Duke Zhao (First to Thirty-second Year)

惠伯曰：“公事有公利，無私忌，椒請先入。”乃先受館。敬子從之。

Huibo said: "In public affairs there is public benefit and no private taboo; Jiao asks to enter first." So he first received the lodgings. Jingzi followed.

晉韓起如齊逆女。公孫蠆為少姜之有寵也，以其子更公女而嫁公子。人謂宣子：“子尾欺晉，晉胡受之？”宣子曰：“我欲得齊而遠其寵，寵將來乎？”秋七月，鄭罕虎如晉，賀夫人，且告曰：“楚人日徵敝邑，以不朝立王之故。

Han Qi of Jin went to Qi to welcome the new wife. Gongsun Chai, because Shao Jiang was favored, substituted his own daughter for the duke's daughter and married the duke's daughter out. Someone said to Xuanzi: "Zi Wei is deceiving Jin; why does Jin accept it?" Xuanzi said: "I want to gain Qi but I am keeping away from its favorites; would the favorites then still come?" In autumn, in the seventh month, Han Hu of Zheng went to Jin to congratulate on the consort, and also reported: "The people of Chu demand things of our humble town every day, because we have not paid court to the newly installed king.

敝邑之往，則畏執事，其謂寡君‘而固有外心。’其不往，則宋之盟雲。進退罪也。寡君使虎布之。”宣子使叔向對曰：“君若辱有寡君，在楚何害？修宋盟也。

If our humble town goes, we fear that the officials will say of my ruler, 'You always had a mind outside.' If we do not go, the Covenant of Song says the same. Advancing and retreating are both offenses. My ruler sent Hu to explain." Xuanzi sent Shu Xiang to reply: "If Your Majesty, when you condescend to go, keep my ruler in mind, what harm is there in Chu? It is renewing the Covenant of Song.

君苟思盟，寡君乃知免於戾矣。君若不有寡君，雖朝夕辱於敝邑，寡君猜焉。君實有心，何辱命焉？君其往也！苟有寡君，在楚猶在晉也。”

If Your Majesty remembers the covenant, my ruler will know that he is free of blame. If Your Majesty has no thought of my ruler in your heart, then even if you condescended to visit our humble town morning and evening, my ruler would be suspicious. If Your Majesty truly has the thought, what need is there of a command to condescend? Your Majesty should just go! If you have my ruler in mind, being in Chu will be like being in Jin."

張趯使謂大叔曰：“自子之歸也，小人糞除先人之敝廬，曰子其將來。今子皮實來，小人失望。”大叔曰：“吉賤，不獲來，畏大國，尊夫人也。且孟曰：‘而將無事。’吉庶幾焉。”

Zhang Di sent someone to say to Da Shu: "Since you returned, the humble people have swept out the old houses of their forefathers, saying you would probably come. Now it is actually Zi Pi who came, and the humble people are disappointed." Da Shu said: "Ji is lowly and could not come, because he fears the great state and honors the consort. Moreover Meng said: 'You will have no trouble.' Ji is nearly there."

小邾穆公來朝。季武子欲卑之，穆叔曰：“不可。曹、滕、二邾，實不忘我好，敬以逆之，猶懼其貳。又卑一睦，焉逆群好也？其如舊而加敬焉！《志》曰：‘能敬無災。’又曰：‘敬逆來者，天所福也。’”季孫從之。

Duke Mu of Xiao Zhu came to pay court. Ji Wuzi wished to lower the ritual toward him, but Mu Shu said: "It cannot be done. Cao, Teng, and the two Zhu truly do not forget friendship with us, and even respectfully welcoming them we still fear they may have divided minds. If we lower one who is on friendly terms, how can we welcome the many friends? Better to treat him as before and be even more respectful! The Records say: 'One who can be respectful has no calamity.' It also says: 'Respectfully welcoming those who come is what Heaven sends blessings upon.'" Jisun followed this.

八月，大雩，旱也。

In the eighth month, the great rain-sacrifice was held, because of drought.

齊侯田於莒，盧蒲弊見，泣且請曰：“餘發如此種種，餘奚能為？”公曰：“諾，吾告二子。”歸而告之。子尾欲復之，子雅不可，曰：“彼其發短而心甚長，其或寢處我矣。”九月，子雅放盧蒲弊於北燕。

The Marquis of Qi hunted at Ju, and Lupu Bi came to see him, weeping and asking: "My hair is as short as this; what more can I do?" The duke said: "Good, I will tell those two." He returned and told them. Zi Wei wanted to let him return, but Zi Ya did not agree, saying: "His hair is short but his heart is long; he may yet sleep on our hides." In the ninth month, Zi Ya banished Lupu Bi to Northern Yan.

燕簡公多嬖寵，欲去諸大夫而立其寵人。冬，燕大夫比以殺公之外嬖。公懼，奔齊。書曰：“北燕伯款出奔齊。”罪之也。

Duke Jian of Yan had many favorites and wished to remove the grandees and install his favorites. In winter, the grandees of Yan conspired and killed the duke's outer favorites. The duke was afraid and fled to Qi. The Spring and Autumn Annals records "Kuan, Earl of Northern Yan, fled to Qi," to place the blame on him.

十月，鄭伯如楚，子產相。楚子享之，賦《吉日》。既享，子產乃具田備，王以田江南之夢。

In the tenth month, the Earl of Zheng went to Chu, with Zi Chan assisting. The Viscount of Chu feasted him and recited the ode "Auspicious Day." After the feast, Zi Chan then prepared hunting equipment, and the King hunted at Yunmeng south of the river.

齊公孫灶卒。司馬灶見晏子，曰：“又喪子雅矣。”晏子曰：“惜也！子旗不免，殆哉！姜族弱矣，而媯將始昌。二惠競爽，猶可，又弱一個焉，姜其危哉！”

Gongsun Zao of Qi died. Sima Zao saw Master Yan and said: "We have lost Zi Ya again." Master Yan said: "What a pity! Zi Qi will not escape, and is in danger! The Jiang clan is weak, and the Gui will begin to prosper. The descendants of the two Dukes Hui contend for shrewdness, which is still acceptable, but with another weakened, the Jiang are probably in danger!"

【經】四年春王正月，大雨雹。夏，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、鄭伯、許男、徐子、滕子、頓子、鬍子、沈子、小邾子、宋世子佐、淮夷會於申。楚子執徐子。秋七月，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、許男、頓子、鬍子、沈子、淮夷伐吳，執齊慶封，殺之。

[Classic] In the fourth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, there was a great hailstorm. In summer, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Viscount of Xu, the Viscount of Teng, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Hu, the Viscount of Shen, the Viscount of Xiao Zhu, Zuo, heir of Song, and the Huai Yi met at Shen. The Viscount of Chu seized the Viscount of Xu. In autumn, in the seventh month, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, the Baron of Xu, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Hu, the Viscount of Shen, and the Huai Yi attacked Wu, seized Qing Feng of Qi, and killed him.

遂滅賴。九月，取鄫。冬十有二月乙卯，叔孫豹卒。

Thereupon Lai was destroyed. In the ninth month, Zeng was taken. In winter, on the day yimao of the twelfth month, Shu Sun Bao died.

【傳】四年春，王正月，許男如楚，楚子止之，遂止鄭伯，復田江南，許男與焉。使椒舉如晉求諸侯，二君待之。椒舉致命曰：“寡君使舉曰：‘日君有惠，賜盟於宋，曰：晉、楚之從，交相見也。以歲之不易，寡人願結歡於二三君。’使舉請間。君若苟無四方之虞，則願假寵以請於諸侯。”

[Commentary] In the fourth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the Baron of Xu went to Chu, and the Viscount of Chu detained him, and then detained the Earl of Zheng, and again hunted south of the river, with the Baron of Xu taking part. He sent Jiao Ju to Jin to seek the feudal lords, and the two rulers waited. Jiao Ju delivered the message: "My ruler sent Ju to say: 'In the past Your Majesty was gracious and granted a covenant at Song, saying that the allies of Jin and Chu would pay court to each other. Because the harvests were not easy, I wish to share joy with these rulers.' He sent Ju to ask for an opening. If Your Majesty for the moment has no worries in the four quarters, we hope to rely on your favor to ask the feudal lords."

晉侯欲勿許。司馬侯曰：“不可。楚王方侈，天或者欲逞其心，以厚其毒而降之罰，未可知也。其使能終，亦未可知也。晉、楚唯天所相，不可與爭。君其許之，而修德以待其歸。若歸於德，吾猶將事之，況諸侯乎？若適淫虐，楚將棄之，吾又誰與爭？”曰：“晉有三不殆，其何敵之有？國險而多馬，齊、楚多難。

The Marquis of Jin wished not to permit it. Sima Hou said: "It cannot be done. The King of Chu is now extravagant, and Heaven may wish to let him have his way, to increase his poison and then send down punishment; this is not yet known. Whether he may end well is also unknown. Jin and Chu look only to whom Heaven assists, and one cannot contend with it. Your Majesty should permit it and cultivate virtue to await his turning toward it. If he turns toward virtue, we shall serve him as well; how much more the feudal lords? If he turns toward licentious cruelty, Chu will abandon him, and with whom would we contend?" The Marquis said: "Jin has three things that are not in danger; what rival do we have? Our state is strategically strong and has many horses, and Qi and Chu have many calamities.

有是三者，何鄉而不濟？”對曰：“恃險與馬，而虞鄰國之難，是三殆也。四嶽、三塗、陽城、大室、荊山、中南，九州之險也，是不一姓。冀之北土，馬之所生，無興國焉。恃險與馬，不可以為固也，從古以然。是以先王務修德音以亨神人，不聞其務險與馬也。鄰國之難，不可虞也。或多難以固其國，啟其疆土；或無難以喪其國，失其守宇。若何虞難？齊有仲孫之難而獲桓公，至今賴之。晉有裡、丕之難而獲文公，是以為盟主。衛、邢無難，敵亦喪之。故人之難，不可虞也。

With these three, where would we fail to succeed?" He answered: "To rely on strongholds and horses and to reckon on the neighbors' calamities are three dangers. The Four Peaks, Santu, Yangcheng, Taishi, Mount Jing, and Zhongnan are the strongholds of the Nine Regions, and do not belong to one clan. The land north of Ji is where horses are bred, and no state has risen from it. To rely on strongholds and horses cannot be considered firm; it has been so since ancient times. Therefore the former kings devoted themselves to cultivating virtue and good repute to communicate with spirits and men, and I have not heard of devoting themselves to strongholds and horses. The calamities of neighbors cannot be reckoned on. Some states with many calamities strengthen themselves and open up territory; some without calamities lose their state and lose their territory. How can calamities be reckoned on? Qi had the calamity of Zhongsun but obtained Duke Huan, and to this day relies on him. Jin had the calamities of Li and Pi but obtained Duke Wen, and so became leader of the covenant. Wei and Xing had no calamities, yet their enemies destroyed them. Therefore other people's calamities cannot be reckoned on.

恃此三者，而不修政德，亡於不暇，又何能濟？君其許之！紂作淫虐，文王惠和，殷是以隕，周是以興，夫豈爭諸侯？”乃許楚使。使叔向對曰：“寡君有社稷之事，是以不獲春秋時見。諸侯，君實有之，何辱命焉？”椒舉遂請昏，晉侯許之。

To rely on these three without cultivating government and virtue, destruction would come too fast to prevent; how could one succeed? Your Majesty should permit it! Zhou of Shang was licentious and cruel, while King Wen was kind and harmonious, and so Yin fell and Zhou rose; was it by contending for the feudal lords?" Then he permitted the Chu envoy. He sent Shu Xiang to reply: "My ruler has affairs of the altars of the state and so cannot come to meet in spring and autumn at the proper times. As for the feudal lords, Your Majesty truly has them; what need is there of a command to condescend?" Jiao Ju then asked for a marriage, and the Marquis of Jin permitted it.

楚子問於子產曰：“晉其許我諸侯乎？”對曰：“許君。晉君少安，不在諸侯。其大夫多求，莫匡其君。在宋之盟，又曰如一，若不許君，將焉用之？”王曰：“諸侯其來乎？”對曰：“必來。從宋之盟，承君之歡，不畏大國，何故不來？不來者，其魯、衛、曹、邾乎？曹畏宋，邾畏魯，魯、衛逼於齊而親於晉，唯是不來。其餘，君之所及也，誰敢不至？”王曰：“然則吾所求者，無不可乎？”對曰：“求逞於人，不可；與人同欲，盡濟。”

The Viscount of Chu asked Zi Chan: "Will Jin probably allow me to assemble the feudal lords?" He answered: "They will allow Your Majesty. The ruler of Jin is a bit at ease and does not care about the feudal lords. His grandees seek much and none corrects the ruler. In the Covenant of Song it was also said that they are as one state; if they did not allow Your Majesty, what use would that be?" The King said: "Will the feudal lords probably come?" He answered: "They will surely come. Following the Covenant of Song, receiving Your Majesty's favor, and not fearing the great state, why would they not come? Those who do not come are probably Lu, Wei, Cao, and Zhu? Cao fears Song, Zhu fears Lu, and Lu and Wei, pressed by Qi, are close to Jin, and only for this reason do not come. The rest are within reach of Your Majesty's power; who dares not to come?" The King said: "Then there is nothing I seek that cannot be done?" He answered: "To seek to fulfill one's own ambitions from others, no; to share the same wish with others, all can succeed."

大雨雹。季武子問於申豐曰：“雹可御乎？”對曰：“聖人在上，無雹，雖有，不為災。古者，日在北陸而藏冰；西陸，朝覿而出之。其藏冰也，深山窮谷，固陰冱寒，於是乎取之。其出之也，朝之祿位，賓食喪祭，於是乎用之。其藏之也，黑牲、秬黍，以享司寒。其出之也，桃弧、棘矢，以除其災。其出入也時。

There was a great hailstorm. Ji Wuzi asked Shen Feng: "Can hail be guarded against?" He answered: "When a sage is above, there is no hail, and even if there is, it does not cause disaster. In ancient times, when the sun was at the Northern Station, ice was stored; at the Western Station, it was taken out when seen in the morning. When ice was stored, it was taken from deep mountains and remote valleys where cold yin had congealed. When it was taken out, it was used by those with ranks at court, and for guests, food and drink, and funeral sacrifices. When storing, black animals and black millet were used to sacrifice to the god of cold. When taking it out, peachwood bows and thornwood arrows were used to drive away calamity. Both taking out and putting in followed the proper time.

食肉之祿，冰皆與焉。大夫命婦，喪浴用冰。祭寒而藏之，獻羔而啟之，公始用之。火出而畢賦。自命夫、命婦，至於老疾，無不受冰。山人取之，縣人傳之，輿人納之，隸人藏之。夫冰以風壯，而以風出。其藏之也周，其用之也遍，則冬無愆陽，夏無伏陰，春無悽風，秋無苦雨，雷不出震，無災霜雹，癘疾不降，民不夭札。今藏川池之冰，棄而不用。風不越而殺，雷不發而震。雹之為災，誰能御之？《七月》之卒章，藏冰之道也。”

Those who have a meat stipend all share in the ice. For grandees and ladies with titles, ice is used for bathing at funerals. They sacrifice to the cold and then store it, offer lambs and then open it, and the duke begins to use it. When the Great Fire star appears, the distribution is complete. From ministers and their wives to the elderly and the sick, none do not receive ice. Mountain men gather it, district men transport it, carriage men deliver it, and servants store it. Ice becomes firm through wind and is taken out through wind. If it is stored thoroughly and used universally, then in winter there is no excess of yang, in summer no hidden yin, in spring no bleak wind, in autumn no bitter rain, thunder does not roll at the wrong time, there is no frost or hail that does damage, plagues do not descend, and the people do not die young. Now the ice of rivers and ponds is stored but discarded unused. The wind does not disperse and is therefore deadly, the thunder does not break forth and so rumbles. When hail causes damage, who can guard against it? The last stanza of 'The Seventh Month' is the principle of storing ice."

夏，諸侯如楚，魯、衛、曹、邾不會。曹、邾辭以難，公辭以時祭，衛侯辭以疾。鄭伯先待於申。六月丙午，楚子合諸侯於申。椒舉言於楚子曰：“臣聞諸侯無歸，禮以為歸。今君始得諸侯，其慎禮矣。霸之濟否，在此會也。夏啟有鈞臺之享，商湯有景亳之命，周武有孟津之誓，成有岐陽之搜，康有酆宮之朝，穆有塗山之會，齊桓有召陵之師，晉文有踐土之盟。君其何用？宋向戌、鄭公孫僑在，諸侯之良也，君其選焉。”王曰：“吾用齊桓。”王使問禮於左師與子產。

In summer, the feudal lords went to Chu, but Lu, Wei, Cao, and Zhu did not attend the meeting. Cao and Zhu declined because of calamity, Duke Zhao declined because of the seasonal sacrifice, and the Marquis of Wei declined because of illness. The Earl of Zheng waited first at Shen. On the day bingwu of the sixth month, the Viscount of Chu assembled the feudal lords at Shen. Jiao Ju said to the Viscount of Chu: "I have heard that when the feudal lords have no one to turn to, they turn to ritual. Now Your Majesty has begun to gain the feudal lords, so be careful about ritual. Whether the hegemony succeeds or not lies in this meeting. Qi of Xia had the banquet at Juntai, Tang of Shang had the command at Jingbo, Wu of Zhou had the oath-taking at Mengjin, Cheng had the great hunt at Qiyang, Kang had the audience at the Feng palace, Mu had the meeting at Mount Tu, Huan of Qi had the campaign at Zhaoling, and Wen of Jin had the covenant at Jiantu. Which will Your Majesty follow? Xiang Xu of Song and Gongsun Qiao of Zheng are present, and are the worthy and good among the feudal lords; Your Majesty should choose." The King said: "I will follow Huan of Qi." The King sent men to ask the Left Master and Zi Chan about the ritual.

左師曰：“小國習之，大國用之，敢不薦聞？”獻公合諸侯之禮六。子產曰：“小國共職，敢不薦守？”獻伯、子、男會公之禮六。君子謂合左師善守先代，子產善相小國。王使椒舉侍於後，以規過。卒事，不規。王問其故，對曰：“禮，吾所未見者有六焉，又何以規？”宋大子佐後至，王田於武城，久而弗見。椒舉請辭焉。王使往，曰：“屬有宗祧之事於武城，寡君將墮幣焉，敢謝後見。”

The Left Master said: "A small state practices it and a great state uses it; how dare we not offer what we have heard?" He offered six items of the ritual by which a duke assembles the feudal lords. Zi Chan said: "A small state respectfully performs its duty; how dare we not offer what we keep?" He offered six items of the ritual by which earls, viscounts, and barons meet a duke. The gentleman held that the Left Master was good at preserving the earlier age and that Zi Chan was good at assisting a small state. The King had Jiao Ju stand behind him to correct errors. When the affair was over, nothing needed correcting. The King asked the reason, and he answered: "There are six items of the ritual that I had not seen, so what could I correct?" Zuo, heir of Song, arrived late, and the King hunted at Wucheng and was not seen for a long time. Jiao Ju asked to deliver an apology. The King sent men to say: "It happens that there is an ancestral temple matter at Wucheng, and my ruler is about to set out the offerings; we dare to apologize and meet later."

徐子，吳出也，以為貳焉，故執諸申。

The Viscount of Xu was born of a woman of Wu, and it was thought that he had a divided mind, so he was seized at Shen.

楚子示諸侯侈，椒舉曰：“夫六王二公之事，皆所以示諸侯禮也，諸侯所由用命也。夏桀為仍之會，有緍叛之。商紂為黎之蒐，東夷叛之。周幽為大室之盟，戎狄叛之。皆所以示諸侯汰也，諸侯所由棄命也。今君以汰，無乃不濟乎？”王弗聽。

The Viscount of Chu displayed extravagance to the feudal lords. Jiao Ju said: "The matters of the six kings and two dukes were all used to display ritual to the feudal lords, and so the feudal lords obeyed commands. When Jie of Xia held the meeting at Reng, Min rebelled. When Zhou of Shang held the great hunt at Li, the Eastern Yi rebelled. When King You of Zhou held the covenant at Taishi, the Rong and Di rebelled. All of these displayed arrogance to the feudal lords, and so the feudal lords abandoned their commands. Now Your Majesty uses arrogance; I fear you cannot succeed." The King did not listen.

子產見左師曰：“吾不患楚矣，汰而愎諫，不過十年。”左師曰：“然。不十年侈，其惡不遠，遠惡而後棄。善亦如之，德遠而後興。”

Zi Chan saw the Left Master and said: "I no longer worry about Chu; arrogant, stubborn, and refusing remonstrance, he will not last more than ten years." The Left Master said: "So it is. Not ten years of extravagance; his evil is not yet far, and when evil is far, then he will be abandoned. Goodness is like this too: when virtue is far-reaching, then one rises."

秋七月，楚子以諸侯伐吳。宋大子、鄭伯先歸。宋華費遂、鄭大夫從。使屈申圍朱方，八月甲申，克之。執齊慶封而盡滅其族。將戮慶封。椒舉曰：“臣聞無瑕者可以戮人。慶封唯逆命，是以在此，其肯從於戮乎？播於諸侯，焉用之？”王弗聽，負之斧鉞，以徇於諸侯，使言曰：“無或如齊慶封，弒其君，弱其孤，以盟其大夫。”慶封曰：“無或如楚共王之庶子圍，弒其君、兄之子麇而代之，以盟諸侯。”王使速殺之。

In autumn, in the seventh month, the Viscount of Chu led the feudal lords in attacking Wu. The heir of Song and the Earl of Zheng went back first. Hua Fei Sui of Song and the grandees of Zheng followed. He sent Qu Shen to besiege Zhufang, and on the day jiashen of the eighth month it was taken. He seized Qing Feng of Qi and wiped out his clan. He was about to execute Qing Feng. Jiao Ju said: "I have heard that only a man without blemish may execute others. Qing Feng is here only because he disobeyed orders; will he willingly accept execution? When it spreads among the feudal lords, what use will it be?" The King did not listen. He made him carry the axe and paraded him among the feudal lords, making him say: "Do not be like Qing Feng of Qi, who assassinated his ruler, weakened an orphan, and made covenants with the grandees." Qing Feng said: "Do not be like Wei, the junior son of King Gong of Chu, who assassinated his ruler, Jun, his elder brother's son, and took his place, and made covenants with the feudal lords." The King sent men to kill him at once.

遂以諸侯滅賴。賴子面縛銜璧，士袒，輿櫬從之，造於中軍。王問諸椒舉，對曰：“成王克許，許僖公如是，王親釋其縛，受其璧，焚其櫬。”王從之。遷賴於鄢。楚子欲遷許於賴，使鬥韋龜與公子棄疾城之而還。申無宇曰：“楚禍之首，將在此矣。召諸侯而來，伐國而克，城竟莫校。王心不違，民其居乎？民之不處，其誰堪之？不堪王命，乃禍亂也。”

Then he led the feudal lords and destroyed Lai. The Viscount of Lai had his hands bound behind him and held a jade disc in his mouth, his officers bared their shoulders, and carts carrying a coffin followed, and he walked to the central army. The King asked Jiao Ju, who answered: "When King Cheng took Xu, Duke Xi of Xu did just this, and the King himself untied him, took the jade disc, and burned the coffin." The King followed this. He moved Lai to Yan. The Viscount of Chu wished to move Xu to Lai and sent Dou Weigui and Prince Qiji to build it and then return. Shen Wuyu said: "The beginning of Chu's disaster will lie here. He assembles the feudal lords and they come, attacks a state and conquers it, builds a city on the border and no one objects. The King's wishes are not opposed, but can the people still live in peace? If the people cannot dwell in peace, who can bear it? If they cannot bear the King's command, there is disorder."

九月，取鄫，言易也。莒亂，著丘公立而不撫鄫，鄫叛而來，故曰取。

In the ninth month, Zeng was taken; this is said to mean it was easy. Ju was in disorder, Duke Zhuqiu took the throne but did not pacify Zeng, and Zeng rebelled and came over, so it is called "taken."

凡克邑不用師徒曰取。

Whenever a city is conquered without using the army, it is called "taken."

鄭子產作丘賦。國人謗之，曰：“其父死於路，己為蠆尾。以令於國，國將若之何？”子寬以告。子產曰：“何害？苟利社稷，死生以之。且吾聞為善者不改其度，故能有濟也。民不可逞，度不可改。《詩》曰：‘禮義不愆，何恤於人言。’吾不遷矣。渾罕曰：“國氏其先亡乎！君子作法於涼，其敝猶貪。作法於貪，敝將若之何？姬在列者，蔡及曹、滕其先亡乎！逼而無禮。鄭先衛亡，逼而無法。政不率法，而制於心。民各有心，何上之有？”冬，吳伐楚，入棘、櫟、麻，以報朱方之役。楚沈尹射奔命於夏汭，鹹尹宜咎城鍾離，薳啟強城巢，然丹城州來。東國水，不可以城。彭生罷賴之師。

Zi Chan of Zheng instituted the qiu levy. The people of the state criticized, saying: "His father died on the road, and he himself is a scorpion's tail. To issue this order to the state, what will become of it?" Zi Kuan told him. Zi Chan said: "What harm is there? If it benefits the altars of the state, I accept life or death. Moreover I have heard that one who does good does not change the standards, and so can succeed. The people cannot be indulged, and the standards cannot be changed. The Odes say: 'If ritual and righteousness have no fault, why should we care about what people say?' I will not move." Hun Han said: "The Guo clan will probably perish first! A gentleman who sets a law on thin ground still ends in greed. If he sets a law on greed, what will the evil effects be? Among the Ji-surnamed states in the ranks, Cai, Cao, and Teng will probably perish first! They are pressed and have no ritual. Zheng will perish before Wei, pressed and without law. Government does not follow law but is decided by one's own mind. When the people each have their own minds, what superior is there?" In winter, Wu attacked Chu and entered Ji, Li, and Ma, in revenge for the battle of Zhufang. Shen Yin She of Chu hurried to his post at Xiarui, Xian Yin Yijiu built Zhongli, Wei Qiqiang built Chao, and Ran Dan built Zhoulai. The eastern states have water, and walls cannot be built. Peng Sheng stopped the army in the land of Lai.

初，穆子去叔孫氏，及庚宗，遇婦人，使私為食而宿焉。問其行，告之故，哭而送之。適齊，娶於國氏，生孟丙、仲壬。夢天壓己，弗勝。顧而見人，黑而上僂，深目而豭喙。號之曰：“牛！助餘！”乃勝之。旦而皆召其徒，無之。且曰：“志之。”及宣伯奔齊，饋之。宣伯曰：“魯以先子之故，將存吾宗，必召女。召女，何如？”對曰：“願之久矣。”魯人召之，不告而歸。既立，所宿庚宗之婦人，獻以雉。問其姓，對曰：“餘子長矣，能奉雉而從我矣。”召而見之，則所夢也。未問其名，號之曰：“牛！”曰：“唯”。皆召其徒，使視之，遂使為豎。有寵，長使為政。公孫明知叔孫於齊，歸，未逆國姜，子明取之。故怒，其子長而後使逆之。田於丘蕕，遂遇疾焉。豎牛欲亂其室而有之，強與孟盟，不可。叔孫為孟鍾，曰：“爾未際，饗大夫以落之。”既具，使豎牛請日。入，弗謁。出，命之日。及賓至，聞鐘聲。牛曰：“孟有北婦人之客。”怒，將往，牛止之。賓出，使拘而殺諸外，牛又強與仲盟，不可。仲與公御萊書觀於公，公與之環。使牛入示之。入，不示。出，命佩之。牛謂叔孫：“見仲而何？”叔孫曰：“何為？”曰：“不見，既自見矣。公與之環而佩之矣。”遂逐之，奔齊。疾急，命召仲，牛許而不召。

At first, when Muzi left the Shu Sun clan, he reached Gengzong and met a woman, and had her privately make food and stayed. She asked about his journey, and he told her the reason, and she wept as she sent him off. In Qi he married a woman of the Guo clan and had Meng Bing and Zhong Ren. He dreamed that the sky pressed down on him and he could not withstand it. He turned and saw a man, dark, with hunched shoulders, deep-set eyes, and a mouth like a boar's. He called to him: "Ox! Help me!" Then he prevailed. In the morning he summoned all his followers, but this man was not there. He said: "Remember." When Xuan Bo fled to Qi, he sent him gifts. Xuan Bo said: "Lu will, because of my former father, preserve my clan, and will surely summon you. If they summon you, what will you do?" He answered: "It has long been my wish." The people of Lu summoned him, and he went back without telling anyone. When he had been installed, the woman of Gengzong where he had once stayed presented a pheasant. He asked about her child, and she answered: "My son has grown and can carry a pheasant and follow me." He summoned him to meet, and it was the man he had dreamed of. Before asking his name, he called him: "Ox!" and he said: "Yes." He called all his followers to look at him, and then made him a page. He was favored, and when grown he put him in charge of affairs. Gongsun Ming had known Shu Sun in Qi; on returning, before Guo Jiang had been welcomed, Ziming married her. Therefore Shu Sun was angry, and only after his son was grown did he send to welcome her. He hunted at Qiuyou, and there fell ill. Shu Niu wished to throw his household into chaos and take possession of it, and forced Meng to make a covenant with him, which he did not agree to. Shu Sun made a bell for Meng, saying: "You have not yet made social connections; feast the grandees to celebrate its completion." When it was ready, he sent Shu Niu to ask for a date. He went in and did not report; coming out, he fixed the date. When the guests arrived, the sound of the bell was heard. Niu said: "Meng has a guest, a woman from the north." Shu Sun was angry and was about to go, but Niu blocked him. After the guests left, he sent men to seize and kill Meng outside. Niu again forced Zhong to make a covenant with him, which he did not agree to. Zhong and Lai Shu, the duke's charioteer, were looking around at the duke's place, and the duke gave him a jade ring. He sent Niu in to show it to Shu Sun. He went in and did not show it. Coming out, he ordered him to wear it. Niu said to Shu Sun: "What of seeing Zhong?" Shu Sun said: "What for?" He said: "He has not seen you, and has already gone to see someone himself. The duke gave him a ring and told him to wear it." So he was driven out and fled to Qi. When he was gravely ill, he ordered that Zhong be summoned, and Niu agreed but did not summon him.

杜洩見，告之飢渴，授之戈。對曰：“求之而至，又何去焉？”豎牛曰：“夫子疾病，不欲見人。”使置饋於個而退。牛弗進，則置虛，命徹。十二月癸丑，叔孫不食。乙卯，卒。牛立昭子而相之。

Du Xie came in and saw him, told him he was hungry and thirsty, and gave him a spear. He answered: "If you ask him, he will come; why remove him?" Shu Niu said: "The master is gravely ill and does not wish to see people." He had the food placed in the side room and then withdrew. Niu did not carry it in, and instead emptied the vessels and ordered them cleared away. On the day guichou of the twelfth month, Shu Sun did not eat. On the day yimao, he died. Niu installed Zhaozi and assisted him.

公使杜洩葬叔孫。豎牛賂叔仲昭子與南遺，使惡杜洩於季孫而去之。杜洩將以路葬，且盡卿禮。南遺謂季孫曰：“叔孫未乘路，葬焉用之？且冢卿無路，介卿以葬，不亦左乎？”季孫曰：“然。”使杜洩舍路。不可，曰：“夫子受命於朝，而聘於王。王思舊勳而賜之路。覆命而致之君，君不敢逆王命而復賜之，使三官書之。吾子為司徒，實書名。夫子為司馬，與工正書服。孟孫為司空，以書勳。今死而弗以，是棄君命也。書在公府而弗以，是廢三官也。若命服，生弗敢服，死又不以，將焉用之？”乃使以葬。

Duke Zhao sent Du Xie to bury Shu Sun. Shu Niu bribed Shuzhong Zhaozi and Nan Yi to make them hate Du Xie before Ji Sun and remove him. Du Xie was going to use the senior chariot in the burial, and use all the ritual of a minister. Nan Yi said to Ji Sun: "Shu Sun never rode the senior chariot; how could it be used in burial? Moreover the chief minister has no senior chariot, and for the deputy minister to use it for burial would also be partial." Ji Sun said: "So it is." He had Du Xie put down the senior chariot. He refused, saying: "The master received the command in court and went on a mission to the Son of Heaven. The Son of Heaven, remembering his former merit, gave the senior chariot. After reporting back, he handed it over to the ruler, and the ruler did not dare to go against the king's command and gave it to him again and had three officers record it. You, sir, were Minister of Education, and truly recorded the name. The master was Minister of War and recorded the ceremonial dress with the Director of Works. Meng Sun was Minister of Works and recorded the merit. Now that he is dead it is not used; this is abandoning the ruler's command. It is recorded in the ducal archive but not used; this is neglecting the three officers. If it is a ceremonial dress by command, while alive he did not dare wear it, and when dead it is not used, where will it be used?" So he had it used for the burial.

季孫謀去中軍。豎牛曰：“夫子固欲去之。”

Ji Sun planned to abolish the central army. Shu Niu said: "The master had wanted to abolish it."

【經】五年春王正月，舍中軍。楚殺其大夫屈申。公如晉。夏，莒牟夷以牟婁及防、茲來奔。秋七月，公至自晉。戊辰，叔弓帥師敗莒師於蚡泉。秦伯卒。

[Classic] In the fifth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, the central army was abolished. Chu killed its grandee Qu Shen. Duke Zhao went to Jin. In summer, Mouyi of Ju came over with Moulou, Fang, and Zi. In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Zhao returned from Jin. On the day wuchen, Shu Gong led troops and defeated the Ju army at Fenquan. The Earl of Qin died.

冬，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、許男、頓子、沈子、徐人、越人伐吳。

In winter, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Cai, the Marquis of Chen, the Baron of Xu, the Viscount of Dun, the Viscount of Shen, the people of Xu, and the people of Yue attacked Wu.

【傳】五年春，王正月，舍中軍，卑公室也。毀中軍於施氏，成諸臧氏。初作中軍，三分公室而各有其一。季氏盡徵之，叔孫氏臣其子弟，孟氏取其半焉。

[Commentary] In the fifth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the central army was abolished, to make the ducal house lowly. The central army was destroyed at the Shi clan's place and completed at the Zang clan's place. When the central army was first established, the ducal house was divided into three parts, each taking one. The Ji clan levied all of its share, the Shu Sun clan made its sons and younger brothers its subjects, and the Meng clan took half.

及其舍之也，四分公室，季氏擇二，二子各一。皆盡徵之，而貢於公。以書。使杜洩告於殯，曰：“子固欲毀中軍，既毀之矣，故告。”杜洩曰：“夫子唯不欲毀也，故盟諸僖閎，詛諸五父之衢。”受其書而投之，帥士而哭之。叔仲子謂季孫曰：“帶受命於子叔孫曰：‘葬鮮者自西門。’”季孫命杜洩。杜洩曰：“卿喪自朝，魯禮也。吾子為國政，未改禮，而又遷之。群臣懼死，不敢自也。”既葬而行。

When it was abolished, the ducal house was divided into four parts; the Ji clan chose two parts and each of the other two chose one. All of them levied all of it and paid tribute to the duke. It was written in a document. They sent Du Xie to report to the coffin, saying: "You had wanted to destroy the central army; it has been destroyed, and so we report it." Du Xie said: "The master only did not want to destroy it, and so made a covenant at the gate of the temple of Duke Xi and cursed at the crossroads of Wufu." He took the document and threw it away and led the officers in weeping. Shuzhong Zi said to Ji Sun: "Daicong Zi Shu Sun received the command saying: 'Bury the short-lived through the western gate.'" Ji Sun ordered Du Xie. Du Xie said: "A minister's funeral sets out from the court; this is the ritual of Lu. You, sir, hold the government of the state and have not yet changed the ritual, yet you are moving it again. We ministers fear death and dare not follow." After the burial he left.

仲至自齊，季孫欲立之。南遺曰：“叔孫氏厚則季氏薄。彼實家亂，子勿與知，不亦可乎？”南遺使國人助豎牛以攻諸大庫之庭。司宮射之，中目而死。豎牛取東鄙三十邑，以與南遺。

Zhong arrived from Qi, and Ji Sun wished to install him. Nan Yi said: "When the Shu Sun clan is rich, the Ji clan is poor. It is truly chaos within their house; would it not be all right for you not to take part in it or know of it?" Nan Yi had the people of the state help Shu Niu to attack in the courtyard of the great storehouse. The Si Gong shot him, hit him in the eye, and he died. Shu Niu took thirty towns in the eastern border and gave them to Nan Yi.

昭子即位，朝其家眾，曰：“豎牛禍叔孫氏，使亂大從，殺適立庶，又披其邑，將以赦罪，罪莫大焉。必速殺之。”豎牛懼，奔齊。孟、仲之子殺諸塞關之外，投其首於寧風之棘上。

Zhaozi took the throne and, in court before his household, said: "Shu Niu brought disaster upon the Shu Sun clan, upset the great order, killed the legitimate heir and installed a concubine's son, and also split up the towns to use them to pardon his crimes; no crime is greater than this. He must be killed at once." Shu Niu was afraid and fled to Qi. The sons of Meng and Zhong killed him outside the Sai pass and threw his head on the thorn bushes of Ningfeng.

仲尼曰：“叔孫昭子之不勞，不可能也。周任有言曰：‘為政者不賞私勞，不罰私怨。’《詩》云：‘有覺德行，四國順之。’”初，穆子之生也，莊叔以《周易》筮之，遇《明夷》ⅱⅵ之《謙》ⅱⅶ，以示卜楚丘。曰：“是將行，而歸為子祀。以讒人入，其名曰牛，卒以餒死。《明夷》，日也。日之數十，故有十時，亦當十位。自王已下，其二為公，其三為卿。

Zhongni said: "For Shu Sun Zhaozi not to reward service is impossible. Zhou Ren had a saying: 'One who governs does not reward private service and does not punish private grudges.' The Odes say: 'When there is upright virtue, the states of the four quarters follow.'" Earlier, when Muzi was born, Zhuang Shu divined with the Book of Changes and got Mingyi changing into Qian, and showed it to Bu Chuqiu. He said: "This man will travel and return to sacrifice for you. He will bring in a slanderer, who will be named Niu, and will in the end starve to death. Mingyi is the sun. The number of the sun is ten, and so there are ten hours of the day, corresponding also to ten positions. From the king downward, the second is the duke and the third is the minister.

日上其中，食日為二，旦日為三。《明夷》之《謙》，明而未融，其當旦乎，故曰：‘為子祀’。日之《謙》，當鳥，故曰‘明夷于飛’。明之未融，故曰‘垂其翼’。象日之動，故曰‘君子於行’。當三在旦，故曰‘三日不食’。《離》，火也。《艮》，山也。《離》為火，火焚山，山敗。於人為言，敗言為讒，故曰‘有攸往，主人有言’，言必讒也。純《離》為牛，世亂讒勝，勝將適《離》，故曰‘其名曰牛’。謙不足，飛不翔，垂不峻，翼不廣，故曰‘其為子後乎’。

The sun rising to the middle is the first, mealtime is the second, and dawn is the third. Mingyi changing to Qian is bright but not yet fully open, corresponding probably to dawn, and so it says 'sacrifice for you.' The sun's Qian corresponds to the bird, and so it says 'the bright pheasant in flight.' Because the brightness is not yet fully open, it says 'folds its wings.' Like the movement of the sun, it says 'the gentleman travels.' Corresponding to the third position at dawn, it says 'three days without eating.' Li is fire. Gen is mountain. Li as fire burns the mountain, and the mountain is ruined. In people it is speech, and ruined speech is slander, and so it says 'when he goes forward, the master has words,' and the words are surely slander. Pure Li is the ox; when the age is disordered and slander prevails, and when it prevails it will reach Li, and so it says 'he will be named Niu.' Qian is insufficient, the flight does not soar, the drooping is not high, and the wings are not broad, and so it says 'he is probably your descendant.'

吾子，亞卿也，抑少不終。”

You, sir, are a junior minister, and will at most fail to end well to a small degree."

楚子以屈申為貳於吳，乃殺之。以屈生為莫敖，使與令尹子蕩如晉逆女。過鄭，鄭伯勞子蕩於汜，勞屈生於菟氏。晉侯送女於邢丘。子產相鄭伯，會晉侯於邢丘。

The Viscount of Chu thought that Qu Shen had a divided mind toward Wu, and so killed him. He made Qu Sheng the Mo Ao and sent him with Zi Dang, chief minister, to Jin to welcome the new wife. Passing through Zheng, the Earl of Zheng comforted Zi Dang at Si and comforted Qu Sheng at Tushi. The Marquis of Jin escorted the bride to Xingqiu. Zi Chan assisted the Earl of Zheng and met the Marquis of Jin at Xingqiu.

公如晉，自郊勞至於贈賄，無失禮。晉侯謂女叔齊曰：“魯侯不亦善於禮乎？”對曰：“魯侯焉知禮？”公曰：“何為？自郊勞至於贈賄，禮無違者，何故不知？”對曰：“是儀也，不可謂禮。禮所以守其國，行其政令，無失其民者也。今政令在家，不能取也。有子家羈，弗能用也。奸大國之盟，陵虐小國。利人之難，不知其私。公室四分，民食於他。思莫在公，不圖其終。為國君，難將及身，不恤其所。禮之本末，將於此乎在，而屑屑焉習儀以亟。言善於禮，不亦遠乎？君子謂：“叔侯於是乎知禮。”

Duke Zhao went to Jin, and from the welcome in the outskirts to the parting gift, there was no lapse in ritual. The Marquis of Jin said to Nu Shuqi: "Is the Marquis of Lu not good at ritual?" He answered: "How would the Marquis of Lu know ritual?" The Marquis said: "Why? From welcoming in the outskirts to the parting gift, there was no deviation from ritual; why would he not know?" He answered: "This is deportment and cannot be called ritual. Ritual is what is used to hold the state, carry out governmental orders, and not lose the people. Now government is in private houses and cannot be taken back. He has Zijia Ji and cannot use him. He offends the covenants of the great state and oppresses small states. He profits from others' calamities and does not know his own private troubles. The ducal house is divided into four, and the people eat from others. His mind is not on the duke, and he does not plan for the end. As ruler, calamity will reach his own person, and he does not care where he is. The root and branches of ritual lie here, yet he busily practices deportment in trivial matters. To say he is good at ritual, is it not far from the truth?" The gentleman held: "At this time, Shu Hou knew ritual."

晉韓宣子如楚送女，叔向為介。鄭子皮、子大叔勞諸索氏。大叔謂叔向曰：“楚王汰侈已甚，子其戒之。”叔向曰：“汰侈已甚，身之災也，焉能及人？若奉吾幣帛，慎吾威儀，守之以信，行之以禮，敬始而思終，終無不復，從而不失儀，敬而不失威，道之以訓辭，奉之以舊法，考之以先王，度之以二國，雖汰侈，若我何？”及楚，楚子朝其大夫，曰：“晉，吾仇敵也。苟得志焉，無恤其他。今其來者，上卿、上大夫也。若吾以韓起為閽，以羊舌肸為司宮，足以辱晉，吾亦得志矣。可乎？”大夫莫對。薳啟強曰：“可。苟有其備，何故不可？恥匹夫不可以無備，況恥國乎？是以聖王務行禮，不求恥人，朝聘有珪，享覜有璋。小有述職，大有巡功。設機而不倚，爵盈而不飲；宴有好貨，飧有陪鼎，入有郊勞，出有贈賄，禮之至也。國家之敗，失之道也，則禍亂興。城濮之役，晉無楚備，以敗於邲。邲之役，楚無晉備，以敗於鄢。自鄢以來，晉不失備，而加之以禮，重之以睦，是以楚弗能報而求親焉。既獲姻親，又欲恥之，以召寇仇，備之若何？誰其重此？若有其人，恥之可也。若其未有，君亦圖之。晉之事君，臣曰可矣：求諸侯而麇至；求昏而薦女，君親送之，上卿及上大夫致之。猶欲恥之，君其亦有備矣。不然，奈何？韓起之下，趙成、中行吳、魏舒、範鞅、知盈；羊舌肸之下，祁午、張趯、籍談、女齊、梁丙、張骼、輔躒、苗賁皇，皆諸侯之選也。韓襄為公族大夫，韓須受命而使矣。箕襄、邢帶、叔禽、叔椒、子羽，皆大家也。

Han Xuanzi of Jin went to Chu to escort the bride, with Shu Xiang as deputy. Zi Pi and Zi Da Shu of Zheng comforted them at Suo. Da Shu said to Shu Xiang: "The King of Chu is already arrogant and extravagant to excess; you should be on guard." Shu Xiang said: "Arrogance and extravagance to excess are one's own calamity; how could they reach others? If we offer our silks and goods, are careful about our deportment, hold to good faith and carry out ritual, honor the beginning and think of the end, there is no end that does not return; if we follow without losing proper conduct, are respectful without losing dignity, guide with admonitory words, act by old law, test by the former kings, and measure by the standards of the two states, then even if he is arrogant and extravagant, what can he do to us?" On reaching Chu, the Viscount of Chu had the grandees come to court and said: "Jin is our enemy. If we gain our wish, we need not care about anything else. Now the ones who have come are the senior minister and the senior grandee. If I made Han Qi a gatekeeper and Yangshe Xi a palace attendant, that would be enough to shame Jin, and I would have gained my wish. May it be done?" None of the grandees answered. Wei Qiqiang said: "It can be done. If one has preparation, why not? Even to shame an ordinary man one must not be unprepared; how much more to shame a state? Therefore the sage kings devoted themselves to carrying out ritual and did not seek to shame people. At court visits there are jade tablets, at audience and presentation there are jade zhang. The small have the report of duties, and the great have the tour of merit. A stool is set but not leaned on, a cup is full but not drunk; at banquets there are fine goods, at meals there are accompanying cauldrons; on arrival there is welcome in the outskirts, on departure there is a parting gift; this is the height of ritual. The ruin of a state is the loss of this principle, and then disorder arises. At the battle of Chengpu, Jin had no preparation against Chu, and so was defeated at Bi. At the battle of Bi, Chu had no preparation against Jin, and so was defeated at Yan. Since Yan, Jin has not lost its preparation, adds ritual, and has increased harmony, and so Chu has been unable to take revenge and seeks closeness. Having obtained a marriage alliance, to wish to shame them would summon enemies; how prepared are we? Who will bear this? If there were such a man, shaming would be possible. If not yet, Your Majesty should also plan. Jin serves Your Majesty, and I say it is enough: you sought the feudal lords and they came in throngs; you sought a marriage and they presented a woman, their ruler escorting her in person, and the senior minister and senior grandee delivering her. If you still wish to shame them, Your Majesty probably has preparation. If not, what will you do? Below Han Qi there are Zhao Cheng, Zhonghang Wu, Wei Shu, Fan Yang, and Zhi Ying; below Yangshe Xi there are Qi Wu, Zhang Di, Ji Tan, Nu Qi, Liang Bing, Zhang Ge, Fu Yue, and Miao Benhuang, all chosen from among the feudal lords. Han Xiang is the grandee of the ducal clan, and Han Xu has already received orders to go on missions. Ji Xiang, Xing Dai, Shu Qin, Shu Jiao, and Zi Yu are all great houses.

韓賦七邑，皆成縣也。羊舌四族，皆強家也。晉人若喪韓起、楊肸，五卿八大夫輔韓須、楊石，因其十家九縣，長轂九百，其餘四十縣，遺守四千，奮其武怒，以報其大恥，伯華謀之，中行伯、魏舒帥之，其蔑不濟矣。君將以親易怨，實無禮以速寇，而未有其備，使群臣往遺之禽，以逞君心，何不可之有？”王曰：“不穀之過也，大夫無辱。”厚為韓子禮。王欲敖叔向以其所不知，而不能，亦厚其禮。

The Han clan's taxes come from seven towns, all of them full districts. The four Yangshe lineages are all powerful houses. If the people of Jin lost Han Qi and Yang Xi, the five ministers and eight grandees would assist Han Xu and Yang Shi, relying on ten houses and nine districts, nine hundred long-hubbed chariots, the other forty districts, and four thousand garrison chariots, and rouse their martial anger to avenge the great disgrace, with Bohua planning and Zhonghang Bo and Wei Shu leading; there is nothing they would not accomplish. Your Majesty would be exchanging kinship for enmity, truly without ritual hastening the enemy, and without preparation, sending your ministers to be captured by them to satisfy Your Majesty's wishes; what is there that cannot be done?" The King said: "It is my fault, and the grandees need not suffer humiliation." He increased the ritual toward Han Zi. The King wished to look down on Shu Xiang with something he did not know, but could not, and so increased the ritual for him too.

韓起反，鄭伯勞諸圉。辭不敢見，禮也。

Han Qi returned, and the Earl of Zheng comforted him at Yu. He declined and did not dare to see him, which accorded with ritual.

鄭罕虎如齊，娶於子尾氏。晏子驟見之，陳桓子問其故，對曰：“能用善人，民之主也。”

Han Hu of Zheng went to Qi and married a woman of the Zi Wei clan. Master Yan saw him several times. Chen Huanzi asked the reason, and he answered: "One who can use good men is the master of the people."

夏，莒牟夷以牟婁及防茲來奔。牟夷非卿而書，尊地也。莒人愬於晉。晉侯欲止公，範獻子曰：“不可。人朝而執之，誘也。討不以師，而誘以成之，惰也。

In summer, Mouyi of Ju came over with Moulou, Fang, and Zi. Mouyi was not a minister, yet the Spring and Autumn Annals records it, because it valued the land. The people of Ju made a complaint to Jin. The Marquis of Jin wished to detain Duke Zhao, but Fan Xianzi said: "It cannot be done. For one who comes to pay court to be seized is enticement. To attack not with an army but to succeed by enticement is laziness.

為盟主而犯此二者，無乃不可乎？請歸之，間而以師討焉。”乃歸公。秋七月，公至自晉。

To be leader of the covenant yet commit these two faults, I fear it cannot be. Let him go back, and when there is an opening attack with the army." So he let Duke Zhao return. In autumn, in the seventh month, Duke Zhao returned from Jin.

莒人來討，不設備。戊辰，叔弓敗諸蚡泉，莒未陳也。

The people of Ju came to attack and set no guard. On the day wuchen, Shu Gong defeated them at Fenquan, before the Ju army had formed its ranks.

冬十月，楚子以諸侯及東夷伐吳，以報棘、櫟、麻之役。薳射以繁揚之師，會於夏汭。越大夫常壽過帥師會楚子於瑣。聞吳師出，薳啟強帥師從之，遽不設備，吳人敗諸鵲岸。

In winter, in the tenth month, the Viscount of Chu led the feudal lords and the Eastern Yi in attacking Wu, in revenge for the battles of Ji, Li, and Ma. Wei She used the army of Fanyang and joined at Xiarui. Chang Shouguo, grandee of Yue, led troops and joined the Viscount of Chu at Suo. Hearing that the Wu army had set out, Wei Qiqiang led troops to follow, hurriedly and without guard, and the people of Wu defeated them at Que'an.

楚子以馹至於羅汭。吳子使其弟蹶由犒師，楚人執之，將以釁鼓。王使問焉，曰：“女卜來吉乎？”對曰：“吉。寡君聞君將治兵於敝邑，卜之以守龜，曰：‘餘亟使人犒師，請行以觀王怒之疾徐，而為之備，尚克知之。’龜兆告吉，曰：‘克可知也。’君若歡焉，好逆使臣，滋敝邑休殆，而忘其死，亡無日矣。今君奮焉，震電馮怒，虐執使臣，將以釁鼓，則吳知所備矣。敝邑雖羸，若早修完，其可以息師。難易有備，可謂吉矣。且吳社稷是卜，豈為一人？使臣獲釁軍鼓，而敝邑知備，以御不虞，其為吉孰大焉？國之守龜，其何事不卜？一臧一否，其誰能常之？城濮之兆，其報在邲。今此行也，其庸有報志？”乃弗殺。

The Viscount of Chu rode a courier carriage to Luorui. The Viscount of Wu sent his younger brother Jue You to feast the troops, and the people of Chu seized him and were about to use his blood to anoint the drum. The King sent a man to ask him: "When you divined before coming, was it auspicious?" He answered: "It was auspicious. My ruler heard that Your Majesty would review troops in our humble town and divined with the tortoise, saying: 'Let me quickly send someone to feast the troops, and ask him to go and observe how fast or slow the King's anger is, in order to make preparations, in the hope that I may know.' The tortoise crack announced auspiciousness and said: 'Victory can be known.' If Your Majesty is pleased and receives the envoy with friendship, increasing the laxity of our humble town and making us forget death, destruction will come in a few days. Now Your Majesty rouses yourself, enraged like thunder and lightning, and cruelly seizes the envoy and is about to use his blood to anoint the drum; Wu will then know to prepare. Though our humble town is weak, if we repair our defenses early and fully, perhaps we can halt the army. Whether it is easy or hard, we have preparation, and this can be called auspicious. Moreover Wu divines for the altars of the state; would it be for one man? That the envoy's blood be used to anoint the army drum, and our humble town know to prepare against the unexpected, what auspiciousness is greater than this? The tortoise of the state, on what matter does it not divine? One good, one bad, who can be constant? The omen of Chengpu was fulfilled at Bi. Now in this expedition, is there not a will for it to be fulfilled?" So he was not killed.

楚師濟於羅汭，沈尹赤會楚子，次於萊山。薳射帥繁揚之師，先入南懷，楚師從之。及汝清，吳不可入。楚子遂觀兵於坻箕之山。是行也，吳早設備，楚無功而還，以蹶由歸。楚子懼吳，使沈尹射待命於巢，薳啟強待命於雩婁，禮也。

The Chu army crossed at Luorui, and Shen Yin Chi joined the Viscount of Chu and encamped at Mount Lai. Wei She led the troops of Fanyang and entered Nanhuai first, and the Chu army followed. When they reached Ruqing, Wu could not be entered. The Viscount of Chu then reviewed the army at Mount Diqi. On this expedition Wu had made preparations early, and Chu returned without achievement, bringing Jue You back. The Viscount of Chu, fearing Wu, sent Shen Yin She to await orders at Chao and Wei Qijiang to await orders at Yulou, which accorded with ritual propriety.

秦後子復歸於秦，景公卒故也。

Houzi of Qin returned to Qin again, because Duke Jing had died.

【經】六年春王正月，杞伯益姑卒。葬秦景公。夏，季孫宿如晉。葬杞文公。

[Classic] In the sixth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, Yigu, the Earl of Qi, died. Duke Jing of Qin was buried. In summer, Ji Sunsu went to Jin. Duke Wen of Qi was buried.