Duke Yin (Years 1-11)

【經】十有一年春，滕侯、薛侯來朝。夏，公會鄭伯於時來。秋七月壬午，公及齊侯、鄭伯入許。冬十有一月壬辰，公薨。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, in spring, the Marquis of Teng and the Marquis of Xue came to pay court. In summer, Duke Yin met the Earl of Zheng at Shilai. In autumn, on the day renwu of the seventh month, Duke Yin, with the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng, entered Xu. In winter, on the day renchen of the eleventh month, Duke Yin died.

【傳】十一年春，滕侯、薛侯來朝，爭長。薛侯曰：“我先封。”滕侯曰：“我，周之卜正也。薛，庶姓也，我不可以後之。”

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, in spring, the Marquis of Teng and the Marquis of Xue came to pay court and disputed who should come first. The Marquis of Xue said: "I was enfeoffed first." The Marquis of Teng said: "I am the diviner-in-chief of Zhou. Xue is of a common surname, and I cannot rank behind him."

公使羽父請於薛侯曰：“君與滕君辱在寡人。周諺有之曰：‘山有木，工則度之；賓有禮，主則擇之。’周之宗盟，異姓為後。寡人若朝於薛，不敢與諸任齒。君若辱貺寡人，則願以滕君為請。”

Duke Yin sent Yu Fu to ask the Marquis of Xue: "You and the ruler of Teng have condescended to come to my humble place. A Zhou proverb says: 'When there are trees on the mountain, the craftsmen measure them; when guests have ritual, the host makes choices.' In the covenants of the Zhou clan, those of different surnames rank behind. If I were to go to Xue to pay court, I would not dare to stand alongside the states of the Ren surname. If you would deign to do me this kindness, I hope you will first grant the matter of the ruler of Teng."

薛侯許之，乃長滕侯。

The Marquis of Xue agreed, and so let the Marquis of Teng go first.

夏，公會鄭伯於郲，謀伐許也。

In summer, Duke Yin met the Earl of Zheng at Lai (which is Shilai in the Classic), to plan the attack on Xu.

鄭伯將伐許，五月甲辰，授兵於大宮。公孫閼與潁考叔爭車，潁考叔挾輈以走，子都拔棘以逐之，及大逵，弗及，子都怒。

The Earl of Zheng was about to attack Xu, and on the day jiachen of the fifth month, distributed weapons in the great ancestral temple. Gongsun E and Ying Kaoshu fought over a chariot; Ying Kaoshu grabbed the chariot shaft and ran, and Zi Du drew a halberd and chased him, but on the main road did not catch him, and Zi Du became angry.

秋七月，公會齊侯、鄭伯伐許。庚辰，傅於許，潁考叔取鄭伯之旗蝥弧以先登。子都自下射之，顛。瑕叔盈又以蝥弧登，周麾而呼曰：“君登矣！”鄭師畢登。壬午，遂入許。許莊公奔衛。

In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Yin joined the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng in attacking Xu. On the day gengchen, they pressed up to the city of Xu, and Ying Kaoshu took the Earl of Zheng's banner, Maohu, and was the first to climb the wall. Zi Du shot at him from below, and he fell from the wall. Xia Shuying then took Maohu and climbed the wall, waving the banner in all directions and shouting: "The ruler has climbed up!" The Zheng army all climbed up. On the day renwu, they then entered Xu. Duke Zhuang of Xu fled to Wei.

齊侯以許讓公。公曰：“君謂許不共，故從君討之。許既伏其罪矣，雖君有命，寡人弗敢與聞。”乃與鄭人。

The Marquis of Qi gave Xu to Duke Yin. Duke Yin said: "You said that Xu did not render its tribute, so I followed you in attacking it. Xu has already admitted its guilt; even though you have given the order, I dare not take part in this matter." So it was given to the people of Zheng.

鄭伯使許大夫百里奉許叔以居許東偏，曰：“天禍許國，鬼神實不逞於許君，而假手於我寡人。寡人唯是一二父兄不能共億，其敢以許自為功乎？寡人有弟，不能和協，而使糊其口於四方，其況能久有許乎？吾子其奉許叔以撫柔此民也，吾將使獲也佐吾子。若寡人得沒於地，天其以禮悔禍於許？無寧茲許公復奉其社稷。唯我鄭國之有請謁焉，如舊昏媾，其能降以相從也。無滋他族，實逼處此，以與我鄭國爭此土也。吾子孫其覆亡之不暇，而況能禋祀許乎？寡人之使吾子處此，不唯許國之為，亦聊以固吾圉也。”

The Earl of Zheng had Bai Li, a grandee of Xu, serve Shu of Xu, and settle in the east of Xu city, saying: "Heaven sent disaster to Xu, and the spirits were truly displeased with the ruler of Xu, and used my hand to punish him. I cannot even keep peace with one or two of my own elders and brothers; how dare I take Xu as my own merit? I have a younger brother with whom I cannot be at peace, and I have made him beg for food in all quarters; how could I then possess Xu for long? You serve Shu of Xu to pacify the people here, and I will send Gongsun Huo to assist you. If I can end my days well and be buried, perhaps Heaven will withdraw its punishment of Xu in accordance with ritual? Better to let the Duke of Xu again serve his altars. If Zheng makes any request, as with an old marriage state, Xu may humbly comply. Do not let people of other clans press in and live here to contend with our Zheng for this land. My descendants will hardly have time to rescue themselves from ruin; how could they sacrifice to the mountains and rivers of Xu? I have you live here not only for Xu's sake, but also to strengthen my borders."

乃使公孫獲處許西偏，曰：“凡而器用財賄，無置於許。我死，乃亟去之。

Then he sent Gongsun Huo to live in the west of Xu city, saying: "Whatever vessels and goods are yours, do not place them in Xu. When I die, leave quickly.

吾先君新邑於此，王室而既卑矣，周之子孫日失其序。夫許，大嶽之胤也，天而既厭周德矣，吾其能與許爭乎？”君子謂：“鄭莊公於是乎有禮。禮，經國家，定社稷，序民人，利後嗣者也。

(The Earl of Zheng continued:) Our former ruler newly built a city here, and the royal house has already declined, and the descendants of Zhou are losing their rank day by day. Xu is the descendant of Tai Yue, and Heaven has already grown weary of Zhou's virtue; can I still contend with Xu?" The gentleman held: "In this matter Duke Zhuang of Zheng showed ritual. Ritual is what manages a state, secures the altars, orders the people, and benefits later generations.

許無刑而伐之，服而舍之，度德而處之，量力而行之，相時而動，無累後人，可謂知禮矣。”

(The gentleman continued:) He attacked Xu because it had no standards, pardoned it when it submitted, handled it by measuring virtue, acted by estimating strength, moved after judging the moment, and did not burden his successors; he can be called one who knows ritual."

鄭伯使卒出豭，行出犬雞，以詛射潁考叔者。君子謂：“鄭莊公失政刑矣。

The Earl of Zheng had each company of a hundred contribute a boar, and each platoon of twenty-five a dog and a chicken, to curse the one who shot Ying Kaoshu. The gentleman held: "Duke Zhuang of Zheng was deficient in government and punishment.

政以治民，刑以正邪，既無德政，又無威刑，是以及邪。邪而詛之，將何益矣！”王取鄔、劉、功蒍、邗之田於鄭，而與鄭人蘇忿生之田溫、原、絺、樊、隰郕、欑茅、向、盟、州、陘、隤、懷。君子是以知桓王之失鄭也。恕而行之，德之則也，禮之經也。己弗能有而以與人，人之不至，不亦宜乎？鄭、息有違言，息侯伐鄭。鄭伯與戰於竟，息師大敗而還。君子是以知息之將亡也。不度德，不量力，不親親，不徵辭，不察有罪，犯五不韙而以伐人，其喪師也，不亦宜乎！冬十月，鄭伯以虢師伐宋。壬戌，大敗宋師，以報其入鄭也。宋不告命，故不書。凡諸侯有命，告則書，不然則否。師出臧否，亦如之。雖及滅國，滅不告敗，勝不告克，不書於策。羽父請殺桓公，將以求大宰。公曰：“為其少故也，吾將授之矣。使營菟裘，吾將老焉。”羽父懼，反譖公於桓公而請弒之。公之為公子也，與鄭人戰於狐壤，止焉。鄭人囚諸尹氏，賂尹氏而禱於其主鍾巫，遂與尹氏歸而立其主。十一月，公祭鍾巫，齊於社圃，館於寪氏。壬辰，羽父使賊弒公於寪氏，立桓公而討寪氏，有死者。不書葬，不成喪也。

(The gentleman continued:) Government is used to govern the people and punishment to correct evil; having neither virtuous government nor awesome punishment, evil therefore appeared. To curse after evil has already happened, what benefit is there!" The Son of Heaven took from Zheng the fields of Wu, Liu, Gongji, and Han, and gave Zheng the fields of Su Fensheng: Wen, Yuan, Chi, Fan, Xicheng, Cuanmao, Xiang, Meng, Zhou, Xing, Kui, and Huai. The gentleman therefore knew that King Huan would lose Zheng. To act on the principle of reciprocity is the standard of virtue and the constant rule of ritual. If one cannot keep what is one's own and takes it to give to others, is it not proper that others do not come? Zheng and Xi had a quarrel, and the Marquis of Xi attacked Zheng. The Earl of Zheng fought him on the border, and the Xi army returned in great defeat. The gentleman therefore knew that Xi was about to perish. Not measuring virtue, not estimating strength, not being close to kin, not checking the words in hand, not examining who is guilty: one who commits these five errors and goes to attack others, losing his army, is it not proper! In winter, in the tenth month, the Earl of Zheng took the Guo army and attacked Song. On the day renxu, he inflicted a great defeat on the Song army, in retaliation for Song's entry into Zheng. Song did not come to report, so the Spring and Autumn Annals does not record it. Whenever the feudal lords have a great event, it is recorded if they come to report it, and otherwise not. The same goes for the good or bad outcome of sending out troops. Even to the point of a state being destroyed, if the destroyed does not come to report its defeat and the victor does not come to report its conquest, the Annals does not write it on the bamboo slips. Yu Fu asked to kill Duke Huan, wishing to gain the post of Grand Steward by it. Duke Yin said: "Precisely because he is young I took the position as regent, and I am about to hand the ruler's seat to him. Send people to build at Tuqiu; I plan to spend my old age there." Yu Fu was afraid, and on the contrary slandered Duke Yin to Duke Huan and asked to assassinate him. When Duke Yin was a prince, he had fought Zheng at Huxiang and was captured. The people of Zheng imprisoned him with the Yin clan, and he bribed the Yin clan with goods and prayed to Zhongwu, the spirit of the Yin clan; then he returned to the state together with the Yin clan and set up the spirit tablet of Zhongwu. In the eleventh month, Duke Yin sacrificed to Zhongwu, fasted in the garden of the altar of the soil, and lodged in the house of the Wei clan. On the day renchen, Yu Fu sent assassins to kill Duke Yin at the Wei clan's house, and installed Duke Huan, and then attacked the Wei clan, and some were killed. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record the burial because the funeral rites were not completed.

【經】元年春王正月，公即位。三月，公會鄭伯於垂，鄭伯以璧假許田。夏四月丁未，公及鄭伯盟于越。秋，大水。冬十月。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Huan took the throne. In the third month, Duke Huan met the Earl of Zheng at Chui, and the Earl of Zheng offered a jade disc to borrow the fields of Xu. In summer, on the day dingwei of the fourth month, Duke Huan made a covenant with the Earl of Zheng at Yue. In autumn, there was a great flood. In winter, the tenth month.

【傳】元年春，公即位，修好於鄭。鄭人請復祀周公，卒易祊田。公許之。

[Commentary] In the first year, in spring, Duke Huan took the throne and renewed friendly relations with Zheng. The people of Zheng asked to resume the sacrifices to the Duke of Zhou and finally to exchange the fields of Beng. Duke Huan agreed.

三月，鄭伯以璧假許田，為周公、祊故也。

In the third month, the Earl of Zheng offered a jade disc to borrow the fields of Xu, for the sake of the Duke of Zhou and of Beng.

夏四月丁未，公及鄭伯盟于越，結祊成也。盟曰：“渝盟無享國。”

In summer, on the day dingwei of the fourth month, Duke Huan made a covenant with the Earl of Zheng at Yue, to strengthen the agreement on the exchange of Beng. The words of the covenant said: "Whoever breaks the covenant shall not keep his state."

秋，大水。凡平原出水為大水。

In autumn, there was a great flood. Whenever water overflows on the plains, it is called a great flood.

冬，鄭伯拜盟。

In winter, the Earl of Zheng came to give thanks for the covenant.

宋華父督見孔父之妻於路，目逆而送之，曰：“美而豔。”

Hua Fudu of Song saw the wife of Kong Fu on the road; his eyes met her as she came and followed her as she left, and he said: "Beautiful and radiant."

【經】二年春，王正月戊申，宋督弒其君與夷及其大夫孔父。滕子來朝。三月，公會齊侯、陳侯、鄭伯於稷，以成宋亂。夏四月，取郜大鼎於宋。戊申，納於大廟。秋七月，杞侯來朝。蔡侯、鄭伯會於鄧。九月，入杞。公及戎盟於唐。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, on the day wushen, Du of Song assassinated his ruler, Yu Yi, and his grandee Kong Fu. The Viscount of Teng came to pay court. In the third month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Chen, and the Earl of Zheng at Ji, in order to settle the disorder in Song. In summer, in the fourth month, the great tripod of the state of Gao was taken from Song. On the day wushen, it was placed in the great ancestral temple. In autumn, in the seventh month, the Marquis of Qi came to pay court. The Marquis of Cai and the Earl of Zheng met at Deng. In the ninth month, Qi was entered. Duke Huan made a covenant with the Rong at Tang.

冬，公至自唐。

In winter, Duke Huan returned from Tang.

【傳】二年春，宋督攻孔氏，殺孔父而取其妻。公怒，督懼，遂弒殤公。

[Commentary] In the second year, in spring, Du of Song attacked the Kong clan, killed Kong Fu, and took his wife. Duke Shang was angry, and Du was afraid, and so he assassinated Duke Shang.

君子以督為有無君之心而後動於惡，故先書弒其君。會於稷以成宋亂，為賂故，立華氏也。

The gentleman held that Du first had in his heart no regard for his ruler and only then set about the crime, and so the Spring and Autumn Annals first writes "assassinated his ruler." The meeting at Ji to settle the disorder in Song was because of the bribes of goods and money, and the Hua clan was to be established.

宋殤公立，十年十一戰，民不堪命。孔父嘉為司馬，督為大宰，故因民之不堪命，先宣言曰：“司馬則然。”已殺孔父而弒殤公，召莊公於鄭而立之，以親鄭。以郜大鼎賂公，齊、陳、鄭皆有賂，故遂相宋公。

Duke Shang of Song took the throne, and in ten years fought eleven wars, which the people could not bear. Kong Fujia was Minister of War and Du was Grand Steward, so taking advantage of the people's unbearable state, he first spread the word: "It is all the Minister of War's doing." Having killed Kong Fu and assassinated Duke Shang, he summoned Duke Zhuang back from Zheng and made him ruler, in order to be close to Zheng. He bribed Duke Huan with the great tripod of Gao, and Qi, Chen, and Zheng all received goods and money, and so Du became chief minister of the Duke of Song.

夏四月，取郜大鼎於宋。戊申，納於大廟。非禮也。臧哀伯諫曰：“君人者將昭德塞違，以臨照百官，猶懼或失之。故昭令德以示子孫：是以清廟茅屋，大路越席，大羹不致，粢食不鑿，昭其儉也。袞、冕、黻、珽，帶、裳、幅、舄，衡、紞、紘、綖，昭其度也。藻、率、鞞、革咅，鞶、厲、遊、纓，昭其數也。

In summer, in the fourth month, the great tripod of Gao was taken from Song. On the day wushen, it was placed in the great ancestral temple. This was against ritual. Zang Aibo remonstrated: "One who is a ruler of men must make virtue clear and block what is against ritual in order to look upon the hundred officials, and even so fears he may lapse. Therefore he makes his virtue clear to his descendants: thus the Qing temple is roofed with thatch, the great carriage uses rush mats, the great soup is not seasoned with the five flavors, and the staple millet is not finely pounded; this makes thrift clear. The ceremonial robes, the crowns, the knee-covers, the jade tablets, the sashes, the skirts, the leg-wrappings, the shoes, the cross-bars, the cap-pendants, the cap-strings, and the ribbons make the standards clear. The ornaments, the belts, the sheaths, the scabbard-ends (the original reads "ge pou," which is a miswriting for the character for scabbard-end), the girdles, the fringes, the pennants, and the tassels make clear the ranks and numbers.

火、龍、黼、黻，昭其文也。五色比象，昭其物也。錫、鸞、和、鈴，昭其聲也。

(Zang Aibo continued:) The fire, the dragon, the axe-pattern, and the embroidered pattern make clear the ornament. The five colors, matched to the images of things, make clear the vessels. The bells on the horse-bits, the bells on the carriage, the harmony bells, and the little bells make clear the sounds.

三辰旂旗，昭其明也。夫德，儉而有度，登降有數。文物以紀之，聲明以發之，以臨照百官，百官於是乎戒懼，而不敢易紀律。今滅德立違，而置其賂器於大廟，以明示百官，百官象之，其又何誅焉？國家之敗，由官邪也。官之失德，寵賂章也。郜鼎在廟，章孰甚焉？武王克商，遷九鼎於雒邑，義士猶或非之，而況將昭違亂之賂器於大廟，其若之何？”公不聽。周內史聞之曰：“臧孫達其有後於魯乎！君違不忘諫之以德。”

(Zang Aibo continued:) The sun, moon, and stars painted on the banners make clear the light. Virtue is thrift with standards, and increase and decrease have fixed numbers. It is marked by ornamented vessels and spread by clear sounds, in order to look upon the hundred officials, and the hundred officials are thereby cautious and dare not change the regulations. Now to destroy virtue and establish what is against ritual, and to place in the great temple a vessel obtained by bribery, pointing it out clearly to the hundred officials, if they follow it, whom could one still punish? The ruin of a state is due to the evil of its officials. Officials lose their virtue because favor and bribery are openly displayed. With the Gao tripod in the temple, could there be anything more openly displayed than this? When King Wu defeated Shang and moved the Nine Tripods to Luoyi, men of righteousness still had some who criticized it; how much more, if one places in the great temple a bribe-vessel that proclaims disorder, what is to be done?" Duke Huan did not listen. The Grand Scribe of Zhou, hearing of it, said: "Zang Sun Da will probably have descendants in Lu! The ruler went against ritual, and yet he did not forget to remonstrate with virtue."

秋七月，杞侯來朝，不敬。杞侯歸，乃謀伐之。

In autumn, in the seventh month, the Marquis of Qi came to pay court, and his manner was not respectful. After the Marquis of Qi returned, Lu planned to attack him.

蔡侯、鄭伯會於鄧，始懼楚也。

The Marquis of Cai and the Earl of Zheng met at Deng, and this was the beginning of their fear of Chu.

九月，入杞，討不敬也。

In the ninth month, Qi was entered, to punish its lack of respect.

公及戎盟於唐，修舊好也。

Duke Huan made a covenant with the Rong at Tang, renewing the old friendship.

冬，公至自唐，告於廟也。凡公行，告於宗廟；反行，飲至、舍爵，策勳焉，禮也。

In winter, Duke Huan returned from Tang and announced it in the ancestral temple. Whenever the duke goes out, he announces it in the ancestral temple; on returning, he holds the drinking ceremony, sets down the wine cup, and writes his achievements on the bamboo slips, which accords with ritual.

特相會，往來稱地，讓事也。自參以上，則往稱地，來稱會，成事也。

When meeting a single state alone, both the going and the coming are written with the place, because the matter is still in modest suspension. When meeting with three states or more, the going out is written with the place and the return is called only "the meeting," because the matter has been accomplished.

初，晉穆侯之夫人姜氏以條之役生太子，命之曰仇。其弟以千畝之戰生，命之曰成師。師服曰：“異哉，君之名子也！夫名以制義，義以出禮，禮以體政，政以正民。是以政成而民聽，易則生亂。嘉耦曰妃，怨耦曰仇，古之命也。今君命大子曰仇，弟曰成師，始兆亂矣，兄其替乎？”惠之二十四年，晉始亂，故封桓叔於曲沃，靖侯之孫欒賓傅之。師服曰：“吾聞國家之立也，本大而末小，是以能固。故天子建國，諸侯立家，卿置側室，大夫有貳宗，士有隸子弟，庶人、工、商，各有分親，皆有等衰。是以民服事其上而下無覬覦。今晉，甸侯也，而建國。本既弱矣，其能久乎？”惠之三十年，晉潘父弒昭侯而立桓叔，不克。晉人立孝侯。

Earlier, Lady Jiang, wife of Marquis Mu of Jin, gave birth to the heir at the campaign of Tiao, and he was named Chou. His younger brother was born at the battle of Qianmu and was named Chengshi. Shi Fu said: "How strange that the ruler names his sons this way! A name is used to establish meaning, meaning gives rise to ritual, ritual embodies government, and government is used to set the people straight. Therefore when government succeeds the people obey, and the reverse brings disorder. A good mate is called a pei, a hostile mate is called a chou; this is the ancient naming. Now the ruler has named the heir Chou and the younger brother Chengshi, and signs of disorder have already begun; will the elder brother perhaps be replaced?" In the twenty-fourth year of Duke Hui, disorder began in Jin, and so Huan Shu was enfeoffed at Quwo, with Luan Bin, grandson of Marquis Jing, to assist him. Shi Fu said: "I have heard that in establishing a state, the trunk is large and the branches small, and so it can be stable. Therefore the Son of Heaven enfeoffs the feudal lords, the feudal lords establish the houses of ministers, the ministers set up side-chambers, the grandees have secondary lineages, the officers have younger kinsmen who serve them, and commoners, artisans, and merchants each have their near and distant ranks, all with graded differences. Therefore the people serve those above, and those below have no thoughts beyond their station. Now Jin is only a marquis of the dian zone, yet it has set up another capital. The root is already weak; can it last long?" In the thirtieth year of Duke Hui, Pan Fu of Jin assassinated Marquis Zhao and set up Huan Shu, but did not succeed. The people of Jin set up Marquis Xiao.

惠之四十五年，曲沃莊伯伐翼，弒孝侯。翼人立其弟鄂侯。鄂侯生哀侯。哀侯侵陘庭之田。陘庭南鄙啟曲沃伐翼。

In the forty-fifth year of Duke Hui, Zhuang Bo of Quwo attacked Yi and assassinated Marquis Xiao. The people of Yi set up his younger brother, Marquis E. Marquis E begot Marquis Ai. Marquis Ai raided the fields of Xingting. The southern frontier of Xingting led Quwo to attack Yi.

【經】三年春正月，公會齊侯於嬴。夏，齊侯、衛侯胥命於蒲。六月，公會杞侯於郕。秋七月壬辰朔，日有食之，既。公子翬如齊逆女。九月，齊侯送姜氏於歡。公會齊侯於歡。夫人姜氏至自齊。冬，齊侯使其弟年來聘。有年。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, in the first month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Ying. In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei swore an oath to each other at Pu. In the sixth month, Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Zeng. In autumn, on the first day of the seventh month, renchen, there was a total solar eclipse. Prince Hui went to Qi to welcome the bride. In the ninth month, the Marquis of Qi escorted Lady Jiang to Huan. Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Huan. Lady Jiang arrived from Qi. In winter, the Marquis of Qi sent his younger brother Nian on a visit of courtesy. This year there was a harvest.

【傳】三年春，曲沃武公伐翼，次於陘庭，韓萬御戎，梁弘為右，逐翼侯於汾隰，驂絓而止。夜獲之，及欒共叔。

[Commentary] In the third year, in spring, Wu Gong of Quwo attacked Yi and camped at Xingting. Han Wan drove his war chariot and Liang Hong served as spearman on the right; they pursued the Marquis of Yi into the lowlands by the Fen River until his side-horse was entangled and he stopped. At night they captured the Marquis of Yi and Luan Gongshu.

會於嬴，成昏於齊也。

The meeting at Ying was to arrange the betrothal with Qi.

夏，齊侯、衛侯胥命於蒲，不盟也。

In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei swore an oath to each other at Pu, but did not hold a covenant ceremony.

公會杞侯於歡，杞求成也。

Duke Huan met the Marquis of Qi at Huan; this was because Qi asked for peace.

秋，公子翬如齊逆女。修先君之好，故曰“公子”。

In autumn, Prince Hui went to Qi to welcome the bride. This renewed the friendship of the former ruler, and so the Spring and Autumn Annals calls him "Prince."

齊侯送姜氏於歡，非禮也。凡公女嫁於敵國，姊妹則上卿送之，以禮於先君；公子則下卿送之；於大國，雖公子亦上卿送之；於天子，則諸卿皆行，公不自送；於小國，則上大夫送之。

The Marquis of Qi escorted Lady Jiang to Huan; this was against ritual. Whenever a duke's daughter marries into a state of equal rank, if she is a sister, a senior minister escorts her, in order to show ritual to the former ruler; if she is a daughter, a junior minister escorts her; if she marries into a great state, even if she is a daughter, a senior minister escorts her; if she marries the Son of Heaven, all the ministers make the trip and the duke does not escort her in person; if she marries into a small state, a senior grandee escorts her.

冬，齊仲年來聘，致夫人也。

In winter, Zhong Nian of Qi came on a visit of courtesy, to escort the lady's arrival.

芮伯萬之母芮姜惡芮伯之多寵人也，故逐之，出居於魏。

Rui Jiang, mother of Wan, Earl of Rui, disliked that the Earl of Rui had too many favorites, and so drove him out and made him live in exile in Wei.

【經】四年春正月，公狩於郎。夏，天王使宰渠伯糾來聘。

[Classic] In the fourth year, in spring, in the first month, Duke Huan hunted at Lang. In summer, the Son of Heaven sent Qu Bojiu, a steward, on a visit of courtesy.

【傳】四年春正月，公狩於郎。書，時，禮也。

[Commentary] In the fourth year, in spring, in the first month, Duke Huan hunted at Lang. The Spring and Autumn Annals records it because it was in season and accorded with ritual.

夏，周宰渠伯糾來聘。父在，故名。

In summer, Qu Bojiu, a steward of Zhou, came on a visit of courtesy. His father was still alive, so the Spring and Autumn Annals writes his name.

秋，秦師侵芮，敗焉，小之也。

In autumn, the Qin army raided Rui and was instead defeated, because it had looked down on Rui.

冬，王師、秦師圍魏，執芮伯以歸。

In winter, the royal army and the Qin army besieged Wei, and seized the Earl of Rui and took him back.

【經】五年春正月，甲戌、己丑，陳侯鮑卒。夏，齊侯鄭伯如紀。天王使仍叔之子來聘。葬陳桓公。城祝丘。秋，蔡人、衛人、陳人從王伐鄭。大雩。螽。

[Classic] In the fifth year, in spring, in the first month, on the days jiaxu and jichou, Bao, Marquis of Chen, died. In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Earl of Zheng went to Ji. The Son of Heaven sent the son of Reng Shu on a visit of courtesy. Duke Huan of Chen was buried. A wall was built at Zhuqiu. In autumn, the people of Cai, Wei, and Chen followed the Son of Heaven in attacking Zheng. The great rain-sacrifice was held. There was a plague of locusts.

冬，州公如曹。

In winter, the Lord of Zhou went to Cao.

【傳】五年春正月，甲戌，己丑，陳侯鮑卒，再赴也。於是陳亂，文公子佗殺大子免而代之。公疾病而亂作，國人分散，故再赴。

[Commentary] In the fifth year, in spring, in the first month, on the days jiaxu and jichou, Bao, Marquis of Chen, died; notice of death was given twice. At that time Chen was in disorder, and Tuo, son of Duke Wen, killed the heir Mian and replaced him. When the Marquis of Chen was gravely ill, disorder broke out and the people of the state scattered, so notice of death was given twice.