Duke Yin (Years 1-11)

【經】十有八年春王正月，公會齊侯於濼。公與夫人姜氏遂如齊。夏四月丙子，公薨於齊。丁酉，公之喪至自齊。秋七月，冬十有二月己丑，葬我君桓公。

[Classic] In the eighteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Luo. Duke Huan then went to Qi with his wife, Lady Jiang. In summer, in the fourth month, on bingzi, Duke Huan died in Qi. On dingyou, the coffin of Duke Huan arrived from Qi. In autumn, in the seventh month; in winter, in the twelfth month, on jichou, our ruler Duke Huan was buried.

【傳】十八年春，公將有行，遂與姜氏如齊。申繻曰：“女有家，男有室，無相瀆也，謂之有禮。易此，必敗。”

[Commentary] In the eighteenth year, in spring, Duke Huan was about to set out, and then went to Qi with Lady Jiang. Shen Xu said, "A woman has her husband's house and a man has his wife's chamber; they must not profane one another. This is called having ritual propriety. If this is changed, ruin is certain."

公會齊侯於濼，遂及文姜如齊。齊侯通焉。公謫之，以告。

Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Luo and then went to Qi with Wen Jiang. The Marquis of Qi had relations with Wen Jiang. Duke Huan reproached her, and she told the Marquis of Qi.

夏四月丙子，享公。使公子彭生乘公，公薨於車。

In summer, in the fourth month, on bingzi, a banquet was given for Duke Huan. Prince Pengsheng was sent to help Duke Huan into his carriage, and Duke Huan died in the carriage.

魯人告於齊曰：“寡君畏君之威，不敢寧居，來修舊好，禮成而不反，無所歸咎，惡於諸侯。請以彭生除之。”齊人殺彭生。

The men of Lu told Qi, "Our humble ruler feared Your Lordship's majesty and did not dare to rest at ease; he came to restore old friendship, and the ritual was completed but he cannot return. There is no one on whom to place the blame, and this will leave a bad name among the feudal lords. Please use Pengsheng to remove this matter." The men of Qi killed Pengsheng.

秋，齊侯師於首止，子亹會之，高渠彌相。七月戊戌，齊人殺子亹而轘高渠彌，祭仲逆鄭子於陳而立之。是行也，祭仲知之，故稱疾不往。人曰：“祭仲以知免。”仲曰：“信也。”

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi encamped at Shouzhi, and Ziwei went to meet him, with Gao Qumi as his assistant. On wuxu in the seventh month, the men of Qi killed Ziwei and tore Gao Qumi apart with chariots, and Zhai Zhong went to Chen to welcome Zi of Zheng (Ziyi) and install him as ruler. On this journey, Zhai Zhong knew beforehand, and so he pleaded illness and did not go. Someone said, "Zhai Zhong escaped disaster through his wisdom." Zhai Zhong said, "That is indeed so."

周公欲弒莊王而立王子克。辛伯告王，遂與王殺周公黑肩。王子克奔燕。

The Duke of Zhou wished to assassinate King Zhuang and install Prince Ke. Xin Bo informed King Zhuang, and together with King Zhuang he killed Heijian, Duke of Zhou. Prince Ke fled to Yan.

初，子儀有寵於桓王，桓王屬諸周公。辛伯諫曰：“並後、匹嫡、兩政、耦國，亂之本也。”周公弗從，故及。

Earlier, Ziyi was favored by King Huan, and King Huan entrusted him to the Duke of Zhou. Xin Bo remonstrated, saying, "A concubine ranking with the queen, a son by a secondary wife matching the heir, two men holding the reins of government, and two cities standing side by side, these are the roots of disorder." The Duke of Zhou did not listen, and so met with disaster.

【經】元年春王正月。三月，夫人孫於齊。夏，單伯送王姬。秋，築王姬之館於外。冬十月乙亥，陳侯林卒。王使榮叔來錫桓公命。王姬歸於齊。齊師遷紀、郱、鄑、郚。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, the first month of the Zhou calendar. In the third month, the Lady fled to Qi. In summer, Shan Bo escorted the royal princess. In autumn, a lodge for the royal princess was built outside the city. In winter, in the tenth month, on yihai, Lin, Marquis of Chen, died. The Son of Heaven sent Rong Shu to bestow the ceremonial garments on Duke Huan. The royal princess was married to Qi. The army of Qi moved Ji's Ping, Zi, and Wu.

【傳】元年春，不稱即位，文姜出故也。

[Commentary] In the first year, in spring, the Spring and Autumn does not say "took the throne" because Wen Jiang had left the state.

三月，夫人孫於齊。不稱姜氏，絕不為親，禮也。

In the third month, the Lady fled to Qi. She is not called Jiang, as a sign of severing her and no longer acknowledging her as kin, which accorded with ritual.

秋，築王姬之館於外。為外，禮也。

In autumn, a lodge for the royal princess was built outside the city. Because it was for someone from outside, this accorded with ritual.

【經】二年春王二月，葬陳莊公。夏，公子慶父帥師伐於餘丘。秋七月，齊王姬卒。冬十有二月，夫人姜氏會齊侯於禚。乙酉，宋公馮卒。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Zhuang of Chen was buried. In summer, Prince Qingfu led an army to attack Yuyu. In autumn, in the seventh month, the royal princess of Qi died. In winter, in the twelfth month, Lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Zhuo. On yiyou, Feng, Duke of Song, died.

【傳】二年冬，夫人姜氏會齊侯於禚。書，奸也。

[Commentary] In the second year, in winter, Lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Zhuo. The Spring and Autumn records this because of the licentiousness.

【經】三年春王正月，溺會齊師伐衛。夏四月，葬宋莊公。五月，葬桓王。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Ni joined the army of Qi in attacking Wei. In summer, in the fourth month, Duke Zhuang of Song was buried. In the fifth month, King Huan was buried.

秋，紀季以酅入於齊。冬，公次於滑。

In autumn, Ji Ji took Xi and submitted to Qi. In winter, Duke Zhuang encamped at Hua.

【傳】三年春，溺會齊師伐衛，疾之也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the third year, Ni joined the army of Qi in attacking Wei. The Spring and Autumn Annals records it thus because it detested him.

夏五月，葬桓王，緩也。

In the fifth month of summer, King Huan was buried; this was late.

秋，紀季以酅入於齊，紀於是乎始判。

In autumn, Ji Ji took Xi and submitted to Qi; from this time Ji began to split apart.

冬，公次於滑，將會鄭伯，謀紀故也。鄭伯辭以難。凡師，一宿為舍，再宿為信，過信為次。

In winter, Duke Zhuang encamped at Hua, intending to meet the Earl of Zheng to discuss the affairs of Ji. The Earl of Zheng excused himself on account of trouble within his state. As a rule, when an army stays one night it is called "she", two nights "xin", and more than "xin" it is called "ci".

【經】四年春王二月，夫人姜氏享齊侯於祝丘。三月，紀伯姬卒。夏，齊侯、陳侯、鄭伯遇於垂。紀侯大去其國。六月乙丑，齊侯葬紀伯姬。秋七月。冬，公及齊人狩於禚。

[Classic] In the spring of the fourth year, in the second month by the Zhou calendar, the Lady Jiang entertained the Marquis of Qi at Zhuqiu. In the third month, Bo Ji of Ji died. In summer, the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Chen, and the Earl of Zheng met by chance at Chui. The Marquis of Ji left his state forever. On the yichou day of the sixth month, the Marquis of Qi buried Bo Ji of Ji. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, Duke Zhuang hunted with the men of Qi at Zhuo.

【傳】四年春，王三月，楚武王荊尸，授師孑焉，以伐隨。將齊，入告夫人鄧曼曰：“餘心蕩。”鄧曼嘆曰：“王祿盡矣。盈而蕩，天之道也。先君其知之矣，故臨武事，將發大命，而蕩王心焉。若師徒無虧，王薨於行，國之福也。”

[Commentary] In the spring of the fourth year, in the third month of the Zhou calendar, King Wu of Chu, following the Jingshi method, handed out halberds to the army and set out to attack Sui. About to fast, he went inside and told his wife Deng Man: "My heart feels empty." Deng Man sighed and said: "The King's allotted fortune is exhausted. Fullness leads to disturbance; this is the way of Heaven. The former rulers probably knew it already, so when a military undertaking is at hand and a great command is about to be issued, they cause the King's heart to be disturbed. If the army suffers no loss and the King dies on the road, that is a blessing for the state."

王遂行，卒於樠木之下。令尹鬥祁、莫敖屈重除道梁溠，營軍臨隨。隨人懼，行成。莫敖以王命入盟隨侯，且請為會於漢汭而還。濟漢而後發喪。

The King then set out and died beneath a man tree. The prime minister Dou Qi and Qu Zhong, the Mo'ao, opened a road, built a bridge over the Zha River, and pitched camp pressing on Sui. The men of Sui were afraid and sued for peace. Qu Zhong, on the King's orders, went in and made a covenant with the Marquis of Sui, and also asked to meet at the bend of the Han River, and then returned home. Only after crossing the Han River was the death announced.

紀侯不能下齊，以與紀季。夏，紀侯大去其國，違齊難也。

The Marquis of Ji could not bear to submit to Qi and gave his state to Ji Ji. In summer, the Marquis of Ji left his state forever, to escape the calamity of Qi.

【經】五年春王正月。夏，夫人姜氏如齊師。秋，郳犁來來朝。冬，公會齊人、宋人、陳人、蔡人伐衛。

[Classic] In the spring of the fifth year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar. In summer, the Lady Jiang went to the army of Qi. In autumn, Ni Lilai came to court. In winter, Duke Zhuang joined the men of Qi, Song, Chen, and Cai in attacking Wei.

【傳】五年秋，郳犁來來朝，名，未王命也。

[Commentary] In the autumn of the fifth year, Ni Lilai came to court; the Spring and Autumn Annals gives his personal name because he had not yet received a rank from the Son of Heaven.

冬，伐衛，納惠公也。

In winter, the attack on Wei was to restore Duke Hui.

【經】六年春王正月，王人子突救衛。夏六月，衛侯朔入於衛。秋，公至自伐衛。螟。冬，齊人來歸衛俘。

[Classic] In the spring of the sixth year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, Zi Tu of the royal house came to the rescue of Wei. In the sixth month of summer, Shuo, Marquis of Wei, entered Wei. In autumn, Duke Zhuang returned from the campaign against Wei. There was a plague of grain-borers. In winter, the men of Qi came to return the captives of Wei.

【傳】六年春，王人救衛。

[Commentary] In the spring of the sixth year, the royal house's men rescued Wei.

夏，衛侯入，放公子黔牟於周，放寧跪於秦，殺左公子洩、右公子職，乃即位。

In summer, the Marquis of Wei entered; he banished Prince Qianmou to Zhou and Ning Gui to Qin, killed the Left Prince Xie and the Right Prince Zhi, and only then took the throne.

君子以二公子之立黔牟為不度矣。夫能固位者，必度於本末而後立衷焉。不知其本，不謀。知本之不枝，弗強。《詩》云：“本枝百世。”

The gentleman held that the two princes' installing Qianmou showed a lack of judgment. One who can secure the ruler's seat must weigh root and branch and then set him in the proper middle position. If one does not know the root, one should not plan; if one knows the root but cannot bring forth branches and leaves, one should not force it. The Odes say: "Root and branch continue for a hundred generations."

冬，齊人來歸衛寶，文姜請之也。

In winter, the men of Qi came to return the treasure vessels of Wei, at the request of Wen Jiang.

楚文王伐申，過鄧。鄧祁侯曰：“吾甥也。”止而享之。騅甥、聃甥、養甥請殺楚子，鄧侯弗許。三甥曰：“亡鄧國者，必此人也。若不早圖，後君噬齊。

King Wen of Chu attacked Shen and passed through Deng. The Marquis Qi of Deng said: "He is my nephew." He kept him and entertained him. The nephews Zhui, Dan, and Yang asked to kill the Viscount of Chu, but the Marquis of Deng would not agree. The three nephews said: "The one who will destroy the state of Deng is surely this man. If you do not plan against him early, you will later be biting your own navel, and it will be too late.

其及圖之乎？圖之，此為時矣。”鄧侯曰：“人將不食吾餘。”對曰：“若不從三臣，抑社稷實不血食，而君焉取餘？”弗從。還年，楚子伐鄧。十六年，楚復伐鄧，滅之。

(The three nephews continued:) Is it still in time to plan against him? To plan against him, it is now." The Marquis of Deng said: "People will not eat what I leave over." They answered: "If you do not listen to us three ministers, I fear the altars of the state will in fact receive no blood sacrifice, and from where will you then get leftovers?" The Marquis of Deng did not listen. In the year that the Viscount of Chu returned from attacking Shen, he attacked Deng. In the sixteenth year, Chu attacked Deng again and destroyed it.

【經】七年春，夫人姜氏會齊侯於防。夏四月辛卯，夜，恆星不見。夜中，星隕如雨。秋，大水。無麥苗。冬，夫人姜氏會齊侯於谷。

[Classic] In the spring of the seventh year, the Lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Fang. In summer, on the xinmao day of the fourth month, at night, the fixed stars were not seen. In the middle of the night, stars fell like rain. In autumn, there was a great flood. There were no wheat seedlings. In winter, the Lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Gu.

【傳】七年春，文姜會齊侯於防，齊志也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the seventh year, Wen Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Fang; this was Qi's wish.

夏，恆星不見，夜明也。星隕如雨，與雨偕也。

In summer, the fixed stars were not seen because the night sky was bright. The stars fell like rain, falling together with the rain.

秋，無麥苗，不害嘉穀也。

In autumn, there were no wheat seedlings, but this did not harm the good millet.

【經】八年春王正月，師次於郎，以俟陳人，蔡人。甲午，治兵。夏，師及齊師圍郕，郕降於齊師。秋，師還。冬十有一月癸未，齊無知弒其君諸兒。

[Classic] In the spring of the eighth year, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, the army encamped at Lang, waiting for the men of Chen and Cai. On the jiawu day, the army was drilled. In summer, our army and the army of Qi besieged Cheng, and Cheng surrendered to the army of Qi. In autumn, the army returned. In winter, in the eleventh month, on the guiwei day, Wu Zhi of Qi murdered his ruler Zhu'er.

【傳】八年春，治兵於廟，禮也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the eighth year, the army was drilled in the Grand Temple; this accorded with ritual.

夏，師及齊師圍郕。郕降於齊師。仲慶父請伐齊師。公曰：“不可。我實不德，齊師何罪？罪我之由。《夏書》曰：‘皋陶邁種德，德，乃降。’姑務修德以待時乎。”秋，師還。君子是以善魯莊公。

In summer, our army and the army of Qi besieged Cheng. Cheng surrendered to the army of Qi. Zhong Qingfu asked to attack the army of Qi. Duke Zhuang said: "No. It is truly I who have not cultivated virtue; what offense has the army of Qi committed? The fault comes from me. The Book of Xia says: 'Gao Yao strove to foster virtue; where there is virtue, others submit.' Let us for now devote ourselves to cultivating virtue and wait for the right time." In autumn, the army returned. The gentleman therefore praised Duke Zhuang of Lu.

齊侯使連稱、管至父戍葵丘。瓜時而往，曰：“及瓜而代。”期戍，公問不至。請代，弗許。故謀作亂。

The Marquis of Qi sent Lian Cheng and Guan Zhifu to garrison Kuiqiu. They set out when the melons were ripe, and he said: "When the melons are ripe next year, I will send others to relieve you." When a full year of garrison duty was over, the Marquis's order did not arrive. They asked to be relieved and were refused. So they plotted a rebellion.

僖公之母弟曰夷仲年，生公孫無知，有寵於僖公，衣服禮秩如適。襄公絀之。

Duke Xi's full brother was called Yi Zhongnian, who begat Gongsun Wuzhi; he was favored by Duke Xi, and his clothing and ritual rank were like those of a legitimate son. Duke Xiang demoted him.

二人因之以作亂。連稱有從妹在公宮，無寵，使間公，曰：“捷，吾以女為夫人。”

The two men relied on him to make trouble. Lian Cheng had a cousin in the ducal palace who was not favored; he made her spy on Duke Xiang, saying: "If the matter succeeds, I will make you the Lady."

冬十二月，齊侯遊於姑棼，遂田於貝丘。見大豕，從者曰：“公子彭生也。”

In winter, in the twelfth month, the Marquis of Qi went out for pleasure at Gufen, and then hunted at Beiqiu. He saw a great boar, and an attendant said: "It is Prince Pengsheng."

公怒曰：“彭生敢見！”射之，豕人立而啼。公懼，墜於車，傷足喪屨。反，誅屨於徒人費。弗得，鞭之，見血。走出，遇賊於門，劫而束之。費曰：“我奚御哉！”袒而示之背，信之。費請先入，伏公而出，鬥，死於門中。石之紛如死於階下。遂入，殺孟陽於床。曰：“非君也，不類。”見公之足於戶下，遂弒之，而立無知。

The Marquis of Qi flew into a rage and said: "Pengsheng dares to appear!" He shot at it, and the boar stood up like a person and cried out. The Marquis of Qi was frightened and fell from his carriage, injuring his foot and losing a shoe. On returning, he demanded the shoe from the servant Fei. Fei could not find it, and he whipped him until he bled. Fei went out and met bandits at the gate, who seized and bound him. Fei said: "How could I be resisting you!" He took off his clothes to show them the wounds on his back, and the bandits believed him. Fei asked to go in first, hid Duke Xiang, then came out and fought, and died inside the gate. Shi Zhifen Ru died at the foot of the steps. The bandits then went in and killed Meng Yang on the bed. They said: "This is not the ruler; he does not look like him." They saw Duke Xiang's foot beneath the door leaf, and so murdered him and installed Wuzhi.

初襄公立，無常。鮑叔牙曰：“君使民慢，亂將作矣。”奉公子小白出奔莒。

At the start, when Duke Xiang took the throne, his decrees had no constancy. Bao Shuya said: "The ruler is making the people negligent; disorder is about to arise." He served Prince Xiaobai and fled to Ju.

亂作，管夷吾、召忽奉公子糾來奔。

When disorder arose, Guan Yiwu and Shao Hu served Prince Jiu and fled to Lu.

初，公孫無知虐於雍廩。

Earlier, Gongsun Wuzhi had mistreated Yong Lin.

【經】九年春，齊人殺無知。公及齊大夫盟於既。夏，公伐齊納子糾。齊小白入於齊。秋七月丁酉，葬齊襄公。八月庚申，及齊師戰於乾時，我師敗績。九月，齊人取子糾殺之。冬，浚洙。

[Classic] In the spring of the ninth year, the men of Qi killed Wuzhi. Duke Zhuang made a covenant with the high officers of Qi at Ji. In summer, Duke Zhuang attacked Qi to escort Zi Jiu back. Xiaobai of Qi entered Qi. In autumn, on the dingyou day of the seventh month, Duke Xiang of Qi was buried. On the gengshen day of the eighth month, our army fought the army of Qi at Qianshi, and our army was badly defeated. In the ninth month, the men of Qi took Zi Jiu and killed him. In winter, the Zhu River was dredged.

【傳】九年春，雍廩殺無知。

[Commentary] In the spring of the ninth year, Yong Lin killed Wuzhi.