Duke Yin (Years 1-11)

鄭之如秦也，言於秦伯曰：“呂甥、郤稱、冀芮實為不從，若重問以召之，臣出晉君，君納重耳，蔑不濟矣。”

When Pi Zheng reached Qin, he said to the Earl of Qin: “Lü Sheng, Xi Cheng and Ji Rui will in fact not obey; if you summon them with generous gifts, I will drive out the ruler of Jin and you can receive Chong'er, and there is nothing that will not succeed.”

冬，秦伯使冷至報問，且召三子。郤芮曰：“幣重而言甘，誘我也。”遂殺鄭、祁舉及七輿大夫：左行共華、右行賈華、叔堅、騅顓、累虎、特宮、山祁，皆裡、之黨也。豹奔秦，言於秦伯曰：“晉侯背大主而忌小怨，民弗與也，伐之必出。”公曰：“失眾，焉能殺。違禍，誰能出君。”

In winter, the Earl of Qin sent Leng Zhi on a return visit and also summoned these three men. Xi Rui said: “The gifts are generous and the words sweet; this is to lure us.” So he killed Pi Zheng, Qi Ju and the Seven Chariot Grandees: Zuohang Gonghua, Youhang Jiahua, Shu Jian, Zhui Zhuan, Lei Hu, Te Gong and Shan Qi, all partisans of Li Ke. (The base text appears to have missing words after “Li”.) Bao fled to Qin and said to the Earl of Qin: “The Marquis of Jin turned his back on a great patron and holds a grudge over small resentments, and the people are not attached to him; if you attack him, you will certainly be able to drive him out.” The Earl of Qin said: “He has already lost the multitude, so how could he still kill people? If he avoids disaster, who could drive the ruler out?”

【經】十有一年春。晉殺其大夫鄭父。夏，公及夫人姜氏會齊侯於陽穀。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, in spring. Jin killed its grandee Pi Zheng Fu. In summer, Duke Xi and his wife, Lady Jiang, met the Marquis of Qi at Yanggu.

秋八月，大雩。冬，楚人伐黃。

In autumn, in the eighth month, the great rain sacrifice was held. In winter, the people of Chu attacked Huang.

【傳】十一年春，晉侯使以鄭之亂來告。

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent word to report the rebellion of Pi Zheng.

天王使召武公、內史過賜晉侯命。受玉惰。過歸，告王曰：“晉侯其無後乎。

The Son of Heaven sent Shao Wugong and the Grand Scribe Guo to bestow the jade tablet of investiture on the Marquis of Jin. The Marquis of Jin was indolent in receiving the jade tablet. The Grand Scribe Guo returned and told the Son of Heaven: “The Marquis of Jin probably will have no heir.

王賜之命而惰於受瑞，先自棄也已，其何繼之有？禮，國之幹也。敬，禮之輿也。

(The Grand Scribe Guo continued:) “The Son of Heaven bestowed the tablet of investiture on him, and yet he was indolent in receiving the auspicious jade; he has first cast himself away, so how can he have a successor? Ritual is the trunk of a state. Reverence is the carriage that carries ritual.

不敬則禮不行，禮不行則上下昏，何以長世？”夏，揚、拒、泉、皋、伊、洛之戎同伐京師，入王城，焚東門，王子帶召之也。秦、晉、伐戎以救周。秋，晉侯平戎於王。

(The Grand Scribe Guo continued:) “Without reverence ritual cannot be carried out, and if ritual cannot be carried out, high and low fall into confusion; how can he last long?” In summer, the Rong of Yang, Ju, Quan, Gao, Yi and Luo together attacked the capital, entered the royal city and burned the eastern gate, summoned by Prince Dai. Qin and Jin attacked the Rong to rescue the house of Zhou. In autumn, the Marquis of Jin mediated between the Son of Heaven and the Rong.

黃人不歸楚貢。冬，楚人伐黃。

The men of Huang did not pay tribute to Chu. In winter, the people of Chu attacked Huang.

【經】十有二年春王三月庚午，日有食之。夏，楚人滅黃。秋七月。冬十有二月丁丑，陳侯杵臼卒。

[Classic] In the twelfth year, in spring, in the third month by the Zhou king's calendar, on the day gengwu, there was an eclipse of the sun. In summer, the people of Chu destroyed Huang. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, in the twelfth month, on the day dingchou, Chujiu, the Marquis of Chen, died.

【傳】十二年春，諸侯城衛楚丘之郛，懼狄難也。

[Commentary] In the twelfth year, in spring, the lords built the outer wall of Chuqiu in Wei, out of fear of the troubles from the Di.

黃人恃諸侯之睦於齊也，不共楚職，曰：“自郢及我九百里，焉能害我？”夏，楚滅黃。

The men of Huang relied on the lords being on good terms with Qi and did not fulfill their tribute to Chu, saying: “From Ying to us it is nine hundred li; how can it harm us?” In summer, Chu destroyed Huang.

王以戎難故，討王子帶。秋，王子帶奔齊。

The Son of Heaven attacked Prince Dai because of the troubles from the Rong. In autumn, Prince Dai fled to Qi.

冬，齊侯使管夷吾平戎於王，使隰朋平戎於晉。

In winter, the Marquis of Qi sent Guan Yiwu to mediate between the Son of Heaven and the Rong, and sent Xi Peng to mediate between Jin and the Rong.

王以上卿之禮饗管仲，管仲辭曰：“臣，賤有司也，有天子之二守國、高在。

The Son of Heaven entertained Guan Zhong with the ritual of a senior minister, and Guan Zhong declined, saying: “Your servant is a lowly official, and there are also the two guardian ministers appointed by the Son of Heaven, the Guo and Gao clans.

若節春秋來承王命，何以禮焉？陪臣敢辭。”王曰：“舅氏，餘嘉乃勳，應乃懿德，謂督不忘。往踐乃職，無逆朕命。”管仲受下卿之禮而還。君子曰：“管氏之世祀也宜哉！讓不忘其上。《詩》曰：‘愷悌君子，神所勞矣。’”

(Guan Zhong continued:) “If they come in spring and autumn to receive the king's commands, with what ritual would they be treated? A minister of a minister dares not accept this.” The Son of Heaven said: “Uncle, I commend your merit and bear in mind your fine virtue; it may be called deep and unforgotten. Go and carry out your duties, and do not oppose my command.” Guan Zhong accepted the ritual of a lower minister and then returned to his state. The gentleman said: “It is fitting that the Guan clan should receive sacrifices for generations! He was modest and did not forget his superiors. The Odes say: ‘The gentleman who is joyful and easygoing, the spirits will protect him.’”

【經】十有三年春，狄侵衛。夏四月，葬陳宣公。公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯於鹹。秋九月，大雩。冬，公子友如齊。

[Classic] In the thirteenth year, in spring, the Di raided Wei. In summer, in the fourth month, Duke Xuan of Chen was buried. Duke Xi met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao at Xian. In autumn, in the ninth month, the great rain sacrifice was held. In winter, Gongzi You went to Qi.

【傳】十三年春，齊侯使仲孫湫聘於周，且言王子帶。事畢，不與王言。歸，覆命曰：“未可。王怒未怠，其十年乎。不十年，王弗召也。”

[Commentary] In the thirteenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi sent Zhongsun Qiu on a mission to Zhou and also spoke about Prince Dai. When the business was done, he did not speak with the Son of Heaven about it. On returning to report, he said: “It will not do yet. The Son of Heaven's anger has not subsided; it will probably take ten years. Before ten years pass, the Son of Heaven will not recall him.”

夏，會於鹹，淮夷病杞故，且謀王室也。

In summer, the meeting at Xian was because the Huai Yi were distressing Qi, and also to plan matters of the royal house.

秋，為戎難故，諸侯戍周，齊仲孫湫致之。

In autumn, because of the troubles from the Rong, the lords sent troops to garrison the royal house, and Zhongsun Qiu of Qi escorted the garrison troops there.

冬，晉荐饑，使乞糴於秦。秦伯謂子桑：“與諸乎？”對曰：“重施而報，君將何求？重施而不報，其民必攜，攜而討焉，無眾必敗。”謂百里：“與諸乎？”對曰：“天災流行，國家代有，救災恤鄰，道也。行道有福。”

In winter, Jin suffered famine for successive years and sent a man to Qin to ask to buy grain. The Earl of Qin asked Zisang: “Shall we give it?” Zisang replied: “If one repeatedly bestows kindness and receives repayment, what more would you want? If one repeatedly bestows kindness and is not repaid, their people are sure to turn away; once they have turned away, attack them, and without the support of the people they are sure to fail.” He asked Baili: “Shall we give it?” Baili replied: “Natural disasters circulate, and every state will have them in turn; to relieve disaster and show sympathy for neighbors is the proper way. Following the proper way brings blessing.”

鄭之子豹在秦，請伐晉。秦伯曰：“其君是惡，其民何罪？”秦於是乎輸粟於晉，自雍及絳相繼，命之曰泛舟之役。

Pi Bao, the son of Pi Zheng, was in Qin and asked to attack Jin. The Earl of Qin said: “What we hate is their ruler; what crime have the people committed?” Qin then transported millet to Jin, an unbroken stream from Yong to Jiang, and this was called the “Campaign of the Floating Boats”.

【經】十有四年春，諸侯城緣陵。夏六月，季姬及鄫子遇於防。使鄫子來朝。秋八月辛卯，沙鹿崩。狄侵鄭。冬，蔡侯肝卒。

[Classic] In the fourteenth year, in spring, the lords built a city wall at Yuanling. In summer, in the sixth month, Ji Ji met the Viscount of Zeng at Fang, and had the Viscount of Zeng come to court. In autumn, in the eighth month, on the day xinmao, Mount Shalu collapsed. The Di raided Zheng. In winter, Gan, the Marquis of Cai, died. (The base text reads “Gan”, which is Xi.)

【傳】十四年春，諸侯城緣陵而遷杞焉。不書其人，有闕也。

[Commentary] In the fourteenth year, in spring, the lords built a wall at Yuanling and moved Qi there. The Annals does not record which people were present, because the record has gaps.

鄫季姬來寧，公怒，止之，以鄫子之不朝也。夏，遇於防，而使來朝。

Ji Ji of Zeng returned to visit her parents' home, and Duke Xi became angry and detained her, because the Viscount of Zeng did not come to court. In summer, they met at Fang and had the Viscount of Zeng come to court.

秋八月辛卯，沙鹿崩。晉卜偃曰：“期年將有大咎，幾亡國。”

In autumn, in the eighth month, on the day xinmao, Mount Shalu collapsed. Bu Yan of Jin said: “Within a year there will be a great disaster, and the state will almost perish.”

冬，秦飢，使乞糴於晉，晉人弗與。慶鄭曰：“背施無親，幸災不仁，貪愛不祥，怒鄰不義。四德皆失，何以守國？”虢射曰：“皮之不存，毛將安傅？”慶鄭曰：“棄信背鄰，患孰恤之？無信患作，失授必斃，是則然矣。”虢射曰：“無損於怨而厚於寇，不如勿與。”慶鄭曰：“背施幸災，民所棄也。近猶仇之，況怨敵乎？”弗聽。退曰：“君其悔是哉！”

In winter, Qin suffered famine and sent to Jin to ask to buy grain, but the men of Jin would not give it. Qing Zheng said: "To betray a kindness is to have no kin; to rejoice in another's disaster is to be unbenevolent; to be greedy for goods is to be inauspicious; to enrage a neighbor is to be unrighteous. If all four virtues are lost, how will you hold the state?" Guo She said: "When the skin no longer exists, where can the hair attach itself?" Qing Zheng said: "If you throw away good faith and betray a neighbor, who will pity you when trouble comes? Without good faith, disaster will arise; having lost help, you are sure to be ruined. That is how it is." Guo She said: "We can neither lessen their resentment nor avoid strengthening our enemy; better not to give." Qing Zheng said: "Betraying kindness and rejoicing in disaster is what the people abandon. Even close kin will turn into enemies, how much more a neighboring state that already has a grudge?" The Marquis of Jin did not listen. Qing Zheng withdrew and said: "The ruler will probably regret this!"

【經】十有五年春王正月，公如齊。楚人伐徐。三月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛候、鄭伯、許男、曹伯盟於牡丘，遂次於匡。公孫敖帥師及諸侯之大夫救徐。夏五月，日有食之。秋七月，齊師、曹師伐厲。八月，螽。九月，公至自會。

[Classic] In the fifteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xi went to Qi. The men of Chu attacked Xu. In the third month, Duke Xi made a covenant at Muqiu with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu and the Earl of Cao, and then they encamped at Kuang. Gongsun Ao led an army and, with the high officers of the feudal lords, relieved Xu. In summer, in the fifth month, there was an eclipse of the sun. In autumn, in the seventh month, the armies of Qi and Cao attacked Li. In the eighth month there was a plague of locusts. In the ninth month Duke Xi returned from the meeting. (The base text has a variant character in "Marquis of Wei"; it means the Marquis of Wei.)

季姬歸於鄫。己卯晦，震夷伯之廟。冬，宋人伐曹。楚人敗徐於婁林。十有一月壬戌，晉侯及秦伯戰於韓，獲晉侯。

Ji Ji returned to Zeng. On the jimao day, the last day of the month, thunder struck the temple of Yi Bo. In winter, the men of Song attacked Cao. The men of Chu defeated Xu at Loulin. In the eleventh month, on the renxu day, the Marquis of Jin and the Earl of Qin fought at Han, and the Marquis of Jin was captured.

【傳】十五年春，楚人伐徐，徐即諸夏故也。三月，盟於牡丘，尋蔡丘之盟，且救徐也。孟穆伯帥師及諸侯之師救徐，諸侯次於匡以待之。

[Commentary] In the fifteenth year, in spring, the men of Chu attacked Xu because Xu was drawing close to the Central States. In the third month, a covenant was made at Muqiu, renewing the covenant of Kuiqiu and also relieving Xu. (The base text has a variant name for Kuiqiu.) Meng Mubo led an army with the armies of the feudal lords to relieve Xu, and the feudal lords encamped at Kuang to wait for them.

夏五月，日有食之。不書朔與日，官失之也。

In summer, in the fifth month, there was a solar eclipse. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record the first day of the month or the day cycle, which was an oversight of the court historians.

秋，伐厲，以救徐也。

In autumn, they attacked Li in order to relieve Xu.

晉侯之入也，秦穆姬屬賈君焉，且曰：“盡納群公子。”晉侯烝於賈君，又不納群公子，是以穆姬怨之。晉侯許賂中大夫，既而皆背之。賂秦伯以河外列城五，東盡虢略，南及華山，內及解梁城，既而不與。晉飢，秦輸之粟；秦飢，晉閉之糴，故秦伯伐晉。

When the Marquis of Jin returned to his state, Mu Ji of Qin entrusted Lady Jia to him and said: "Bring all the princes back." The Marquis of Jin had an affair with Lady Jia and did not receive the princes, so Mu Ji resented him. The Marquis of Jin had promised wealth to the senior officers, but afterward went back on all of it. He had also promised the Earl of Qin the five cities beyond the river, east to Guolue, south to Mount Hua and inward to the city of Jieliang, but afterward did not give them either. When Jin was in famine, Qin sent grain; when Qin was in famine, Jin closed the door against selling grain, and so the Earl of Qin attacked Jin.

卜徒父筮之，吉。涉河，侯車敗。詰之，對曰：“乃大吉也，三敗必獲晉君。

Bu Tufu divined with milfoil stalks and the omen was auspicious. After they crossed the Yellow River, the chariot of the Earl of Qin broke down. When asked the reason, Bu Tufu answered: "This is very auspicious: after defeating them three times, you will surely capture the lord of Jin.

其卦遇《蠱》ⅶⅳ，曰：‘千乘三去，三去之餘，獲其雄狐。’夫狐蠱，必其君也。《蠱》之貞，風也；其悔，山也。歲雲秋矣，我落其實而取其材，所以克也。

(Bu Tufu continued:) "The hexagram obtained is Gu, and its line text says: 'A state of a thousand chariots flees three times; after fleeing three times, you capture that male fox.' A fox that corresponds to Gu must be their ruler. The inner trigram of Gu is wind and the outer is mountain. The season has reached autumn; we shall strip off its fruit and take its timber, and so we can win.

實落材亡，不敗何待？”三敗及韓。晉侯謂慶鄭曰：“寇深矣，若之何？”對曰：“君實深之，可若何？”公曰：“不孫。”卜右，慶鄭吉，弗使。步揚御戎，家僕徒為右，乘小駟，鄭入也。慶鄭曰：“古者大事，必乘其產，生其水土而知其人心，安其教訓而服習其道，唯所納之，無不如志。今乘異產，以從戎事，及懼而變，將與人易。亂氣狡憤，陰血周作，張脈僨興，外強中乾。進退不可，周旋不能，君必悔之。”

(Bu Tufu continued:) "With the fruit fallen and the timber lost, what are they waiting for if not defeat?" Jin was defeated three times and retreated all the way to Han. The Marquis of Jin said to Qing Zheng: "The enemy has penetrated deep; what shall we do?" Qing Zheng answered: "It was you yourself who brought them in; what can be done?" The Marquis said: "Insolent!" They divined for the chariot-right and Qing Zheng got an auspicious result, but he was not used. Bu Yang drove the war chariot, and Jia Pu Tu served as chariot-right, with the small team of four horses presented by Zheng. Qing Zheng said: "In ancient times, in great affairs one always rode horses bred in one's own country, which grew up on this land and water, knew their master's mind, were at ease with training and familiar with the roads, and could be used any way one liked without ever failing. Now you ride horses bred in another country into battle; when they are frightened and lose their composure, they will go against the man's will. Their breath becomes disordered and they grow restless and furious, the blood spreads through the body, the sinews and veins swell, and they look strong outside but are dried up within. Unable to advance or retreat, unable to turn about, you will surely regret it."

弗聽。

The Marquis of Jin did not listen.

九月，晉侯逆秦師，使韓簡視師，復曰：“師少於我，鬥士倍我。”公曰：“何故？”對曰：“出因其資，入用其寵，飢食其粟，三施而無報，是以來也。

In the ninth month, the Marquis of Jin met the Qin army and sent Han Jian to observe the enemy. He reported: "Their army is smaller than ours, but those who dare to fight are twice as many as ours." The Marquis said: "Why?" Han Jian answered: "When you left the state, you relied on their aid; when you returned, you were favored by their help; in famine you ate their grain. They did you three kindnesses and you have not repaid them, and that is why they have come.

今又擊之，我怠秦奮，倍猶未也。”公曰：“一夫不可狃，況國乎。”遂使請戰，曰：“寡人不佞，能合其眾而不能離也，君若不還，無所逃命。”秦伯使公孫枝對曰：“君之未入，寡人懼之，入而未定列，猶吾憂也。苟列定矣，敢不承命。”

(Han Jian continued:) "Now we go and attack them again; we are slack and Qin is eager, so it is more than twice as many." The Marquis said: "Even one man cannot be slighted, much less a state." He then sent a request for battle, saying: "I have no talent; I could assemble my troops but cannot disband them. If you do not withdraw your army, I have nowhere to evade your command." The Earl of Qin sent Gongsun Zhi to reply: "Before you returned to your state, I was worried for you; after you returned and your position was not yet settled, it was still my worry. If your position has been settled, how would I dare not accept the challenge?"

韓簡退曰：“吾幸而得囚。”

Han Jian withdrew and said: "I shall count myself lucky if I am only taken prisoner."

壬戌，戰於韓原，晉戎馬還濘而止。公號慶鄭。慶鄭曰：“愎諫違卜，固敗是求，又何逃焉？”遂去之。梁由靡御韓簡，虢射為右，輅秦伯，將止之。鄭以救公誤之，遂失秦伯。秦獲晉侯以歸。晉大夫反首拔舍從之。秦伯使辭焉，曰：“二三子何其戚也？寡人之從君而西也，亦晉之妖夢是踐，豈敢以至。”晉大夫三拜稽首曰：“君履后土而戴皇天，皇天后土實聞君之言，群臣敢在下風。”

On the renxu day, they fought at Hanyuan, and the Marquis of Jin's war horse circled in the mud and could not move. The Marquis called for Qing Zheng. Qing Zheng said: "One who stubbornly refuses advice and goes against the divination is courting his own death; why flee?" and he left him. Liang Youmi drove the chariot for Han Jian and Guo She served as chariot-right; they met the Earl of Qin and were about to capture him. Qing Zheng, because he had gone to rescue the Marquis of Jin, delayed them, and so they lost the Earl of Qin. Qin captured the Marquis of Jin and took him back. The high officers of Jin let down their hair and pulled up their tents and followed. The Earl of Qin sent a man to excuse himself, saying: "Why must you be so sad? I accompanied your ruler westward only to fulfill the ominous dream of Jin; how would I dare go too far." The high officers of Jin bowed three times with their heads to the ground and said: "You tread on the Earth and bear Heaven on your head; Heaven and Earth have surely heard your words, and your servants dare to listen to your command downwind."

穆姬聞晉侯將至，以大子犖、弘與女簡、璧登臺而履薪焉，使以免服衰絰逆，且告曰：“上天降災，使我兩君匪以玉帛相見，而以興戎。若晉君朝以入，則婢子夕以死；夕以入，則朝以死。唯君裁之。”乃舍諸靈臺。

When Mu Ji heard that the Marquis of Jin was about to arrive, she took the Crown Prince Ying, Prince Hong and her daughters Jian and Bi up onto a terrace, standing on firewood, and sent men in mourning caps and hemp mourning dress to meet him. She told the Earl of Qin: "Heaven has sent down calamity so that our two rulers meet not with jade and silk but with raised armies and battle. If the lord of Jin comes in in the morning, your maidservant will die in the evening; if he comes in in the evening, I will die in the morning. Please decide." So the Marquis of Jin was lodged at the Terrace of the Spirits.

大夫請以入。公曰：“獲晉侯，以厚歸也。既而喪歸，焉用之？大夫其何有焉？且晉人戚憂以重我，天地以要我。不圖晉憂，重其怒也；我食吾言，背天地也。重怒難任，背天不祥，必歸晉君。”公子縶曰：“不如殺之，無聚慝焉。”

The high officers asked to bring the Marquis of Jin into the city. The Earl of Qin said: "To capture the Marquis of Jin should mean returning home in rich triumph. But it would become returning with a funeral; what use is that? What benefit is there for the high officers? Moreover, the men of Jin move me with their sorrow and bind me with Heaven and Earth. Not to consider Jin's sorrow would add to their anger; if I break my word, I would be going against Heaven and Earth. Adding to their anger would be hard to bear, and going against Heaven is inauspicious; I must send the lord of Jin back." Prince Zhi said: "Better to kill him and not let the wicked gather."

子桑曰：“歸之而質其大子，必得大成。晉未可滅而殺其君，只以成惡。且史佚有言曰：‘無始禍，無怙亂，無重怒。’重怒難任，陵人不祥。”乃許晉平。

Zisang said: "If we send him back and take the crown prince as hostage, we will surely obtain a great peace. Jin cannot yet be destroyed, and killing their ruler would only create deeper hatred. Moreover Shi Yi has a saying: 'Do not start disaster, do not profit from disorder, do not add to anger.' Adding to anger is hard to bear, and bullying others is inauspicious." So he agreed to peace with Jin.

晉侯使郤乞告瑕呂飴甥，且召之。子金教之言曰：“朝國人而以君命賞，且告之曰：‘孤雖歸，辱社稷矣。其卜貳圉也。’”眾皆哭。晉於是乎作爰田。呂甥曰：“君亡之不恤，而群臣是憂，惠之至也。將若君何？”眾曰：“何為而可？”對曰：“徵繕以輔孺子，諸侯聞之，喪君有君，群臣輯睦，甲兵益多，好我者勸，惡我者懼，庶有益乎！”眾說。晉於是乎作州兵。

The Marquis of Jin sent Xi Qi to inform Xia Lu Yisheng and also summoned him. Zijin taught Xi Qi what to say: "Summon the people to the court, reward them in the ruler's name, and tell them: 'Even if I return, I have already disgraced the altars of the state. Better divine and set up Yu as vice-ruler.'" The people all wept. Jin then created the "yuantian" (field allotment system). Lu Sheng said: "The ruler does not worry about his own exile but is anxious for his ministers; this is kindness at its utmost. How do you plan to treat the ruler?" The people said: "What should be done?" Lu Sheng answered: "Levy taxes and put the armor and weapons in order to support the child; when the feudal lords hear that we lost a ruler but have one again, that the ministers are in harmony and that armor and weapons are more, those who like us will be encouraged and those who hate us will be afraid; perhaps this will help!" The people were glad. Jin then created the "zhoubing" (district troops).

初，晉獻公筮嫁伯姬於秦，遇《歸妹》ⅲⅷ之《睽》ⅵⅷ。史蘇占之曰：“不吉。其繇曰：‘士刲羊，亦無{亡皿}也。女承筐，亦無貺也。西鄰責言，不可償也。《歸妹》之《睽》，猶無相也。’《震》之《離》，亦《離》之《震》，為雷為火。為嬴敗姬，車說其輹，火焚其旗，不利行師，敗於宗丘。《歸妹》《睽》孤，寇張之弧，侄其從姑，六年其逋，逃歸其國，而棄其家，明年其死於高梁之虛。”及惠公在秦，曰：“先君若從史蘇之占，吾不及此夫。”韓簡侍，曰：“龜，象也；筮，數也。物生而後有象，象而後有滋，滋而後有數。先君之敗德，及可數乎？史蘇是占，勿從何益？《詩》曰：‘下民之孽，匪降自天，僔沓背憎，職競由人。’”震夷伯之廟，罪之也，於是展氏有隱慝焉。

Earlier, Duke Xian of Jin had divined about marrying Bo Ji to Qin, and obtained Guimei changing into Kui. The historian Su judged: "Not auspicious. The line text says: 'The man slaughters a sheep and gets no blood; the woman holds up a basket and has no gifts. The words of reproach from the western neighbor cannot be repaid. Guimei changing into Kui is still no help.' (The base text has a combined character for "blood.") Zhen changing into Li, and also Li changing into Zhen, is thunder and fire, and means the Ying clan defeats the Ji clan. The chariot loses its axle-brace, fire burns the banner, it is not favorable to send out troops, and you will be defeated at Zongqiu. Guimei and Kui mean solitude; the enemy draws his bow; the nephew follows his aunt; after six years he will flee, flee back to his own state, abandon his family, and in the next year die in the ruins of Gaoliang." When Duke Hui was in Qin he said: "If the former ruler had followed Shi Su's divination, I would not have come to this." Han Jian was attending and said: "The tortoise shows images and the milfoil shows numbers. Things are produced and then have images, having images they grow, and growing they have numbers. The former ruler's corrupt conduct could hardly be counted up in numbers. What good would it have done to follow Shi Su's judgment? The Odes say: 'The calamities of the people do not come down from Heaven; talking and laughing face to face while hating behind the back, people bring it on themselves.'" Thunder struck the temple of Yi Bo as a punishment for his offense; at that time the Zhan clan had hidden crimes.

冬，宋人伐曹，討舊怨也。

In winter, the men of Song attacked Cao, to punish an old grievance.

楚敗徐於婁林，徐恃救也。

Chu defeated Xu at Loulin because Xu relied on others' relief.

十月，晉陰飴甥會秦伯，盟於王城。

In the tenth month, Yin Yisheng of Jin met the Earl of Qin and made a covenant at Wangcheng.

秦伯曰：“晉國和乎？”對曰：“不和。小人恥失其君而悼喪其親，不憚徵繕以立圉也，曰：‘必報仇，寧事戎狄。’君子愛其君而知其罪，不憚徵繕以待秦命，曰：‘必報德，有死無二。’以此不和。”秦伯曰：“國謂君何？”對曰：“小人戚，謂之不免。君子恕，以為必歸。小人曰：‘我毒秦，秦豈歸君？’君子曰：‘我知罪矣，秦必歸君。貳而執之，服而舍之，德莫厚焉，刑莫威焉。服者懷德，貳者畏刑。此一役也，秦可以霸。納而不定，廢而不立，以德為怨，秦不其然。’”秦伯曰：“是吾心也。”改館晉侯，饋七牢焉。

The Earl of Qin said: "Is Jin in harmony?" Yin Yisheng answered: "No. The common people are ashamed of losing their ruler and grieve over the loss of kin; they do not fear levying taxes and arming soldiers to set up Yu, and say: 'We must take revenge, even if we have to serve the Rong and Di.' The gentlemen love their ruler and know his fault; they do not fear levying taxes and arming soldiers to wait for Qin's command, and say: 'We must repay the kindness; to death we will have no divided heart.' For this reason there is no harmony." The Earl of Qin said: "What do they in the state think will happen to the ruler?" He answered: "The common people are sad and think he will not escape death. The gentlemen judge by their own feelings and think he will surely be sent back. The common people say: 'We have wronged Qin; how could Qin release our ruler?' The gentlemen say: 'We know our guilt, so Qin will surely release our ruler. If he has a divided heart, seize him; if he submits, release him. No virtue is greater than this and no punishment more awesome. Those who submit are grateful for the virtue, and those with a divided heart fear the punishment. On the strength of this one battle alone, Qin can become hegemon. To send him home without settling him, to depose him without setting up another, turning virtue into resentment, Qin will not do this.'" The Earl of Qin said: "That is exactly my thought." He then moved the Marquis of Jin to a guest house and sent him provisions of seven sets of sacrificial animals.

蛾析謂慶鄭曰：“盍行乎？”對曰：“陷君於敗，敗而不死，又使失刑，非人臣也。臣而不臣，行將焉入？”十一月，晉侯歸。丁丑，殺慶鄭而後入。

E Xi said to Qing Zheng: "Why not flee?" Qing Zheng answered: "I led the ruler into defeat, and having been defeated I did not die myself, and I also made the ruler lose his chance to apply punishment; this is not what a subject should do. To be a subject and not act like a subject, where could I flee to?" In the eleventh month the Marquis of Jin returned to his state. On the dingchou day he killed Qing Zheng and then entered the city.

是歲，晉又飢，秦伯又餼之粟，曰：“吾怨其君而矜其民。且吾聞唐叔之封也，箕子曰：‘其後必大。’晉其庸可冀乎！姑樹德焉以待能者。”於是秦始徵晉河東，置官司焉。

This year Jin again suffered famine, and the Earl of Qin again gave grain, saying: "I resent their ruler but pity their people. Moreover I have heard that when Tang Shu was enfeoffed, Jizi said: 'His descendants will surely flourish.' Can Jin be without hope! Let us for now establish virtue and wait for those who are capable." From this time Qin began to levy taxes in Hedong of Jin and set up officials.

【經】十有六年春王正月戊申朔，隕石於宋五。是月，六鷁退飛，過宋都。

[Classic] In the sixteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, on the wushen day, the first of the month, five stones fell in Song. This month, six fowl called yi flew backward past the capital of Song.

三月壬申，公子季友卒。夏四月丙申，鄫季姬卒。秋七月甲子，公孫茲卒。冬十有二月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、邢侯、曹伯於淮。

In the third month, on the renshen day, Prince Jiyou died. In summer, in the fourth month, on the bingshen day, Ji Ji of Zeng died. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the jiazi day, Gongsun Zi died. In winter, in the twelfth month, Duke Xi met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Marquis of Xing and the Earl of Cao at Huai.