Duke Yin (Years 1-11)

初，惠公之即位也少，齊人使昭伯烝於宣姜，不可，強之。生齊子、戴公、文公、宋桓夫人、許穆夫人。文公為衛之多患也，先適齊。及敗，宋桓公逆諸河，宵濟。衛之遺民男女七百有三十人，益之以共、滕之民為五千人，立戴公以廬於曹。許穆夫人賦《載馳》。齊侯使公子無虧帥車三百乘、甲士三千人以戍曹。歸公乘馬，祭服五稱，牛羊豕雞狗皆三百，與門材。歸夫人魚軒，重錦三十兩。

Earlier, when Duke Hui took the throne he was young, and the men of Qi had Zhaobo have relations with Xuan Jiang; he refused, and they forced him. She bore Qizi, Duke Dai, Duke Wen, the wife of Duke Huan of Song, and the wife of Duke Mu of Xu. Duke Wen, because Wei had many calamities, went to Qi first. When the defeat came, Duke Huan of Song met them at the Yellow River, and they crossed the river at night. The surviving people of Wei, men and women, numbered seven hundred and thirty; with the people of Gong and Teng they came to five thousand, and they installed Duke Dai, who lodged at Cao. The Lady Mu of Xu composed "Zai Chi". The Marquis of Qi sent Prince Wukui with three hundred war chariots and three thousand armored soldiers to garrison Cao. He gave Duke Dai horses for his carriage, five sets of sacrificial robes, three hundred each of cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, and dogs, and timber for gates. He gave the Lady a carriage decorated with fish skin and thirty pairs of heavy brocade.

鄭人惡高克，使帥師次於河上，久而弗召。師潰而歸，高克奔陳。鄭人為之賦《清人》。

The men of Zheng disliked Gao Ke and sent him to lead an army stationed by the Yellow River, and did not recall him for a long time. The army dispersed and returned home, and Gao Ke fled to Chen. The men of Zheng composed "Qing Ren" for him.

晉侯使大子申生伐東山皋落氏。裡克諫曰：“大子奉冢祀，社稷之粢盛，以朝夕視君膳者也，故曰冢子。君行則守，有守則從。從曰撫軍，守曰監國，古之制也。夫帥師，專行謀，誓車旅，君與國政之所圖也，非大子之事也。師在制命而已。稟命則不威，專命則不孝。故君之嗣適不可以帥師。君失其官，帥師不威，將焉用之。且臣聞皋落氏將戰，君其舍之。”公曰：“寡人有子，未知其誰立焉。”

The Marquis of Jin sent Crown Prince Shensheng to attack the Gaoluo clan of Dongshan. Li Ke remonstrated: "The Crown Prince is the one who serves the great ancestral sacrifice, prepares the grain for the altars of the state, and looks after the ruler's meals morning and evening, and so he is called the 'eldest son.' When the ruler goes out he stays behind to guard; if there is already someone guarding, he follows. To follow is called 'caring for the army,' and to guard is called 'overseeing the state'; this is the ancient institution. To lead an army, to decide plans alone, and to give orders to chariots and troops are things for the ruler and the ministers in charge to plan, not matters for the Crown Prince. In the army, he only holds the commands. If he asks for orders, he has no authority; if he issues orders alone, he is unfilial. Therefore the ruler's legitimate heir cannot lead an army. If the ruler loses the measure in his appointments, and the one who leads the army has no authority, what is the use of him? Moreover, I have heard that the Gaoluo are about to fight; my lord had better not send him." Duke Xian said: "I have sons, and I do not yet know whom to install."

不對而退。

Li Ke withdrew without answering.

見大子，大子曰：“吾其廢乎？”對曰：“告之以臨民，教之以軍旅，不共是懼，何故廢乎？且子懼不孝，無懼弗得立，修己而不責人，則免於難。”

He went to see the Crown Prince, and the Crown Prince said: "Am I perhaps to be deposed?" Li Ke answered: "You are admonished with the governing of the people and taught with military affairs; the fear is only that you will not be respectful in your duties. Why would you be deposed? Besides, what you should fear is being unfilial; you need not fear not being installed. Cultivate yourself and do not blame others, and you can avoid calamity."

大子帥師，公衣之偏衣，佩之金玦。狐突御戎，先友為右，梁餘子養御罕夷，先丹木為右。羊舌大夫為尉。光友曰：“衣身之偏，握兵之要，在此行也，子其勉之。偏躬無慝，兵要遠災，親以無災，又何患焉！”狐突嘆曰：“時，事之徵也；衣，身之章也；佩，衷之旗也。故敬其事則命以始，服其身則衣之純，用期衷則佩之度。今命以時卒，閟其事也；衣之尨服，遠其躬也；佩以金玦，棄其衷也。服以遠之，時以閟之，尨涼冬殺，金寒玦離，胡可恃也？雖欲勉之，狄可盡乎？”梁餘子養曰：帥師者受命於廟，受脤於社，有常服矣。不獲而龍，命可知也。死而不孝，不如逃之。”罕夷曰：“尨奇無常，金玦不復，雖復何為，君有心矣。”先丹木曰：“是服也。狂夫阻之。曰‘盡敵而反’，敵可盡乎！雖盡敵，猶有內讒，不如違之。”狐突欲行。羊舌大夫曰：“不可。違命不孝，棄事不忠。

The Crown Prince led the army, and Duke Xian had him wear a half-and-half garment and wear a metal jue. Hu Tu drove the war chariot and Xian You served as chariot-right; Liang Yu Ziyang drove for Han Yi, and Xian Danmu served as chariot-right. The Yangshe officer served as army commandant. Xian You said: "Wearing the ruler's half-and-half garment and holding the key to military power: it is all on this one trip; you must exert yourself. The half-and-half garment has no ill intent, and military power can keep one far from harm; being close to the ruler and without harm, what is there to worry about!" Hu Tu sighed and said: "The season is the sign of an undertaking; clothing is the manifestation of status; ornaments are the banner of the heart. So to take a matter seriously, one issues the order at its beginning; to be worn on the body, plain-colored clothing is used; to employ his heart, ornaments conforming to standards are worn. Now the order is given at the end of the season, which shuts the undertaking off; giving him mixed-color clothing distances him from the ruler; and putting a metal jue on him abandons his heart. He is distanced by the clothing, shut off by the season, with mixed colors cold and winter stern, the metal chill and the jue a sign of separation; what is there to rely on? Even if one wished to strive, could the Di be killed off entirely?" Liang Yu Ziyang said: "One who leads an army receives his command in the temple and receives the sacrificial meat at the altar, and there are fixed garments. Not getting what is fixed but getting mixed colors, the meaning of the command can be known. To die and be left with a reputation for being unfilial is worse than fleeing." Han Yi said: "The mixed colors are strange and without rule, and the metal jue signals not coming back; even if he came back, what would he do? The ruler already has other intentions." Xian Danmu said: "Even a madman would feel doubt about this garment. It says 'kill the enemy off entirely and then return'; can the enemy be killed off entirely! Even if the enemy were killed off, there would still be slander at home; better to avoid it." Hu Tu wished to leave. The Yangshe officer said: "No. To disobey the command is unfilial, and to abandon one's duty is disloyal.

雖知其寒，惡不可取，子其死之。”

(The Yangshe officer continued:) Even if you know his coldness, a bad name must not be taken on; you should die for this."

大子將戰，狐突諫曰：“不可，昔辛伯諗周桓公云：‘內寵並後，外寵二政，嬖子配適，大都耦國，亂之本也。’周公弗從，故及於難。今亂本成矣，立可必乎？孝而安民，子其圖之，與其危身以速罪也。”

When the Crown Prince was about to fight, Hu Tu remonstrated: "No. Formerly Xin Bo advised Duke Huan of Zhou: 'When an inner favorite is ranked equal to the queen, when an outer favorite shares governing power, when a concubine's son is matched with the legitimate son, and when a large city is equal to the capital, these are the roots of disorder.' The Duke of Zhou did not listen, and so met with calamity. Now the root of disorder has already formed; can you still be certain of being installed? Fulfill filial duty and settle the people; consider it well, rather than harm yourself and hasten the guilt."

成風聞成季之繇，乃事之，而屬僖公焉，故成季立之。

Cheng Feng heard the oracle about Chengji and so served him and entrusted Duke Xi to him, and therefore Chengji installed Duke Xi.

僖之元年，齊桓公遷邢於夷儀。二年，封衛於楚丘。邢遷如歸，衛國忘亡。

In the first year of Duke Xi, Duke Huan of Qi relocated Xing to Yiyi. In the second year, Wei was enfeoffed at Chuqiu. Xing moved as if returning home, and the state of Wei forgot that it had been destroyed.

衛文公大布之衣，大帛之冠，務材訓農，通商惠工，敬教勸學，授方任能。

Duke Wen of Wei wore coarse cloth and a large silk cap, devoted himself to materials and use, taught farming, opened up commerce and merchants, favored the artisans, honored instruction and encouraged learning, established standards, and employed the worthy.

元年革車三十乘，季年乃三百乘。

In the first year there were only thirty war chariots, and by his later years there were three hundred.

【經】元年春王正月。齊師、宋師、曹伯次於聶北，救邢。夏六月，邢遷於夷儀。齊師、宋師、曹師城邢。秋七月戊辰，夫人姜氏薨於夷，齊人以歸。楚人伐鄭。八月，公會齊侯、宋公、鄭伯、曹伯、邾人於檉。九月，公敗邾師於偃。

[Classic] In the first year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, the armies of Qi and Song and the Earl of Cao encamped at Nie Bei to rescue Xing. In summer, in the sixth month, Xing relocated to Yiyi. The armies of Qi, Song and Cao built the city wall of Xing. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day wuchen, the Lady Jiang died at Yi, and the people of Qi brought her body back. The people of Chu attacked Zheng. In the eighth month, Duke Xi met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao and the men of Zhu at Cheng. In the ninth month, Duke Xi defeated the army of Zhu at Yan.

冬十月壬午，公子友帥師敗莒於酈。獲莒拏。十有二月丁巳，夫人氏之喪至自齊。

In winter, in the tenth month, on the day renwu, Gongzi You led an army and defeated Ju at Li. He captured Ju Na. In the twelfth month, on the day dingsi, the coffin of the Lady was brought back from Qi.

【傳】元年春，不稱即位，公出故也。公出復入，不書，諱之也。諱國惡，禮也。

[Commentary] In the first year, in spring, the Spring and Autumn Annals does not record the accession of the duke, because Duke Xi had left the state. That Duke Xi left the state and returned is not recorded in the Annals, out of tactful concealment. Concealing the disgraces of the state accords with ritual propriety.

諸侯救邢。邢人潰，出奔師。師遂逐狄人，具邢器用而遷之，師無私焉。

The lords rescued Xing. The people of Xing scattered and fled into the lords' camp. The armies then drove off the Di, prepared all the utensils of Xing and moved them away, and the soldiers took nothing for themselves.

夏，邢遷夷儀，諸侯城之，救患也。凡侯伯救患分災討罪，禮也。

In summer, Xing moved to Yiyi, and the lords built its city wall; this was to rescue it from distress. Whenever a marquis or earl rescues others from distress, shares in their calamities and punishes the guilty, it accords with ritual propriety.

秋，楚人伐鄭，鄭即齊故也。盟於犖，謀救鄭也。

In autumn, the people of Chu attacked Zheng, because Zheng was friendly with Qi. They made a covenant at Luo and discussed rescuing Zheng.

九月，公敗邾師於偃，虛丘之戍將歸者也。

In the ninth month, Duke Xi defeated the army of Zhu at Yan; these were the garrison troops from Xuqiu who were about to go home.

冬，莒人來求賂。公子友敗諸酈，獲莒子之弟拏。非卿也，嘉獲之也。公賜季友汶陽之田及費。

In winter, the men of Ju came to demand goods. Gongzi You defeated them at Li and captured Na, the younger brother of the Viscount of Ju. He was not a minister, but the Annals commends this capture. Duke Xi gave Ji You the fields of Wenyang and Bi.

夫人氏之喪至自齊。君子以齊人殺哀姜也為已甚矣，女子，從人者也。

The coffin of the Lady was brought back from Qi. The gentleman held that the people of Qi had gone too far in killing Ai Jiang; a woman is one who follows others.

【經】二年春王正月，城楚丘。夏五月辛巳，葬我小君哀姜。虞師、晉師滅下陽。秋九月，齊侯、宋公、江人、黃人盟於貫。冬十月，不雨。楚人侵鄭。

[Classic] In the second year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, Chuqiu was fortified. In summer, in the fifth month, on the day xinsi, our lesser sovereign Ai Jiang was buried. The armies of Yu and Jin destroyed Xiaxia. In autumn, in the ninth month, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, and the men of Jiang and Huang made a covenant at Guan. In winter, in the tenth month, it did not rain. The people of Chu raided Zheng.

【傳】二年春，諸侯城楚丘而封衛焉。不書所會，後也。

[Commentary] In the second year, in spring, the lords fortified Chuqiu and enfeoffed Wei there. The Annals does not name those who attended, because Lu arrived late.

晉荀息請以屈產之乘與垂棘之璧，假道於虞以伐虢。公曰：“是吾寶也。”

Xun Xi of Jin asked to use the horses produced at Qu and the jade disc of Chuiji to ask Yu for passage in order to attack Guo. Duke Xian said: “These are my treasures.”

對曰：“若得道於虞，猶外府也。”公曰：“宮之奇存焉。”對曰：“宮之奇之為人也，懦而不能強諫，且少長於君，君暱之，雖諫，將不聽。”乃使荀息假道於虞，曰：“冀為不道，入自顛軨，伐鄍三門。冀之既病，則亦唯君故。

Xun Xi replied: “If we gain passage through Yu, it will be like storing them in an outer treasury.” Duke Xian said: “Gong Zhiqi is there.” Xun Xi replied: “Gong Zhiqi is by nature timid and cannot remonstrate forcefully; moreover he grew up at his lord's side from childhood, and his lord is familiar with him, so even if he remonstrates, he will not be heeded.” So Xun Xi was sent to ask Yu for passage, saying: “Ji acted without principle, entered through Dianling and attacked the three city gates of Ji. Ji is already worn out, and this too is because of you, my lord.

今虢為不道，保於逆旅，以侵敝邑之南鄙。敢請假道以請罪於虢。”虞公許之，且請先伐虢。宮之奇諫，不聽，遂起師。夏，晉裡克、荀息帥師會虞師伐虢，滅下陽。先書虞，賄故也。

(Xun Xi continued:) Now Guo acts without principle, setting up defenses in the guesthouses and raiding the southern border of our humble state. We venture to ask for passage in order to call Guo to account.” The Duke of Yu agreed, and moreover asked to attack Guo first. Gong Zhiqi remonstrated but was not heeded, and so they raised troops. In summer, Li Ke and Xun Xi of Jin led an army to join the army of Yu in attacking Guo, and destroyed Xiaxia. The Annals names Yu first because Yu had accepted goods.

秋，盟於貫，服江、黃也。

In autumn, the covenant was made at Guan, because Jiang and Huang had by then submitted.

齊寺人貂始漏師於多魚。

The eunuch Diao of Qi began leaking military secrets at Duoyu.

虢公敗戎於桑田。晉卜偃曰：“虢必亡矣。亡下陽不懼，而又有功，是天奪之鑑，而益其疾也。必易晉而不撫其民矣，不可以五稔。”

The Duke of Guo defeated the Rong at Sangtian. Bu Yan of Jin said: “Guo is certain to perish. It was not afraid of losing Xiaxia and has instead won a victory; this is Heaven taking away its mirror and making its illness worse. It will surely despise Jin and not comfort its people, and will not last five years.”

冬，楚人伐鄭，鬥章囚鄭聃伯。

In winter, the people of Chu attacked Zheng, and Dou Zhang imprisoned Dan Bo of Zheng.

【經】三年春王正月，不雨。夏四月不雨。徐人取舒。六月雨。秋，齊侯、宋公、江人、黃人會於陽穀。冬，公子友如齊涖盟。楚人伐鄭。

[Classic] In the third year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, it did not rain. In summer, in the fourth month, it did not rain. The men of Xu seized Shu. In the sixth month, it rained. In autumn, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, and the men of Jiang and Huang met at Yanggu. In winter, Gongzi You went to Qi to personally conclude a covenant. The people of Chu attacked Zheng.

【傳】三年春，不雨。夏六月，雨。自十月不雨至於五月，不曰旱，不為災也。

[Commentary] In the third year, in spring, it did not rain. In summer, in the sixth month, it rained. From the tenth month without rain until the fifth month, the Annals does not record a drought, because it did not cause a disaster.

秋，會於陽穀，謀伐楚也。

In autumn, they met at Yanggu to discuss attacking Chu.

齊侯為陽穀之會，來尋盟。冬，公子友如齊涖盟。

The Marquis of Qi came to renew the covenant because of the meeting at Yanggu. In winter, Gongzi You went to Qi to personally conclude a covenant.

楚人伐鄭，鄭伯欲成。孔叔不可，曰：“齊方勤我，棄德不祥。”

The people of Chu attacked Zheng, and the Earl of Zheng wished to make peace. Kong Shu did not agree, saying: “Qi is now working hard for our state; to abandon its kindness would be inauspicious.”

齊侯與蔡姬乘舟於囿，蕩公。公懼，變色。禁之，不可。公怒，歸之，未絕之也。蔡人嫁之。

The Marquis of Qi was in a boat with Cai Ji in the park, and Cai Ji rocked the boat. The Marquis of Qi was afraid and his face changed color. He forbade her, but she would not listen. The Marquis of Qi became angry and sent her back, but had not yet severed the marriage. The people of Cai married her off to someone else.

【經】四年春王正月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯，許男、曹伯侵蔡。蔡潰，遂伐楚，次於陘。夏，許男新臣卒。楚屈完來盟於師，盟於召陵。齊人執陳轅濤塗。秋，及江人、黃人伐陳。八月，公至自伐楚。葬許穆公。冬十有二月，公孫茲帥師會齊人、宋人、衛人、鄭人、許人、曹人侵陳。

[Classic] In the fourth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Xi joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao in raiding Cai. Cai collapsed, and they went on to attack Chu and encamped at Xing. In summer, Xin Chen, the Baron of Xu, died. Qu Wan of Chu came to make a covenant with the armies of the lords, and the covenant was made at Zhaoling. The men of Qi arrested Yuan Taotu of Chen. In autumn, together with the men of Jiang and Huang, they attacked Chen. In the eighth month, Duke Xi returned from the attack on Chu. Duke Mu of Xu was buried. In winter, in the twelfth month, Gongsun Zi led an army and, together with the men of Qi, Song, Wei, Zheng, Xu and Cao, raided Chen.

【傳】四年春，齊侯以諸侯之師侵蔡。蔡潰。遂伐楚。楚子使與師言曰：“君處北海，寡人處南海，唯是風馬牛不相及也。不虞君之涉吾地也，何故？”管仲對曰：“昔召康公命我先君大公曰：‘五侯九伯，女實徵之，以夾輔周室。’賜我先君履，東至於海，西至於河，南至於穆陵，北至於無棣。爾貢包茅不入，王祭不共，無以縮酒，寡人是徵。昭王南征而不復，寡人是問。”對曰：“貢之不入，寡君之罪也，敢不共給。昭王之不復，君其問諸水濱。”師進，次於陘。

[Commentary] In the fourth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi led the armies of the lords in raiding Cai. Cai collapsed. They went on to attack Chu. The Viscount of Chu sent a man to the army to say: “You, my lord, live by the Northern Sea, and I live by the Southern Sea; even if cattle and horses strayed, they would not wander into each other's lands. I did not expect that you, my lord, would tread on my land; what is the reason?” Guan Zhong replied: “In the past Duke Kang of Shao commanded our former lord, Taigong: ‘The five marquises and nine earls, you may attack them all, in order to assist the house of Zhou.’ He granted our former lord the extent of the land his footsteps might reach: east to the sea, west to the river, south to Muling, north to Wudi. The bundles of bao reeds that you should have offered as tribute have not been delivered, and the king's sacrifices lack supplies, with nothing to strain the wine; I have come to call you to account for this. King Zhao went on a southern expedition and did not return; I have come to inquire about that.” The people of Chu replied: “That the tribute was not delivered is the fault of my lord, and how dare we not supply it? That King Zhao did not return, you had better inquire at the riverside.” The army advanced and encamped at Xing.

夏，楚子使屈完如師。師退，次於召陵。

In summer, the Viscount of Chu sent Qu Wan to the army of the lords. The army withdrew and encamped at Zhaoling.

齊侯陳諸侯之師，與屈完乘而觀之。齊侯曰：“豈不穀是為？先君之好是繼。

The Marquis of Qi drew up the armies of the lords and rode in the same chariot with Qu Wan to review them. The Marquis of Qi said: “Is it for me, this unworthy one (the humble term lords use for themselves)? It is to continue the friendship of our former lords.

與不穀同好，如何？”對曰：“君惠徼福於敝邑之社稷，辱收寡君，寡君之願也。”

(The Marquis of Qi continued:) How would it be to share friendship with me?” Qu Wan replied: “That you, my lord, show favor and seek good fortune for the altars of our humble state, and deign to take in my lord, is what my lord desires.”

齊侯曰：“以此眾戰，誰能御之？以此攻城，何城不克？”對曰：“君若以德綏諸侯，誰敢不服？君若以力，楚國方城以為城，漢水以為池，雖眾，無所用之。”

The Marquis of Qi said: “With so many troops in battle, who can resist? With these we could attack cities; what city could we not take?” Qu Wan replied: “If you, my lord, pacify the lords with virtue, who would dare not obey? If you use force, Chu has Fangcheng as its wall and the Han River as its moat; even if your men are many, they will be of no use.”

屈完及諸侯盟。

Qu Wan made a covenant with the lords.

陳轅濤塗謂鄭申侯曰：“師出於陳、鄭之間，國必甚病。若出於東方，觀兵於東夷，循海而歸，其可也。”申侯曰：“善。”濤塗以告，齊侯許之。申侯見，曰：“師老矣，若出於東方而遇敵，懼不可用也。若出於陳、鄭之間，共其資糧屝屨，其可也。”齊侯說，與之虎牢。執轅濤塗。

Yuan Taotu of Chen said to Shen Hou of Zheng: “If the army goes out between Chen and Zheng, our states will certainly be badly worn out. If it goes out by the east, shows its strength to the eastern Yi, and returns along the coast, that will do.” Shen Hou said: “Good.” Taotu told the Marquis of Qi, who agreed. Shen Hou had an audience and said: “The army is already weary; if it goes out by the east and meets enemies, I fear it may not be usable. If it goes out between Chen and Zheng and is supplied with provisions and sandals, that will do.” The Marquis of Qi was pleased and gave him Hulao. Yuan Taotu was arrested.

秋，伐陳，討不忠也。

In autumn, they attacked Chen, to punish its disloyalty.

許穆公卒於師，葬之以侯，禮也。凡諸侯薨於朝會，加一等；死王事，加二等。於是有以袞斂。

Duke Mu of Xu died in the army and was buried with the rites of a marquis, which accords with ritual propriety. Whenever a lord dies at a court assembly, his rites are raised by one grade; if he dies in the king's service, by two grades. On this occasion some were laid out in the robes of a ruler.

冬，叔孫戴伯帥師，會諸侯之師侵陳。陳成，歸轅濤塗。

In winter, Shusun Daibo led an army and, together with the armies of the lords, raided Chen. Chen made peace and returned Yuan Taotu.

初，晉獻公欲以驪姬為夫人，卜之，不吉；筮之，吉。公曰：“從筮。”卜人曰：“筮短龜長，不如從長。且其繇曰：‘專之渝，攘公之羭。一薰一蕕，十年尚猶有臭。’必不可。”弗聽，立之。生奚齊，其娣生卓子。及將立奚齊，既與中大夫成謀，姬謂大子曰：“君夢齊姜，必速祭之。”大子祭於曲沃，歸胙於公。公田，姬置諸宮六日。公至，毒而獻之。公祭之地，地墳。與犬，犬斃。

Earlier, Duke Xian of Jin wished to make Li Ji his wife and consulted the tortoise, which was inauspicious; he consulted the milfoil stalks, which was auspicious. Duke Xian said: “Follow the stalks.” The diviner said: “The stalks are short and the tortoise is long; it is better to follow the long. Moreover its verse says: ‘Exclusive favor will change and carry off the duke's ram. One fragrant plant and one stinking plant, ten years later the stench still remains.’ It will certainly not do.” The duke did not listen and made her his wife. She bore Xiqi, and her younger sister bore Zhuozi. When it came time to make Xiqi heir, and a plan had already been made with the senior grandees, Li Ji said to the crown prince: “My lord dreamed of Qi Jiang, and you must hurry to sacrifice to her.” The crown prince sacrificed at Quwo and sent the sacrificial meat to Duke Xian. Duke Xian was out hunting, and Li Ji kept the meat in the palace for six days. When Duke Xian returned, she put poison in the meat and presented it. Duke Xian poured a libation to the ground, and the ground swelled up. He gave some to a dog, and the dog died.

與小臣，小臣亦斃。姬泣曰：“賊由大子。”大子奔新城。公殺其傅杜原款。或謂大子：“子辭，君必辯焉。”大子曰：“君非姬氏，居不安，食不飽。我辭，姬必有罪。君老矣，吾又不樂。”曰：“子其行乎！”大子曰：“君實不察其罪，被此名也以出，人誰納我？”十二月戊申，縊於新城。姬遂譖二公子曰：“皆知之。”重耳奔蒲。夷吾奔屈。

He gave some to a petty attendant, and the attendant died too. Li Ji wept and said: “The murderous harm comes from the crown prince.” The crown prince fled to Xincheng. Duke Xian killed his tutor, Du Yuankuan. Someone said to the crown prince: “If you defend yourself, my lord will surely discern the truth.” The crown prince said: “Without Lady Ji my lord cannot rest or eat his fill. If I defend myself, Ji will certainly be guilty. My lord is old, and I would not be happy.” That person said: “Then you should flee!” The crown prince said: “My lord has not really investigated the crime; if I leave bearing this reputation, who would take me in?” In the twelfth month, on the day wushen, he hanged himself at Xincheng. Li Ji then slandered the two other princes, saying: “They all knew.” Chong'er fled to Pu. Yiwu fled to Qu.

【經】五年春，晉侯殺其世子申生。杞伯姬來朝其子。夏，公孫茲如牟。公及齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯會王世子於首止。秋八月，諸侯盟於首止。鄭伯逃歸不盟。楚人滅弦，弦子奔黃。九月戊申朔，日有食之。冬，晉人執虞公。

[Classic] In the fifth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin killed his heir apparent, Shensheng. Bo Ji of Qi came to court with her son. In summer, Gongsun Zi went to Mou. Duke Xi met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao at Shouzhi, together with the king's heir. In autumn, in the eighth month, the lords made a covenant at Shouzhi. The Earl of Zheng fled home and did not take part in the covenant. The people of Chu destroyed Xian, and the Viscount of Xian fled to Huang. In the ninth month, on the day wushen, the first of the month, there was an eclipse of the sun. In winter, the men of Jin arrested the Duke of Yu.

【傳】五年春，王正月辛亥朔，日南至。公既視朔，遂登觀臺以望。而書，禮也。凡分、至、啟、閉，必書云物，為備故也。

[Commentary] In the fifth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, on the first day, xinhai, it was the winter solstice. Duke Xi had already performed the observance of the new moon, and then ascended the observation platform to look out. He also had it recorded, which accords with ritual propriety. Whenever it is the spring or autumn equinox, the summer or winter solstice, or the start of spring, summer, autumn or winter, one must record the clouds and the appearances of things, in order to make preparations.

晉侯使以殺大子申生之故來告。

The Marquis of Jin sent word to report the reason for killing the heir apparent, Shensheng.

初，晉侯使士蒍為二公子築蒲與屈，不慎，置薪焉。夷吾訴之。公使讓之。

Earlier, the Marquis of Jin had sent Shi Wei to build Pu and Qu for the two princes; he was not careful and filled the walls with firewood. Yiwu accused him. Duke Xian sent someone to reproach him.

士蒍稽首而對曰：“臣聞之，無喪而戚，憂必仇焉。無戎而城，仇必保焉。寇仇之保，又何慎焉！守官廢命不敬，固仇之保不忠，失忠與敬，何以事君？《詩》云：‘懷德惟寧，宗子惟城。’君其修德而固宗子，何城如之？三年將尋師焉，焉用慎？”退而賦曰：“狐裘尨茸，一國三公，吾誰適從？”及難，公使寺人披伐蒲。重耳曰：“君父之命不校。”乃徇曰：“校者吾仇也。”逾垣而走。披斬其祛，遂出奔翟。

Shi Wei bowed his head to the ground and replied: “Your servant has heard that if one grieves when there is no mourning, sorrow is sure to follow; if one builds a wall when there is no war, enemies are sure to hold it. Preparing a stronghold for bandits and enemies, what is there to be careful about! To hold office and discard orders is disrespect, to strengthen the enemy's stronghold is disloyalty; having lost loyalty and respect, with what can I serve my lord? The Odes say: ‘Cherishing virtue brings peace, the heir of the clan is the wall.’ If you, my lord, cultivate bright virtue and strengthen the heir of the clan, what wall could compare? In three years troops will be used there; why need one be careful?” Retiring, he composed a poem: “The fox fur is in tatters; one state has three lords, whom shall I follow?” When the disaster came, Duke Xian sent the eunuch Pi to attack Pu. Chong'er said: “One does not resist the command of one's lord and father.” He then went about and gave the order: “Whoever resists is my enemy.” He climbed over the wall and fled. Pi cut off his sleeve, and he then fled to the Di.

夏，公孫茲如牟，娶焉。

In summer, Gongsun Zi went to Mou and took a wife there.