Duke Yin (Years 1-11)

宋以其善於晉侯也，叛楚即晉。冬，楚令尹子玉、司馬子西帥師伐宋，圍緡。

Song, because it was friendly to the Marquis of Jin, turned away from Chu and drew close to Jin. In winter, Zi Yu, the chief minister of Chu, and Zi Xi, the Minister of War, led troops to attack Song and besieged Min.

公以楚師伐齊，取谷。凡師能左右之曰以。置桓公子雍於谷，易牙奉之以為魯援。楚申公叔侯戍之。桓公之子七人，為七大夫於楚。

Duke Xi led the Chu army to attack Qi and took Gu. Whenever an army can be directed by oneself, this is called "using" it. He settled Yong, a son of Duke Huan, at Gu, and Yi Ya served him as support for Lu. Shu Hou, the Duke of Shen of Chu, garrisoned there. Duke Huan's seven sons became seven grandees in Chu.

【經】二十有七年春，杞子來朝。夏六月庚寅，齊侯昭卒。秋八月乙未，葬齊孝公。乙巳，公子遂帥師入杞。冬，楚人、陳侯、蔡侯、鄭伯、許男圍宋。十有二月甲戌，公會諸侯，盟於宋。

[Classic] In the twenty-seventh year, in spring, the Viscount of Qi came to court. In summer, in the sixth month, on gengyin, Zhao, Marquis of Qi, died. In autumn, in the eighth month, on yiwei, Duke Xiao of Qi was buried. On yisi, Gongzi Sui led an army into Qi. In winter, the men of Chu, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng and the Baron of Xu besieged Song. In the twelfth month, on jiaxu, Duke Xi met with the lords and made a covenant at a place in Song.

【傳】二十七年春，杞桓公來朝，用夷禮，故曰子。公卑杞，杞不共也。

[Commentary] In the twenty-seventh year, in spring, Duke Huan of Qi came to court, using barbarian ritual, so the Spring and Autumn Annals calls him "Viscount." Duke Xi looked down on Qi because Qi was disrespectful.

夏，齊孝公卒。有齊怨，不廢喪紀，禮也。

In summer, Duke Xiao of Qi died. Although there was resentment toward Qi, the rites of mourning were not discontinued, which accorded with ritual.

秋，入杞，責無禮也。

In autumn, they entered Qi, to rebuke it for lacking ritual.

楚子將圍宋，使子文治兵於睽，終朝而畢，不戮一人。子玉復治兵於蒍，終日而畢，鞭七人，貫三人耳。國老皆賀子文，子文飲之酒。蒍賈尚幼，後至，不賀。子文問之，對曰：“不知所賀。子之傳政於子玉，曰：‘以靖國也。’靖諸內而敗諸外，所獲幾何？子玉之敗，子之舉也。舉以敗國，將何賀焉？子玉剛而無禮，不可以治民。過三百乘，其不能以入矣。苟入而賀，何後之有？”冬，楚子及諸侯圍宋，宋公孫固如晉告急。先軫曰：“報施救患，取威定霸，於是乎在矣。”狐偃曰：“楚始得曹而新昏於衛，若伐曹、衛，楚必救之，則齊、宋免矣。”於是乎蒐於被廬，作三軍。謀元帥。趙衰曰：“郤縠可。臣亟聞其言矣，說禮樂而敦《詩》、《書》。《詩》、《書》，義之府也。禮樂，德之則也。

The Viscount of Chu planned to besiege Song and had Ziwen drill the troops at Kui; he finished in one morning without killing a single man. Ziyu then drilled the troops at Wei and finished after a whole day, flogging seven men and piercing the ears of three with arrows. The elders of the state all congratulated Ziwen, and Ziwen invited them to drink. Wei Jia was still young and came late, and did not congratulate. Ziwen asked him, and he replied: "I do not know what to congratulate. You handed the government to Ziyu, saying it was 'to secure the state.' If one secures the inside but fails outside, what has been gained? Ziyu's defeat was brought about by your recommendation. To recommend someone and so ruin the state, what is there to congratulate? Ziyu is stubborn and without ritual, and cannot govern the people. If he commands more than three hundred chariots, I fear he will not be able to bring the army back whole. If the army returns whole and then you congratulate, what is too late about that?" In winter, the Viscount of Chu and the lords besieged Song, and Gongsun Gu of Song went to Jin to report the emergency. Xian Zhen said: "To repay kindness, rescue those in distress, gain prestige and establish hegemony, all lies in this one occasion." Hu Yan said: "Chu has just obtained Cao and has recently become related by marriage to Wei. If we attack Cao and Wei, Chu will surely come to their rescue, and Qi and Song will be freed." So they held a great review at Beilu and set up three armies. They discussed who would be commander. Zhao Shuai said: "Xi Gu will do. Your servant has heard him speak many times; he loves ritual and music and values the Odes and the Documents. The Odes and the Documents are the storehouse of righteousness. Ritual and music are the standard of virtue.

德義，利之本也。《夏書》曰：‘賦納以言，明試以功，車服以庸。’君其試之。”

(Zhao Shuai continued:) "Virtue and righteousness are the root of benefit. The Book of Xia says: 'Listen widely to opinions, test them clearly by their achievements, and reward merit with chariots and horses and robes.' Please try him."

及使郤縠將中軍，郤溱佐之；使狐偃將上軍，讓於狐毛，而佐之；命趙衰為卿，讓於欒枝、先軫。使欒枝將下軍，先軫佐之。荀林父御戎，魏準為右。

So Xi Gu was made commander of the central army with Xi Zhen as his assistant; Hu Yan was to command the upper army but yielded it to Hu Mao and acted as his assistant; Zhao Shuai was appointed a minister but yielded to Luan Zhi and Xian Zhen. Luan Zhi was made commander of the lower army with Xian Zhen as assistant. Xun Linfu drove the war chariot, and Wei Zhun was the spearman on the right.

晉侯始入而教其民，二年，欲用之。子犯曰：“民未知義，未安其居。”於是乎出定襄王，入務利民，民懷生矣，將用之。子犯曰：“民未知信，未宣其用。”

As soon as the Marquis of Jin returned to the state he began to instruct the people, and after two years wanted to use them. Zifan said: "The people do not yet know righteousness and have not yet settled in their homes." So he went out and pacified King Xiang, and on his return devoted himself to benefiting the people, and the people cherished their livelihoods, and he was about to use them again. Zifan said: "The people do not yet know good faith and have not yet understood its use."

於是乎伐原以示之信。民易資者不求豐焉，明徵其辭。公曰：“可矣乎？”子犯曰：“民未知禮，未生其共。”於是乎大蒐以示之禮，作執秩以正其官，民聽不惑而後用之。出谷戍，釋宋圍，一戰而霸，文之教也。

So he attacked Yuan to show them good faith. When the people traded goods they did not seek large profits and clearly fulfilled their words. The Marquis of Jin said: "Is it enough?" Zifan said: "The people do not yet know ritual and have not yet developed respect." So he held a great review to show them ritual and set up officers of precedence to correct official posts, and the people obeyed without confusion, and only then did he use them. He withdrew the garrison from Gu and lifted the siege of Song; with one battle he became hegemon, which was the teaching of civil virtue.

【經】二十有八年春，晉侯侵曹，晉侯伐衛。公子買戍衛，不卒戍，刺之。

[Classic] In the twenty-eighth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin raided Cao and attacked Wei. Gongzi Mai garrisoned Wei but did not carry out the garrison to the end and was killed.

楚人救衛。三月丙午，晉侯入曹，執曹伯。畀宋人。夏四月己巳，晉侯、齊師、宋師、秦師及楚人戰於城濮，楚師敗績。楚殺其大夫得臣。衛侯出奔楚。五月癸丑，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、蔡侯、鄭伯、衛子、莒子，盟於踐土。陳侯如會。

The men of Chu came to the rescue of Wei. In the third month, on bingwu, the Marquis of Jin entered Cao and seized the Earl of Cao, and gave the land to the men of Song. In summer, in the fourth month, on jisi, the Marquis of Jin, the armies of Qi and Song, and the army of Qin fought the men of Chu at Chengpu, and the Chu army was badly defeated. Chu killed its grandee Dechen. The Marquis of Wei fled to Chu. In the fifth month, on guichou, Duke Xi met with the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, the Viscount of Wei and the Viscount of Ju, and made a covenant at Jiantu. The Marquis of Chen came to take part in the meeting.

公朝於王所。六月，衛侯鄭自楚復歸於衛。衛元咺出奔晉。陳侯款卒。秋，杞伯姬來。公子遂如齊。冬，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、蔡侯、鄭伯、陳子、莒子、邾人、秦人於溫。天王狩於河陽。壬申，公朝於王所。晉人執衛侯，歸之於京師。

Duke Xi had an audience with the Son of Heaven where he was. In the sixth month, Zheng, Marquis of Wei, returned to Wei from Chu. Yuan Xuan of Wei fled to Jin. Kuan, Marquis of Chen, died. In autumn, Ji of Qi came. Gongzi Sui went to Qi. In winter, Duke Xi met with the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, the Viscount of Chen, the Viscount of Ju, the men of Zhu and the men of Qin at Wen. The Son of Heaven hunted at Heyang. On renshen, Duke Xi had an audience with the Son of Heaven where he was. The men of Jin seized the Marquis of Wei and sent him to the capital.

衛元咺自晉復歸於衛。諸侯遂圍許。曹伯襄復歸於曹，遂會諸侯圍許。

Yuan Xuan of Wei returned to Wei from Jin. The lords then besieged Xu. Xiang, Earl of Cao, returned to Cao, and then joined the lords in besieging Xu.

【傳】二十八年春，晉侯將伐曹，假道於衛，衛人弗許。還，自南河濟。侵曹伐衛。正月戊申，取五鹿。二月，晉郤縠卒。原軫將中軍，胥臣佐下軍，上德也。晉侯、齊侯盟於斂盂。衛侯請盟，晉人弗許。衛侯欲與楚，國人不欲，故出其君以說於晉。衛侯出居於襄牛。

[Commentary] In the twenty-eighth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin planned to attack Cao and asked Wei for passage, but the men of Wei refused. He turned the army back and crossed at the South River. They raided Cao and attacked Wei. In the first month, on wushen, they took Wulu. In the second month, Xi Gu of Jin died. Yuan Zhen commanded the central army and Xu Chen assisted the lower army, in esteem of virtue. The Marquis of Jin and the Marquis of Qi made a covenant at Lianyu. The Marquis of Wei asked to join the covenant, and the men of Jin refused. The Marquis of Wei wanted to draw close to Chu, but the people of the capital did not wish it, so they drove out their ruler to curry favor with Jin. The Marquis of Wei traveled out and stayed at Xiangniu.

公子買戍衛，楚人救衛，不克。公懼於晉，殺子叢以說焉。謂楚人曰：“不卒戍也。”

Gongzi Mai garrisoned Wei, and the men of Chu came to rescue Wei, but did not succeed. Duke Xi, afraid of Jin, killed Zicong to explain himself, telling the men of Chu: "It was because he did not carry out the garrison to the end."

晉侯圍曹，門焉，多死，曹人屍諸城上，晉侯患之，聽輿人之謀曰：“稱舍於墓。”師遷焉，曹人兇懼，為其所得者棺而出之，因其兇也而攻之。三月丙午，入曹。數之，以其不用僖負羈而乘軒者三百人也。且曰：“獻狀。”令無入僖負羈之宮而免其族，報施也。魏犨、顛頡怒曰：“勞之不圖，報於何有！”蓺僖負羈氏。魏犨傷於胸，公欲殺之而愛其材，使問，且視之。病，將殺之。魏犨束胸見使者曰：“以君之靈，不有寧也。”距躍三百，曲踴三百。乃舍之。殺顛頡以徇於師，立舟之僑以為戎右。

The Marquis of Jin besieged Cao, and many died when the city was attacked; the men of Cao displayed the bodies on the walls, and the Marquis of Jin was troubled by this. He followed the plan of a foot soldier, who said: "Announce that we will camp in the Cao people's cemetery." The army moved there, the men of Cao were frightened and put the bodies they had obtained into coffins and sent them out, and the Jin army attacked while they were terrified. In the third month, on bingwu, they entered Cao. They rebuked the ruler of Cao because he had not employed Xi Fuji yet had three hundred men riding in official carriages. And they said: "Bring out your likenesses so we can see them." He ordered that no one enter Xi Fuji's house and pardoned his clan, in repayment of kindness. Wei Chou and Dian Jie were angry and said: "Our labors are not considered, so why repay kindness!" They set fire to Xi Fuji's family. Wei Chou was wounded in the chest, and Duke Wen wished to kill him but valued his talent, so he sent someone to inquire after him and to inspect the wound. If it was serious, he planned to kill him. Wei Chou bound up his chest and saw the envoy, saying: "By the blessing of our ruler, am I not still well?" He leapt upward many times and leapt forward many times. So he was pardoned. Dian Jie was killed and displayed to the army, and Zhou Zhiqiao was made spearman on the right.

宋人使門尹般如晉師告急。公曰：“宋人告急，舍之則絕，告楚不許。我欲戰矣，齊、秦未可，若之何？”先軫曰：“使宋舍我而賂齊、秦，藉之告楚。我執曹君而分曹、衛之田以賜宋人。楚愛曹、衛，必不許也。喜賂怒頑，能無戰乎？”公說，執曹伯，分曹、衛之田以畀宋人。

The men of Song sent Men Yin Ban to the Jin army to report the emergency. Duke Wen said: "The men of Song report an emergency; if we abandon them they will break off relations, and if they ask Chu, Chu will not agree. I want to fight, but Qi and Qin do not yet agree; what should we do?" Xian Zhen said: "Have Song set us aside and bribe Qi and Qin, and through them ask Chu. We will seize the ruler of Cao and divide the fields of Cao and Wei to give to the men of Song. Chu values Cao and Wei and will certainly not agree. Qi and Qin will like the goods and be angry at Chu's stubbornness; how can they not join the fight?" Duke Wen was pleased, seized the Earl of Cao and gave the fields of Cao and Wei to the men of Song.

楚子入居於申，使申叔去谷，使子玉去宋，曰：“無從晉師。晉侯在外十九年矣，而果得晉國。險阻艱難，備嘗之矣；民之情偽，盡知之矣。天假之年，而除其害。天之所置，其可廢乎？《軍志》曰：‘允當則歸。’又曰：‘知難而退。’又曰：‘有德不可敵。’此三志者，晉之謂矣。”子玉使伯棼請戰，曰：“非敢必有功也，願以間執讒慝之口。”王怒，少與之師，唯西廣、東宮與若敖之六卒實從之。

The Viscount of Chu entered Shen and stayed there, and had Shen Shu leave Gu and Zi Yu leave Song, saying: "Do not press the Jin army. The Marquis of Jin was outside the state for nineteen years and finally obtained Jin. He has tasted every hardship and danger, and knows every truth and falsehood of men's feelings. Heaven has given him years and removed his misfortunes. Can what Heaven has established be set aside? The Records of the Army say: 'Return when it is just enough.' It also says: 'Retreat when you know it is hard.' It also says: 'The virtuous cannot be resisted.' These three sayings refer to Jin." Zi Yu sent Bofen to ask for battle, saying: "I do not dare to say that I will surely achieve merit, but I want to use this to stop the mouths of slanderers." The King of Chu was angry and gave him few troops; only the six hundred of the Western Guard, the Eastern Palace and the clan of Ruo'ao truly followed him.

子玉使宛春告於晉師曰：“請復衛侯而封曹，臣亦釋宋之圍。”子犯曰：“子玉無禮哉！君取一，臣取二，不可失矣。”先軫曰：“子與之。定人之謂禮，楚一言而定三國，我一言而亡之。我則無禮，何以戰乎？不許楚言，是棄宋也。

Zi Yu sent Wan Chun to tell the Jin army: "Please restore the Marquis of Wei and return Cao, and I will lift the siege of Song." Zifan said: "Zi Yu is without ritual! Our ruler would gain only one thing, while the minister gains two; this opportunity must not be lost." Xian Zhen said: "You should agree to it. To settle others is called ritual; Chu with one word settles three states, and we with one word would ruin them. That would be our lack of ritual, and on what basis would we fight? If we do not agree to Chu's words, we abandon Song.

救而棄之，謂諸侯何？楚有三施，我有三怨，怨仇已多，將何以戰？不如私許復曹、衛以攜之，執宛春以怒楚，既戰而後圖之。”公說，乃拘宛春於衛，且私許復曹、衛。曹、衛告絕於楚。

(Xian Zhen continued:) "To rescue and then abandon, what shall we say to the lords? Chu has bestowed favors on three sides, and we have created grudges on three sides; the grudges are already many, so what would we rely on to fight? It is better to privately agree to restore Cao and Wei to drive a wedge between them, to seize Wan Chun to enrage Chu, and to make plans after the battle." Duke Wen was pleased and detained Wan Chun in Wei, privately agreeing to restore Cao and Wei. Cao and Wei declared a break with Chu.

子玉怒，從晉師。晉師退。軍吏曰：“以君闢臣，辱也。且楚師老矣，何故退？”子犯曰：“師直為壯，曲為老。豈在久乎？微楚之惠不及此，退三舍闢之，所以報也。背惠食言，以亢其仇，我曲楚直。其眾素飽，不可謂老。我退而楚還，我將何求？若其不還，君退臣犯，曲在彼矣。”退三舍。楚眾欲止，子玉不可。

Zi Yu was angry and pressed the Jin army. The Jin army withdrew. The army officers said: "For a ruler to avoid a subject is a disgrace. Moreover the Chu army is already weary, so why withdraw?" Zifan said: "An army that is in the right is spirited, and one in the wrong is what is weary. How could it depend on whether the campaign has lasted long or not? Without Chu's kindness we would not be here today, and retreating three stages to avoid them is a way of repaying it. If we betray kindness and break our word to protect an enemy, we are in the wrong and Chu is in the right. Their soldiers have always been well fed, and they cannot be called weary. If we retreat and the Chu army also goes back, what more should I ask? If they do not go back, the ruler retreats while the minister attacks, and the wrong lies with them." They retreated three stages. The Chu army wanted to stop, but Zi Yu would not allow it.

夏四月戊辰，晉侯、宋公、齊國歸父、崔夭、秦小子憖次於城濮。楚師背酅而舍，晉侯患之，聽輿人之誦，曰：“原田每每，舍其舊而新是謀。”公疑焉。

In summer, in the fourth month, on wuchen, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, Guifu and Cui Yao of Qi, and Xiaozi Yin of Qin camped at Chengpu. The Chu army camped with its back to Xi, and the Marquis of Jin was troubled by this. He heard a foot soldier singing: "The fields of the plain, the grass grows thick; cast off the old and plan for the new." Duke Wen hesitated.

子犯曰：“戰也。戰而捷，必得諸侯。若其不捷，表裡山河，必無害也。”公曰：“若楚惠何？”欒貞子曰：“漢陽諸姬，楚實盡之，思小惠而忘大恥，不如戰也。”

Zifan said: "Fight. If we fight and win, we will surely gain the lords. If we do not win, we have the River outside and the mountains within, and there will surely be no harm." Duke Wen said: "What about Chu's kindness?" Luan Zhenzi said: "Those Ji-surnamed states north of the Han River have in fact all been wiped out by Chu. To think of a small kindness and forget a great disgrace is worse than fighting."

晉侯夢與楚子搏，楚子伏己而盬其腦，是以懼。子犯曰：“吉。我得天，楚伏其罪，吾且柔之矣。”

The Marquis of Jin dreamed that he was wrestling with the Viscount of Chu, who lay on top of him and sucked out his brains, and he was afraid. Zifan said: "Auspicious. We obtain Heaven, and Chu bows in guilt, and we will further make him gentle."

子玉使鬥勃請戰，曰：“請與君之士戲，君馮軾而觀之，得臣與寓目焉。”

Zi Yu sent Dou Bo to ask for battle, saying: "Please have a contest of strength with the warriors of your lord; Your Lordship may lean on the chariot rail to watch, and Dechen will watch alongside."

晉侯使欒枝對曰：“寡君聞命矣。楚君之惠未之敢忘，是以在此。為大夫退，其敢當君乎？既不獲命矣，敢煩大夫謂二三子，戒爾車乘，敬爾君事，詰朝將見。”

The Marquis of Jin sent Luan Zhi to reply: "Our ruler has heard the command. We have not dared to forget the Chu ruler's kindness, so we stopped here. Even toward a grandee we yielded; how dare we withstand the king? Since permission cannot be had, may I trouble the grandee to tell you gentlemen: prepare your war chariots, be reverent about your ruler's great affair, and we shall meet tomorrow morning."

晉車七百乘，、靷、鞅、靽。晉侯登有莘之虛以觀師，曰：“少長有禮，其可用也。”遂伐其木以益其兵。己巳，晉師陳於莘北，胥臣以下軍之佐當陳、蔡。子玉以若敖六卒將中軍，曰：“今日必無晉矣。”子西將左，子上將右。胥臣蒙馬以虎皮，先犯陳、蔡。陳、蔡奔，楚右師潰。狐毛設二旆而退之。

Jin had seven hundred war chariots, with saddles, bridles, breast straps and traces all complete. (The base text has a lost passage after the word for chariots.) The Marquis of Jin climbed the ruins of the Youshen clan to review the army and said: "Young and old observe ritual; they can be used." So they cut down trees to supplement their weapons. On jisi, the Jin army drew up in line north of Shen, and Xu Chen, as assistant of the lower army, held off Chen and Cai. Zi Yu led the central army with the six hundred of Ruo'ao and said: "Today Jin will surely be wiped out." Zi Xi commanded the left army and Zi Shang the right army. Xu Chen covered the horses with tiger skins and first charged Chen and Cai. Chen and Cai fled, and the Chu right army collapsed. Hu Mao raised two great banners and pretended to retreat.

欒枝使輿曳柴而偽遁，楚師馳之。原軫、郤溱以中軍公族橫擊之。狐毛、狐偃以上軍夾攻子西，楚左師潰。楚師敗績。子玉收其卒而止，故不敗。

Luan Zhi had chariots drag brushwood and pretended to flee, and the Chu army pursued. Yuan Zhen and Xi Zhen cut across the middle with the ducal clan of the central army. Hu Mao and Hu Yan caught Zi Xi between the flanks with the upper army, and the Chu left army collapsed. The Chu army was badly defeated. Zi Yu gathered his own soldiers and halted, and so they were not routed.

晉師三日館穀，及癸酉而還。甲午，至於衡雍，作王宮於踐土。

The Jin army rested for three days, ate the grain they had captured, and returned only on guiyou. On jiawu, they reached Hengyong and built a royal lodge at Jiantu.

鄉役之三月，鄭伯如楚致其師，為楚師既敗而懼，使子人九行成於晉。晉欒枝入盟鄭伯。五月丙午，晉侯及鄭伯盟于衡雍。丁未，獻楚俘於王，駟介百乘，徒兵千。鄭伯傅王，用平禮也。己酉，王享醴，命晉侯宥。王命尹氏及王子虎、內史叔興父策命晉侯為侯伯，賜之大輅之服，戎輅之服，彤弓一，彤矢百，玈弓矢千，秬鬯一卣，虎賁三百人。曰：“王謂叔父，敬服王命，以綏四國。糾逖王慝。”晉侯三辭，從命。曰：“重耳敢再拜稽首，奉揚天子之丕顯休命。”受策以出，出入三覲。

Three months before this battle, the Earl of Zheng had gone to Chu to send his troops. Frightened because the Chu army had already been defeated, he sent Ziren Jiu to ask Jin for peace. Luan Zhi of Jin went and made a covenant with the Earl of Zheng. In the fifth month, on bingwu, the Marquis of Jin and the Earl of Zheng made a covenant at Hengyong. On dingwei, he presented to the Son of Heaven the Chu captives, one hundred chariots with armored four-horse teams and one thousand infantry. The Earl of Zheng assisted the Son of Heaven in the ritual, using the rites of King Ping's time. On jiyou, the Son of Heaven entertained him with sweet wine and ordered the Marquis of Jin to return the toast. The Son of Heaven ordered Yin Shi, Prince Hu and the Grand Scribe Shu Xingfu to appoint the Marquis of Jin as Hegemon of the Marquises by written decree, and gave him the ceremonial dress of the great carriage and of the war carriage, one red bow and one hundred red arrows, one thousand sets of black bows and arrows, one flask of black millet fragrant wine, and three hundred tiger guards. He said: "The Son of Heaven says to his uncle: Reverently obey the king's command, pacify the states of the four quarters, and expose and keep away those who are harmful to the king." The Marquis of Jin declined three times, and then complied. He said: "Chong'er dares to bow twice with his head to the ground and extol the Son of Heaven's great, bright and excellent command." He received the written decree and came out, and entered and left the court three times for audiences.

衛侯聞楚師敗，懼，出奔楚，遂適陳，使元咺奉叔武以受盟。癸亥，王子虎盟諸侯於王庭，要言曰：“皆獎王室，無相害也。有渝此盟，明神殛之，俾隊其師，無克祚國，及而玄孫，無有老幼。”君子謂是盟也信，謂晉於是役也能以德攻。

The Marquis of Wei, hearing that the Chu army had been defeated, was afraid and fled to Chu, and then went on to Chen, having Yuan Xuan serve Shu Wu to receive the covenant. On guihai, Prince Hu made a covenant with the lords in the royal court, agreeing: "All shall support the royal house and not harm one another. Whoever changes this covenant, may the spirits strike him down, may his army fall, and may he be unable to hold his state, down to his great-grandson, without distinction of old or young." The gentleman considered this covenant trustworthy, and considered that in this battle Jin was able to attack with virtue.

初，楚子玉自為瓊弁玉纓，未之服也。先戰，夢河神謂己曰：“畀餘，餘賜女孟諸之麋。”弗致也。大心與子西使榮黃諫，弗聽。榮季曰：“死而利國。猶或為之，況瓊玉乎？是糞土也，而可以濟師，將何愛焉？”弗聽。出，告二子曰：“非神敗令尹，令尹其不勤民，實自敗也。”既敗，王使謂之曰：“大夫若入，其若申、息之老何？”子西、孫伯曰：“得臣將死，二臣止之曰：‘君其將以為戮。’”及連谷而死。晉侯聞之而後喜可知也，曰：“莫余毒也已！蒍呂臣實為令尹，奉己而已，不在民矣。”

Earlier, Zi Yu of Chu had made himself a cap and tassels decorated with jade, but had not yet used them. Before the battle, he dreamed that the River God said to him: "Give them to me and I will give you the water-grass land of Mengzhu." Zi Yu did not give them. Daxin and Zi Xi had Rong Huang remonstrate, but he did not listen. Rong Ji said: "If death is beneficial to the state, some will still do it, how much more for mere jade? This is nothing but dung and dirt, and it can achieve the army's success; what is there to grudge?" Zi Yu did not listen. Rong Huang came out and told these two: "It is not the spirits who made the chief minister fail; it is that the chief minister did not do his best for the people, and in fact he defeated himself." After the defeat, the King of Chu sent someone to say to him: "If you return, what shall be said to the elders of Shen and Xi?" Zi Xi and Sun Bo said: "Dechen was about to die, and we two stopped him, saying: 'His Majesty will probably still punish.'" He died on reaching Liangu. When the Marquis of Jin heard of it, joy showed on his face, and he said: "No one can harm me now! Wei Lüchen as chief minister will only protect himself and will not think of the people."

或訴元咺於衛侯曰：“立叔武矣。”其子角從公，公使殺之。咺不廢命，奉夷叔以入守。

Someone accused Yuan Xuan to the Marquis of Wei, saying: "He has set up Shu Wu." Yuan Xuan's son Jiao was following the Marquis of Wei, and the Marquis of Wei had Jiao killed. Yuan Xuan did not abandon the command, and served Yi Shu in returning to guard the state.

六月，晉人復衛侯。甯武子與衛人盟於宛濮，曰：“天禍衛國，君臣不協，以及此憂也。今天誘其衷，使皆降心以相從也。不有居者，誰守社稷？不有行者，誰扞牧圉？不協之故，用昭乞盟於爾大神以誘天衷。自今日以往，既盟之後，行者無保其力，居者無懼其罪。有渝此盟，以相及也。明神先君，是糾是殛。”國人聞此盟也，而後不貳。衛侯先期入，寧子先，長佯守門，以為使也，與之乘而入。公子顓犬、華仲前驅。叔武將沐，聞君至，喜，捉髮走出，前驅射而殺之。

In the sixth month, the men of Jin let the Marquis of Wei return to his state. Ning Wuzi made a covenant with the people of Wei at Wanpu, saying: "Heaven sent misfortune to Wei; ruler and ministers were not in harmony, and so it came to this distress. Now Heaven has guided their hearts so that all submit willingly. Without those who stayed, who would guard the altars of the state? Without those who went out, who would protect the herds? Because of the lack of harmony, we clearly seek a covenant with the great spirits to guide Heaven's will. From today, after the covenant is made, those who went out shall not rely on their merit, and those who stayed shall not fear their guilt. Whoever changes this covenant, misfortune will fall on him. May the spirits and the former rulers inspect and punish." Having heard this covenant, the people of the state had no further divided hearts. The Marquis of Wei entered earlier than the agreed day, with Ning Zi walking in front and Chang Zang guarding the gate, who took him for an envoy and entered in the same carriage. Prince Zhuan Quan and Hua Zhong were the vanguard. Shu Wu was about to wash his hair; hearing that the ruler had arrived, he was glad and ran out holding his hair in his hands, and the vanguard shot and killed him.

公知其無罪也，枕之股而哭之。顓犬走出，公使殺之。元咺出奔晉。

The Marquis of Wei knew that he was innocent, and laid his head on his thigh and wept. Zhuan Quan ran out, and the Marquis of Wei sent someone to kill him. Yuan Xuan fled to Jin.

城濮之戰，晉中軍風於澤，亡大旆之左旃。祁瞞奸命，司馬殺之，以徇於諸侯，使茅茷代之。師還。壬午，濟河。舟之僑先歸，士會攝右。秋七月丙申，振旅，愷以入於晉。獻俘授馘，飲至大賞，徵會討貳。殺舟之僑以徇於國，民於是大服。

At the battle of Chengpu, the central army of Jin met a great wind in the marsh and lost the left streamer of the great banner. Qi Man violated military orders, and the Minister of War killed him and displayed him among the lords, and had Mao Fa replace him. The army returned to the state. On renwu, they crossed the Yellow River. Zhou Zhiqiao went back first, and Shi Hui served as acting spearman on the right. In autumn, in the seventh month, on bingshen, they reorganized the army and entered Jin playing the triumphal music. They presented captives and severed left ears, held a banquet to record merit and gave great rewards, summoned the lords to meet and punished those with divided hearts. Zhou Zhiqiao was killed and displayed within the state, and the people greatly submitted because of this.

君子謂：“文公其能刑矣，三罪而民服。《詩》云：‘惠此中國，以綏四方。’不失賞刑之謂也。”

The gentleman said: "Duke Wen is able to use punishment: he punished three men and the people submitted. The Odes say: 'Bestow kindness on this central land, to pacify the four quarters.' It means that reward and punishment were appropriate."

冬，會於溫，討不服也。

In winter, they met at Wen, to punish those who had not submitted.

衛侯與元咺訟，甯武子為輔，針莊子為坐，士榮為大士。衛侯不勝。殺士榮，刖針莊子，謂寧俞忠而免之。執衛侯，歸之於京師，置諸深室。寧子職納橐饘焉。元咺歸於衛，立公子瑕。

The Marquis of Wei and Yuan Xuan went to law; Ning Wuzi was his assistant, Zhen Zhuangzi his representative, and Shi Rong the judge. The Marquis of Wei did not win. Shi Rong was killed and Zhen Zhuangzi had his feet cut off, and because Ning Yu was loyal he was pardoned. The Marquis of Wei was seized and sent to the capital and kept in a deep chamber. Ning Zi was in charge of sending in his clothing bag and gruel. Yuan Xuan returned to Wei and set up Gongzi Xia.

是會也，晉侯召王，以諸侯見，且使王狩。仲尼曰：“以臣召君，不可以訓。”

At this meeting the Marquis of Jin summoned the Son of Heaven, brought the feudal lords to pay court to him, and had the Son of Heaven go hunting. Zhongni said: "A subject summoning his ruler must not be taken as a model."

故書曰：“天王狩於河陽。”言非其地也，且明德也。

Therefore the Spring and Autumn Annals records: "The Heavenly King hunted at Heyang." This means that it was not a place where the Son of Heaven should hunt, and it also commends the virtue of the Marquis of Jin.

壬申，公朝於王所。

On the renshen day, Duke Xi paid court at the place where the Son of Heaven was.

丁丑，諸侯圍許。

On the dingchou day, the feudal lords besieged the state of Xu.

晉侯有疾，曹伯之豎侯孺貨筮史，使曰：“以曹為解。齊桓公為會而封異姓，今君為會而滅同姓。曹叔振鐸，文之昭也。先君唐叔，武之穆也。且合諸侯而滅兄弟，非禮也。與衛偕命，而不與偕復，非信也。同罪異罰，非刑也。禮以行義，信以守禮，刑以正邪，舍此三者，君將若之何？”公說，復曹伯，遂會諸侯於許。

The Marquis of Jin fell ill. Hou Ru, a minor retainer of the Earl of Cao, bribed the diviner-historian to say: "The cause of the illness is explained by the restoration of Cao. Duke Huan of Qi held a meeting and enfeoffed those of other surnames; now Your Lordship holds a meeting and destroys those of the same surname. Cao Shu Zhenduo was a son of King Wen. Your late ruler Tang Shu was a son of King Wu. Moreover, to assemble the feudal lords and destroy a brother state is contrary to ritual. You received the command together with Wey but do not restore Cao together with Wey, which is contrary to good faith. The same offense with different punishments is contrary to the law of punishment. Ritual is what carries out righteousness, good faith is what guards ritual, and punishment is what corrects wickedness; if Your Lordship discards these three, what will you do?" Duke Wen was pleased, restored the Earl of Cao, and then assembled with the feudal lords at Xu.

晉侯作三行以御狄，荀林父將中行，屠擊將右行，先蔑將左行。

The Marquis of Jin set up three columns to resist the Di. Xun Linfu commanded the Central Column, Tu Ji the Right Column, and Xian Mie the Left Column.

【經】二十有九年春，介葛盧來。公至自圍許。夏六月，會王人、晉人、宋人、齊人、陳人、蔡人、秦人盟於翟泉。秋，大雨雹。冬，介葛盧來。

[Classic] In the twenty-ninth year, in spring, Jie Gelu came. Duke Xi returned from the siege of Xu. In summer, in the sixth month, he met with men of the royal house, men of Jin, Song, Qi, Chen, Cai and Qin, and made a covenant at Dizhuan. In autumn there was a great hailstorm. In winter Jie Gelu came.

【傳】二十九年春，葛盧來朝，舍於昌衍之上。公在會，饋之芻米，禮也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-ninth year, Ge Lu came to pay court and lodged on Mount Changyan. Duke Xi, who was at the meeting, sent him fodder and grain, which was in accordance with ritual.

夏，公會王子虎、晉狐偃、宋公孫固、齊國歸父、陳轅濤塗、秦小子憖，盟於翟泉，尋踐土之盟，且謀伐鄭也。卿不書，罪之也。在禮，卿不會公、侯，會伯、子、男可也。

In summer, Duke Xi met with Prince Hu, Hu Yan of Jin, Gongsun Gu of Song, Gui Fu of Qi, Yuan Taotu of Chen, and Xiaozi Yin of Qin, and made a covenant at Dizhuan, renewing the covenant of Jiantu and planning to attack Zheng. The Annals does not record the names of the ministers, as blame against them. According to ritual, ministers do not meet with dukes or marquises; meeting with earls, viscounts and barons is permissible.

秋，大雨雹，為災也。

In autumn there was a great hailstorm, and it became a disaster.

冬，介葛盧來，以未見公，故復來朝，禮之，加燕好。

In winter Jie Gelu came, because he had not met Duke Xi and so came again to pay court. He was received with ritual, with a banquet and friendly gifts added.

介葛盧聞牛鳴，曰：“是生三犠，皆用之矣，其音雲。”問之而信。

Jie Gelu heard an ox lowing and said: "This ox has borne three sacrificial animals, all of which have been used in sacrifice; this is what its voice means." On inquiry it proved so.

【經】三十年春王正月。夏，狄侵齊。秋，衛殺其大夫元咺及公子瑕。衛侯鄭歸於衛。晉人、秦人圍鄭。介人侵蕭。冬，天王使宰周公來聘。公子遂如京師。遂如晉。

[Classic] In the thirtieth year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar. In summer the Di invaded Qi. In autumn Wey killed its grand officer Yuan Xuan and Prince Xia. The Marquis of Wey, Zheng, returned to Wey. Men of Jin and Qin besieged Zheng. Men of Jie invaded Xiao. In winter the Son of Heaven sent the Prime Minister, the Duke of Zhou, to make a visit. Prince Sui went to the capital, and then went on to Jin.

【傳】三十年春，晉人侵鄭，以觀其可攻與否。狄間晉之有鄭虞也，夏，狄侵齊。

[Commentary] In the spring of the thirtieth year, men of Jin invaded Zheng to observe whether it could be attacked. The Di exploited Jin's worry about Zheng, and in summer the Di invaded Qi.

晉侯使醫衍鴆衛侯。寧俞貨醫，使薄其鴆，不死。公為之請，納玉於王與晉侯。皆十瑴。王許之。秋，乃釋衛侯。衛侯使賂周顓、冶廑，曰：“苟能納我，吾使爾為卿。”周、冶殺元咺及子適、子儀。公入祀先君。周、冶既服將命，周顓先入，及門，遇疾而死。冶廑辭卿。

The Marquis of Jin sent the physician Yan to poison the Marquis of Wey with zhen-bird wine. Ning Yu bribed the physician to make the poison weak, so the Marquis of Wey did not die. Duke Xi pleaded for him and presented ten pairs of jade each to the Son of Heaven and to the Marquis of Jin. The Son of Heaven agreed. In autumn the Marquis of Wey was therefore released. The Marquis of Wey bribed Zhou Zhuan and Ye Jin, saying: "If you can get me readmitted, I will make you ministers." Zhou and Ye killed Yuan Xuan, Zi Shi and Zi Yi. The Marquis of Wey entered and sacrificed to the former rulers. Zhou and Ye had already put on ministers' robes and were about to receive their appointments, but Zhou Zhuan entered first, reached the gate, and fell ill and died. Ye Jin declined the ministership.