊。君子之請，諸侯之福也，豈唯寡君賴之。”

They met at Qi to plan about Zheng. Meng Xianzi said: "Please build the wall of Hulao to press Zheng." Zhi Wuzi said: "Good. At the meeting at Zeng, you heard Cui's words, and now he has not come. Teng, Xue and Little Zhu did not come, all because of Qi. My lord's worry is not only Zheng. Ying will report to my lord and also make a request to Qi. If the request is granted I will inform you, and that will be your merit. If the request is not obtained, the matter will rest with Qi. Your request is a blessing to the feudal lords, not something my lord alone depends on."

穆叔聘於宋，通嗣君也。

Mu Shu went to Song on a visit, to establish friendly relations with the newly enthroned ruler.

冬，復會於戚，齊崔武子及滕、薛、小邾之大夫皆會，知武子之言故也。遂城虎牢，鄭人乃成。

In winter, there was another meeting at Qi, at which Cui Wuzi of Qi and the high officers of Teng, Xue and Little Zhu all took part, because of Zhi Wuzi's words. They then built the wall of Hulao, and the men of Zheng then made peace.

楚公子申為右司馬，多受小國之賂，以逼子重、子辛，楚人殺之。故書曰：“楚殺其大夫公子申。”

Prince Shen of Chu, who was Right Marshal, took in many goods from small states in order to press Zizhong and Zixin, and the men of Chu killed him. Therefore the Spring and Autumn Annals records: "Chu killed its high officer Prince Shen."

【經】三年春，楚公子嬰齊帥師伐吳。公如晉。夏四月壬戌，公及晉侯盟於長樗。公至自晉。六月，公會單子、晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、莒子、邾子、齊世子光。己未，同盟於雞澤。陳侯使袁僑如會。戊寅，叔孫豹及諸侯之大夫及陳袁僑盟。秋，公至自會。冬，晉荀罃帥師伐許。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, Prince Yingqi of Chu led an army to attack Wu. Duke Xiang went to Jin. In summer, in the fourth month, on the renxu day, Duke Xiang made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin at Changchu. Duke Xiang returned from Jin. In the sixth month, Duke Xiang met the Viscount of Shan, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu and Crown Prince Guang of Qi. On the jiwei day, they made a covenant together at Jize. The Marquis of Chen sent Yuan Qiao to the meeting. On the wuyin day, Shu Sun Bao and the high officers of the feudal lords made a covenant with Yuan Qiao of Chen. In autumn, Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. In winter, Xun Ying of Jin led an army to attack Xu.

【傳】三年春，楚子重伐吳，為簡之師，克鳩茲，至於衡山。使鄧廖帥組甲三百、被練三千以侵吳。吳人要而擊之，獲鄧廖。其能免者，組甲八十、被練三百而已。子重歸，既飲至，三日，吳人伐楚，取駕。駕，良邑也。鄧廖，亦楚之良也。君子謂：“子重於是役也，所獲不如所亡。”楚人以是咎子重。子重病之，遂遇心病而卒。

[Commentary] In the third year, in spring, Zizhong of Chu attacked Wu, organized a selected army, took Jiuzi and reached Mount Heng. He sent Deng Liao with three hundred armored troops in silk cuirasses and three thousand trained foot soldiers to invade and attack Wu. The men of Wu attacked them across the middle and captured Deng Liao. Of those who escaped, there were only eighty armored troops and three hundred trained foot soldiers. Zizhong returned, and when he had already held the drinking-victory ceremony, three days later the men of Wu attacked Chu and took Jia. Jia was a fine town. Deng Liao too was a worthy man of Chu. The gentleman held that: "In this campaign, what Zizhong gained did not equal what he lost." The men of Chu therefore blamed Zizhong. Zizhong took this to heart and so contracted a heart ailment and died.

公如晉，始朝也。夏，盟於長樗。孟獻子相，公稽首。知武子曰：“天子在，而君辱稽首，寡君懼矣。”孟獻子曰：“以敝邑介在東表，密邇仇讎，寡君將君是望，敢不稽首？”晉為鄭服故，且欲修吳好，將合諸侯。使士匄告於齊曰：“寡君使匄，以歲之不易，不虞之不戒，寡君願與一二兄弟相見，以謀不協，請君臨之，使匄乞盟。”

Duke Xiang went to Jin, his first court visit. In summer, a covenant was made at Changchu. Meng Xianzi assisted in the ceremony, and Duke Xiang bowed with his head to the ground. Zhi Wuzi said: "The Son of Heaven is present, yet Your Majesty humbles himself by bowing with his head to the ground; my lord is afraid." Meng Xianzi said: "Because our humble town lies in the east and is close to our enemies, my lord will look to Your Majesty; how dare he not bow?" Because Zheng had submitted, and because Jin also wished to restore friendship with Wu, it was about to assemble the feudal lords. It sent Shi Gai to tell Qi: "My lord sent Gai to come because the year is poor and unexpected affairs are unguarded against; my lord wishes to meet his several brothers and discuss matters of discord, and asks Your Majesty to come in person, and has sent Gai to ask for a covenant."

齊侯欲勿許，而難為不協，乃盟於耏外。

The Marquis of Qi wished not to agree, but found it difficult to show discord, and so made a covenant outside the Er River.

祁奚請老，晉侯問嗣焉。稱解狐，其仇也，將立之而卒。又問焉，對曰：“午也可。”於是羊舌職死矣，晉侯曰：“孰可以代之？”對曰：“赤也可。”

Qi Xi asked to retire on account of age, and the Marquis of Jin asked who should succeed him. He recommended Xie Hu, who was his enemy, and just as he was about to be appointed, Xie Hu died. Asked again, he answered: "Wu will do." By this time Yangshe Zhi had already died, and the Marquis said: "Who can take his place?" He answered: "Chi will do."

於是使祁午為中軍尉，羊舌赤佐之。君子謂：“祁奚於是能舉善矣。稱其仇，不為諂。立其子，不為比。舉其偏，不為黨。《商書》曰：‘無偏無黨，王道蕩蕩。’其祁奚之謂矣！解狐得舉，祁午得位，伯華得官，建一官而三物成，能舉善也夫！唯善，故能舉其類。《詩》云：‘惟其有之，是以似之。’祁奚有焉。”

So he made Qi Wu Commandant of the Central Army, with Yangshe Chi assisting. The gentleman held that: "In this matter Qi Xi was able to recommend good men. Recommending an enemy was not flattery. Setting up his own son was not partiality. Recommending an assistant was not forming a faction. The Book of Shang says: 'No partiality, no faction; the kingly Way is level and broad.' This probably refers to Qi Xi! Xie Hu was recommended, Qi Wu obtained his post, and Bohua obtained his office; one office was established and three matters were accomplished, which shows he was able to recommend good men! Only because he himself was good was he able to recommend those of his kind. The Odes say: 'Only because he has it, can he be like him.' Qi Xi had such virtue."

六月，公會單頃公及諸侯。己未，同盟於雞澤。

In the sixth month, Duke Xiang met Duke Qing of Shan and the feudal lords. On the jiwei day, they made a covenant together at Jize.

晉侯使荀會逆吳子於淮上，吳子不至。

The Marquis of Jin sent Xun Hui to the bank of the Huai to meet the Viscount of Wu, but the Viscount of Wu did not come.

楚子辛為令尹，侵欲於小國。陳成公使袁僑如會求成，晉侯使和組父告於諸侯。秋，叔孫豹及諸侯之大夫及陳袁僑盟，陳請服也。

Zixin of Chu became prime minister and plundered and coveted small states. Duke Cheng of Chen sent Yuan Qiao to the meeting to ask for peace, and the Marquis of Jin sent He Zufu to inform the feudal lords. In autumn, Shu Sun Bao and the high officers of the feudal lords made a covenant with Yuan Qiao of Chen, because Chen asked to submit.

晉侯之弟揚幹亂行於曲梁，魏絳戮其僕。晉侯怒，謂羊舌赤曰：“合諸侯以為榮也，揚幹為戮，何辱如之？必殺魏絳，無失也！”對曰：“絳無貳志，事君不闢難，有罪不逃刑，其將來辭，何辱命焉？”言終，魏絳至，授僕人書，將伏劍。士魴、張老止之。公讀其書曰：“日君乏使，使臣斯司馬。臣聞師眾以順為武，軍事有死無犯為敬。君合諸侯，臣敢不敬？君師不武，執事不敬，罪莫大焉。

The Marquis of Jin's younger brother Yang Gan disordered the ranks at Qulian, and Wei Jiang killed his charioteer. The Marquis of Jin was angry and said to Yangshe Chi: "Assembling the feudal lords is for glory; Yang Gan has suffered punishment; what shame is there like this? Wei Jiang must be killed; do not let it slip!" He answered: "Jiang has no divided heart; in serving his ruler he does not avoid trouble, and when guilty he does not escape punishment. He will come on his own to state his case; why must you dishonor yourself by giving the order?" As the words ended, Wei Jiang arrived, handed his letter to a servant, and was about to fall on his sword. Shi Fang and Zhang Lao stopped him. The Marquis of Jin read his letter, which said: "In the past, Your Majesty lacked envoys and made me this Marshal. I have heard that an army takes obedience as martial and that in military affairs one would rather die than violate it, which is reverence. Your Majesty assembled the feudal lords; how dare I not be reverent? If Your Majesty's army is not martial and its officers not reverent, there is no greater crime.

臣懼其死，以及揚幹，無所逃罪。不能致訓，至於用鉞。臣之罪重，敢有不從，以怒君心，請歸死於司寇。”公跣而出，曰：“寡人之言，親愛也。吾子之討，軍禮也。寡人有弟，弗能教訓，使幹大命，寡人之過也。子無重寡人之過，敢以為請。”

(Wei Jiang's letter continued:) I feared that I would incur a death sentence and implicate Yang Gan, and I have nowhere to escape guilt. I could not give guidance properly, so that I had to use the great battle-axe. My crime is grave; dare I refuse to listen and so anger Your Majesty's heart? I ask to go back and die at the Minister of Justice's." The Marquis of Jin came out barefoot and said: "My words were out of love for my brother. Your punishment was the rule of the army. I have a brother whom I could not teach, so that he offended the great command; it is my fault. Do not add to my fault; I dare to make this request."

晉侯以魏絳為能以刑佐民矣，反役，與之禮食，使佐新軍。張老為中軍司馬，士富為候奄。

The Marquis of Jin held that Wei Jiang was able to assist in governing the people by punishments, and when the campaign returned, he gave him a ceremonial meal and made him assistant of the New Army. Zhang Lao became Marshal of the Central Army, and Shi Fu became Scout Officer.

楚司馬公子何忌侵陳，陳叛故也。

Prince He Ji, Marshal of Chu, invaded and attacked Chen, because Chen had rebelled.

許靈公事楚，不會於雞澤。冬，晉知武子帥師伐許。

Duke Ling of Xu served Chu and did not attend the meeting at Jize. In winter, Zhi Wuzi of Jin led an army to attack Xu.

【經】四年春王三月己酉，陳侯午卒。夏，叔孫豹如晉。秋七月戊子，夫人姒氏薨。葬陳成公。八月辛亥，葬我小君定姒。冬，公如晉。陳人圍頓。

[Classic] In the fourth year, in spring, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, on the jiyou day, Wu, Marquis of Chen, died. In summer, Shu Sun Bao went to Jin. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the wuzi day, the lady Si died. Duke Cheng of Chen was buried. In the eighth month, on the xinhai day, our lady Ding Si was buried. In winter, Duke Xiang went to Jin. The men of Chen besieged Dun.

【傳】四年春，楚師為陳叛故，猶在繁陽。韓獻子患之，言於朝曰：“文王帥殷之叛國以事紂，唯知時也。今我易之，難哉！”三月，陳成公卒。楚人將伐陳，聞喪乃止。陳人不聽命。臧武仲聞之，曰：“陳不服於楚，必亡。大國行禮焉而不服，在大猶有咎，而況小乎？”夏，楚彭名侵陳，陳無禮故也。

[Commentary] In the fourth year, in spring, the Chu army was still at Fanyang because of Chen's rebellion. Han Xianzi was worried and said in court: "King Wen led the rebel states of Yin and served Zhou only because he knew what suited the times. Now we are doing the opposite; it is hard!" In the third month, Duke Cheng of Chen died. The men of Chu were about to attack Chen but heard of the mourning and stopped. The men of Chen did not obey the command. Zang Wuzhong heard of it and said: "Chen does not submit to Chu and will surely be destroyed. When a great state acts with ritual propriety and one still does not obey, there is disaster even among great states, how much more small ones?" In summer, Peng Ming of Chu invaded and attacked Chen, because Chen lacked ritual.

穆叔如晉，報知武子之聘也，晉侯享之。金奏《肆夏》之三，不拜。工歌《文王》之三，又不拜。歌《鹿鳴》之三，三拜。韓獻子使行人子員問之，曰：“子以君命，辱於敝邑。先君之禮，藉之以樂，以辱吾子。吾子舍其大，而重拜其細，敢問何禮也？”對曰：“三《夏》，天子所以享元侯也，使臣弗敢與聞。

Mu Shu went to Jin to return Zhi Wuzi's visit, and the Marquis of Jin gave a banquet for him. Three chapters of the Si Xia were played on bells and chimes, and he did not bow. The musicians sang three pieces of the Wen Wang, and again he did not bow. They sang three pieces of the Lu Ming, and he bowed three times. Han Xianzi sent the envoy Ziyuan to ask him: "You came with your ruler's command, graciously visiting our humble town. The ritual of our former ruler is added with music to honor you. You set aside the great and bowed repeatedly for the small; may I ask what ritual this is?" He answered: "The three Xia are what the Son of Heaven uses to entertain the greatest feudal lords, and an envoy dares not take part in listening.

《文王》，兩君相見之樂也，使臣不敢及。《鹿鳴》，君所以嘉寡君也，敢不拜嘉。？《四牡》，君所以勞使臣也，敢不重拜？《皇皇者華》，君教使臣曰：‘必諮於周。’臣聞之：‘訪問於善為諮，諮親為詢，諮禮為度，諮事為諏，諮難為謀。’臣獲五善，敢不重拜？”秋，定姒薨。不殯於廟，無櫬，不虞。匠慶謂季文子曰：“子為正卿，而小君之喪不成，不終君也。君長，誰受其咎？”初，季孫為己樹六檟於蒲圃東門之外。匠慶請木，季孫曰：“略。”匠慶用蒲圃之檟，季孫不御。君子曰：“《志》所謂‘多行無禮，必自及也’，其是之謂乎！”冬，公如晉聽政，晉侯享公。公請屬鄫，晉侯不許。孟獻子曰：“以寡君之密邇於仇讎，而願固事君，無失官命。鄫無賦於司馬，為執事朝夕之命敝邑，敝邑褊小，闕而為罪，寡君是以願藉助焉！”晉侯許之。

(Mu Shu continued:) The Wen Wang is music for two rulers meeting, and an envoy dares not presume. The Lu Ming is what the ruler uses to commend our lord, and how dare I not bow in thanks for the commendation? The Si Mu is what the ruler uses to console the envoy, and how dare I not bow again? In the Huang Huang Zhe Hua, the ruler instructs the envoy: 'You must consult the loyal and trustworthy.' I have heard: 'To seek counsel from good people is called zi, to consult relatives is called xun, to consult about ritual is called du, to consult about affairs is called zou, and to consult about difficulties is called mou.' I have received five kinds of good; how dare I not bow again?" In autumn, Ding Si died. Her body was not laid in the ancestral temple, there was no inner coffin, and no yu sacrifice was made. Jiang Qing said to Ji Wenzi: "You are the chief minister, yet the lady's funeral was not done according to ritual; this is failing to see the ruler off properly. When the ruler grows up, who will bear this fault?" Earlier, Ji Sun had planted six catalpa trees for himself outside the east gate of Pu garden. Jiang Qing asked for timber, and Ji Sun said: "Do it simply." Jiang Qing used the catalpa of Pu garden, and Ji Sun did not stop him. The gentleman said: "What the Zhi says, 'Do many improper things and it must come around to yourself,' probably refers to this!" In winter, Duke Xiang went to Jin to hear the orders on tribute, and the Marquis of Jin gave a banquet for Duke Xiang. Duke Xiang asked to make Zeng a dependency, but the Marquis of Jin did not allow it. Meng Xianzi said: "Because my lord is close to enemies, he wishes to serve Your Majesty firmly and not lose his official commands. Zeng does not pay military levies to the Marshal; if the officials give our humble town orders morning and evening, our humble town is small and any lapse would be a crime, and therefore my lord wishes to borrow it for help!" The Marquis of Jin agreed.

楚人使頓間陳而侵伐之，故陳人圍頓。

The men of Chu had Dun exploit Chen's weakness and attack it, and so the men of Chen besieged Dun.

無終子嘉父使孟樂如晉，因魏莊子納虎豹之皮，以請和諸戎。晉侯曰：“戎狄無親而貪，不如伐之。”魏絳曰：“諸侯新服，陳新來和，將觀於我，我德則睦，否則攜貳。勞師於戎，而楚伐陳，必弗能救，是棄陳也，諸華必叛。戎，禽獸也，獲戎失華，無乃不可乎？《夏訓》有之曰：‘有窮后羿。’”公曰：“后羿何如？”對曰：“昔有夏之方衰也，后羿自鉏遷於窮石，因夏民以代夏政。恃其射也，不修民事而淫於原獸。棄武羅、伯困、熊髡、龍圉而用寒浞。寒浞，伯明氏之讒子弟也。伯明後寒棄之，夷羿收之，信而使之，以為己相。浞行媚於內而施賂於外，愚弄其民而虞羿于田，樹之詐慝以取其國家，外內鹹服。羿猶不悛，將歸自田，家眾殺而亨之，以食其子。其子不忍食諸，死於窮門。靡奔有鬲氏。

Jiafu, Viscount of Wuzhong, sent Meng Le to Jin, and through Wei Zhuangzi he presented tiger and leopard skins and asked for peace with the various Rong tribes. The Marquis of Jin said: "The Rong and Di have no affection and are greedy; better to attack them." Wei Jiang said: "The feudal lords have only recently submitted and Chen has only recently made peace; they will observe us, and if we have virtue they will be harmonious, otherwise they will go their own way. If we exhaust the army on the Rong and Chu attacks Chen, we surely could not relieve it, which would be abandoning Chen, and the Central States will surely rebel. The Rong are beasts; to gain the Rong and lose the Huaxia would probably not be right. The Instructions of Xia have these words: 'There was Hou Yi of Qiong.'" The Marquis of Jin said: "What about Hou Yi?" He answered: "Formerly, when Xia was declining, Hou Yi moved from Chu to Qiongshi, and relying on the people of Xia took over the government of Xia. Relying on his skill in archery, he did not cultivate the people's affairs but indulged in hunting. He cast aside Wu Luo, Bo Yin, Xiong Kun and Long Yu and employed Han Zhuo. Han Zhuo was a son of the Bo Ming clan who had slandered others. Lord Han of Bo Ming cast him out, and Yi of the Yi tribe took him in, trusted and used him, and made him his chief minister. Zhuo flattered within and bribed outside, deceived the people, let Yi enjoy himself in hunting, and cultivated deceit and evil to seize his state, and both inside and outside submitted to him. Yi still did not repent, and when he was about to return from hunting, the people of his household killed and boiled him and gave him to his sons to eat. His sons could not bear to eat it, and died at the gate of Qiong. Mi fled to the Youge clan.

浞因羿室，生澆及豷，恃其讒慝詐偽而不德於民。使澆用師，滅斟灌及斟尋氏。

(Wei Jiang continued:) Zhuo took Yi's wives and concubines and had Jiao and Yi (a different Yi) by them, and relying on slander, evil and deceit, did not extend virtue to the people. He sent Jiao out with an army and destroyed the clans of Zhenguan and Zhenxun.

處澆於過，處豷於戈。靡自有鬲氏，收二國之燼，以滅浞而立少康。少康滅澆於過，後杼滅豷於戈。有窮由是遂亡，失人故也。昔周辛甲之為大史也，命百官，官箴王闕。於《虞人之箴》曰：‘芒芒禹跡，畫為九州，經啟九道。民有寢廟，獸有茂草，各有攸處，德用不擾。在帝夷羿，冒於原獸，忘其國恤，而思其麀牡。

(Wei Jiang continued:) He settled Jiao at Guo and Yi at Ge. Mi gathered the remnants of the two states from the Youge clan, destroyed Zhuo and set up Shao Kang. Shao Kang destroyed Jiao at Guo, and Hou Zhu destroyed Yi at Ge. The house of Qiong was thereby finally destroyed, because it lost the people. Formerly Xin Jia of Zhou was Grand Historian and ordered the hundred officials, each official to admonish the Son of Heaven for his faults. In the Admonition of the Master of the Hunting Preserves it says: 'Vast are the footprints of Yu, divided into nine provinces and opening the roads of the nine provinces. The people have their dwellings and temples, the beasts have their thick grass, each has its place, and virtue is therefore not disordered. In the emperor Yi of the Yi tribe, greedy in hunting beasts, forgetting concern for the state, he thought only of the does and the stags.

武不可重，用不恢於夏家。獸臣司原，敢告僕伕。’《虞箴》如是，可不懲乎？”於是晉侯好田，故魏絳及之。

(The admonition continued:) Martial affairs must not be overdone, and so the house of Xia could not be enlarged. The servants who manage beasts take charge of the open country; we dare to report to the grooms.' The Admonition of the Master of the Hunting Preserves is like this; can we not take it as a warning?" At that time the Marquis of Jin was fond of hunting, and so Wei Jiang spoke of this.

公曰：“然則莫如和戎乎？”對曰：“和戎有五利焉：戎狄荐居，貴貨易土，土可賈焉，一也。邊鄙不聳，民狎其野，穡人成功，二也。戎狄事晉，四鄰振動，諸侯威懷，三也。以德綏戎，師徒不勤，甲兵不頓，四也。鑑於后羿，而用德度，遠至邇安，五也。君其圖之！”公說，使魏絳盟諸戎，修民事，田以時。

The Marquis of Jin said: "Then is there nothing better than making peace with the Rong?" He answered: "Peace with the Rong has five advantages: the Rong and Di live following water and grass, value goods and make light of land, and land can be bought; this is the first. The borders will not be alarmed, the people will be familiar with the fields, and those who plow will succeed; this is the second. When the Rong and Di serve Jin, the four neighbors will be shaken, and the feudal lords will be moved by Jin's might and virtue; this is the third. If we pacify the Rong by virtue, the army will not toil and the armor and weapons will not be damaged; this is the fourth. Taking Hou Yi as a warning and using the rule of virtue, those far away will come and those near will be secure; this is the fifth. Please consider it, Your Majesty!" The Marquis of Jin was pleased and sent Wei Jiang to make a covenant with the various Rong tribes, and he cultivated the people's affairs and hunted at the proper farming seasons.

冬十月，邾人、莒人伐鄫。臧紇救鄫，侵邾，敗於狐駘。國人逆喪者皆髽。魯於是乎始髽，國人誦之曰：“臧之狐裘，敗我於狐駘。我君小子，朱儒是使。朱儒！朱儒！使我敗於邾。”

In winter, in the tenth month, the men of Zhu and Ju attacked Zeng. Zang He relieved Zeng, invaded and attacked Zhu, and was defeated at Hutai. The people of the state who met the funeral carts all bound their hair with hemp. From this time Lu began to bind hair with hemp, and the people chanted: "Zang wore a fox fur and let us be defeated at Hutai. Our ruler is a child, yet sends a dwarf. Dwarf! Dwarf! He made us suffer defeat in Zhu."

【經】五年春，公至自晉。夏，鄭伯使公子發來聘。叔孫豹、鄫世子巫如晉。仲孫蔑、衛孫林父子會吳於善道。秋，大雩。楚殺其大夫公子壬夫。公會晉侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、齊世子光、吳人、鄫人於戚。公至自會。冬，戍陳。楚公子貞帥師伐陳。公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、齊世子光救陳。十有二月，公至自救陳。辛未，季孫行父卒。

[Classic] In the fifth year, in spring, Duke Xiang returned from Jin. In summer, the Earl of Zheng sent Prince Fa on a visit. Shu Sun Bao and Crown Prince Wu of Zeng went to Jin. Zhongsun Mie and Sun Linfu of Wei met Wu at Shandao. In autumn, the great yu rain sacrifice was held. Chu killed its high officer Prince Renfu. Duke Xiang met the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, Crown Prince Guang of Qi, and the men of Wu and Zeng at Qi. Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. In winter, Chen was garrisoned. Prince Zhen of Chu led an army to attack Chen. Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao and Crown Prince Guang of Qi in relieving Chen. In the twelfth month, Duke Xiang returned from relieving Chen. On the xinwei day, Ji Sun Xingfu died.

【傳】五年春，公至自晉。

[Commentary] In the fifth year, in spring, Duke Xiang returned from Jin.

王使王叔陳生愬戎於晉，晉人執之。士魴如京師，言王叔之貳於戎也。

The Son of Heaven sent Wang Shu Chensheng to complain to Jin about the Rong, and the men of Jin seized him. Shi Fang went to the capital and said that Wang Shu had a divided heart toward the Rong.

夏，鄭子國來聘，通嗣君也。

In summer, Ziguo of Zheng came on a visit, to establish friendly relations with the newly enthroned ruler.

穆叔覿鄫大子於晉，以成屬鄫。書曰：“叔孫豹、鄫大子巫如晉。”

Mu Shu brought the crown prince of Zeng to see Jin, in order to establish Zeng as a dependency. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "Shu Sun Bao and the Crown Prince Wu of Zeng went to Jin."

言比諸魯大夫也。

This means he was treated as comparable to a high officer of Lu.

吳子使壽越如晉，辭不會於雞澤之故，且請聽諸侯之好。晉人將為之合諸侯，使魯、衛先會吳，且告會期。故孟獻子、孫文子會吳於善道。

The Viscount of Wu sent Shou Yue to Jin to explain why he had not attended the meeting at Jize, and also asked to follow the friendship with the feudal lords. The men of Jin were about to assemble the feudal lords for him, and had Lu and Wei meet Wu first and announce the date of the meeting. Therefore Meng Xianzi and Sun Wenzi met Wu at Shandao.

秋，大雩，旱也。

In autumn, the great yu sacrifice was held, because of drought.

楚人討陳叛故，曰：“由令尹子辛實侵欲焉。”乃殺之。書曰：“楚殺其大夫公子壬夫。”貪也。君子謂：“楚共王於是不刑。《詩》曰：‘周道挺挺，我心扃扃，講事不令，集人來定。’己則無信，而殺人以逞，不亦難乎？《夏書》曰：‘成允成功。’”九月丙午，盟於戚，會吳，且命戍陳也。穆叔以屬鄫為不利，使鄫大夫聽命於會。

The men of Chu investigated the reason for Chen's rebellion and said: "In fact it was the prime minister Zixin who plundered and coveted." So they killed him. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "Chu killed its high officer Prince Renfu," because he was greedy. The gentleman held that: "King Gong of Chu applied punishment improperly in this matter. The Odes say: 'The way of Zhou is straight, and my heart is clear; plans are not good, and a gathering of people settles it.' One who has no good faith himself and kills for pleasure, is that not also difficult? The Book of Xia says: 'Only by establishing good faith can one accomplish achievement.'" In the ninth month, on the bingwu day, a covenant was made at Qi, meeting Wu and also ordering the garrisoning of Chen. Mu Shu held that making Zeng a dependency was not beneficial and had the high officers of Zeng receive orders at the meeting.

楚子囊為令尹。範宣子曰：“我喪陳矣！楚人討貳而立子囊，必改行而疾討陳。陳近於楚，民朝夕急，能無往乎？有陳，非吾事也，無之而後可。”

Zinang of Chu became prime minister. Fan Xuanzi said: "We are going to lose Chen! The men of Chu punish those with a divided heart and have set up Zinang, and they will surely change their ways and quickly attack Chen. Chen is close to Chu, and the people are in danger morning and evening; could they not go over? To keep Chen is not our business; only without it can we do it."

冬，諸侯戍陳。子囊伐陳。十一月甲午，會於城棣以救之。

In winter, the feudal lords garrisoned Chen. Zinang attacked Chen. In the eleventh month, on the jiawu day, they met at Chengdi to go to the rescue.

季文子卒。大夫入斂，公在位。宰庀家器為葬備，無衣帛之妾，無食粟之馬，無藏金玉，無重器備。君子是以知季文子之忠於公室也。相三君矣，而無私積，可不謂忠乎？

Ji Wenzi died. The high officers came for the coffining, and Duke Xiang was in his place. The household steward prepared the household's utensils as burial goods; there were no concubines who wore silk, no horses that ate grain, no stored gold or jade, and no duplicated utensils or equipment. The gentleman thereby knew that Ji Wenzi was loyal to the ducal house. Having assisted three rulers, yet having no private accumulation, can he not be called loyal?