Duke Yin (Years 1-11)

寡人雖亡國之餘，不鼓不成列。”子魚曰：“君未知戰。勍敵之人隘而不列，天讚我也。阻而鼓之，不亦可乎？猶有懼焉。且今之勍者，皆吾敵也。雖及胡耈，獲則取之，何有於二毛？明恥教戰，求殺敵也，傷未及死，如何勿重？若愛重傷，則如勿傷；愛其二毛，則如服焉。三軍以利用也，金鼓以聲氣也。利而用之，阻隘可也；聲盛致志，鼓儳可也。”

(The Duke of Song continued:) "Though I am the remnant of a ruined state, I will not sound the drum to attack an enemy that has not formed ranks." Ziyu said: "You still do not understand warfare. When a strong enemy is in a narrow pass and has not formed ranks, Heaven is helping us. To sound the drum and attack, relying on the difficulty of the ground, is that not permissible? Even so we should still be fearful. Moreover, the strong ones now are all our enemies. Even a very old man, if captured, should be taken; what is there to spare in grey hair? Making clear the sense of shame and training for battle is for the sake of killing the enemy; if a man is wounded but not yet dead, why should we not strike again? If we pity a second wound, we would have done better not to wound him at first; if we pity grey hair, it would be better to submit to them. The three armies exist to use advantage, and gongs and drums exist to stir up morale. If there is advantage, use it, and relying on a narrow pass is also acceptable; when the sound is mighty it rouses the will to fight, and sounding the drum against those not yet in ranks is also acceptable."

丙子晨，鄭文夫人羋氏、姜氏勞楚子於柯澤。楚子使師縉示之俘馘。君子曰：“非禮也。婦人送迎不出門，見兄弟不逾閾，戎事不邇女器。”

On the morning of the bingzi day, the wives of Duke Wen of Zheng, Mi and Jiang, went to Keze to console the Viscount of Chu. The Viscount of Chu sent Shi Jin to show them the captives and the severed left ears. The gentleman said: "This is not proper. A woman does not go out of the gate in seeing off or welcoming, does not step over the threshold to see her brothers, and military affairs do not approach the utensils of women."

丁丑，楚子入饗於鄭，九獻，庭實旅百，加籩豆六品。饗畢，夜出，文羋送于軍，取鄭二姬以歸。叔詹曰：“楚王其不沒乎！為禮卒於無別，無別不可謂禮，將何以沒？”諸侯是以知其不遂霸也。

On the dingchou day, the Viscount of Chu entered Zheng and received a banquet; nine cups were offered, and a hundred gifts were displayed in the courtyard, with six kinds of bian and dou vessels added. When the banquet was over, he came out at night, and Wen Mi saw him off to the camp; the Viscount of Chu took two women of the Ji clan of Zheng back with him. Shu Zhan said: "The King of Chu will probably not die a natural death! Rites that end in no distinction between men and women, and where there is no distinction it cannot be called ritual; on what ground will he die a natural death?" The feudal lords thereby knew that he could not accomplish hegemony.

【經】二十有三年春，齊侯伐宋，圍緍。夏五月庚寅，宋公茲父卒。秋，楚人伐陳。冬十有一月，杞子卒。

[Classic] In the twenty-third year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked Song and besieged Min. In summer, in the fifth month, on the gengyin day, Zifu, Duke of Song, died. In autumn, the men of Chu attacked Chen. In winter, in the eleventh month, the Viscount of Qi died.

【傳】二十三年春，齊侯伐宋，圍緡，以討其不與盟於齊也。

[Commentary] In the twenty-third year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked Song and besieged Min, punishing it for not joining the covenant on Qi's land.

夏五月，宋襄公卒，傷於泓故也。

In summer, in the fifth month, Duke Xiang of Song died, because of the wound he received at the Hong River.

秋，楚成得臣帥師伐陳，討其貳於宋也。遂取焦、夷，城頓而還。子文以為之功，使為令尹。叔伯曰：“子若國何？”對曰：“吾以靖國也。夫有大功而無貴仕，其人能靖者與有幾？”九月，晉惠公卒。懷公命無從亡人。期，期而不至，無赦。狐突之子毛及偃從重耳在秦，弗召。冬，懷公執狐突曰：“子來則免。”對曰：“子之能仕，父教之忠，古之制也。策名委質，貳乃闢也。今臣之子，名在重耳，有年數矣。若又召之，教之貳也。父教子貳，何以事君？刑之不濫，君之明也，臣之願也。淫刑以逞，誰則無罪？臣聞命矣。”乃殺之。

In autumn, Cheng Dechen of Chu led an army to attack Chen, punishing it for having a divided heart toward Song. He then took Jiao and Yi, built the wall of Dun and returned. Ziwen considered this his merit and made him prime minister. Shu Bo said: "What will you do with the state?" Ziwen answered: "I am using this to settle the state. If one has great merit but no honored office, how many such people could still settle the state?" In the ninth month, Duke Hui of Jin died. Duke Huai ordered that no one should follow those in exile. He set a deadline, and those who did not return by it would not be pardoned. Hu Tu's sons Mao and Yan followed Chong'er in Qin, and Duke Huai did not recall them. In winter, Duke Huai seized Hu Tu and said: "If your sons return, I will spare you." Hu Tu answered: "When a son is able to serve in office, the father teaches him loyalty; this is the ancient institution. His name is written on the tablet and he presents his gift of introduction; to have a divided heart would be a crime. Now my sons' names have been with Chong'er for some years. If I recalled them again, I would be teaching them to have a divided heart. If a father teaches his son to have a divided heart, with what can he serve his ruler? Not to be excessive with punishment is the ruler's wisdom, and also this minister's wish. To use punishment excessively for the sake of pleasure, who would be without guilt? I have heard the command." So he was killed.

卜偃稱疾不出，曰：“《周書》有之：‘乃大明服。’己則不明而殺人以逞，不亦難乎？民不見德而唯戮是聞，其何後之有？”十一月，杞成公卒。書曰“子”，杞，夷也。不書名，未同盟也。凡諸侯同盟，死則赴以名，禮也。赴以名，則亦書之，不然則否，闢不敏也。

Bu Yan pleaded illness and did not go out, saying: "The Book of Zhou has these words: 'When the king is greatly bright, the people will submit.' If one is not bright oneself but relies on killing for pleasure, is that not difficult? The people see no virtue and hear only of killing; what descendants can there be?" In the eleventh month, Duke Cheng of Qi died. The Spring and Autumn Annals records him as "viscount," because Qi was a barbarian state. His name is not recorded, because there was no covenant with it. When a feudal lord who was in the covenant dies, he is announced by name, which accords with ritual. When announced by name, the Spring and Autumn Annals also records the name; otherwise it does not, in order to avoid mistakes.

晉公子重耳之及於難也，晉人伐諸蒲城。蒲城人慾戰。重耳不可，曰：“保君父之命而享其生祿，於是乎得人。有人而校，罪莫大焉。吾其奔也。”遂奔狄。

When Prince Chong'er of Jin met with disaster, the men of Jin went to Pucheng to attack him. The men of Pucheng wished to fight. Chong'er did not agree, saying: "Relying on my father the ruler's command, I enjoy a fief that sustains my life, and thereby I have followers. Having followers and then opposing my father the ruler is the greatest crime. I had better flee." So he fled to the Di.

從者狐偃、趙衰、顛頡、魏武子、司空季子。狄人伐廧咎如，獲其二女：叔隗、季隗，納諸公子。公子取季隗，生伯儵、叔劉，以叔隗妻趙衰，生盾。將適齊，謂季隗曰：“待我二十五年，不來而後嫁。”對曰：“我二十五年矣，又如是而嫁，則就木焉。請待子。”處狄十二年而行。

Those who followed him were Hu Yan, Zhao Cui, Dian Xie, Wei Wuzi and Sikong Jizi. The Di attacked the Qiangjiu Ru, captured their two daughters Shu Wei and Ji Wei and gave them to the prince. The prince married Ji Wei, who bore Bo Shu and Shu Liu, and gave Shu Wei to Zhao Cui as wife, who bore Dun. When he was about to go to Qi, he said to Ji Wei: "Wait for me for twenty-five years; if I do not return, then remarry." Ji Wei answered: "I am already twenty-five; if I waited that many more years before marrying, I would be going into my coffin. Let me wait for you." He stayed among the Di for twelve years and then set out.

過衛。衛文公不禮焉。出於五鹿，乞食於野人，野人與之塊，公子怒，欲鞭之。子犯曰：“天賜也。”稽首，受而載之。

He passed through Wei. Duke Wen of Wei did not treat him with ritual propriety. After leaving the border at Wulu, he begged food from a countryman, who gave him a clod of earth. The prince was angry and wished to whip him. Zifan said: "This is a gift from Heaven." He bowed his head and accepted it and loaded it onto the carriage.

及齊，齊桓公妻之，有馬二十乘，公子安之。從者以為不可。將行，謀於桑下。蠶妾在其上，以告姜氏。姜氏殺之，而謂公子曰：“子有四方之志，其聞之者吾殺之矣。”公子曰：“無之。”姜曰：’行也。懷與安，實敗名。”公子不可。姜與子犯謀，醉而遣之。醒，以戈逐子犯。

When he reached Qi, Duke Huan of Qi gave him a daughter in marriage along with twenty teams of horses, and the prince was content with this life. His followers thought it wrong. As they were about to set out, they discussed it under a mulberry tree. A silkworm-raising maid was in the tree and told Lady Jiang. Lady Jiang killed her and said to the prince: "You have the ambition to make your way in the four quarters; the one who heard it I have killed." The prince said: "There is no such thing." Lady Jiang said: "Go. Clinging to enjoyment and being content with the present will truly ruin your reputation." The prince did not agree. Lady Jiang planned with Zifan, made him drunk and sent him off. When the prince sobered up, he took a dagger-axe and chased after Zifan.

及曹，曹共公聞其駢脅，欲觀其裸。浴，薄而觀之。僖負羈之妻曰：“吾觀晉公子之從者，皆足以相國。若以相，夫子必反其國。反其國，必得志於諸侯。

When he reached Cao, Duke Gong of Cao heard that his ribs were joined in one piece and wished to see him naked. When he was bathing, the Duke came close to look. The wife of Xi Fuji said: "I looked at the attendants of the Prince of Jin; all of them are fit to be ministers of a state. If they are used to assist him, that man will surely return to his own state. Once he is back in his state, he will surely achieve his ambitions among the feudal lords.

得志於諸侯而誅無禮，曹其首也。子盍蚤自貳焉。”乃饋盤飧，置璧焉。公子受飧反璧。

(The wife of Xi Fuji continued:) "When he achieves his ambitions among the feudal lords, he will punish those who lacked ritual propriety, and Cao will probably be the first. Why do you not show early that you are different?" So she sent a dish of food with a jade disc placed in it. The prince accepted the food and returned the disc.

及宋，宋襄公贈之以馬二十乘。

When he reached Song, Duke Xiang of Song gave him twenty teams of horses.

及鄭，鄭文公亦不禮焉。叔詹諫曰：“臣聞天之所啟，人弗及也。晉公子有三焉，天其或者將建諸，君其禮焉。男女同姓，其生不蕃。晉公子，姬出也，而至於今，一也。離外之患，而天不靖晉國，殆將啟之，二也。有三士足以上人而從之，三也。晉、鄭同儕，其過子弟，固將禮焉，況天之所啟乎？”弗聽。

When he reached Zheng, Duke Wen of Zheng also did not treat him with ritual propriety. Shu Zhan remonstrated: "I have heard that those whom Heaven opens the way for cannot be matched by others. The Prince of Jin has three such things, and Heaven may be about to set him up; you should treat him with ritual propriety. When a man and woman have the same surname, their descendants do not flourish. The Prince of Jin was born of a woman of the Ji clan and yet has lived until now; this is the first. He is in exile, and Heaven has not let Jin be settled, perhaps because it is about to open the way for him; this is the second. Three worthy men who are fit to be above others follow him; this is the third. Jin and Zheng are equal in rank, and when their young men pass through, they should be treated with ritual propriety; how much more one whom Heaven has opened the way for?" The Earl of Zheng did not listen.

及楚，楚之饗之，曰：“公子若反晉國，則何以報不穀？”對曰：“子女玉帛則君有之，羽毛齒革則君地生焉。其波及晉國者，君之餘也，其何以報君？”曰：“雖然，何以報我？”對曰：“若以君之靈，得反晉國，晉、楚治兵，遇於中原，其辟君三舍。若不獲命，其左執鞭弭、右屬櫜鞬，以與君周旋。”子玉請殺之。楚子曰：“晉公子廣而儉，文而有禮。其從者肅而寬，忠而能力。晉侯無親，外內惡之。吾聞姬姓，唐叔之後，其後衰者也，其將由晉公子乎。天將興之，誰能廢之。違天必有大咎。”乃送諸秦。秦伯納女五人，懷嬴與焉。奉匜沃盥，既而揮之。怒曰：“秦、晉匹也，何以卑我！”公子懼，降服而囚。

When he reached Chu, King Cheng of Chu gave a banquet for him and said: "If you return to Jin, how will you repay me?" The prince answered: "Sons and daughters, jade and silk, you have them all; feathers, fur, ivory and hides are produced in your land. What flows to Jin is only your leftovers; with what could I repay you?" King Cheng said: "Even so, how will you repay me?" The prince answered: "If by your blessing I am able to return to Jin, and one day Jin and Chu go to war and meet on the Central Plain, I will withdraw three days' march before you. If I still do not obtain your permission, then holding the whip and bow in my left hand and the bow-case and quiver on my right, I will face you." Ziyu asked to have him killed. The Viscount of Chu said: "The Prince of Jin has broad ambition yet lives frugally, has refinement and ritual propriety. His followers are solemn yet generous, loyal and capable of getting things done. The Marquis of Jin has no close supporters, and he is hated both inside and outside. I have heard that among the Ji clan the descendants of Tang Shu will be the last to decline; this will probably be fulfilled in the Prince of Jin. Heaven is about to raise him up; who can depose him? To go against Heaven will surely bring great disaster." So he sent him on to Qin. The Earl of Qin gave him five women, among them Huai Ying. Huai Ying held up a ewer and poured water for him to wash his hands; when he finished, he waved her away. Huai Ying was angry and said: "Qin and Jin are equals; why do you look down on me!" The prince was afraid, took off his upper garment and confined himself to apologize.

他日，公享之。子犯曰：“吾不如衰之文也。請使衰從。公子賦《河水》，公賦《六月》。趙衰曰：“重耳拜賜。”公子降，拜，稽首，公降一級而辭焉。

Later, one day, the Earl of Qin gave him a banquet. Zifan said: "I am not as refined as Cui. Please let Cui accompany you." The prince recited the ode He Shui, and the Earl of Qin recited Liu Yue. Zhao Cui said: "Chong'er bows in thanks for the favor." The prince went down the steps and bowed, touching his head to the ground, and the Earl of Qin went down one step to decline.

衰曰：“君稱所以佐天子者命重耳，重耳敢不拜。”

Zhao Cui said: "Your Majesty commands Chong'er with an ode about assisting the Son of Heaven; dare Chong'er not bow?"

【經】二十有四年春王正月。夏，狄伐鄭。秋七月。冬，天王出居於鄭。晉侯夷吾卒。

[Classic] In the twenty-fourth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar. In summer, the Di attacked Zheng. In autumn, the seventh month. In winter, the Son of Heaven went out and stayed in Zheng. Yiwu, Marquis of Jin, died.

【傳】二十四年春，王正月，秦伯納之，不書，不告入也。

[Commentary] In the twenty-fourth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, the Earl of Qin escorted Chong'er into Jin. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record it, because no one came to report his entry.

及河，子犯以璧授公子，曰：“臣負羈紲從君巡於天下，臣之罪甚多矣。臣猶知之，而況君乎？請由此亡。”公子曰：“所不與舅氏同心者，有如白水。”

When they reached the Yellow River, Zifan handed a jade disc to the Duke's son and said: "Your servant has followed you holding the reins and traveled all over the world, and my offenses are already many. I know this myself, and how much more must you? Please let me leave you here." The Duke's son said: "If I am not of one mind with my maternal uncle, let the White Water be my witness."

投其璧於河。濟河，圍令狐，入桑泉，取臼衰。二月甲午，晉師軍於廬柳。秦伯使公子縶如晉師，師退，軍於郇。辛丑，狐偃及秦、晉之大夫盟於郇。壬寅，公子入於晉師。丙午，入於曲沃。丁未，朝於武宮。戊申，使殺懷公於高梁。不書，亦不告也。呂、郤畏逼，將焚公宮而弒晉侯。寺人披請見，公使讓之，且辭焉，曰：“蒲城之役，君命一宿，女即至。其後餘從狄君以田渭濱，女為惠公來求殺餘，命女三宿，女中宿至。雖有君命，何其速也。夫祛猶在，女其行乎。”對曰：“臣謂君之入也，其知之矣。若猶未也，又將及難。君命無二，古之制也。除君之惡，唯力是視。蒲人、狄人，餘何有焉。今君即位，其無蒲、狄乎？齊桓公置射鉤而使管仲相，君若易之，何辱命焉？行者甚眾，豈唯刑臣。”公見之，以難告。三月，晉侯潛會秦伯於王城。己丑晦，公宮火，瑕甥、郤芮不獲公，乃如河上，秦伯誘而殺之。晉侯逆夫人嬴氏以歸。秦伯送衛於晉三千人，實紀綱之僕。

He threw the jade disc into the Yellow River. They crossed the river, besieged Linghu, entered Sangquan, and took Jiushuai. In the second month, on jiawu, the Jin army camped at Luliu. The Earl of Qin sent Prince Zhi to the Jin army, and the Jin army withdrew and camped at Xun. On xinchou, Hu Yan made a covenant with the grandees of Qin and Jin at Xun. On renyin, the Duke's son entered the Jin army. On bingwu he entered Quwo. On dingwei he had an audience at the temple of Duke Wu. On wushen he sent men to kill Duke Huai at Gaoliang. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record this either, because no one came to report it. Lü Sheng and Xi Rui, fearing they would be pressed, planned to set fire to the ducal palace and murder the Marquis of Jin. The eunuch Pi asked for an audience, and Duke Wen sent someone to rebuke him and refuse him, saying: "At the battle of Pucheng, the ruler ordered you to arrive after one night, yet you came that very day. Later, when I was hunting by the Wei River with the Di ruler, you came on behalf of Duke Hui to seek and kill me; you were ordered to arrive after three nights, and you arrived after two. Although it was the ruler's command, why so fast? The sleeve you cut off is still here. You had better go." The eunuch Pi replied: "Your servant thought that since you had returned to your state you would already understand how a ruler should act. If you do not, you will meet with disaster again. To have no divided heart toward the ruler's command is the ancient rule. To remove those whom the ruler hates, one uses all one's strength. At that time you were a man of Pu and of the Di; what was that to me? Now that you have taken the throne, are there no men like those of Pu and Di? Duke Huan of Qi set aside the grudge of the arrow that hit his belt hook and let Guan Zhong assist him. If you change this practice, why should I trouble you to give an order? Those who will leave are many; it is not only a servant who has suffered punishment." Duke Wen received him, and he told Duke Wen of the disaster. In the third month, the Marquis of Jin secretly met the Earl of Qin at Wangcheng. On jichou, the last day of that month, the ducal palace caught fire; Xia Sheng and Xi Rui could not catch Duke Wen, and so went to the bank of the Yellow River, where the Earl of Qin lured them and killed them. The Marquis of Jin welcomed his wife Ying back. The Earl of Qin gave Jin three thousand guards, all capable attendants.

初，晉侯之豎頭須，守藏者也。其出也，竊藏以逃，盡用以求納之。及入，求見，公辭焉以沐。謂僕人曰：“沐則心覆，心覆則圖反，宜吾不得見也。居者為社稷之守，行者為羈紲之僕，其亦可也，何必罪居者？國君而仇匹夫，懼者甚眾矣。”僕人以告，公遽見之。

Earlier, Touxu, a petty official of the Marquis of Jin, had been in charge of the storehouse. When Duke Wen went into exile, he stole from the storehouse and fled, spending all the money in efforts to bring Duke Wen back to the state. When Duke Wen entered the state, he asked for an audience, and Duke Wen declined on the pretext of washing his hair. Touxu said to the servant: "When one washes one's hair the heart is turned upside down, and when the heart is turned upside down the plans are reversed; no wonder I cannot be seen. Those who stayed behind were the guardians of the altars of the state, and those who went out were attendants who held the horses and served; that is acceptable too, so why blame those who stayed? If the ruler makes an enemy of a common man, there will be too many who are afraid." The servant told Duke Wen, and Duke Wen received him at once.

狄人歸季隗於晉而請其二子。文公妻趙衰，生原同、屏括、摟嬰。趙姬請逆盾與其母，子餘辭。姬曰：“得寵而忘舊，何以使人？必逆之！”固請，許之，來，以盾為才，固請於公以為嫡子，而使其三子下之，以叔隗為內子而己下之。

The Di sent Ji Wei back to Jin and asked to keep her two sons. Duke Wen gave his daughter in marriage to Zhao Shuai, and she bore Yuan Tong, Ping Kuo and Lou Ying. Zhao Ji asked to bring Dun and his mother, but Ziyu declined. Zhao Ji said: "To forget the old companion once favored, how can one employ others? You must bring them!" She insisted, and Zhao Shuai agreed. When they arrived, Zhao Ji considered Dun talented and insisted on asking Duke Wen to make him the heir, placing her own three sons beneath him and making Shu Wei the principal wife while she herself took a place below her.

晉侯賞從亡者，介之推不言祿，祿亦弗及。推曰“獻公之子九人，唯君在矣。

When the Marquis of Jin rewarded those who had followed him into exile, Jie Zhitui did not speak of salary, and no salary was given to him. Jie Zhitui said: "Duke Xian had nine sons, and only the ruler remains.

惠、懷無親，外內棄之。天未絕晉，必將有主。主晉祀者，非君而誰？天實置之，而二三子以為己力，不亦誣乎？竊人之財，猶謂之盜，況貪天之功以為己力乎？下義其罪，上賞其奸，上下相蒙，難與處矣！”其母曰：“盍亦求之，以死誰懟？”對曰：“尤而效之，罪又甚焉，且出怨言，不食其食。”其母曰：“亦使知之若何？”對曰：“言，身之文也。身將隱，焉用文之？是求顯也。”其母曰：“能如是乎？與女偕隱。”遂隱而死。晉侯求之，不獲，以綿上為之田，曰：“以志吾過，且旌善人。”

(Jie Zhitui continued:) "Dukes Hui and Huai had no close supporters, and both within and without abandoned them. Heaven has not cut off Jin, so there must be a master for it. Who but our ruler could preside over the sacrifices of Jin? It was truly Heaven that set him up, yet these men think it was their own strength; is that not deception? To steal another's property is still called robbery, so how much more to claim Heaven's merit as one's own strength! Below, they take their offenses as righteousness; above, the ruler rewards such wickedness; ruler and subjects deceive one another, and it is hard to live with them!" His mother said: "Why not also ask for a reward? If you die like this, whom can you blame?" Jie Zhitui replied: "To blame them and then imitate them would be a still greater offense, and I have also spoken resentful words, so I will not eat their salary." His mother said: "Should they at least be made to know?" Jie Zhitui replied: "Words are the ornament of the body. If the body is about to be hidden, what use has it for ornament? That would be seeking distinction." His mother said: "Can you really do so? Then I will go into seclusion with you." So they lived in seclusion until death. The Marquis of Jin looked for him and could not find him, and made Mianshang his sacrificial land, saying: "This is to record my fault and to honor the good man."

鄭之入滑也，滑人聽命。師還，又即衛。鄭公子士、洩堵俞彌帥師伐滑。王使伯服、遊孫伯如鄭請滑。鄭伯怨惠王之入而不與厲公爵也，又怨襄王之與衛、滑也，故不聽王命而執二子。王怒，將以狄伐鄭。富辰諫曰：“不可。臣聞之，大上以德撫民，其次親親以相及也。昔周公吊二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。

When Zheng entered Hua, the people of Hua obeyed. After the army returned, Hua again drew close to Wei. Prince Shi of Zheng and Xie Du Yumi led an army to attack Hua. The Son of Heaven sent Bofu and You Sunbo to Zheng to plead for Hua. The Earl of Zheng resented that King Hui had not given Duke Li a rank on returning to his state, and also resented that King Xiang favored Wei and Hua, so he did not obey the king's order and seized these two men. The Son of Heaven was angry and planned to lead the Di to attack Zheng. Fu Chen remonstrated: "This will not do. Your servant has heard that the best way is to pacify the people with virtue, and the next is to love one's kin and extend this to others. In former times the Duke of Zhou, grieved that the two uncles Guan and Cai had not come to a good end, enfeoffed his kinsmen to serve as screens for the house of Zhou.

管蔡郕霍，魯衛毛聃，郜雍曹滕，畢原酆郇，文之昭也。邘晉應韓，武之穆也。凡蔣刑茅胙祭，周公之胤也。召穆公思周德之不類，故糾合宗族於成周而作詩，曰：‘常棣之華，鄂不々，凡今之人，莫如兄弟。’其四章曰：‘兄弟鬩於牆，外禦其侮。’如是，則兄弟雖有小忿，不廢懿親。今天子不忍小忿以棄鄭親，其若之何？庸勳親親，暱近尊賢，德之大者也。即聾從昧，與頑用嚚，奸之大者也。棄德崇奸，禍之大者也。鄭有平、惠之勳，又有厲、宣之親，棄嬖寵而用三良，於諸姬為近，四德具矣。耳不聽五聲之和為聾，目不別五色之章為昧，心不則德義之經為頑，口不道忠信之言為嚚，狄皆則之，四奸具矣。周之有懿德也，猶曰‘莫如兄弟’，故封建之。其懷柔天下也，猶懼有外侮，扞禦侮者莫如親親，故以親屏周。召穆公亦云。今周德既衰，於是乎又渝周、召以從諸奸，無乃不可乎？民未忘禍，王又興之，其若文、武何？”王弗聽，使頹叔、桃子出狄師。夏，狄伐鄭，取櫟。

(Fu Chen continued:) "Guan, Cai, Cheng, Huo, Lu, Wei, Mao, Dan, Gao, Yong, Cao, Teng, Bi, Yuan, Feng and Xun were sons of King Wen. Yu, Jin, Ying and Han were sons of King Wu. Fan, Jiang, Xing, Mao, Zuo and Zhai were descendants of the Duke of Zhou. Duke Mu of Shao, worried that the virtue of Zhou was declining, gathered the clan at Chengzhou and composed a poem, saying: 'The flowers of the bush cherry, how bright their calyxes are; of all the men of today, none is like a brother.' (The base text reads e bu with a repeat mark, meaning e bu shao shao.) Its fourth stanza says: 'Brothers quarrel within the wall, but outside they resist insult together.' In this way, although brothers may have small grudges, they do not abandon their close kinship. Now the Son of Heaven cannot bear a small anger and casts away the kin tie with Zheng; what can come of it? To reward merit, to love kin, to be close to those near, and to honor the worthy are the greatest of virtues. To indulge the deaf, follow the blind, associate with the obstinate and employ the deceitful are the greatest of wickednesses. To abandon virtue and esteem wickedness is the greatest of calamities. Zheng had merit in the times of Kings Ping and Hui, and has the kinship of Kings Li and Xuan, abandoning the favored ministers and employing three worthy ministers; among the Ji clans it is the closest, and it possesses all four virtues. Ears that cannot hear the harmony of the five notes are called deaf; eyes that cannot tell the patterns of the five colors are called blind; a heart that does not take as its model the constant principles of virtue and righteousness is called obstinate; a mouth that does not speak loyal and trustworthy words is called wicked. The Di are all of this kind, possessing all four wickednesses. When the house of Zhou had fine virtue, it still said 'none is like a brother,' and so enfeoffed them. When it pacified the world, it still feared outside insult, and for resisting insult there is nothing better than loving kin, so it used kinsmen as screens for Zhou. Duke Mu of Shao spoke in the same way. Now Zhou's virtue has already declined, yet if you change the ways of the Dukes of Zhou and Shao to follow those wicked men, I fear it will not do. The people have not yet forgotten the troubles, and the Son of Heaven stirs them up again; what will you say to Kings Wen and Wu?" The Son of Heaven did not listen and sent Tui Shu and Tao Zi to lead out the Di army. In summer, the Di attacked Zheng and took Li.

王德狄人，將以其女為後。富辰諫曰：“不可。臣聞之曰：‘報者倦矣，施者未厭。’狄固貪惏，王又啟之，女德無極，婦怨無終，狄必為患。”王又弗聽。

The Son of Heaven was grateful to the Di and planned to make a Di woman queen. Fu Chen remonstrated: "This will not do. Your servant has heard: 'The one who repays is already weary, while the one who bestows is not yet satisfied.' The Di are greedy by nature, and now the Son of Heaven is opening the way for them. A woman's thoughts have no end and a woman's resentment has no conclusion; the Di will surely become a calamity." The Son of Heaven again did not listen.

初，甘昭公有寵於惠後，惠後將立之，未及而卒。昭公奔齊，王復之，又通於隗氏。王替隗氏。頹叔、桃子曰：“我實使狄，狄其怨我。”遂奉大叔，以狄師攻王。王御士將御之。王曰：“先後其謂我何？寧使諸侯圖之。王遂出。及坎欿，國人納之。

Earlier, Duke Zhao of Gan had been favored by Queen Hui, who planned to make him heir, but died before she could. Duke Zhao fled to Qi, and the Son of Heaven let him return, but he then had an affair with Queen Wei. The Son of Heaven deposed Queen Wei. Tui Shu and Tao Zi said: "In fact it was we who sent the Di, and the Di will resent us." So they supported Da Shu and attacked the Son of Heaven with the Di army. The king's guards prepared to resist. The Son of Heaven said: "What would the former kings and queens say of me? I would rather let the lords deal with this matter." The Son of Heaven then left. When he reached Kanqian, the people of the capital took him back.

秋，頹叔、桃子奉大叔，以狄師伐周，大敗周師，獲周公忌父、原伯、毛伯、富辰。王出適鄭，處於汜。大叔以隗氏居於溫。

In autumn, Tui Shu and Tao Zi supported Da Shu and attacked the house of Zhou with the Di army, badly defeating the Zhou army and capturing Zhou Gongji Fu, the Earl of Yuan, the Earl of Mao and Fu Chen. The Son of Heaven went to Zheng and lived at Si. Da Shu took Queen Wei and lived at Wen.

鄭子華之弟子臧出奔宋，好聚鷸冠。鄭伯聞而惡之，使盜誘之。八月，盜殺之於陳、宋之間。君子曰：“服之不衷，身之災也。《詩》曰：‘彼己之子，不稱其服。’子臧之服，不稱也夫。《詩》曰，‘自詒伊戚’，其子臧之謂矣。

Zang, a disciple of Zihua of Zheng, fled to Song, and was fond of collecting hats made of kingfisher feathers. The Earl of Zheng heard of this and hated him, and sent robbers to lure him. In the eighth month, the robbers killed him between Chen and Song. The gentleman said: "Clothes that do not suit the wearer are a calamity to the person. The Odes say: 'That man, his clothes do not match him.' Zizang's clothes were indeed unfitting. The Odes say 'He leaves himself with sorrow,' and it refers to such a man as Zizang.

《夏書》曰，‘地平天成’，稱也。”

(The gentleman continued:) "The Book of Xia says 'the earth is level and heaven is complete,' which means things being fitting."

宋及楚平。宋成公如楚，還入於鄭。鄭伯將享之，問禮於皇武子。對曰：“宋，先代之後也，於周為客，天子有事膰焉，有喪拜焉，豐厚可也。”鄭伯從之，享宋公有加，禮也。

Song made peace with Chu. Duke Cheng of Song went to Chu and on his return entered Zheng. The Earl of Zheng planned to entertain him with a banquet and asked Huang Wuzi about the rites. Huang Wuzi replied: "Song is a descendant of the former dynasty and a guest of the house of Zhou; when the Son of Heaven has a sacrifice he sends the sacrificial meat, and when there is a funeral the ruler of Song comes to condole and is answered with a bow; it is permissible to be a bit more generous." The Earl of Zheng followed this advice and entertained the Duke of Song with extra grades, which accorded with ritual.

冬，王使來告難曰：“不穀不德，得罪於母弟之寵子帶，鄙在鄭地汜，敢告叔父。”臧文仲對曰：“天子蒙塵於外，敢不奔問官守。”王使簡師父告於晉，使左鄢父告於秦。天子無出，書曰“天王出居於鄭”，闢母弟之難也。天子凶服降名，禮也。鄭伯與孔將鉏、石甲父、侯宣多省視官具於汜，而後聽其私政，禮也。

In winter, the Son of Heaven sent someone to report the disaster, saying: "I, the Bugu, lack virtue and have offended my mother's favored younger brother Dai; I am lodged at Si in Zheng, and dare to inform my uncle." Zang Wenzhong replied: "The Son of Heaven is in exile with dust upon him; how dare we not hasten to inquire after those at his side?" The Son of Heaven sent Jian Shifu to inform Jin and Zuo Yanfu to inform Qin. The Son of Heaven is not said to go abroad, but the Spring and Autumn Annals records "the Heavenly King left and resided in Zheng," to avoid the disaster of his mother's younger brother. The Son of Heaven wore mourning clothes and lowered his title, which accorded with ritual. The Earl of Zheng, with Kong Jiang Chu, Shi Jiafu and Hou Xuan Duo, went to Si to inspect the Son of Heaven's officials and equipment, and only then attended to his own state's affairs, which accorded with ritual.

衛人將伐邢，禮至曰：“不得其守，國不可得也。我請昆弟仕焉。”乃往，得仕。

The people of Wei were about to attack Xing. Li Zhi said: "If we do not get their guardian officials, the state cannot be obtained. Please let us brothers go there to serve as officials." So they went, and obtained office.

【經】二十有五年春王正月，丙午，衛侯燬滅邢。夏四月癸酉，衛侯燬卒。宋蕩伯姬來逆婦。宋殺其大夫。秋，楚人圍陳，納頓子於頓。葬衛文公。冬十有二月癸亥，公會衛子、莒慶盟於洮。

[Classic] In the twenty-fifth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, on bingwu, the Marquis of Wei, Hui, destroyed Xing. In summer, in the fourth month, on guiyou, the Marquis of Wei, Hui, died. Dang Bo Ji of Song came to welcome a daughter-in-law. Song killed one of its grandees. In autumn, the people of Chu besieged Chen and sent the Viscount of Dun back to Dun. Duke Wen of Wei was buried. In winter, in the twelfth month, on guihai, Duke Xi made a covenant with the Viscount of Wei and Qing of Ju at Tao.

【傳】二十五年春，衛人伐邢，二禮從國子巡城，掖以赴外，殺之。正月丙午，衛侯燬滅邢，同姓也，故名。禮至為銘曰：“餘掖殺國子，莫餘敢止。”

[Commentary] In the twenty-fifth year, in spring, the people of Wei attacked Xing, and the Li brothers followed Guo Zi on an inspection of the city wall, seized him, threw him outside the city and killed him. In the first month, on bingwu, the Marquis of Wei, Hui, destroyed Xing; because they were of the same surname, the Spring and Autumn Annals records his name. Li Zhi made an inscription saying: "I seized and killed Guo Zi, and no one dared to stop me."

秦伯師於河上，將納王。狐偃言於晉侯曰：“求諸侯，莫如勤王。諸侯信之，且大義也。繼文之業而信宣於諸侯，今為可矣。”使卜偃卜之，曰：“吉。遇黃帝戰於阪泉之兆。”公曰：“吾不堪也。”對曰：“周禮未改。今之王，古之帝也。”公曰：“筮之。”筮之，遇《大有》ⅵⅰ之《睽》ⅵⅷ，曰：“吉。遇‘公用享於天子’之卦也。戰克而王饗，吉孰大焉，且是卦也，天為澤以當日，天子降心以逆公，不亦可乎？《大有》去《睽》而復，亦其所也。”晉侯辭秦師而下。三月甲辰，次於陽樊。右師圍溫，左師逆王。夏四月丁巳，王入於王城，取大叔於溫，殺之於隰城。

The Earl of Qin camped on the bank of the Yellow River, planning to escort the Son of Heaven back. Hu Yan said to the Marquis of Jin: "To seek the allegiance of the lords, nothing is better than laboring for the king's affairs. The lords will trust you, and it is also a great righteousness. To continue the work of Marquis Wen and make known your good faith to the lords, now is the time." He had Bu Yan divine, and he said: "Auspicious. It is the omen of the Yellow Emperor's battle at Banquan." The Marquis of Jin said: "I am not worthy of that." Bu Yan replied: "The ritual system of Zhou has not changed. The king of today is the emperor of old." The Marquis of Jin said: "Divine with milfoil stalks." The divination yielded Da You changing into Kui, and he said: "Auspicious. You have obtained the hexagram 'the duke is feasted by the Son of Heaven.' Victory followed by a feast given by the Son of Heaven, is there any greater good fortune than this? Moreover, in this hexagram Heaven changes into a marsh to face the sun, and the Son of Heaven lowers his heart to receive you; is that not acceptable? Da You changing into Kui and returning is also its original position." The Marquis of Jin dismissed the Qin army and went down the Yellow River. In the third month, on jiachen, he camped at Yangfan. The right army besieged Wen, and the left army welcomed the Son of Heaven. In summer, in the fourth month, on dingsi, the Son of Heaven entered Wangcheng; Da Shu was seized at Wen and killed at Xicheng.

戊午，晉侯朝王，王饗醴，命之宥。請隧，弗許，曰：“王章也。未有代德而有二王，亦叔父之所惡也。”與之陽樊、溫、原、欑茅之田。晉於是始啟南陽。

On wuwu, the Marquis of Jin had an audience with the Son of Heaven, who entertained him with sweet wine and ordered him to return the toast. The Marquis of Jin asked for the tunnel burial rite, and the Son of Heaven refused, saying: "This is the statute of the Son of Heaven. If there are two kings without a virtue that replaces the old, that too is what my uncle would hate." He gave him the lands of Yangfan, Wen, Yuan and Zanmao. From then on Jin began to open up Nanyang.

陽樊不服，圍之。蒼葛呼曰：“德以柔中國，刑以威四夷，宜吾不敢服也。

Yangfan did not submit, and the Jin army besieged it. Cang Ge called out: "If you pacify the central states with virtue and awe the four barbarians with punishments, no wonder we do not dare to submit.

此誰非王之親姻，其俘之也！”乃出其民。

(Cang Ge continued:) "Who here is not a relative by blood or marriage of the Son of Heaven? Do you mean to take them prisoner!" So the people there were released.

秋，秦、晉伐鄀。楚鬥克、屈禦寇以申、息之師戍商密。秦人過析隈，入而系輿人以圍商密，昏而傅焉。宵，坎血加書，偽與子儀、子邊盟者。商密人懼曰：“秦取析矣，戍人反矣。”乃降秦師。囚申公子儀、息公子邊以歸。楚令尹子玉追秦師，弗及，遂圍陳，納頓子於頓。

In autumn, Qin and Jin attacked Ruo. Dou Ke and Qu Yukou of Chu used the troops of Shen and Xi to garrison Shangmi. The men of Qin passed through the mountain bend at Xi, went in and bound their own charioteers as if prisoners in order to besiege Shangmi, and approached the walls at dusk. At night they dug a pit, smeared blood, laid down a covenant text and pretended to make a covenant with Ziyi and Zibian. The people of Shangmi were frightened and said: "Qin has already taken Xi, and the garrison has rebelled." So they surrendered to the Qin army. Qin took Gongzi Yi of Shen and Gongzi Bian of Xi prisoner and returned. Zi Yu, the chief minister of Chu, pursued the Qin army but did not overtake it, and so besieged Chen and sent the Viscount of Dun back to Dun.

冬，晉侯圍原，命三日之糧。原不降，命去之。諜出，曰：“原將降矣。”

In winter, the Marquis of Jin besieged Yuan and ordered the troops to carry only three days of provisions. Yuan did not surrender, and he ordered withdrawal. Spies came out and said: "Yuan is about to surrender."

軍吏曰：“請待之。”公曰：“信，國之寶也，民之所庇也，得原失信，何以庇之？所亡滋多。”退一舍而原降。遷原伯貫於冀。趙衰為原大夫，狐溱為溫大夫。

The army officers said: "Please wait a little longer." The Marquis of Jin said: "Good faith is the treasure of a state, and the people rely on it for protection. If I gained Yuan and lost good faith, with what would I protect the people? What is lost would be greater." He withdrew thirty li, and Yuan surrendered. He moved Guan, the Earl of Yuan, to Ji. Zhao Shuai became grandee of Yuan and Hu Zhen became grandee of Wen.

衛人平莒於我，十二月，盟於洮，修衛文公之好，且及莒平也。

The people of Wei mediated between our state and Ju, and in the twelfth month a covenant was made at Tao, restoring the friendship of Duke Wen of Wei's time and making peace with Ju.

晉侯問原守於寺人勃鞮，對曰：“昔趙衰以壺飱從徑，餒而弗食。”故使處原。

The Marquis of Jin asked the eunuch Boti about a guardian for Yuan, and Boti replied: "Formerly Zhao Shuai took a pot of food and went by a side road, and though hungry he did not eat." So he had him garrison Yuan.

【經】二十有六年春王正月，己未，公會莒子、衛寧速盟於向。齊人侵我西鄙，公追齊師，至酅，不及。夏，齊人伐我北鄙。衛人伐齊。公子遂如楚乞師。

[Classic] In the twenty-sixth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, on jiwei, Duke Xi made a covenant with the Viscount of Ju and Ning Su of Wei at Xiang. The men of Qi raided our western border, and Duke Xi pursued the Qi army to Xi but did not overtake it. In summer, the men of Qi attacked our northern border. The men of Wei attacked Qi. Gongzi Sui went to Chu to ask for troops.

秋，楚人滅夔，以夔子歸。冬，楚人伐宋，圍緍。公以楚師伐齊，取谷。公至自伐齊。

In autumn, the men of Chu destroyed Kui and took the Viscount of Kui back with them. In winter, the men of Chu attacked Song and besieged Min. Duke Xi led the Chu army to attack Qi and took Gu. Duke Xi returned from the campaign against Qi.

【傳】二十六年春，王正月，公會莒茲公、甯莊子盟於向，尋洮之盟也。

[Commentary] In the twenty-sixth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, Duke Xi made a covenant with Duke Zi of Ju and Ning Zhuangzi at Xiang, renewing the covenant of Tao.

齊師侵我西鄙，討是二盟也。夏，齊孝公伐我北鄙。衛人伐齊，洮之盟故也。公使展喜犒師，使受命於展禽。

The Qi army raided our western border, to punish us for these two covenants. In summer, Duke Xiao of Qi attacked our northern border. The men of Wei attacked Qi because of the covenant at Tao. Duke Xi sent Zhan Xi to present gifts to the Qi army and had him receive his instructions from Zhan Qin.

齊侯未入竟，展喜從之，曰：“寡君聞君親舉玉趾，將辱於敝邑，使下臣犒執事。”齊侯曰：“魯人恐乎？”對曰：“小人恐矣，君子則否。”齊侯曰：“室如縣罄，野無青草，何恃而不恐？”對曰：“恃先王之命。昔周公、大公股肱周室，夾輔成王。成王勞之而賜之盟，曰：‘世世子孫，無相害也。’載在盟府，大師職之。桓公是以糾合諸侯而謀其不協，彌縫其闕而匡救其災，昭舊職也。

Before the Marquis of Qi had entered the border, Zhan Xi went out to meet him and said: "Our ruler has heard that Your Lordship is personally setting out and about to condescend to come to our humble state, and has sent your servant to present gifts to your attendants." The Marquis of Qi said: "Are the people of Lu afraid?" Zhan Xi replied: "The petty people are afraid, but the gentlemen are not." The Marquis of Qi said: "Your houses are like hanging empty chimes and in the fields there is no green grass; what do you rely on not to be afraid?" Zhan Xi replied: "We rely on the command of the former kings. In former times the Duke of Zhou and Taigong were the right and left arms of the house of Zhou and assisted King Cheng. King Cheng rewarded them and gave them a covenant, saying: 'For generation after generation, sons and grandsons, do not harm one another.' The covenant text is stored in the covenant archive and kept by the Grand Historian. Duke Huan on that basis assembled the lords and sought to resolve their disagreements, mending lapses and relieving calamities, which was to make known the former duties.

及君即位，諸侯之望曰：‘其率桓之功。’我敝邑用不敢保聚，曰：‘豈其嗣世九年而棄命廢職，其若先君何？’君必不然。恃此以不恐。”齊侯乃還。

(Zhan Xi continued:) "When you took the throne, the lords hoped, saying: 'He will surely follow the achievements of Duke Huan.' Our humble state therefore did not dare to gather troops or prepare defenses, saying: 'Would he, nine years into his reign, abandon the command and discard the duties; what would he do about the former ruler?' You surely will not do so. This is why we are not afraid." The Marquis of Qi then withdrew his army and returned.

東門襄仲、臧文仲如楚乞師，臧孫見子玉而道之伐齊、宋，以其不臣也。

Dongmen Xiangzhong and Zang Wenzhong went to Chu to ask for troops, and Zang Sun, on audience with Zi Yu, led him to attack Qi and Song, because they did not acknowledge Chu as their superior.

夔子不祀祝融與鬻熊，楚人讓之，對曰：“我先王熊摯有疾，鬼神弗赦而自竄於夔。吾是以失楚，又何祀焉？”秋，楚成得臣、鬥宜申帥師滅夔，以夔子歸。

The Viscount of Kui did not sacrifice to Zhurong and Yuxiong, and the men of Chu rebuked him. He replied: "Our former king Xiong Zhi was ill, and the spirits did not forgive him, so he fled to Kui himself. We thereby lost Chu; what then would we sacrifice?" In autumn, Cheng Dechen and Dou Yishen of Chu led troops to destroy Kui and took the Viscount of Kui back with them.