Duke Zhao (First to Thirty-second Year)

【經】元年春王正月，公即位。叔孫豹會晉趙武、楚公子圍、齊國弱、宋向戌、衛齊惡、陳公子招、蔡公孫歸生、鄭罕虎、許人、曹人於虢。三月，取鄆。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Zhao took the throne. Shusun Bao joined Zhao Wu of Jin, Prince Wei of Chu, Guo Ruo of Qi, Xiang Xu of Song, Qi E of Wei, Prince Zhao of Chen, Gongsun Guisheng of Cai, Han Hu of Zheng, the men of Xu, and the men of Cao at Guo. In the third month, Yun was taken.

夏，秦伯之弟針出奔晉。六月丁巳，邾子華卒。晉荀吳帥師敗狄於大滷。秋，莒去疾自齊入於莒。莒展輿出奔吳。叔弓帥師疆鄆田。葬邾悼公。冬十有一月己酉，楚子麇卒。公子比出奔晉。

In summer, Zhen, younger brother of the Earl of Qin, fled to Jin. In the sixth month, on dingsi, Hua, Viscount of Zhu, died. Xun Wu of Jin led an army and defeated the Di at Dalu. In autumn, Qu Ji of Ju entered Ju from Qi. Zhanyu of Ju fled to Wu. Shu Gong led an army to fix the field boundaries of Yun. Duke Dao of Zhu was buried. In winter, in the eleventh month, on jiyou, Jun, Viscount of Chu, died. Prince Bi fled to Jin.

【傳】元年春，楚公子圍聘於鄭，且娶於公孫段氏，伍舉為介。將入館，鄭人惡之，使行人子羽與之言，乃館於外。既聘，將以眾逆。子產患之，使子羽辭，曰：“以敝邑褊小，不足以容從者，請墠聽命！”令尹命大宰伯州犁對曰：“君辱貺寡大夫圍，謂圍：‘將使豐氏撫有而室。圍布几筵，告於莊、共之廟而來。若野賜之，是委君貺於草莽也！是寡大夫不得列於諸卿也！不寧唯是，又使圍蒙其先君，將不得為寡君老，其蔑以復矣。唯大夫圖之！”子羽曰：“小國無罪，恃實其罪。將恃大國之安靖己，而無乃包藏禍心以圖之。小國失恃而懲諸侯，使莫不憾者，距違君命，而有所壅塞不行是懼！不然，敝邑，館人之屬也，其敢愛豐氏之祧？”伍舉知其有備也，請垂橐而入。許之。

[Commentary] In the first year, in spring, Prince Wei of Chu went on a mission to Zheng and also married the daughter of the Gongsun Duan clan, with Wu Ju as deputy. When about to enter the guesthouse, the men of Zheng disliked it and sent the envoy Ziyu to speak with them, and so they lodged outside. After the mission, he was about to bring his men to welcome his bride. Zichan was troubled and sent Ziyu to decline, saying, "Because our humble city is small and cannot hold your retinue, please hear the command on a cleared stretch of ground!" The Chancellor ordered the Grand Steward Bo Zhouli to reply, "His Majesty graciously rewarded our humble grand officer Wei, saying to Wei: 'The Feng clan will be allowed to take care of your household.' Wei set out mats and stands, announced it in the temples of Kings Zhuang and Gong, and then came. If we are given her in the open country, it is throwing away the king's reward in the wilds! It would mean that our humble grand officer cannot take his place among the ministers! Not only this, it would make Wei deceive his former rulers and he could not be an old minister of our humble ruler, and would have no face to return. We only ask that the grand officer consider!" Ziyu said, "A small state has no crime; its reliance on others is its crime. If it relies on a great state to secure itself, probably it harbors evil intent to scheme. If a small state loses its reliance and puts the feudal lords on guard, so that there is none who does not feel resentment, and if it resists and defies the king's order and there is blockage that cannot be carried out, this is what we fear! Otherwise, our humble city is merely a kind of lodge-keeper; how would we dare begrudge the ancestral temple of the Feng clan?" Wu Ju knew there were preparations and asked to enter with his quiver turned upside down. This was permitted.

正月乙未，入，逆而出。遂會於虢，尋宋之盟也。祁午謂趙文子曰：“宋之盟，楚人得志於晉。今令尹之不信，諸侯之所聞也。子弗戒，懼又如宋。子木之信稱於諸侯，猶詐晉而駕焉，況不信之尤者乎？楚重得志於晉，晉之恥也。子相晉國以為盟主，於今七年矣！再合諸侯，三合大夫，服齊、狄，寧東夏，平秦亂，城淳于，師徒不頓，國家不罷，民無謗讟，諸侯無怨，天無大災，子之力也。有令名矣，而終之以恥，午也是懼。吾子其不可以不戒！”文子曰：“武受賜矣！然宋之盟，子木有禍人之心，武有仁人之心，是楚所以駕於晉也。今武猶是心也，楚又行僣，非所害也。武將信以為本，循而行之。譬如農夫，是穮是蓘，雖有饑饉，必有豐年。且吾聞之：‘能信不為人下。’吾未能也。《詩》曰：‘不僣不賊，鮮不為則。’信也。能為人則者，不為人下矣。吾不能是難，楚不為患。”

In the first month, on yiwei, he entered the city, welcomed his bride and went out. They then met at Guo to renew the covenant of Song. Qi Wu said to Zhao Wenzi, "At the covenant of Song, the men of Chu got their way over Jin. Now the Chancellor does not keep good faith, as the feudal lords have heard. If you are not on guard, I fear it will be like Song again. Zimu's good faith was praised by the feudal lords, and yet he deceived Jin to get the upper hand; how much more one who is even less faithful? For Chu once again to get its way over Jin would be a disgrace to Jin. You have assisted Jin as leader of the covenant until now, seven years! Twice you gathered the feudal lords, three times you gathered the grand officers, made Qi and the Di submit, pacified the eastern Xia, quelled the disorder in Qin, built the walls of Chunyu, the army was not worn down, the state was not exhausted, the people had no complaint, the feudal lords had no resentment, and Heaven sent no great calamity; this is your strength. You have a fine name now, but if you end in disgrace, Wu fears this. You must be on guard!" Wenzi said, "Wu accepts your instruction! But at the covenant of Song, Zimu had a heart to harm others, and Wu had a heart of humaneness; this is why Chu got the upper hand over Jin. Now Wu still has this heart, and if Chu again does something presumptuous, it will not be able to harm us. Wu will take good faith as root and follow it in practice. It is like a farmer who weeds and hills up the soil; even if there is famine, there will surely be a good harvest. Moreover, I have heard: 'One who can keep good faith will not be below others.' I am not yet able to. The Odes say: 'Neither overstepping nor harming, he rarely fails to be a model.' This is good faith. One who can be a model for others will not be below them. My difficulty is that I cannot do this; Chu is not the calamity."

楚令尹圍請用牲，讀舊書，加於牲上而已。晉人許之。

The Chancellor Wei of Chu asked to use the sacrificial animal, read the old covenant text and put it on the animal, and that was all. The men of Jin agreed.

三月甲辰，盟。楚公子圍設服離衛。叔孫穆子曰：“楚公子美矣，君哉！”鄭子皮曰：“二執戈者前矣！”蔡子家曰：“蒲宮有前，不亦可乎？”楚伯州犁曰：“此行也，辭而假之寡君。”鄭行人揮曰：“假不反矣！”伯州犁曰：“子姑憂子皙之慾背誕也。”子羽曰：“當璧猶在，假而不反，子其無憂乎？”齊國子曰：“吾代二子愍矣！”陳公子招曰：“不憂何成，二子樂矣。”衛齊子曰：“苟或知之，雖憂何害？”宋合左師曰：“大國令，小國共。吾知共而已。”晉樂王鮒曰：“《小旻》之卒章善矣，吾從之。”

In the third month, on jiachen, they made the covenant. Prince Wei of Chu set out the ruler's garments and two rows of guards. Shusun Muzi said, "The Prince of Chu is splendid, like a ruler!" Zipi of Zheng said, "Two men carrying spears are in front!" Zijia of Cai said, "The Pu palace has outriders in front; is that not also acceptable?" Bo Zhouli of Chu said, "On this journey, he declined and then borrowed these from our humble ruler." Hui, the envoy of Zheng, said, "Having borrowed, he won't return them!" Bo Zhouli said, "Rather you should worry that Zixi intends to rebel and be dissolute." Ziyu said, "The one who faced the jade disc is still alive; having borrowed and not returning, do you have no worry?" Guozi of Qi said, "I grieve for these two!" Prince Zhao of Chen said, "If there were no worry, how could they succeed? These two are happy." Qizi of Wei said, "If someone knows it, what harm is there even in worrying?" Hezuoshi of Song said, "When a great state commands, a small state respectfully supplies. I only know to respectfully supply." Yue Wangfu of Jin said, "The last stanza of 'Xiao Min' is good, and I follow it."

退會，子羽謂子皮曰：“叔孫絞而婉，宋左師簡而禮，樂王鮒字而敬，子與子家持之，皆保世之主也。齊、衛、陳大夫其不免乎？國子代人憂，子招樂憂，齊子雖憂弗害。夫弗及而憂，與可憂而樂，與憂而弗害，皆取憂之道也，憂必及之。《大誓》曰：‘民之所欲，天必從之。’三大夫兆憂，能無至乎？言以知物，其是之謂矣。”

After leaving the meeting, Ziyu said to Zipi, "Shusun is direct yet tactful, the Left Minister of Song is brief yet courteous, Yue Wangfu is caring yet respectful, and you and Zijia hold the middle; all are lords who can keep their houses for several generations. The grand officers of Qi, Wei, and Chen probably will not escape. Guozi worries on behalf of others, Zizhao takes sorrow as joy, and Qizi, though worried, does not regard it as harm. To worry before one's turn, to be happy with what one should worry about, and to be worried yet not regard it as harm, all these are roads to bringing on sorrow, and sorrow will surely fall on them. The Great Declaration says: 'What the people want, Heaven will surely follow.' When three grand officers foretell sorrow, how can it fail to come? 'To know things from words' says exactly this."

季武子伐莒，取鄆，莒人告於會。楚告於晉曰：“尋盟未退，而魯伐莒，瀆齊盟，請戮其使。”樂桓子相趙文子，欲求貨於叔孫而為之請，使請帶焉，弗與。

Jisun Wuzi attacked Ju, took Yun, and the men of Ju reported it to the meeting. Chu told Jin, "The renewal of the covenant has not yet dispersed, yet Lu has attacked Ju and profaned the fasting covenant; please kill its envoy." Luan Huanzi, assisting Zhao Wenzi, wished to ask Shusun for goods to plead for him, and sent someone to ask for a belt, which was not given.

梁其踁曰：“貨以藩身，子何愛焉？”叔孫曰：“諸侯之會，衛社稷也。我以貨免，魯必受師。是禍之也，何衛之為？人之有牆，以蔽惡也。牆之隙壞，誰之咎也？衛而惡之，吾又甚焉。雖怨季孫，魯國何罪？叔出季處，有自來矣，吾又誰怨？然鮒也賄，弗與，不已。”召使者，裂裳帛而與之，曰：“帶其褊矣。”

Liang Qijing said, "Goods are used to fence in and protect oneself; what do you begrudge?" Shusun said, "The meeting of the feudal lords is to protect the altars of the state. If I use goods to escape guilt, Lu will surely be attacked by armies. This would be harming it; what then am I protecting? A person has walls to screen off evil. If a gap in the wall breaks, whose fault is that? To protect and yet add to the evil, I would be even worse. Even if I resent Jisun, what crime has Lu? That Shusun goes on missions while Jisun stays to guard has long been so; whom should I blame? But Wangfu is greedy for bribes, and if I do not give, he will not stop." He summoned the envoy, tore off a strip of his skirt silk and gave it to him, saying, "The belt is too narrow."

趙孟聞之，曰：“臨患不忘國，忠也。思難不越官，信也；圖國忘死，貞也；謀主三者，義也。有是四者，又可戮乎？”乃請諸楚曰：“魯雖有罪，其執事不闢難，畏威而敬命矣。子若免之，以勸左右可也。若子之群吏處不闢汙，出不逃難，其何患之有？患之所生，汙而不治，難而不守，所由來也。能是二者，又何患焉？不靖其能，其誰從之？魯叔孫豹可謂能矣，請免之以靖能者。子會而赦有罪，又賞其賢，諸侯其誰不欣焉望楚而歸之，視遠如邇？疆埸之邑，一彼一此，何常之有？王伯之令也，引其封疆，而樹之官。舉之表旗，而著之制令。過則有刑，猶不可壹。於是乎虞有三苗，夏有觀、扈，商有姺、邳，周有徐、奄。自無令王，諸侯逐進，狎主齊盟，其又可壹乎？恤大舍小，足以為盟主，又焉用之？封疆之削，何國蔑有？主齊盟者，誰能辯焉？吳、濮有釁，楚之執事豈其顧盟？莒之疆事，楚勿與知，諸侯無煩，不亦可乎？莒、魯爭鄆，為日久矣，苟無大害於其社稷，可無亢也。去煩宥善，莫不競勸。子其圖之！”固請諸楚，楚人許之，乃免叔孫。

Zhao Meng heard of this and said, "To face trouble without forgetting one's state is loyalty. To think of disaster without exceeding one's office is good faith; to plan for the state and forget death is constancy; to put these three first in one's planning is righteousness. With these four, can he still be killed?" So he pleaded with Chu, saying, "Though Lu has committed a crime, its officials did not avoid disaster; they feared your majesty and respectfully followed commands. If you pardon them, it can be used to encourage your attendants. If your officials within do not avoid foulness and without do not flee disaster, what trouble can there be? How trouble arises is that foulness is not dealt with and disaster is not guarded against; this is the cause. If you can do these two, what is there to fear? If you do not give peace to the capable, who will follow you? Shusun Bao of Lu may be said to be capable; please pardon him in order to give peace to the capable. At a meeting you pardon the guilty and also reward the worthy, and which feudal lord would not look joyfully toward Chu and turn to it, regarding what is far as near? As for border towns, now one side's, now the other's, what constant rule is there? The commands of kings and hegemons fixed the boundaries and set up officials. They raised markers and recorded them in the regulations and orders. Crossing them brought punishment, yet it could not be made uniform. Thus Yu had the Three Miao, Xia had Guan and Hu, Shang had Shen and Pi, and Zhou had Xu and Yan. Since there have been no good Sons of Heaven, the feudal lords have competed to advance, taking turns to preside over fasting covenants, and how can they be uniform? To have compassion for the great and to set aside the small is enough to be leader of the covenant; what need is there of this? Which state has not had its boundaries cut away? Who among those presiding at fasting covenants could put it right? When Wu and Pu have a rift, would the officials of Chu even care about the covenant? As for the matter of Ju's border, Chu need not take part in knowing it, and if the feudal lords are not troubled, is that not also fine? Ju and Lu have contended over Yun for a long time; if it does no great harm to the altars of the state, it need not be protected. Remove the trouble and show leniency to the good, and none will fail to vie in encouragement. You should plan this!" He made a firm plea to Chu, and the men of Chu agreed, and so Shusun was pardoned.

令尹享趙孟，賦《大明》之首章。趙孟賦《小宛》之二章。事畢，趙孟謂叔向曰：“令尹自以為王矣，何如？”對曰：“王弱，令尹強，其可哉！雖可，不終。”趙孟曰：“何故？”對曰：“強以克弱而安之，強不義也。不義而強，其斃必速。《詩》曰：‘赫赫宗周，褒姒滅之。’強不義也。令尹為王，必求諸侯。

The Chancellor feasted Zhao Meng and recited the first stanza of "Da Ming." Zhao Meng recited the second stanza of "Xiao Wan." When it was over, Zhao Meng said to Shuxiang, "The Chancellor thinks himself king; how is that?" He replied, "The king is weak and the Chancellor is strong, so perhaps it may work! But even if it works, he will not come to a good end." Zhao Meng said, "Why?" He replied, "Using strength to overcome weakness and being at ease in it is strength without righteousness. Strength without righteousness will meet its end quickly. The Odes say: 'Splendid Zongzhou, Bao Si destroyed it.' This is strength without righteousness. The Chancellor, becoming king, will certainly seek the feudal lords.

晉少懦矣，諸侯將往。若獲諸侯，其虐滋甚。民弗堪也，將何以終？夫以強取，不義而克，必以為道。道以淫虐，弗可久已矣！”夏四月，趙孟、叔孫豹、曹大夫入於鄭，鄭伯兼享之。子皮戒趙孟，禮終，趙孟賦《瓠葉》。子皮遂戒穆叔，且告之。穆叔曰：“趙孟欲一獻，子其從之！”子皮曰：“敢乎？”穆叔曰：“夫人之所欲也，又何不敢？”及享，具五獻之籩豆於幕下。趙孟辭，私於子產曰：“武請於冢宰矣。”乃用一獻。趙孟為客，禮終乃宴。穆叔賦《鵲巢》。趙孟曰：“武不堪也。”又賦《采蘩》，曰：“小國為蘩，大國省穡而用之，其何實非命？”子皮賦《野有死麇》之卒章。趙孟賦《常棣》，且曰：“吾兄弟比以安，尨也可使無吠。”穆叔、子皮及曹大夫興，拜，舉兕爵，曰：“小國賴子，知免於戾矣。”飲酒樂。趙孟出，曰：“吾不復此矣。”

Jin has become a little weak, and the feudal lords will go to him. If he gets the feudal lords, his tyranny will be even worse. The people will not be able to bear it, and how will it end? To take by strength, to prevail over what is righteous without righteousness, he will certainly regard it as proper. When principle is used for excess and cruelty, it cannot last long!" In summer, in the fourth month, Zhao Meng, Shusun Bao, and the grand officers of Cao entered Zheng, and the Earl of Zheng feasted them together. Zipi warned Zhao Meng, and when the ritual was complete, Zhao Meng recited "Hu Ye." Zipi then warned Mu Shu and told him of it. Mu Shu said, "Zhao Meng wants a single offering; you should follow him!" Zipi said, "Dare we?" Mu Shu said, "It is what that man wants; why would we not dare?" When it came to the feast, five offerings' worth of bamboo and wooden vessels were laid out under the curtain. Zhao Meng declined, and privately said to Zichan, "Wu has already asked the Chief Steward." So a single offering was used. Zhao Meng was the guest, and after the ritual they drank. Mu Shu recited "Que Chao." Zhao Meng said, "Wu cannot bear this." He then recited "Cai Fan," saying, "A small state is the fan, and a great state uses it sparingly and cherishes it; how could it not be an order?" Zipi recited the last stanza of "Ye You Si Jun." Zhao Meng recited "Chang Di," and said, "We brothers are close and at peace; even the shaggy dog can be made not to bark." Mu Shu, Zipi, and the grand officers of Cao rose, bowed, and raised the rhinoceros horn cup, saying, "The small states rely on you and know they will be spared guilt." They drank merrily. Zhao Meng went out and said, "I shall not have such a time again."

天王使劉定公勞趙孟於潁，館於洛汭。劉子曰：“美哉禹功，明德遠矣！微禹，吾其魚乎！吾與子弁冕端委，以治民臨諸侯，禹之力也。子盍亦遠績禹功，而大庇民乎？”對曰：“老夫罪戾是懼，焉能恤遠？吾儕偷食，朝不謀夕，何其長也？”劉子歸，以語王曰：“諺所為老將知而耄及之者，其趙孟之謂乎！為晉正卿，以主諸侯，而儕於隸人，朝不謀夕，棄神人矣。神怒民叛，何以能久？趙孟不復年矣。神怒，不歆其祀；民叛，不即其事。祀事不從，又何以年？”叔孫歸，曾夭御季孫以勞之。旦及日中不出。曾夭謂曾阜曰：“旦及日中，吾知罪矣。魯以相忍為國也，忍其外不忍其內，焉用之？”阜曰：“數月於外，一旦於是，庸何傷？賈而欲贏，而惡囂乎？”阜謂叔孫曰：“可以出矣！”叔孫指楹曰：“雖惡是，其可去乎？”乃出見之。

The Son of Heaven sent Liu Dinggong to console Zhao Meng on the banks of the River Ying, and he stayed at Luorui. Liuzi said, "How splendid are Yu's achievements, his bright virtue reaching far! Without Yu, we would probably be fish! You and I wear caps and ceremonial robes to govern the people and look over the feudal lords, and it is Yu's power. Why do you not also continue Yu's achievements far into the future, to greatly protect the people?" He replied, "This old man fears only guilt; how can he be concerned for the long term? We people only eat casually, in the morning not thinking of the evening; how can one talk of the long term?" Liuzi returned and told the king, "The proverb that says that when old they should have wisdom but have become muddled and senile is probably about Zhao Meng! As chief minister of Jin, presiding over the feudal lords, he stands alongside menials, in the morning not thinking of the evening, abandoning the spirits and the people. When the spirits are angry and the people rebel, how can he last long? Zhao Meng will not last out the year. When the spirits are angry, they do not partake of his sacrifices; when the people rebel, they do not do his work. When sacrifice and duties are not followed, how will he last out the year?" Shusun returned, and Zeng Yao drove the chariot for Jisun to console him. From morning to midday he did not come out. Zeng Yao said to Zeng Fu, "From morning to midday, I know I am guilty. Lu governs through mutual forbearance, but forbearing outside and not forbearing within, what use is it?" Fu said, "He was several months outside, and a morning here; what harm is there? Merchants who want to make a profit, do they hate the clamor?" Fu said to Shusun, "You may go out!" Shusun pointed at a pillar and said, "Even if I hated this, could I remove it?" So he went out to see him.

鄭徐吾犯之妹美，公孫楚聘之矣，公孫黑又使強委禽焉。犯懼，告子產。子產曰：“是國無政，非子之患也。唯所欲與。”犯請於二子，請使女擇焉。皆許之，子皙盛飾入，布幣而出。子南戎服入。左右射，超乘而出。女自房觀之，曰：“子皙信美矣，抑子南夫也。夫夫婦婦，所謂順也。”適子南氏。子皙怒，既而櫜甲以見子南，欲殺之而取其妻。子南知之，執戈逐之。及沖，擊之以戈。子皙傷而歸，告大夫曰：“我好見之，不知其有異志也，故傷。”

The sister of Xu Wufan of Zheng was beautiful, and Gongsun Chu had already betrothed her, but Gongsun Hei also sent someone to force the gift of a bird in betrothal. Fan was afraid and told Zichan. Zichan said, "This is because the state has no government, and is not your trouble. Just give her to whom she wants." Fan asked both men and requested to let his sister choose. Both agreed. Zixi entered in fine clothes, laid out his gifts and went out. Zinan entered in military dress, shot left and right, and leapt onto his chariot and went out. The girl watched from her chamber and said, "Zixi is truly handsome, but Zinan is a husband. A husband who is like a husband, a wife who is like a wife, this is what is called proper." She went to Zinan's house. Zixi was angry and afterward put on armor and went to see Zinan, wanting to kill him and take his wife. Zinan knew and took a spear and pursued him. At the crossroads he struck him with the spear. Zixi was wounded and went back and told the grand officers, "I went to see him in friendship and did not know he had a different intention, and so I was wounded."

大夫皆謀之。子產曰：“直鈞，幼賤有罪。罪在楚也。”乃執子南而數之，曰：“國之大節有五，女皆奸之：畏君之威，聽其政，尊其貴，事其長，養其親。

The grand officers all deliberated. Zichan said, "When right and wrong are equal, the younger and lower-ranking is guilty. The fault lies with Chu." So he seized Zinan and rebuked him, saying, "The state has five great principles and you have violated all of them: to fear the ruler's majesty, to obey his government, to honor his nobles, to serve one's elders, and to support one's kin.

五者所以為國也。今君在國，女用兵焉，不畏威也。奸國之紀，不聽政也。子皙，上大夫，女，嬖大夫，而弗下之，不尊貴也。幼而不忌，不事長也。兵其從兄，不養親也。君曰：‘餘不女忍殺，宥女以遠。’勉，速行乎，無重而罪！”五月庚辰，鄭放遊楚於吳，將行子南，子產諮於大叔。大叔曰：“吉不能亢身，焉能亢宗？彼，國政也，非私難也。子圖鄭國，利則行之，又何疑焉？周公殺管叔而蔡蔡叔，夫豈不愛？王室故也。吉若獲戾，子將行之，何有於諸遊？”秦後子有寵於桓，如二君於景。其母曰：“弗去，懼選。”癸卯，針適晉，其車千乘。書曰：“秦伯之弟針出奔晉。”罪秦伯也。後子享晉侯，造舟於河，十里舍車，自雍及絳。歸取酬幣，終事八反。司馬侯問焉，曰：“子之車，盡於此而已乎？”對曰：“此之謂多矣！若能少此，吾何以得見？”女叔齊以告公，且曰：“秦公子必歸。臣聞君子能知其過，必有令圖。令圖，天所贊也。”

These five are what establish a state. Now the ruler is in the state and you have used weapons; this is not fearing his majesty. To violate the state's laws is not obeying his government. Zixi is a senior grand officer and you are a favored grand officer, yet you did not stay below him; this is not honoring nobles. You are young but unafraid; this is not serving elders. Using weapons on a cousin is not supporting kin. The ruler said: 'I cannot bear to kill you, and pardon you to a distant place.' Make an effort, go quickly, and do not add to your guilt!" In the fifth month, on gengchen, Zheng banished You Chu to Wu. As Zinan was about to leave, Zichan consulted Dashu. Dashu said, "Ji cannot protect his own person; how can he protect his clan? That is state affairs, not a private family's calamity. You plan for Zheng; if it is beneficial, carry it out; what is there to doubt? The Duke of Zhou killed Guan Shu and exiled Cai Shu; was it that he did not love them? It was for the sake of the royal house. If Ji incurs guilt, you will carry it out; what does it matter to the You clans?" Prince Hou of Qin was favored by Duke Huan and under Duke Jing was like a second ruler. His mother said, "If you do not leave, I fear you will be expelled." On guimao, Zhen went to Jin with a thousand chariots. The Spring and Autumn records "Zhen, younger brother of the Earl of Qin, fled to Jin," placing the blame on the Earl of Qin. Prince Hou feasted the Marquis of Jin, and on the Yellow River he linked boats into a bridge, with a chariot station every ten li, from Yong to Jiang. He went back to fetch the return gifts, and in completing the matter made eight round trips. Si Mahou asked him, "Are all your chariots here?" He replied, "This is called many! If it could be fewer than this, how could I have come to see you?" Nu Shuqi told the duke, and added, "The prince of Qin will surely be able to return. I have heard that a gentleman who can know his own faults will certainly have good plans. Good plans are what Heaven assists."

後子見趙孟。趙孟曰：“吾子其曷歸？”對曰：“針懼選於寡君，是以在此，將待嗣君。”趙孟曰：“秦君何如？”對曰：“無道。”趙孟曰：“亡乎？”對曰：“何為？一世無道，國未艾也。國於天地，有與立焉。不數世淫，弗能斃也。”趙孟曰：“天乎？”對曰：“有焉。”趙孟曰：“其幾何？”對曰：“針聞之，國無道而年穀和熟，天贊之也。鮮不五稔。”趙孟視蔭，曰：“朝夕不相及，誰能待五？”後子出，而告人曰：“趙孟將死矣。主民，玩歲而愒日，其與幾何？”鄭為遊楚亂故，六月丁巳，鄭伯及其大夫盟於公孫段氏，罕虎、公孫僑、公孫段、印段、遊吉、駟帶私盟於閨門之外，實薰隧。公孫黑強與於盟，使大史書其名，且曰七子。子產弗討。

Prince Hou saw Zhao Meng. Zhao Meng said, "When will you return?" He replied, "Zhen feared being expelled by our humble ruler, and so is here, and will wait for the next ruler to succeed." Zhao Meng said, "What of the ruler of Qin?" He replied, "Without the Way." Zhao Meng said, "Will he perish?" He replied, "Why? One generation without the Way does not bring a state to its end. A state stands between Heaven and Earth, with things that stand together with it. It cannot be doomed without several generations of dissoluteness." Zhao Meng said, "Is that Heaven's will?" He replied, "Yes." Zhao Meng said, "About how long?" He replied, "Zhen has heard that when a state is without the Way and the harvests are good and ripe, this is Heaven's assistance. It is rarely less than five years." Zhao Meng looked at the shadow of the sun and said, "We cannot continue from morning to evening; who can wait five years?" Prince Hou went out and told someone, "Zhao Meng is about to die. Presiding over the people, he trifles with the years and covets the days; how long can that last?" Because of the disorder of You Chu, in the sixth month, on dingsi, the Earl of Zheng and his grand officers made a covenant at the house of Gongsun Duan, and Han Hu, Gongsun Qiao, Gongsun Duan, Yin Duan, You Ji, and Si Dai made a private covenant outside the inner gate, actually at Xunsui. Gongsun Hei forcibly joined the covenant, had the Grand Historian record his name, and they were called the Seven Masters. Zichan did not punish him.

晉中行穆子敗無終及群狄於大原，崇卒也。將戰，魏舒曰：“彼徒我車，所遇又厄，以什共車必克。困諸厄，又克。請皆卒，自我始。”乃毀車以為行，五乘為三伍。荀吳之嬖人不肯即卒，斬以徇。為五陳以相離，兩於前，伍於後，專為右角，參為左角，偏為前拒，以誘之。翟人笑之。未陳而薄之，大敗之。

Zhongxing Muzi of Jin defeated the Wuzhong and the various Di at Dayuan, exalting infantry. As they were about to fight, Wei Shu said, "They are infantry and we are chariots, and the ground is narrow; if we use ten men against one chariot we will surely win. Trapped on narrow ground, we can still win. Please let us all be infantry, beginning with me." So he broke up the chariots and organized an infantry formation, with five chariots organized into three squads. Xun Wu's favorite would not be organized into the infantry, and was beheaded and displayed. They set up five kinds of formations separated from one another, with two in front, the five behind, one dedicated to the right wing, three to the left wing, and one detached to the front as a lure. The Di laughed at them. Before they had drawn up ranks, the Jin pressed on and utterly defeated them.

莒展輿立，而奪群公子秩。公子召去疾於齊。秋，齊公子鉏納去疾，展輿奔吳。

Zhanyu of Ju took the throne and stripped the princes of their emoluments. The princes summoned Qu Ji from Qi. In autumn, Prince Chu of Qi escorted Qu Ji back to the state, and Zhanyu fled to Wu.

叔弓帥師疆鄆田，因莒亂也。於是莒務婁、瞀胡及公子滅明以大厖與常儀靡奔齊。君子曰：“莒展之不立，棄人也夫！人可棄乎？《詩》曰：‘無競維人。’善矣。”

Shu Gong led an army to fix the field boundaries of Yun, taking advantage of the disorder in Ju. At that time Wulou, Maohu, and Prince Mieming of Ju took Dahuang and Changyi Mi and fled to Qi. The gentleman said, "Zhan of Ju could not establish himself because he abandoned people! Can one abandon people? The Odes say: 'Strength lies only in people.' How true."

晉侯有疾，鄭伯使公孫僑如晉聘，且問疾。叔向問焉，曰：“寡君之疾病，卜人曰：‘實沈、臺駘為祟。’史莫之知，敢問此何神也？”子產曰：“昔高辛氏有二子，伯曰閼伯，季曰實沈，居於曠林，不相能也。日尋干戈，以相征討。

The Marquis of Jin was ill, and the Earl of Zheng sent Gongsun Qiao to Jin on a mission and to inquire after his illness. Shuxiang asked him, "Our humble ruler's illness; the diviner said: 'Shichen and Taitai are making trouble.' None of the historians know; may I ask what spirits these are?" Zichan said, "Formerly Gaoxin had two sons, the elder called Yanbo and the younger called Shichen, who lived in the Kuang forest and could not get along. Every day they took up shields and spears and attacked each other.

后帝不臧，遷閼伯於商丘，主辰。商人是因，故辰為商星。遷實沈於大夏，主參。

The High Sovereign thought this bad and moved Yanbo to Shangqiu, to preside over the star Chen. The men of Shang followed this, and so Chen is the star of Shang. He moved Shichen to Daxia, to preside over the star Shen.

唐人是因，以服事夏、商。其季世曰唐叔虞。當武王邑姜方震大叔，夢帝謂己：‘餘命而子曰虞，將與之唐，屬諸參，而蕃育其子孫。’及生，有文在其手曰：‘虞’，遂以命之。及成王滅唐而封大叔焉，故參為晉星。由是觀之，則實沈，參神也。昔金天氏有裔子曰昧，為玄冥師，生允格、臺駘。臺駘能業其官，宣汾、洮，障大澤，以處大原。帝用嘉之，封諸汾川。沈、姒、蓐、黃，實守其祀。今晉主汾而滅之矣。由是觀之，則臺駘，汾神也。抑此二者，不及君身。山川之神，則水旱癘疫之災，於是乎禜之。日月星辰之神，則雪霜風雨之不時，於是乎禜之。

The men of Tang followed this and served Xia and Shang. In its last age it was called Tang Shuyu. When Yi Jiang, wife of King Wu, was pregnant with Dashu, she dreamed that the Lord said to her: 'I give your son the name Yu, and will give him Tang, belonging to Shen, to multiply his descendants.' When he was born, the lines on his hand looked like the character 'Yu,' and so he was named so. When King Cheng destroyed Tang and enfeoffed Dashu there, Shen therefore became the star of Jin. From this, Shichen is the spirit of Shen. Formerly Jintianshi had a descendant called Mei, who was a master of Xuanming, and who bore Yunge and Taitai. Taitai could continue his office, cleared the Fen and Tao rivers, built dikes to hold back the great marsh, and so settled in Dayuan. The Lord therefore commended him and enfeoffed him at the Fen river. Shen, Si, Ru, and Huang actually guarded his sacrifices. Now Jin presides over the Fen and has destroyed them. From this, Taitai is the spirit of the Fen. But these two cannot reach the person of your ruler. The spirits of mountains and rivers are propitiated by yong sacrifice for floods, droughts and epidemics. The spirits of the sun, moon, and stars are propitiated by yong sacrifice for snow, frost, wind, and rain out of season.

若君身，則亦出入飲食哀樂之事也，山川星辰之神，又何為焉”？僑聞之，君子有四時：朝以聽政，晝以訪問，夕以修令，夜以安身。於是乎節宣其氣，勿使有所壅閉湫底，以露其體。茲心不爽，而昏亂百度。今無乃壹之，則生疾矣。僑又聞之，內官不及同姓，其生不殖，美先盡矣，則相生疾，君子是以惡之。故《志》曰：‘買妾不知其姓，則卜之。’違此二者，古之所慎也。男女辨姓，禮之大司也。今君內實有四姬焉，其無乃是也乎？若由是二者，弗可為也已。四姬有省猶可，無則必生疾矣。”叔向曰：“善哉！肸未之聞也。此皆然矣。”

As for the ruler's own person, it is a matter of going out and in, drinking and eating, grief and joy; what do the spirits of mountains, rivers, and stars have to do with it?" Qiao has heard that a gentleman has four times: in the morning he hears government, in the day he makes inquiries, in the evening he drafts orders, and at night he settles his body. Thereby he regulates and releases his breath, and does not let it be blocked or stagnant, which would weaken the body. When the heart is not clear and bright, all the measures are muddled. Now, perhaps by concentrating on one thing, he has fallen ill. Qiao has also heard that the inner chambers do not include those of the same surname, so that reproduction flourishes; if beauty has first been used up, they make each other ill, and the gentleman hates this. Therefore the Records say: 'In buying a concubine, if you do not know her surname, divine.' To violate these two things was what the ancients were careful about. Distinguishing surnames between men and women is a great principle of ritual. Now your ruler actually has four ladies of the Ji surname within; perhaps this is the cause? If it is due to these two things, it can no longer be remedied. If the four Ji ladies are reduced, it can be put right; if not reduced, he will surely fall ill." Shuxiang said, "Well said! Xi had not heard this. All of it is right."

叔向出，行人揮送之。叔向問鄭故焉，且問子皙。對曰：“其與幾何？無禮而好陵人，怙富而卑其上，弗能久矣。”

Shuxiang went out, and the envoy Hui saw him off. Shuxiang asked about matters in Zheng, and also asked about Zixi. He replied, "How long can he last? Without ritual, he likes to bully others, and relying on his wealth he looks down on his superiors; he cannot last long."

晉侯聞子產之言，曰：“博物君子也。”重賄之。

The Marquis of Jin, hearing Zichan's words, said, "He is a gentleman of broad knowledge of things." He gave him generous gifts.

晉侯求醫於秦。秦伯使醫和視之，曰：“疾不可為也。是謂：‘近女室，疾如蠱。非鬼非食，惑以喪志。良巨將死，天命不佑’”公曰：“女不可近乎？”對曰：“節之。先王之樂，所以節百事也。故有五節，遲速本末以相及，中聲以降，五降之後，不容彈矣。於是有煩手淫聲，慆堙心耳，乃忘平和，君子弗德也。物亦如之，至於煩，乃舍也已，無以生疾。君子之近琴瑟，以儀節也，非以慆心也。天有六氣，降生五味，發為五色，徵為五聲，淫生六疾。六氣曰陰、陽、風、雨、晦、明也。分為四時，序為五節，過則為災。陰淫寒疾，陽淫熱疾，風淫末疾，雨淫腹疾，晦淫惑疾，明淫心疾。女，陽物而晦時，淫則生內熱惑蠱之疾。今君不節不時，能無及此乎？”出，告趙孟。趙孟曰：“誰當良臣？”對曰：“主是謂矣！主相晉國，於今八年，晉國無亂，諸侯無闕，可謂良矣。和聞之，國之大臣，榮其寵祿，任其寵節，有災禍興而無改焉，必受其咎。今君至於淫以生疾，將不能圖恤社稷，禍孰大焉！主不能御，吾是以雲也。”趙孟曰：“何謂蠱”對曰：“淫溺惑亂之所生也。於文，皿蟲為蠱。谷之飛亦為蠱。在《周易》，女惑男，風落山，謂之《蠱》ⅶⅳ。皆同物也。”趙孟曰：“良醫也。”厚其禮歸之。

The Marquis of Jin asked Qin for a physician. The Earl of Qin sent the physician He to examine him, and he said, "The illness cannot be treated. It is called: 'By being near the women's chamber, the illness is like gu. It is not ghosts and not food; delusion and loss of one's will. A good minister will die and Heaven's mandate will not protect.'" The base text's "liang ju" is "liang chen." The duke said, "Must one not be near women?" He replied, "One must be moderate. The music of the former kings was used to moderate all things. Hence there are five measures, with slow and fast, beginning and end connected, and after the middle tone comes down, after the five descents one should no longer play. If there are complex fingerings and excessive sounds that fill the heart and ears, then one forgets harmony, and the gentleman does not take this. Things are like this; when they reach vexation and confusion, one should simply put them down, and not fall ill because of them. When a gentleman is near the zither, it is for ceremony and not to confuse the heart. Heaven has six qi, which produce the five flavors, issue as five colors, and are verified as five sounds; excess brings six illnesses. The six qi are yin, yang, wind, rain, darkness, and light. They divide into four seasons and are ordered as five measures, and excess is calamity. Excess of yin is cold illness, excess of yang is heat illness, excess of wind is illness of the limbs, excess of rain is illness of the belly, excess of darkness is illness of delusion, and excess of light is illness of the heart. Women are of the yang kind and belong to the time of darkness, and in excess give rise to inner heat and the illness of delusion and gu. Now your ruler is not moderate and not timely; can he fail to come to this?" He went out and told Zhao Meng. Zhao Meng said, "Who is the good minister?" He replied, "It means you, my lord! You have assisted Jin until now for eight years; Jin has had no disorder and the feudal lords no lapses, which may be called good. I have heard that a great minister of a state, who glories in his favored salary, bears the measure of his favor, and when disaster arises does not change, will surely receive the blame. Now your ruler has become licentious and fallen ill and will not be able to plan for and care for the altars of the state; is there any greater disaster than this! You cannot resist it, and so I say this." Zhao Meng said, "What is called gu?" He replied, "It is born of indulgence and confusion. In writing, a worm in a vessel is gu. What flies out of grain is also gu. In the Book of Changes, a woman bewitching a man, wind felling a mountain, is called Gu. They are all of one kind." Zhao Meng said, "A good physician." He added generous gifts and sent him back.

楚公子圍使公子黑肱、伯州犁城犨、櫟、郟，鄭人懼。子產曰：“不害。令尹將行大事，而先除二子也。禍不及鄭，何患焉？”冬，楚公子圍將聘於鄭，伍舉為介。未出竟，聞王有疾而還。伍舉遂聘。十一月己酉，公子圍至，入問王疾，縊而弒之。遂殺其二子幕及平夏。右尹子幹出奔晉。宮廄尹子皙出奔鄭。殺大宰伯州犁於郟。葬王於郟，謂之郟敖。使赴於鄭，伍舉問應為後之辭焉。對曰：“寡大夫圍。”伍舉更之曰：“共王之子圍為長。”

Prince Wei of Chu sent Prince Heigong and Bo Zhouli to fortify Chou, Li, and Jia, and the men of Zheng were afraid. Zichan said, "It does no harm. The Chancellor is about to do something great and will first remove these two men. The disaster will not reach Zheng; what is there to worry about?" In winter, Prince Wei of Chu was about to go to Zheng on a mission, with Wu Ju as deputy. Before they left the borders, they heard the king was ill and went back. Wu Ju then went on the mission. In the eleventh month, on jiyou, Prince Wei arrived, went in to ask after the king's illness, and strangled and murdered him. He then killed the king's two sons, Mu and Pingxia. The Right Minister Zigan fled to Jin. The Director of the Palace Stables Zixi fled to Zheng. He killed the Grand Steward Bo Zhouli at Jia. He buried the king at Jia, and called him Jia Ao. He sent someone to Zheng with the announcement of death, and Wu Ju asked what the wording would be for the one who should succeed. The reply was, "Our humble grand officer Wei." Wu Ju changed it to: "Wei, the elder son of King Gong."

子幹奔晉，從車五乘。叔向使與秦公子同食，皆百人之餼。趙文子曰：“秦公子富。”叔向曰：“厎祿以德，德鈞以年，年同以尊。公子以國，不聞以富。

Zigan fled to Jin with five chariots in his train. Shuxiang had him receive the same salary as the prince of Qin, a hundred measures of provisions each. Zhao Wenzi said, "The prince of Qin is wealthy." Shuxiang said, "Salary is set by virtue, when virtue is equal by age, and when age is the same by rank. A prince is judged by his state; I have not heard of judging by wealth.

且夫以千乘去其國，強御已甚。《詩》曰：‘不侮鰥寡，不畏強禦。’秦、楚，匹也。”使後子與子幹齒。辭曰：“針懼選，楚公子不獲，是以皆來，亦唯命。

Moreover, he left his state with a thousand chariots, which is already excess of force. The Odes say: 'Do not bully widowers and widows, and do not fear the powerful.' Qin and Chu are equals." He placed Prince Hou and Zigan on the same level. Prince Hou declined, saying, "Zhen feared being expelled, and the Prince of Chu has not achieved his aims, and so both have come, and we only listen to commands.

且臣與羈齒，無乃不可乎？史佚有言曰：‘非羈何忌？’”楚靈王即位，薳罷為令尹，薳啟強為大宰。鄭遊吉如楚，葬郟敖，且聘立君。

Moreover, for me to rank with a wandering stranger, I fear is not appropriate. Shi Yi had a saying: 'If not a wandering stranger, what is there to hold back from?'" King Ling of Chu took the throne, with Wei Ba as Chancellor and Wei Qijiang as Grand Steward. You Ji of Zheng went to Chu to bury Jia Ao and also to make a mission for the installation of the ruler.

歸，謂子產曰：“具行器矣！楚王汰侈而自說其事，必合諸侯。吾往無日矣。”

On returning, he said to Zichan, "Prepare the equipment for travel! The king of Chu is arrogant, wasteful, and extravagant and admires his own deeds, and will surely gather the feudal lords. I shall have few days before I go."

子產曰：“不數年，未能也。”

Zichan said, "Not in a few years; it cannot be."

十二月，晉既烝，趙孟適南陽，將會孟子餘。甲辰朔，烝於溫。庚戌，卒。

In the twelfth month, Jin had already held the winter sacrifice, and Zhao Meng went to Nanyang to meet Meng Ziyu. On the first day, jiachen, he held the winter sacrifice at Wen. On gengxu, he died.

鄭伯如晉吊，及雍乃復。

The Earl of Zheng went to Jin to offer condolences, and returned upon reaching Yong.

【經】二年春，晉侯使韓起來聘。夏，叔弓如晉。秋，鄭殺其大夫公孫黑。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Han Qi on a mission. In summer, Shu Gong went to Jin. In autumn, Zheng killed its grand officer Gongsun Hei.

冬，公如晉，至河乃復。季孫宿如晉。

In winter, Duke Zhao went to Jin and turned back upon reaching the Yellow River. Jisun Su went to Jin.

【傳】二年春，晉侯使韓宣子來聘，且告為政而來見，禮也。觀書於大史氏，見《易》《象》與《魯春秋》，曰：“周禮盡在魯矣。吾乃今知周公之德，與周之所以王也。”公享之。季武子賦《綿》之卒章。韓子賦《角弓》。季武子拜，曰：“敢拜子之彌縫敝邑，寡君有望矣。”武子賦《節》之卒章。既享，宴於季氏，有嘉樹焉，宣子譽之。武子曰：“宿敢不封殖此樹，以無忘《角弓》。”遂賦《甘棠》。宣子曰：“起不堪也，無以及召公。”

[Commentary] In the second year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Han Xuanzi on a mission, and also to announce that he had taken up government and come to pay a visit, which accorded with ritual. At the Grand Historian's office he viewed the documents and saw the Changes, the Images, and the Spring and Autumn of Lu, and said, "All the rites of Zhou are in Lu. Only now do I understand the virtue of the Duke of Zhou and the reason why Zhou became king." Duke Zhao feasted him. Jisun Wuzi recited the last stanza of "Mian." Han Zi recited "Jiao Gong." Jisun Wuzi bowed and said, "I dare to bow in thanks that you mend and patch our humble state, and our humble ruler has something to hope for." Wuzi recited the last stanza of "Jie." After the feast, they drank at the Ji house, where there was a fine tree, and Xuanzi praised it. Wuzi said, "How would Su dare not cultivate this tree, so as not to forget 'Jiao Gong'?" Then he recited "Gan Tang." Xuanzi said, "Qi cannot bear it; I cannot compare to Duke Shao."

宣子遂如齊納幣。見子雅。子雅召子旗，使見宣子。宣子曰：“非保家之主也，不臣。”見子尾。子尾見強，宣子謂之如子旗。大夫多笑之，唯晏子信之，曰：“夫子，君子也。君子有信，其有以知之矣。”自齊聘於衛。衛侯享之，北宮文子賦《淇澳》。宣子賦《木瓜》。

Xuanzi then went to Qi to deliver betrothal gifts. He saw Ziya. Ziya summoned Ziqi and had him see Xuanzi. Xuanzi said, "He is not a master who can keep a house; he is not like a minister." He saw Zi Wei. Zi Wei had Qiang come in to see him, and Xuanzi said he was like Ziqi. Many grand officers laughed, only Yanzi believed it, saying, "The master is a gentleman. A gentleman has good faith, and there is that by which he knows." From Qi he went on a mission to Wei. The Marquis of Wei feasted him, and Beigong Wenzi recited "Qi Ao." Xuanzi recited "Mu Gua."

夏四月，韓須如齊逆女。齊陳無宇送女，致少姜。少姜有寵於晉侯，晉侯謂之少齊。謂陳無宇非卿，執諸中都。少姜為之請曰：“送從逆班，畏大國也，猶有所易，是以亂作。”

In summer, in the fourth month, Han Xu went to Qi to welcome the new bride. Chen Wuyu of Qi escorted the bride, and brought her to Shaojiang. Shaojiang was favored by the Marquis of Jin, who called her Shao Qi. Considering that Chen Wuyu was not a minister, he seized him at Zhongdu. Shaojiang pleaded for him, saying, "The escort follows the rank of those who come to welcome her out of fear of the great state, and if it is changed, disorder arises from it."

叔弓聘於晉，報宣子也。晉侯使郊勞。辭曰：“寡君使弓來繼舊好，固曰：‘女無敢為賓！’徹命於執事，敝邑弘矣。敢辱郊使？請辭。”致館。辭曰：“寡君命下臣來繼舊好，好合使成，臣之祿也。敢辱大館？”叔向曰：“子叔子知禮哉！吾聞之曰：‘忠信，禮之器也。卑讓，禮之宗也。’辭不忘國，忠信也。

Shu Gong went to Jin on a mission, returning Xuanzi's visit. The Marquis of Jin sent men to console him in the suburbs. He declined, saying, "Our humble ruler sent Gong to continue the old friendship, and said from the beginning: 'You must not dare to be a guest!' That our orders are communicated to your officials would already magnify our humble state. How dare I trouble an envoy in the suburbs? Please excuse me." When he was escorted to the guesthouse, he declined, saying, "Our humble ruler ordered your servant to come to continue the old friendship, and that friendship is made and the mission completed is my blessing and emolument. How dare I trouble the great guesthouse?" Shuxiang said, "Zishu Zi knows ritual! I have heard: 'Loyalty and good faith are the vessels of ritual. Humility and yielding are the main point of ritual.' That his words do not forget the state is loyalty and good faith.

先國後己，卑讓也。《詩》曰：‘敬慎威儀，以近有德。’夫子近德矣。”

To put the state first and oneself later is humility. The Odes say: 'Be reverent and careful in dignified bearing, to be near those with virtue.' This master is near virtue."

秋，鄭公孫黑將作亂，欲去遊氏而代其位，傷疾作而不果。駟氏與諸大夫欲殺之。子產在鄙，聞之，懼弗及，乘遽而至。使吏數之，曰：“伯有之亂，以大國之事，而未爾討也。爾有亂心，無厭，國不女堪。專伐伯有，而罪一也。昆弟爭室，而罪二也。薰隧之盟，女矯君位，而罪三也。有死罪三，何以堪之？不速死，大刑將至。”再拜稽首，辭曰：“死在朝夕，無助天為虐。”子產曰：“人誰不死？兇人不終，命也。作凶事，為兇人。不助天，其助兇人乎？”請以印為褚師。子產曰：“印也若才，君將任之。不才，將朝夕從女。女罪之不恤，而又何請焉？不速死，司寇將至。”七月壬寅，縊。屍諸周氏之衢，加木焉。

In autumn, Gongsun Hei of Zheng was about to make disorder, wishing to remove the You clan and take their place, but his wound and illness flared up and it was not carried out. The Si clan and the grand officers wished to kill him. Zichan was at the border, heard of it, feared he would not arrive in time, and came by post-chariot. He sent an officer to rebuke him, saying, "In the disorder of Bo You, because of the affairs of a great state, you were not yet punished. You have a rebellious heart and have not been satisfied, and the state cannot bear you. To attack Bo You on your own authority is your first crime. For brothers to fight over a household is your second crime. In the covenant at Xunsui, you falsely used the ruler's position, your third crime. With three capital crimes, how can you be spared? If you do not die at once, the great punishment will come." He bowed twice and touched his head to the ground, and pleaded, "I shall die sooner or later; do not help Heaven do a cruel thing." Zichan said, "Who does not die? A violent man not coming to a good end is fate. One who does violent things is a violent man. Not helping Heaven, would I help a violent man?" He asked that Yin be made Chushi. Zichan said, "If Yin has ability, the ruler will use him. If he has none, he will soon follow you. You need not worry about your crimes, what more do you ask? If you do not die quickly, the Minister of Crime will come." In the seventh month, on renyin, he hanged himself. His body was exposed at the crossroads of the Zhou clan, with a tablet written with his crimes.

晉少姜卒。公如晉，及河。晉侯使士文伯來辭，曰：“非伉儷也。請君無辱！”公還，季孫宿遂致服焉。叔向言陳無宇於晉侯曰：“彼何罪？君使公族逆之，齊使上大夫送之。猶曰不共，君求以貪。國則不共，而執其使。君刑已頗，何以為盟主？且少姜有辭。”冬十月，陳無宇歸。

Shaojiang of Jin died. Duke Zhao went to Jin and reached the Yellow River. The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Wenbo to decline, saying, "She was not a true consort. Please, Your Majesty, do not trouble yourself!" Duke Zhao went back, and Jisun Su then sent clothing. Shuxiang spoke to the Marquis of Jin about Chen Wuyu, saying, "What crime has he? Your Majesty sent a member of the ducal clan to welcome her, and Qi sent a senior grand officer to escort her. Yet it is said that Qi was not respectful; your Majesty's demands are too greedy. The state is not respectful, yet you seize the envoy. Your Majesty's punishment is already biased; how can you be leader of the covenant? Moreover, Shaojiang had something to say." In winter, in the tenth month, Chen Wuyu returned.

十一月，鄭印段如晉吊。

In the eleventh month, Yin Duan of Zheng went to Jin to offer condolences.

【經】三年春王正月丁未，滕子原卒。夏，叔弓如滕。五月，葬滕成公。秋，小邾子來朝。八月，大雩。冬，大雨雹。北燕伯款出奔齊。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, on dingwei, Yuan, Viscount of Teng, died. In summer, Shu Gong went to Teng. In the fifth month, Duke Cheng of Teng was buried. In autumn, the Viscount of Little Zhu came to court. In the eighth month, a great rain-sacrifice was held. In winter, there was a great hailstorm. Kuan, Earl of Northern Yan, fled to Qi.

【傳】三年春，王正月，鄭遊吉如晉，送少姜之葬。梁丙與張趯見之。梁丙曰：“甚矣哉！子之為此來也。”子大叔曰：“將得已乎？昔文、襄之霸也，其務不煩諸侯。令諸侯三歲而聘，五歲而朝，有事而會，不協而盟。君薨，大夫吊，卿共葬事。夫人，士吊，大夫送葬。足以昭禮命事謀闕而已，無加命矣。今嬖寵之喪，不敢擇位，而數於守適，唯懼獲戾，豈敢憚煩？少姜有寵而死，齊必繼室。

[Commentary] In the third year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, You Ji of Zheng went to Jin to attend the burial of Shaojiang. Liang Bing and Zhang Yue saw him. Liang Bing said, "This is excessive! You have come for this." Zi Dashu said, "Can it be stopped? Formerly, when Wen and Xiang were hegemons, their main concern was not to burden the feudal lords. They ordered the feudal lords to make missions every three years and attend court every five years, to meet when there was business, and to make covenants when there was disagreement. When a ruler died, grand officers offered condolences and ministers supplied the funeral. For a lady, officers offered condolences and grand officers attended the burial. This was enough to make ritual clear, issue orders, and plan for failings, and there were no extra commands. Now for the funeral of a favored concubine, we dare not choose the rank, and the number of times compares with guarding a principal consort, and we fear only incurring guilt; how dare we fear the burden? Shaojiang died in favor, and Qi will surely send another to be the successor consort.

今茲吾又將來賀，不唯此行也。”張趯曰：“善哉！吾得聞此數也。然自今，子其無事矣。譬如火焉，火中，寒暑乃退。此其極也，能無退乎？晉將失諸侯，諸侯求煩不獲。”二大夫退。子大叔告人曰：“張趯有知，其猶在君子之後乎！”丁未，滕子原卒。同盟，故書名。

This year I shall come again to congratulate, and not only this trip." Zhang Yue said, "Well said! I was able to hear these rites. But from now on, you probably will have no business. It is like the Great Fire star: when the Great Fire is at the zenith, cold and heat then retreat. This is the extreme; can it not retreat? Jin will lose the feudal lords, and the feudal lords will seek to be burdened but will not get it." The two grand officers withdrew. Zi Dashu told someone, "Zhang Yue has wisdom; he is probably still behind the gentleman!" On dingwei, Yuan, Viscount of Teng, died. It was a covenant ally, and so the Spring and Autumn records his name.

齊侯使晏嬰請繼室於晉，曰：“寡君使嬰曰：‘寡人願事君，朝夕不倦，將奉質幣，以無失時，則國家多難，是以不獲。不腆先君之適，以備內官，焜耀寡人之望，則又無祿，早世殞命，寡人失望。君若不忘先君之好，惠顧齊國，辱收寡人，徼福於大公、丁公，照臨敝邑，鎮撫其社稷，則猶有先君之適及遺姑姊妹若而人。君若不棄敝邑，而辱使董振擇之，以備嬪嬙，寡人之望也。’”韓宣子使叔向對曰：“寡君之願也。寡君不能獨任其社稷之事，未有伉儷。在縗絰之中，是以未敢請。君有辱命，惠莫大焉。若惠顧敝邑，撫有晉國，賜之內主，豈唯寡君，舉群臣實受其貺。其自唐叔以下，實寵嘉之。”

The Marquis of Qi sent Yan Ying to Jin to request a secondary wife, saying: "My ruler sent Ying to say: 'I wish to serve Your Majesty morning and evening without weariness, and would present betrothal gifts so as not to miss the season, but my state has had many calamities, and so I could not. The legitimate daughter of my unworthy former ruler was to fill your inner palace and fulfill my hope, but she had no good fortune and died young, and I am disappointed. If Your Majesty does not forget the friendship of the former rulers, and graciously favors Qi, deigning to take me in and seek blessings from Taigong and Dinggong, looking upon our humble town and pacifying the altars of the state, then there are still the legitimate daughters of the former ruler and several aunts and sisters left behind. If Your Majesty does not abandon our humble town and deigns to send an impartial person to choose among them to fill your consorts' ranks, that is my hope.'" Han Xuanzi sent Shu Xiang to reply: "It is my ruler's wish. My ruler cannot bear the affairs of the altars alone and has not yet a spouse. As we are in mourning dress, we did not yet dare to ask. Your Majesty's command, graciously spoken, is a kindness than which none is greater. If you favor our humble town and look after Jin and bestow an inner mistress, not only my ruler but all the ministers actually receive the gift. From Tang Shu on down, we truly are favored and commended."

既成昏，晏子受禮。叔向從之宴，相與語。叔向曰：“齊其何如？”晏子曰：“此季世也，吾弗知。齊其為陳氏矣！公棄其民，而歸於陳氏。齊舊四量，豆、區、釜、鍾。四升為豆，各自其四，以登於釜。釜十則鍾。陳氏三量，皆登一焉，鍾乃大矣。以家量貸，而以公量收之。山木如市，弗加於山。魚鹽蜃蛤，弗加於海。民參其力，二入於公，而衣食其一。公聚朽蠹，而三老凍餒。國之諸市，屨賤踴貴。民人痛疾，而或燠休之，其愛之如父母，而歸之如流水，欲無獲民，將焉闢之？箕伯、直柄、虞遂、伯戲，其相胡公、大姬，已在齊矣。”

The betrothal was settled, and Master Yan received the ritual. Shu Xiang joined him at the feast, and they talked with each other. Shu Xiang said: "What will become of Qi?" Master Yan said: "This is the last age; I do not know. Qi will probably become the Chen clan's! The duke has abandoned his people and they turn to the Chen clan. Qi formerly had four measures: dou, ou, fu, and zhong. Four sheng make a dou, each multiplied by four up to the fu. Ten fu make a zhong. The Chen clan's three measures all add one, so their zhong is large. They lend out with their family measure and collect back with the ducal measure. Timber from the mountains arrives at the market without a higher price than on the mountain. Fish, salt, clams, and oysters arrive without a higher price than at the sea. The people divide their labor into three parts: two go to the ducal house and only one is used for their own clothing and food. The ducal storehouses pile up and rot and breed worms, while the Three Elders freeze and starve. In all the markets of the state, shoes are cheap and yong (leg-cut footwear) are dear. The people are in pain, yet someone consoles them and loves them like parents, and they flow to him like water; if he wishes not to win the people, where could he avoid it? Ji Bo, Zhi Bing, Yu Sui, and Bo Xi, who assisted Duke Hu and Da Ji, are already in Qi."

叔向曰：“然。雖吾公室，今亦季世也。戎馬不駕，卿無軍行，公乘無人，卒列無長。庶民罷敝，而宮室滋侈。道殣相望，而女富溢尤。民聞公命，如逃寇仇。欒、郤、胥、原、狐、續、慶、伯，降在皂隸。政在家門，民無所依，君日不悛，以樂慆憂。公室之卑，其何日之有？《讒鼎之銘》曰：‘昧旦丕顯，後世猶怠。’況日不悛，其能久乎？”宴子曰：“子將若何？”叔向曰：“晉之公族盡矣。肸聞之，公室將卑，其宗族枝葉先落，則公從之。肸之宗十一族，唯羊舌氏在而已。肸又無子。公室無度，幸而得死，豈其獲祀？”初，景公欲更晏子之宅，曰：“子之宅近市，湫隘囂塵，不可以居，請更諸爽塏者。”辭曰：“君之先臣容焉，臣不足以嗣之，於臣侈矣。且小人近市，朝夕得所求，小人之利也。敢煩裡旅？”公笑曰：“子近市，識貴賤乎？”對曰：“既利之，敢不識乎？”公曰：“何貴何賤？”於是景公繁於刑，有鬻踴者。故對曰：“踴貴屨賤。”既已告於君，故與叔向語而稱之。景公為是省於刑。君子曰：“仁人之言，其利博哉。晏子一言而齊侯省刑。《詩》曰：‘君子如祉，亂庶遄已。’其是之謂乎！”及宴子如晉，公更其宅，反，則成矣。既拜，乃毀之，而為裡室，皆如其舊。

Shu Xiang said: "So it is. Even our ducal house is now in the last age. The war horses are not harnessed, the ministers have no army ranks, the duke's carriages have no one to attend them, and the ranks of soldiers have no leaders. The common people are exhausted while the palaces grow ever more extravagant. On the roads the starved can be seen looking at each other, while the houses of the favored women overflow with wealth. When the people hear the duke's commands, they flee as from bandits. The Luan, Xi, Xu, Yuan, Hu, Xu, Qing, and Bo clans have fallen to the rank of menials. Government is in private houses and the people have nothing to rely on; the ruler does not change from day to day, covering his worry with pleasure. How many days has the lowly ducal house left? The inscription on the Chan tripod says: 'At first light be clear and bright, yet the later generations are still idle.' How much more one who does not change from day to day; can he last long?" Master Yan said: "What will you do?" Shu Xiang said: "The ducal clan of Jin is finished. I, Xi, have heard that when a ducal house is to decline, the branches and leaves of its clan fall first and the duke follows. Of my clan's eleven lineages, only the Yangshe clan remains. And I have no son. The ducal house has no laws; if I am lucky enough to die well, how could I still receive sacrifices?" Earlier, Duke Jing wished to change Master Yan's residence, saying: "Your house is near the market, low, damp, narrow, noisy, and dusty; it is not fit to live in. Please move to a high and dry place." He declined: "It was where Your Majesty's former ministers lived; I am not worthy to succeed them, and it is already extravagant for me. Moreover, a petty man living near the market gets what he seeks morning and evening, which is the petty man's advantage. How dare I trouble the village neighbors?" The duke laughed and said: "You live near the market; do you know what is dear and what is cheap?" He answered: "Having gained from it, how dare I not know?" The duke said: "What is dear and what is cheap?" At that time Duke Jing used many punishments, and there were people selling yong. So he answered: "Yong are dear and shoes are cheap." Having told the ruler already, he repeated it when speaking with Shu Xiang. Duke Jing therefore reduced punishments. The gentleman said: "The words of a benevolent man bring wide benefit! One sentence from Master Yan and the Marquis of Qi reduced punishments. The Odes say: 'If the gentleman is pleased, disorder will probably soon stop.' This is what is meant!" When Master Yan went to Jin, the duke had his residence replaced, and by the time he returned it had been built. After giving thanks, he then tore it down and rebuilt the village houses, all as they were before.

則使宅人反之，曰：“諺曰：‘非宅是卜，唯鄰是卜。’二三子先卜鄰矣，違卜不祥。君子不犯非禮，小人不犯不祥，古之制也。吾敢違諸乎？”卒復其舊宅。

Then he had the former residents move back, saying: "The proverb says: 'It is not the house that needs to be divined, but only the neighbors.' These gentlemen first divined about their neighbors, and to go against the divination would be inauspicious. A gentleman does not offend against ritual, a petty man does not offend against the inauspicious; this is the ancient rule. How dare I go against it?" In the end he restored the old residence.

公弗許，因陳桓子以請，乃許之。

The duke did not permit this, and only through Chen Huanzi's request was it permitted.

夏四月，鄭伯如晉，公孫段相，甚敬而卑，禮無違者。晉侯嘉焉，授之以策，曰：“子豐有勞於晉國，餘聞而弗忘。賜女州田，以胙乃舊勳。”伯石再拜稽首，受策以出。君子曰：“禮，其人之急也乎！伯石之汰也，一為禮於晉，猶荷其祿，況以禮終始乎？《詩》曰：‘人而無禮，胡不遄死？’其是之謂乎！”初，州縣，欒豹之邑也。及欒氏亡，範宣子、趙文子、韓宣子皆欲之。文子曰：“溫，吾縣也。”二宣子曰：“自郤稱以別，三傳矣。晉之別縣不唯州，誰獲治之？”文子病之，乃舍之。二子曰：“吾不可以正議而自與也。”皆舍之。

In summer, in the fourth month, the Earl of Zheng went to Jin, with Gongsun Duan assisting, and was very respectful and humble, with no deviation from ritual. The Marquis of Jin commended him and gave him a written decree, saying: "Zifeng labored for Jin, and I have heard of it and not forgotten. I give you the fields of Zhou to repay your former merit." Bo Shi bowed twice, kowtowed, received the decree, and went out. The gentleman said: "Ritual is probably the urgent business of man! Bo Shi was so arrogant, yet by performing ritual once in Jin he received a stipend; how much more by following ritual from beginning to end? The Odes say: 'A man without ritual, why does he not die quickly?' This is what is meant!" At first, Zhou district had been the city of Luan Bao. When the Luan clan was destroyed, Fan Xuanzi, Zhao Wenzi, and Han Xuanzi all wanted it. Wenzi said: "Wen is my district." The two Xuanzi said: "Since it was separated from Xi Cheng, it has been passed down three times. Of the districts separately divided in Jin, not only Zhou, who could govern them?" Wenzi was distressed over this, and so gave it up. The two said: "We cannot argue impartially and then take it ourselves." Both gave it up.

及文子為政，趙獲曰：“可以取州矣。”文子曰：“退！二子之言，義也。違義，禍也。餘不能治餘縣，又焉用州？其以徼禍也？君子曰：‘弗知實難。’知而弗從，禍莫大焉。有言州必死。”

When Wenzi took over the government, Zhao Huo said: "Zhou can now be taken." Wenzi said: "Stand back! The words of those two were righteous. To go against righteousness is disaster. I cannot even govern my own district, so what use is Zhou to me? That would be to seek disaster. The gentleman said: 'Not knowing is truly hard.' To know and not follow is the greatest disaster. Moreover, whoever takes Zhou will surely die."

豐氏故主韓氏，伯石之獲州也，韓宣子為請之，為其復取之之故。

The Feng clan had originally taken the Han clan as their patron; that Bo Shi obtained Zhou was because Han Xuanzi requested it for him, so that he might take it back again.

五月，叔弓如滕，葬滕成公，子服椒為介。及郊，遇懿伯之忌，敬子不入。

In the fifth month, Shu Gong went to Teng and buried Duke Cheng of Teng, with Zifu Jiao as his deputy. When they reached the outskirts, they met the anniversary of Yibo's death, and Jingzi did not enter the city.