Duke Yin (Years 1-11)

會於首止，會王大子鄭，謀寧周也。

The meeting at Shouzhi was a meeting with the king's heir, Zheng, to discuss stabilizing the Zhou house.

陳轅宣仲怨鄭申侯之反己於召陵，故勸之城其賜邑，曰：“美城之，大名也，子孫不忘。吾助子請。”乃為之請於諸侯而城之，美。遂譖諸鄭伯，曰：“美城其賜邑，將以叛也。”申侯由是得罪。

Yuan Xuanzhong of Chen resented that Shen Hou of Zheng had betrayed him at Zhaoling, and so urged Shen Hou to build a wall for his fief, saying: “If you make the wall beautiful, it will be a great reputation, and your descendants will not forget it. I will request it for you.” So he requested it from the lords on his behalf and built the wall, and built it very beautifully. Then he slandered him before the Earl of Zheng, saying: “He has made the wall of his fief beautiful and will use it to rebel.” Shen Hou was thus found guilty.

秋，諸侯盟。王使周公召鄭伯，曰：“吾撫女以從楚，輔之以晉，可以少安。”

In autumn, the lords made a covenant. The Son of Heaven sent the Duke of Zhou to summon the Earl of Zheng, saying: “I will comfort you into following Chu, and then support you with Jin, so that you may be somewhat secure.”

鄭伯喜於王命而懼其不朝於齊也，故逃歸不盟。孔叔止之曰：“國君不可以輕，輕則失親。失親患必至，病而乞盟，所喪多矣，君必悔之。”弗聽，逃其師而歸。

The Earl of Zheng was pleased with the Son of Heaven's order, and also feared that not attending the court of Qi would cause trouble, and so he fled home and did not take part in the covenant. Kong Shu stopped him, saying: “A ruler must not be hasty; hastiness loses allies. Having lost allies, calamity is sure to come, and to seek a covenant when worn out would lose even more; you, my lord, will certainly regret it.” He did not listen, and abandoned the army and fled home.

楚鬥谷於菟滅弦，弦子奔黃。

Dou Gu Wutu of Chu destroyed Xian, and the Viscount of Xian fled to Huang.

於是江、黃、道、柏方睦於齊，皆弦姻也。弦子恃之而不事楚，又不設備，故亡。

At that time Jiang, Huang, Dao and Bo were on good terms with Qi and were all in-laws of Xian. The Viscount of Xian relied on them, did not serve Chu, and set up no defenses, and so Xian was destroyed.

晉侯復假道於虞以伐虢。宮之奇諫曰：“虢，虞之表也。虢亡，虞必從之。

The Marquis of Jin again asked Yu for passage to attack Guo. Gong Zhiqi remonstrated: “Guo is the outer defense of Yu. If Guo perishes, Yu will certainly follow.

晉不可啟，寇不可翫，一之謂甚，其可再乎？諺所謂‘輔車相依，唇亡齒寒’者，其虞、虢之謂也。”公曰：“晉，吾宗也，豈害我哉？”對曰：大伯、虞仲，大王之昭也。大伯不從，是以不嗣。虢仲、虢叔，王季之穆也，為文王卿士，勳在王室，藏於盟府。將虢是滅，何愛於虞？且虞能親於桓，莊乎，其愛之也？桓、莊之族何罪，而以為戮，不唯逼乎？親以寵逼，猶尚害之，況以國乎？”公曰：“吾享祀豐潔，神必據我。”對曰：“臣聞之，鬼神非人實親，惟德是依。故《周書》曰：‘皇天無親，惟德是輔。’又曰：‘黍稷非馨，明德惟馨。’又曰：‘民不易物，惟德繄物。’如是，則非德，民不和，神不享矣。神所馮依，將在德矣。若晉取虞而明德以薦馨香，神其吐之乎？”弗聽，許晉使。宮之奇以其族行，曰：“虞不臘矣，在此行也，晉不更舉矣。”

(Gong Zhiqi continued:) Jin must not be encouraged, and bandits must not be treated lightly; once was already too much, can there be a second? The proverb says ‘cheek and jaw depend on each other; when the lips are gone the teeth are cold’; this speaks of Yu and Guo.” The Duke of Yu said: “Jin is of my own clan; would it harm me?” Gong Zhiqi replied: “Taibo and Yuzhong were the zhao generation of King Tai. Taibo did not follow his father's wishes, and so had no heirs. Guo Zhong and Guo Shu were the mu generation of King Ji, served as ministers to King Wen, and their merits are in the royal house and kept in the covenant archive. If Jin will even destroy Guo, what affection will it have for Yu? Moreover, can Yu be closer to Jin than the clans of Huan and Zhuang, and yet does Jin cherish the clans of Huan and Zhuang? What crime did the kinsmen of Huan and Zhuang commit that they were slaughtered? Is it not because they were too close? When the nearest kin press upon one another because of favor, they still harm each other; how much more so a state?” The Duke of Yu said: “My offerings are plentiful and pure; the spirits will surely side with me.” Gong Zhiqi replied: “Your servant has heard that spirits are not specially close to anyone but cling only to virtue. Therefore the Book of Zhou says: ‘August Heaven has no private kin, and assists only the virtuous.’ It also says: ‘Millet is not fragrant; bright virtue is fragrant.’ It also says: ‘The people do not change their offerings; only virtue is the offering.’ In this way, without virtue, if the people are not in harmony, the spirits will not partake. What the spirits rely on lies in virtue. If Jin takes Yu and offers fragrance with bright virtue, would the spirits spit it out?” The duke did not listen and agreed to the envoy of Jin. Gong Zhiqi left with his clan, saying: “Yu will not live to see the winter sacrifice; it will be this very trip, and Jin will not need to raise troops again.”

八月甲午，晉侯圍上陽。問於卜偃曰：“吾其濟乎”？對曰：“克之。”公曰：“何時？”對曰：“童謠云：‘丙之晨，龍尾伏辰，均服振振，取虢之旂。

In the eighth month, on the day jiawu, the Marquis of Jin besieged Shangyang. He asked Bu Yan: “Can I succeed?” Bu Yan replied: “You will win.” Duke Xian said: “When?” He replied: “A children's song says: ‘At the dawn of the bing day, the Dragon's Tail star is swallowed in the sun's light; the uniforms are in order, and the banners of Guo will be seized.

鶉之賁賁，天策焞々，火中成軍，虢公其奔。’其九月、十月之交乎。丙子旦，日在尾，月在策，鶉火中，必是時也。”

(Bu Yan continued:) The Chunhuo star is blazing, the Tiance star is dim; at noon the Chunhuo forms the army, and the Duke of Guo will flee.’ It will probably be at the turn of the ninth and tenth months. At dawn on the day bingzi, the sun is in Tail and the moon in Ce, and Chunhuo is at noon; it must be that time.”

冬十二月丙子朔，晉滅虢，虢公醜奔京師。師還，館於虞，遂襲虞，滅之，執虞公及其大夫井伯，以媵秦穆姬。而修虞祀，且歸其職貢於王。

In winter, in the twelfth month, on the first day, bingzi, Jin destroyed Guo, and the Duke of Guo, Chou, fled to the capital. When the army returned, it stayed in Yu and then made a surprise attack on Yu and destroyed it, arresting the Duke of Yu and his grandee Jing Bo to serve as part of the dowry of Mu Ji of Qin. But Jin continued the sacrifices of Yu and gave its tribute to the Son of Heaven.

故書曰：“晉人執虞公。”罪虞，且言易也。

Therefore the Annals writes: “The people of Jin arrested the Duke of Yu.” This assigns the blame to Yu and also shows how easy the matter was.

【經】六年春王正月。夏，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、曹伯伐鄭，圍新城。秋，楚人圍許，諸侯遂救許。冬，公至自伐鄭。

[Classic] In the sixth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar. In summer, Duke Xi joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei and the Earl of Cao in attacking Zheng and besieged Xincheng. In autumn, the people of Chu besieged Xu, and the lords then rescued Xu. In winter, Duke Xi returned from the attack on Zheng.

【傳】六年春，晉侯使賈華伐屈。夷吾不能守，盟而行。將奔狄，郤芮曰：“後出同走，罪也。不如之梁。梁近秦而幸焉。”乃之梁。

[Commentary] In the sixth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Jia Hua to attack Qu. Yiwu could not hold it, and left after making a covenant. He was about to flee to the Di, but Xi Rui said: “To leave later but take the same road is to be guilty. It is better to go to Liang. Liang is near Qin and is in favor.” So he went to Liang.

夏，諸侯伐鄭，以其逃首止之盟故也。圍新密，鄭所以不時城也。

In summer, the lords attacked Zheng because it had evaded the covenant at Shouzhi. They besieged Xinmi, which is the city that Zheng had built out of season.

秋，楚子圍許以救鄭，諸侯救許，乃還。

In autumn, the Viscount of Chu besieged Xu to relieve Zheng, and the lords rescued Xu, and so Chu went home.

冬，蔡穆侯將許僖公以見楚子於武城。許男面縛，銜璧，大夫衰絰，士輿櫬。

In winter, Duke Mu of Cai brought Duke Xi of Xu to meet the Viscount of Chu at Wucheng. The Baron of Xu had his hands bound behind his back and held a jade disc in his mouth; his grandees wore mourning clothes, and his officers carried a coffin.

楚子問諸逢伯，對曰：“昔武王克殷，微子啟如是。武王親釋其縛，受其璧而祓之。焚其櫬，禮而命之，使復其所。”楚子從之。

The Viscount of Chu asked Feng Bo, who replied: “In the past, when King Wu conquered Yin, Qi, the Viscount of Wei, did exactly this. King Wu himself untied his bonds, accepted his jade disc and performed rites to dispel ill omens for him. He burned the coffin, gave him a ritual commission, and let him return to his former place.” The Viscount of Chu followed this advice.

【經】七年春，齊人伐鄭。夏，小邾子來朝。鄭殺其大夫申侯。秋七月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳世子款、鄭世子華盟於寧母。曹伯班卒。公子友如齊。冬，葬曹昭公。

[Classic] In the seventh year, in spring, the men of Qi attacked Zheng. In summer, the Viscount of Little Zhu came to court. Zheng killed its grandee Shen Hou. In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Xi made a covenant at Ningmu with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, Kuan, the heir of Chen, and Hua, the heir of Zheng. Ban, the Earl of Cao, died. Gongzi You went to Qi. In winter, Duke Zhao of Cao was buried.

【傳】七年春，齊人伐鄭。孔叔言於鄭伯曰：“諺有之曰：‘心則不競，何憚於病。’既不能強，又不能弱，所以斃也。國危矣，請下齊以救國。”公曰：“吾知其所由來矣。姑少待我。”對曰：“朝不及夕，何以待君？”夏，鄭殺申侯以說於齊，且用陳轅濤塗之譖也。

[Commentary] In the seventh year, in spring, the men of Qi attacked Zheng. Kong Shu said to the Earl of Zheng: “There is a proverb: ‘If the heart is not firm, why fear being wronged?’ If one can neither be firm nor show weakness, that is why one is defeated and lost. The state is already in danger; please bow to Qi to save it.” The Earl of Zheng said: “I know why they have come. Wait for me a little.” Kong Shu replied: “We cannot be sure of surviving the morning or the evening; how can we wait for you?” In summer, Zheng killed Shen Hou to curry favor with Qi, and also because it had believed the slander of Yuan Taotu of Chen.

初，申侯，申出也，有寵於楚文王。文王將死，與之璧，使行，曰，“唯我知女，女專利而不厭，予取予求，不女疵瑕也。後之人將求多於女，女必不免。

Earlier, Shen Hou was the son of a woman of Shen and had been favored by King Wen of Chu. When King Wen was about to die, he gave him a jade disc and told him to leave, saying: “Only I understand you. You monopolize profit without being satisfied; what you took from me and what you asked of me I did not blame you for. Those who come after will demand much more of you, and you will surely not escape.

我死，女必速行。無適小國，將不女容焉。”既葬，出奔鄭，又有寵於厲公。子文聞其死也，曰：“古人有言曰‘知臣莫若君。’弗可改也已。”

(King Wen of Chu continued:) “After I die, you must leave quickly. Do not go to a small state; a small state will not be able to tolerate you.” After the burial, Shen Hou fled to Zheng and again won the favor of Duke Li. When Zi Wen heard that he was dead, he said: “There is an old saying: ‘None knows a minister better than his lord.’ This saying cannot be changed.”

秋，盟於寧母，謀鄭故也。

In autumn, the covenant was made at Ningmu, to plan how to deal with Zheng.

管仲言於齊侯曰：“臣聞之，招攜以禮，懷遠以德，德禮不易，無人不懷。”

Guan Zhong said to the Marquis of Qi: “Your servant has heard: to win back those who have turned away, use ritual; to pacify those far away, use virtue. If virtue and ritual do not change, there will be none who do not submit.”

齊侯修禮於諸侯，諸侯官受方物。

The Marquis of Qi cultivated ritual toward the lords, and the officials of the lords received the local products each was to offer as tribute.

鄭伯使大子華聽命於會，言於齊侯曰：“洩氏、孔氏、子人氏三族，實違君命。若君去之以為成。我以鄭為內臣，君亦無所不利焉。”齊侯將許之。管仲曰：“君以禮與信屬諸侯，而以奸終之，無乃不可乎？子父不奸之謂禮，守命共時之謂信。違此二者，奸莫大焉。”公曰：“諸侯有討於鄭，未捷。今苟有釁，從之，不亦可乎？”對曰：“君若綏之以德，加之以訓辭，而帥諸侯以討鄭，鄭將覆亡之不暇，豈敢不懼？若總其罪人以臨之，鄭有辭矣，何懼？且夫合諸侯以崇德也，會而列奸，何以示後嗣？夫諸侯之會，其德刑禮義，無國不記。記奸之位，君盟替矣。作而不記，非盛德也。君其勿許，鄭必受盟。夫子華既為大子而求介於大國，以弱其國，亦必不免。鄭有叔詹、堵叔、師叔三良為政，未可間也。”齊侯辭焉。子華由是得罪於鄭。

The Earl of Zheng sent the heir apparent Hua to the meeting to receive orders. The heir apparent Hua said to the Marquis of Qi: “The three clans of Xie, Kong and Ziren have indeed disobeyed your command. If you remove them and make peace, I will make Zheng your inner vassal, and it will do you no harm.” The Marquis of Qi was about to agree. Guan Zhong said: “You have assembled the lords with ritual and good faith, and yet would end with treachery; surely this will not do? That father and son do not oppose each other is called ritual; that one keeps the lord's commands and acts in accord with the time is called good faith. To violate these two is the greatest treachery.” The Marquis of Qi said: “The lords have attacked Zheng and have not yet prevailed. If there is now an opening, would it not also be acceptable to follow this opportunity?” Guan Zhong replied: “If you pacify them with virtue, add admonishing words, and lead the lords to attack Zheng, Zheng will not even be able to save itself from ruin, and how would it dare not be afraid? If you press them using their own criminal, Zheng will have something to say, so what would it fear? Moreover, to assemble the lords is to uphold virtue, but if a treacherous person is placed in the ranks at the covenant, what will you show to later generations? In the meetings of the lords, virtue, punishment, ritual and righteousness are all recorded by every state. If the treacherous person's place is recorded, your covenant is ruined. If you do it without recording it, that is not abundant virtue either. It is better that you do not agree, and Zheng will certainly come to accept the covenant. Zihua is already heir apparent yet wants to rely on a great state to weaken his own, and he too will certainly not escape. Zheng has three worthy ministers, Shu Zhan, Du Shu and Shi Shu, in power, and cannot yet be exploited.” The Marquis of Qi refused. From then on Zihua was found guilty in Zheng.

冬，鄭伯請盟於齊。

In winter, the Earl of Zheng requested a covenant with Qi.

閏月，惠王崩。襄王惡大叔帶之難，懼不立，不發喪而告難於齊。

In the intercalary month, King Hui died. King Xiang was worried that Dashu Dai would cause a rebellion and that he would not be able to establish himself, so he did not announce the death but sent urgently to Qi.

【經】八年春王正月，公會王人、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、許男、曹伯、陳世子款盟於洮。鄭伯乞盟。夏，狄伐晉。秋七月，禘於大廟，用致夫人。冬十有二月丁未，天王崩。

[Classic] In the eighth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Xi made a covenant at Tao with the king's envoy, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Cao, and Kuan, the heir of Chen. The Earl of Zheng asked to join the covenant. In summer, the Di attacked Jin. In autumn, in the seventh month, the di sacrifice was held in the Grand Temple, and the Lady's spirit tablet was placed in it. In winter, in the twelfth month, on the day dingwei, the Son of Heaven died.

【傳】八年春，盟於洮，謀王室也。鄭伯乞盟，請服也。襄王定位而後發喪。

[Commentary] In the eighth year, in spring, the covenant was made at Tao to plan how to stabilize the royal house. The Earl of Zheng asked to join the covenant, which was to ask to atone for his fault. Only after King Xiang's position was secure was the death announced.

晉裡克帥師，梁由靡御。虢射為右，以敗狄於採桑。梁由靡曰：“狄無恥，從之必大克。”裡克曰：“拒之而已，無速眾狄。”虢射曰：“期年，狄必至，示之弱矣。”

Li Ke of Jin led the army, Liang Youmi drove the chariot, and Guo She was the right-hand guard, and they defeated the Di at Caisang. Liang Youmi said: “The Di have no shame; if we pursue them, we are sure to win a great victory.” Li Ke said: “It is enough to have stopped them; do not bring on the various Di tribes.” Guo She said: “Within a year the Di will certainly come again, since we have already shown them our weakness.”

夏，狄伐晉，報採桑之役也。復期月。

In summer, the Di attacked Jin, in revenge for the battle at Caisang. This fulfilled the term of a full year.

秋，禘而致哀姜焉，非禮也。凡夫人不薨於寢，不殯於廟，不赴於同，不祔於姑，則弗致也。

In autumn, the di sacrifice was held and the spirit tablet of Ai Jiang was placed in the Grand Temple, which was contrary to ritual. Whenever it concerns a wife of the ruler, if she did not die in the main chamber, was not laid out in the ancestral temple, did not have her death announced to allied states, and was not placed to share the sacrifices with the ancestress, her spirit tablet is not placed in the temple.

冬，王人來告喪，難故也，是以緩。

In winter, an envoy of the royal house came to announce the death, which was late because of troubles.

宋公疾，大子茲父固請曰：“目夷長，且仁，君其立之。”公命子魚，子魚辭，曰：“能以國讓，仁孰大焉？臣不及也，且又不順。”遂走而退。

The Duke of Song fell ill, and the heir apparent Zifu earnestly requested: “Mu Yi is older and also benevolent; please make him your successor.” The Duke of Song ordered Ziyu to succeed him, but Ziyu declined, saying: “To be able to yield the state to another, is there any greater benevolence? I am not his equal, and doing this would also not be in order.” He then withdrew with quick steps.

【經】九年春王三月丁丑，宋公御說卒。夏，公會宰周公、齊侯、宋子、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯於葵丘。秋七月乙酉，伯姬卒。九月戊辰，諸侯盟於葵丘。

[Classic] In the ninth year, in spring, in the third month by the Zhou king's calendar, on the day dingchou, Yushuo, Duke of Song, died. In summer, Duke Xi met Zhou Gong, the Grand Steward, the Marquis of Qi, the Viscount of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao at Kuiqiu. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day yiyou, Bo Ji died. In the ninth month, on the day wuchen, the lords made a covenant at Kuiqiu.

甲子，晉侯佹諸卒。冬，晉裡奚克殺其君之子奚齊。

On the day jiazi, Guizhu, the Marquis of Jin, died. In winter, Li Ke of Jin killed Xiqi, the son of the ruler. (The base text reads “Li Xi Ke”, which is Li Ke.)

【傳】九年春，宋桓公卒，未葬而襄公會諸侯，故曰子。凡在喪，王曰小童，公侯曰子。

[Commentary] In the ninth year, in spring, Duke Huan of Song died, and before he was buried, Duke Xiang went to assemble with the lords, and so the Annals calls him “Viscount”. Whenever it is during the mourning period, the Son of Heaven is called “little boy” and dukes and marquises are called “viscount”.

夏，會於葵丘，尋盟，且修好，禮也。

In summer, the meeting at Kuiqiu renewed the old covenant and also restored friendship, which accords with ritual propriety.

王使宰孔賜齊侯胙，曰：“天子有事於文武，使孔賜伯舅胙。”齊侯將下拜。

The Son of Heaven sent Zai Kong to bestow sacrificial meat on the Marquis of Qi, saying: “The Son of Heaven has sacrifices for King Wen and King Wu, and sends Kong to bestow the sacrificial meat on my uncle by marriage.” The Marquis of Qi was about to descend the steps and bow in thanks.

孔曰：“且有後命。天子使孔曰：‘以伯舅耋老，加勞，賜一級，無下拜’”。

Zai Kong said: “There is a further command. The Son of Heaven sends Kong to say: ‘Because my uncle is advanced in years and has also done meritorious service, I raise him one grade and he need not descend the steps to bow.’”

對曰：“天威不違顏咫尺，小白餘敢貪天子之命無下拜？恐隕越於下，以遺天子羞。敢不下拜？”下，拜；登，受。

The Marquis of Qi replied: “The majesty of the Son of Heaven is not a foot from my face; how would I, Xiaobai, dare to covet the Son of Heaven's order and not bow? I fear losing propriety below and bringing shame on the Son of Heaven. How dare I not bow?” So he descended the steps and bowed, then ascended the hall and received it.

秋，齊侯盟諸侯於葵丘，曰：“凡我同盟之人，既盟之後，言歸於好。”宰孔先歸，遇晉侯曰：“可無會也。齊侯不務德而勤遠略，故北伐山戎，南伐楚，西為此會也。東略之不知，西則否矣。其在亂乎。君務靖亂，無勤於行。”晉侯乃還。

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi made a covenant with the lords at Kuiqiu, saying: “All of us who are in this covenant, after the covenant is made, shall return to friendship.” Zai Kong returned first and met the Marquis of Jin, and said: “You need not go to attend. The Marquis of Qi does not devote himself to virtue but is busy governing far regions, and so he attacked the Shanrong in the north, attacked Chu in the south, and held this meeting in the west. How he will govern the east is not yet known, but the west will not do. Jin's trouble is probably internal disorder. You should devote yourself to settling the internal disorder and need not hurry to travel.” The Marquis of Jin therefore went back.

九月，晉獻公卒，裡克、鄭欲納文公，故以三公子之徒作亂。

In the ninth month, Duke Xian of Jin died. Li Ke and Pi Zheng wished to receive Duke Wen, and so, relying on the partisans of the three princes, they caused a rebellion.

初，獻公使荀息傅奚齊，公疾，召之，曰：“以是藐諸孤，辱在大夫，其若之何？”稽首而對曰：“臣竭其股肱之力，加之以忠貞。其濟，君之靈也；不濟，則以死繼之。”公曰：“何謂忠貞？”對曰：“公家之利，知無不為，忠也。送往事居，耦俱無猜。貞也。”及裡克將殺奚齊，先告荀息曰：“三怨將作，秦、晉輔之，子將何如？”荀息曰：“將死之。”裡克曰：“無益也。”荀叔曰：“吾與先君言矣，不可以貳。能欲復言而愛身乎？雖無益也，將焉闢之？且人之慾善，誰不如我？我欲無貳而能謂人已乎？”冬十月，裡克殺奚齊於次。書曰：“殺其君之子。”未葬也。荀息將死之，人曰：“不如立卓子而輔之。”荀息立公子卓以葬。十一月，裡克殺公子卓於朝，荀息死之。君子曰：“詩所謂‘白圭之玷，尚可磨也；斯言之玷，不可為也，’荀息有焉。”

Earlier, Duke Xian had Xun Xi assist Xiqi. When Duke Xian fell ill, he summoned Xun Xi and said: “I entrust this young orphan to you, grandee; what will you do?” Xun Xi bowed his head to the ground and replied: “Your servant will exert the strength of my limbs to the utmost, and add loyalty and constancy to it. If the matter succeeds, it will be thanks to your spirit in Heaven; if it does not, I will follow you in death.” Duke Xian said: “What do you call loyalty and constancy?” Xun Xi replied: “Whatever is beneficial to the public house, I do it as soon as I know of it: this is loyalty. In sending off the dead and serving the living, to have no suspicion from either side: this is constancy.” When Li Ke was about to kill Xiqi, he first told Xun Xi: “The resentment of three parties is about to break out, and Qin and Jin both have people supporting them; what will you do?” Xun Xi said: “I will die for this.” Li Ke said: “It will do no good.” Xun Xi said: “I have already spoken with the former lord, and one must not have a divided heart. Could I want to fulfill my promise and yet spare myself? Even if it does no good, where could I hide? Moreover, when people want to do good, who is not like me? I myself want to have no divided heart; can I demand that others stop?” In winter, in the tenth month, Li Ke killed Xiqi in the mourning hut. The Annals records: “killed the son of his ruler,” because he had not yet been buried. Xun Xi was ready to die, but someone said: “It would be better to set up Zhuozi and assist him.” Xun Xi installed Prince Zhuo to complete the funeral. In the eleventh month, Li Ke killed Prince Zhuo in the court, and Xun Xi died for it. The gentleman said: “What the Odes say, ‘A flaw on a white jade scepter can still be ground away; a flaw in words cannot be removed,’ applies to Xun Xi.”

齊侯以諸侯之師伐晉，及高梁而還，討晉亂也。令不及魯，故不書。

The Marquis of Qi led the armies of the lords to attack Jin and went back on reaching Gaoliang, to punish Jin's internal disorder. The order was not sent to Lu, and so the Annals does not record it.

晉郤芮使夷吾重賂秦以求入，曰：“人實有國，我何愛焉。入而能民，土於何有。”從之。齊隰朋帥師會秦師，納晉惠公。秦伯謂郤芮曰：“公子誰恃？”對曰：“臣聞亡人無黨，有黨必有仇。夷吾弱不好弄，能鬥不過，長亦不改，不識其他。”公謂公孫枝曰：“夷吾其定乎？對曰：“臣聞之，唯則定國。《詩》曰：‘不識不知，順帝之則。’文王之謂也。又曰：‘不僣不賊，鮮不為則。’無好無惡，不忌不克之謂也。今其言多忌克，難哉！”公曰：“忌則多怨，又焉能克？是吾利也。”

Xi Rui of Jin had Yiwu ask Qin with heavy bribes to send him back to the state, saying: “The state was originally held by others; what is there to begrudge? If I enter and win the people, what is land?” Yiwu followed this advice. Xi Peng of Qi led troops to join the Qin army and escorted Duke Hui of Jin into Jin. The Earl of Qin asked Xi Rui: “On whom does the prince rely?” Xi Rui replied: “Your servant has heard that an exile has no partisans; if he has partisans, he is sure to have enemies. Yiwu did not like play when young, could fight without going too far, and did not change when grown; beyond that I do not know.” The Earl of Qin said to Gongsun Zhi: “Can Yiwu bring peace to the state?” Gongsun Zhi replied: “Your servant has heard: only by accord with the norm can one bring peace to a state. The Odes say: ‘Without knowing or noticing, he follows the norm of Heaven.’ This speaks of King Wen. It also says: ‘Not overstepping, not harming, there are few who do not become a norm.’ Having no private liking or private hatred, no envy and no desire to win, is what this means. Now his words are full of envy and the desire to win; this is hard!” The Earl of Qin said: “Envy brings much resentment; how can he win? This is to my advantage.”

宋襄公即位，以公子目夷為仁，使為左師以聽政，於是宋治。故魚氏世為左師。

Duke Xiang of Song took the throne and, thinking Gongzi Mu Yi benevolent, made him Left Master in charge of government, and Song was well governed as a result. Therefore the Yu clan held the post of Left Master for generations.

【經】十年春王正月，公如齊。狄滅溫，溫子奔衛。晉裡克弒其君卓及其大夫荀息。夏，齊侯、許男伐北戎。晉殺其大夫裡克。秋七月。冬，大雨雪。

[Classic] In the tenth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Xi went to Qi. The Di destroyed Wen, and the Viscount of Wen fled to Wei. Li Ke of Jin murdered his ruler Zhuo and the grandee Xun Xi. In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Baron of Xu attacked the Northern Rong. Jin killed its grandee Li Ke. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, there was heavy snow.

【傳】十年春，狄滅溫，蘇子無信也。蘇子叛王即狄，又不能於狄，狄人伐之，王不救，故滅。蘇子奔衛。

[Commentary] In the tenth year, in spring, the Di destroyed Wen, because the Viscount of Su had no good faith. The Viscount of Su turned his back on the Son of Heaven and befriended the Di, but could not please the Di, and so the Di attacked him; the Son of Heaven did not rescue him, and he perished as a result. The Viscount of Su fled to Wei.

夏四月，周公忌父、王子黨會齊隰朋立晉侯。晉侯殺裡克以說。將殺裡克，公使謂之曰：“微子則不及此。雖然，子弒二君與一大夫，為子君者不亦難乎？”對曰：“不有廢也，君何以興？欲加之罪，其無辭乎？臣聞命矣。”伏劍而死。

In summer, in the fourth month, Zhou Gong Jifu and Prince Dang joined Xi Peng of Qi in installing the Marquis of Jin. The Marquis of Jin killed Li Ke to explain himself and win favor. When he was about to kill Li Ke, the Marquis of Jin sent someone to say to him: “Without you I could not have come to this. Even so, you have murdered two rulers and a grandee; would it not also be hard to be your ruler?” Li Ke replied: “Without a deposition, how would a ruler rise? If one wants to impose a charge, does one fear lacking words? Your servant has heard the order.” He then fell on his sword and died.

於是鄭聘於秦，且謝緩賂，故不及。

At this time Pi Zheng was on a mission to Qin, also apologizing for delaying the handover of goods, and so he missed this affair.

晉侯改葬共大子。

The Marquis of Jin reburied Crown Prince Gong.

秋，狐突適下國，遇大子，大子使登，僕，而告之曰：“夷吾無禮，餘得請於帝矣。將以晉畀秦，秦將祀餘。”對曰：“臣聞之，神不歆非類，民不祀非族。

In autumn, Hu Tu went to Quwo and met the crown prince. The crown prince had him get into the chariot, drove it himself, and told him: “Yiwu has no ritual propriety; I have already petitioned the Lord on High. I will give Jin to Qin, and Qin will sacrifice to me.” Hu Tu replied: “Your servant has heard: spirits do not partake of offerings that are not from their own kind, and the people do not sacrifice to those not of their own kind.

君祀無乃殄乎？且民何罪？失刑乏祀，君其圖之。”君曰：“諾。吾將復請。七日新城西偏，將有巫者而見我焉。”許之，遂不見。及期而往，告之曰：“帝許我罰有罪矣，敝於韓。”

(Hu Tu continued:) “Will your sacrifices not be cut off? And moreover what crime have the people committed? Punishment that is not just and sacrifices that lapse; please consider this.” The crown prince said: “Good. I will petition again. Seven days from now, to the west of Xincheng, a shaman will let you see me.” Hu Tu agreed, and the crown prince vanished. On the appointed day he went, and the shaman told him: “The Lord on High has permitted me to punish the guilty; he will be defeated at Han.”