Duke Xiang (Years 1 to 31)

晉荀偃、士匄請伐偪陽，而封宋向戌焉。荀罃曰：“城小而固，勝之不武，弗勝為笑。”固請。丙寅，圍之，弗克。孟氏之臣秦堇父輦重如役。偪陽人啟門，諸侯之士門焉。縣門發，郰人紇抉之以出門者。狄虒彌建大車之輪而蒙之以甲以為櫓，左執之，右拔戟，以成一隊。孟獻子曰：“《詩》所謂‘有力如虎’者也。”主人縣布，堇父登之，及堞而絕之。隊則又縣之，蘇而復上者三。主人辭焉，乃退，帶其斷以徇于軍三日。

Xun Yan and Shi Gai of Jin asked to attack Biyang and give it to Xiang Xu of Song. Xun Ying said: “The city is small but strong; to win would be no valor, and not to win would be a laughing stock.” They insisted on their request. On the day bingyin, they besieged it but could not take it. Qin Jinfu, a retainer of the Meng clan, pulled a supply cart to the army. The men of Biyang opened the city gate, and the troops of the lords attacked the gate. The portcullis was dropped, and Zou Ren He held it up and let out those inside the gate. Di Simi stood up the wheels of a large cart, covered them with armor to serve as a great shield, held it in his left hand and drew a halberd with his right, forming a unit by himself. Meng Xianzi said: “This is the man the Odes speak of as ‘strong as a tiger.’” The people in the city let down a cloth, and Jinfu climbed up it; when he reached the parapet they cut the cloth. He fell down, and they let it down again; after he came to, he climbed up again, and this happened three times. The defenders addressed him, and only then did he withdraw, carrying the cut piece of cloth and going around the army for three days.

諸侯之師久於偪陽，荀偃、士匄請於荀罃曰：“水潦將降，懼不能歸，請班師。”知伯怒，投之以機，出於其間，曰：“女成二事而後告餘。餘恐亂命，以不女違。女既勤君而興諸侯，牽帥老夫以至於此，既無武守，而又欲易餘罪，曰：‘是實班師，不然克矣’。餘贏老也，可重任乎？七日不克，必爾乎取之！”五月庚寅，荀偃、士匄帥卒攻偪陽，親受矢石。甲午，滅之。書曰“遂滅偪陽”，言自會也。以與向戌，向戌辭曰：“君若猶辱鎮撫宋國，而以偪陽光啟寡君，群臣安矣，其何貺如之？若專賜臣，是臣興諸侯以自封也，其何罪大焉？敢以死請。”

The armies of the lords had been at Biyang for a long time, and Xun Yan and Shi Gai asked Xun Ying: “The rain is about to come, and we fear we may not be able to go back; please withdraw the army.” Zhibo grew angry, threw a crossbow trigger at them, and it passed between them. He said: “Accomplish these two things and then tell me. I feared disrupting the command, and so I did not oppose you. You have already troubled the ruler and mobilized the lords, and dragged this old man here; you have no post of valor and yet want to shift the blame onto me, saying: ‘In fact this man withdrew the army, or else it would have been taken.’ I am old; can I bear it again? If it is not taken in seven days, I will surely take your heads from you!” In the fifth month, on the day gengyin, Xun Yan and Shi Gai led the troops to attack Biyang and personally faced arrows and stones. On the day jiawu, they destroyed it. The Annals records “then destroyed Biyang,” meaning it was done right after the meeting. It was given to Xiang Xu, who declined, saying: “If the king, further honoring us with a visit, pacifies Song and uses Biyang to enlarge and open up my lord, then we ministers will be at ease; what reward is there like this? If it is given exclusively to me, then I have mobilized the lords to seek a fief for myself; is there any greater offense than that? I dare to request, at the risk of death, to decline.”

乃予宋公。

So it was given to the Duke of Song.

宋公享晉侯於楚丘，請以《桑林》。荀罃辭。荀偃、士匄曰：“諸侯宋、魯，於是觀禮。魯有禘樂，賓祭用之。宋以《桑林》享君，不亦可乎？”舞，師題以旌夏，晉侯懼而退入於房。去旌，卒享而還。及著雍，疾。卜，桑林見。荀偃、士匄欲奔請禱焉。荀罃不可，曰：“我辭禮矣，彼則以之。猶有鬼神，於彼加之。”

The Duke of Song held a banquet for the Marquis of Jin at Chuqiu and asked to use the music “Sang Lin”. Xun Ying declined. Xun Yan and Shi Gai said: “Among the lords, Song and Lu are here to observe ritual. Lu has the di music, used in feasts and sacrifices. If Song uses “Sang Lin” to entertain a ruler, would that not also be acceptable?” When the dancing started, the music master marked it with a large banner, and the Marquis of Jin was afraid and withdrew into a room. The banner was removed, and after the banquet was over they went back. On reaching Zhuyong, he fell ill. A divination was made, and the spirit of Sang Lin appeared. Xun Yan and Shi Gai wanted to hurry back to pray. Xun Ying did not agree, saying: “I have already declined the ritual; it was they who used it. If there are still spirits, let it fall on them.”

晉侯有間，以偪陽子歸，獻於武宮，謂之夷俘。偪陽妘姓也。使周內史選其族嗣，納諸霍人，禮也。

When the Marquis of Jin recovered, he took the Viscount of Biyang back, presented him at the Martial Temple, and called him an Yi captive. Biyang was of the Yun surname. He had the Grand Scribe of Zhou select a successor from his clan and settled him at Huoren, which accorded with ritual propriety.

師歸，孟獻子以秦堇父為右。生秦丕茲，事仲尼。

When the army went back, Meng Xianzi made Qin Jinfu his chariot guard on the right. He had a son, Qin Pizi, who served Zhongni (Confucius).

六月，楚子囊、鄭子耳伐宋，師於訾毋。庚午，圍宋，門於桐門。

In the sixth month, Zinang of Chu and Ziernang of Zheng attacked Song and encamped at Zimu. On the day gengwu, they besieged Song and attacked the Tong Gate.

晉荀罃伐秦，報其侵也。

Xun Ying of Jin attacked Qin in retaliation for its raid.

衛侯救宋，師於襄牛。鄭子展曰：“必伐衛，不然，是不與楚也。得罪於晉，又得罪於楚，國將若之何？”子駟曰：“國病矣！”子展曰：“得罪於二大國，必亡。病不猶愈於亡乎？”諸大夫皆以為然。故鄭皇耳帥師侵衛，楚令也。孫文子卜追之，獻兆於定姜。姜氏問繇。曰：“兆如山陵，有夫出征，而喪其雄。”

The Marquis of Wei rescued Song and encamped at Xiangniu. Zizhan of Zheng said: “We must attack Wei, or else we would not be allied with Chu. If we offend Jin and also offend Chu, what will the state do?” Zisi said: “The state is worn out!” Zizhan said: “To offend two great states means certain destruction. Is being worn out not better than being destroyed?” The grandees all thought this was right. And so Huang Er of Zheng led an army to raid Wei, on the orders of Chu. Sun Wenzi divined about pursuit and presented the omen to Ding Jiang. Lady Jiang asked about the verse. It said: “The omen looks like a mountain; a man goes on campaign but loses his hero.”

姜氏曰：“徵者喪雄，禦寇之利也。大夫圖之！”衛人追之，孫蒯獲鄭皇耳於犬丘。

Lady Jiang said: “That the one who goes on campaign loses his hero is auspicious for resisting the bandits. Think it over, grandee!” The men of Wei pursued, and Sun Kuai captured Huang Er of Zheng at Quanqiu.

秋七月，楚子囊、鄭子耳伐我西鄙。還，圍蕭，八月丙寅，克之。九月，子耳侵宋北鄙。孟獻子曰：“鄭其有災乎！師競已甚。周猶不堪競，況鄭乎？有災，其執政之三士乎！”莒人間諸侯之有事也，故伐我東鄙。

In autumn, in the seventh month, Zinang of Chu and Ziernang of Zheng attacked our western border. Going back, they besieged Xiao and took it on the day bingyin in the eighth month. In the ninth month, Zier raided the northern border of Song. Meng Xianzi said: “Zheng will probably have a calamity! The military contention has already gone too far. Even Zhou could not bear contention, how much less Zheng? The calamity will probably befall the three in power!” The men of Ju took advantage of the lords being occupied, and so attacked our eastern border.

諸侯伐鄭。齊崔杼使大子光先至於師，故長於滕。己酉，師於牛首。

The lords attacked Zheng. Cui Zhu of Qi had Crown Prince Guang arrive at the army first, and so he ranked ahead of Teng. On the day jiyou, they encamped at Niushou.

初，子駟與尉止有爭，將御諸侯之師而黜其車。尉止獲，又與之爭。子駟抑尉止曰：“爾車，非禮也。”遂弗使獻。初，子駟為田洫，司氏、堵氏、侯氏、子師氏皆喪田焉，故五族聚群不逞之人，因公子之徒以作亂。於是子駟當國，子國為司馬，子耳為司空，子孔為司徒。冬十月戊辰，尉止、司臣、侯晉、堵女父、子師僕帥賊以入，晨攻執政於西宮之朝，殺子駟、子國、子耳，劫鄭伯以如北宮。

Earlier, Zisi had a dispute with Wei Zhi, and when about to resist the armies of the lords he reduced Wei Zhi's chariots. Wei Zhi captured some prisoners, and Zisi again contested it with him. Zisi suppressed Wei Zhi, saying: “Your chariots are not in accord with ritual.” So he did not let him present the captives. Earlier, when Zisi opened irrigation ditches in the fields, the Si, Du, Hou and Zishi clans all lost fields, and so the five clans gathered a group of the disaffected and rebelled with the help of the princes' partisans. At this time Zisi was in charge of state affairs, Ziguo was Marshal, Zier was Minister of Works, and Zikong was Minister of the Masses. In winter, in the tenth month, on the day wuchen, Wei Zhi, Si Chen, Hou Jin, Du Nufu and Zishi Pu led a band of assassins in, attacked the officials of government at court in the Western Palace in the morning, killed Zisi, Ziguo and Zier, and carried off the Earl of Zheng to the Northern Palace.

子孔知之，故不死。書曰“盜”，言無大夫焉。

Zikong knew in advance and so did not die. The Annals records “bandits,” meaning that there was no grandee among them.

子西聞盜，不儆而出，屍而追盜，盜入於北宮，乃歸授甲。臣妾多逃，器用多喪。子產聞盜，為門者，庀群司，閉府庫，慎閉藏，完守備，成列而後出，兵車十七乘，屍而攻盜於北宮。子蟜帥國人助之，殺尉止，子師僕，盜眾盡死。

When Zixi heard there were bandits, he went out without taking precautions, collected the bodies and then pursued the bandits, who entered the Northern Palace, and only then went back to hand out armor. Many servants and concubines fled and many implements were lost. When Zichan heard there were bandits, he posted gatekeepers, prepared the duties of the various offices, closed the storehouses, carefully shut and hid things, perfected the defenses, and formed ranks before going out, with seventeen chariots, and after collecting the bodies he attacked the bandits at the Northern Palace. Zijiao led the people of the capital to help, and killed Wei Zhi and Zishi Pu, and the whole band of bandits died.

侯晉奔晉。堵女父、司臣、尉翩、司齊奔宋。

Hou Jin fled to Jin. Du Nufu, Si Chen, Wei Pian and Si Qi fled to Song.

子孔當國，為載書，以位序，聽政闢。大夫、諸司、門子弗順，將誅之。子產止之，請為之焚書。子孔不可，曰：“為書以定國，眾怒而焚之，是眾為政也，國不亦難乎？”子產曰：“眾怒難犯，專欲難成，合二難以安國，危之道也。不如焚書以安眾，子得所欲，眾亦得安，不亦可乎？專欲無成，犯眾興禍，子必從之。”乃焚書於倉門之外，眾而後定。

Zikong took charge of state affairs, drafted a covenant text, set out the order of rank, and had them obey the ruler's laws. The grandees, the various officials and the sons of the gate did not comply, and Zikong was about to execute them. Zichan stopped him and asked to burn the covenant text for him. Zikong did not agree, saying: “I drafted the document to bring peace to the state, and if I burn it because the multitude is angry, this is government by the multitude; will it not also be hard for the state?” Zichan said: “The anger of the multitude cannot be offended, and the desire for sole power is hard to achieve; to combine two difficult things in order to bring peace to the state is a dangerous road. It is better to burn the document and calm the multitude; you will get what you want, and the multitude can also be calmed; would that not also be acceptable? The desire for sole power cannot succeed; offending the multitude raises up disaster, so you must listen.” So he burned the document outside the Granary Gate, and the multitude was then calm.

諸侯之師城虎牢而戍之。晉師城梧及制，士魴、魏絳戍之。書曰“戍鄭虎牢”，非鄭地也，言將歸焉。鄭及晉平。楚子囊救鄭。十一月，諸侯之師還鄭而南，至於陽陵，楚師不退。知武子欲退，曰：“今我逃楚，楚必驕，驕則可與戰矣。”

The armies of the lords fortified and garrisoned Hulao. The army of Jin built Wu and Zhi, garrisoned by Shi Fang and Wei Jiang. The Annals records “garrisoned Hulao of Zheng,” which was already no longer Zheng's land at that time, meaning that it would be returned. Zheng made peace with Jin. Zinang of Chu rescued Zheng. In the eleventh month, the armies of the lords went around the Zheng capital to the south and reached Yangling, but the Chu army did not withdraw. Zhi Wuzi wanted to withdraw, saying: “If we now avoid Chu, Chu will surely become arrogant, and once it is arrogant we can fight it.”

欒黶曰：“逃楚，晉之恥也。合諸侯以益恥，不如死！我將獨進。”師遂進。己亥，與楚師夾潁而軍。子矯曰：“諸侯既有成行，必不戰矣。從之將退，不從亦退。退，楚必圍我。猶將退也。不如從楚，亦以退之。”宵涉潁，與楚人盟。欒黶欲伐鄭師，荀罃不可，曰：“我實不能御楚，又不能庇鄭，鄭何罪？不如致怨焉而還。今伐其師，楚必救之，戰而不克，為諸侯笑。克不可命，不如還也！”丁未，諸侯之師還，侵鄭北鄙而歸。楚人亦還。

Luan Yan said: “To avoid Chu is a disgrace for Jin. To assemble the lords and add to the disgrace, it is better to die! I will advance alone.” The army then advanced. On the day jihai, they encamped across the Ying River from the Chu army. Zijiao said: “The lords already have the ranks for going back and surely will not fight. If we obey them they will withdraw, and if we do not obey they will also withdraw. Once they withdraw, Chu will surely besiege us. Since they are going to withdraw anyway, it is better to follow Chu and use that to make them withdraw.” In the night they crossed the Ying River and made a covenant with the men of Chu. (The base text's “Zi Jiao” in another character form is Zijiao.) Luan Yan wanted to attack the Zheng army, but Xun Ying did not agree, saying: “We truly cannot resist Chu and also cannot protect Zheng; what crime has Zheng committed? It is better to send them the resentment and go back. If we attack their army now, Chu will surely rescue them, and if we fight and cannot win, the lords will laugh at us. Victory cannot be assured, so it is better to go back!” On the day dingwei, the armies of the lords went back, raided the northern border of Zheng and returned. The men of Chu also went back.

王叔陳生與伯輿爭政。王右伯輿，王叔陳生怒而出奔。及河，王復之，殺史狡以說焉。不入，遂處之。晉侯使士匄平王室，王叔與伯輿訟焉。王叔之宰與伯輿之大夫瑕禽坐獄於王庭，士匄聽之。王叔之宰曰：“篳門閨竇之人而皆陵其上，其難為上矣！”瑕禽曰：“昔平王東遷，吾七姓從王，牲用備具。王賴之，而賜之騂旄之盟，曰：‘世世無失職。’若篳門閨竇，其能來東底乎？且王何賴焉？今自王叔之相也，政以賄成，而刑放於寵。官之師旅，不勝其富，吾能無篳門閨竇乎？唯大國圖之！下而無直，則何謂正矣？”範宣子曰：“天子所右，寡君亦右之。所左，亦左之。”使王叔氏與伯輿合要，王叔氏不能舉其契。王叔奔晉。

Wangshu Chensheng and Boyu contended for government. The Son of Heaven favored Boyu, and Wangshu Chensheng grew angry and left for another state. When he reached the Yellow River, the Son of Heaven had him return and killed Shi Jiao to explain. He did not enter the city and stayed there. The Marquis of Jin sent Shi Gai to mediate in the royal house, and Wangshu and Boyu contended in a lawsuit. Wangshu's steward and Boyu's grandee Xia Qin confronted each other in the royal court, and Shi Gai heard the case. Wangshu's steward said: “If people from brushwood gates and small doorways all ride above those above them, it will be hard to be those above!” Xia Qin said: “In the past, when King Ping moved east, we seven clans followed the Son of Heaven, and the sacrificial victims and goods were all provided. The Son of Heaven relied on us and gave us a covenant sealed with a red yak tail, saying: ‘Generation after generation you shall not lose your offices.’ If we were people of brushwood gates and small doorways, could we have come east and settled? Moreover, what does the Son of Heaven rely on? Now ever since Wangshu took charge of government, affairs are settled by bribes and punishments are left to the favorites. The troops of the officials are so rich that they cannot bear it; could we have no people of brushwood gates and small doorways? Please consider this, great state! If those below have no justification, what is there to say about what is right?” Fan Xuanzi said: “Whom the Son of Heaven favors, my lord also favors. Whom he does not favor, my lord does not favor either.” He had the Wangshu clan and Boyu confront each other over the wording of the agreement, and the Wangshu clan could not produce the contract. Wangshu fled to Jin.

不書，不告也。單靖公為卿士，以相王室。

The Annals does not record it, because no notice was given. Duke Jing of Shan served as minister of state and assisted the royal house.

【經】十有一年春王正月，作三軍。夏四月，四卜郊，不從，乃不郊。鄭公孫舍之帥師侵宋。公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、齊世子光、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子伐鄭。秋七月己未，同盟於亳城北。公至自伐鄭。楚子、鄭伯伐宋。公會晉侯、宋公、衛侯、曹伯、齊世子光、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子伐鄭，會於蕭魚。公至自會。楚執鄭行人良霄。冬，秦人伐晉。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar, three armies were established. In summer, in the fourth month, a divination was made four times for the suburban sacrifice, and none was favorable, and so the suburban sacrifice was not held. Gongsun She Zhi of Zheng led an army to raid Song. Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, Guang, the heir of Qi, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhu in attacking Zheng. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day jiwei, they made a covenant together north of Bocheng. Duke Xiang returned from attacking Zheng. The Viscount of Chu and the Earl of Zheng attacked Song. Duke Xiang joined the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Cao, Guang, the heir of Qi, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi, and the Viscount of Little Zhu in attacking Zheng, and met at Xiaoyu. Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. Chu arrested Liang Xiao, the envoy of Zheng. In winter, the men of Qin attacked Jin.

【傳】十一年春，季武子將作三軍，告叔孫穆子曰：“請為三軍，各徵其軍。”

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, in spring, Ji Wuzi was about to establish three armies and told Shusun Muzi: “Let us establish three armies, each levying its own troops.”

穆子曰：“政將及子，子必不能。”武子固請之，穆子曰：“然則盟諸？”乃盟諸僖閎，詛諸五父之衢。

Muzi said: “Government will fall into your hands, and you will surely not be able to bear it.” Wuzi insisted on the request, and Muzi said: “Then shall we make a covenant?” So they made a covenant at the gate of the temple of Duke Xi, and swore curses at the crossroads of Wufu.

正月，作三軍，三分公室而各有其一。三子各毀其乘。李氏使其乘之人，以其役邑入者，無徵；不入者，倍徵。孟氏使半為臣，若子若弟。叔孫氏使盡為臣，不然，不捨。

In the first month, the three armies were established, and the ducal house was divided into three parts, each family taking one. The three families each demolished the private chariots of their own dependents. The Ji clan told those on their chariots that those who came with the cities that provided their service would pay no tax, and those who did not would pay double. (The base text's “Li clan” is the Ji clan.) The Meng clan made half of them its vassals, either the sons or the younger brothers. The Shusun clan made all of them vassals, or else did not incorporate them.

鄭人患晉、楚之故，諸大夫曰：“不從晉，國幾亡。楚弱於晉，晉不吾疾也。

The men of Zheng were worried about Jin and Chu, and the grandees said: “If we do not follow Jin, the state will nearly perish. Chu is weaker than Jin, and Jin is not pressing us.

晉疾，楚將闢之。何為而使晉師致死於我，楚弗敢敵，而後可固與也。”子展曰：“與宋為惡，諸侯必至，吾從之盟。楚師至，吾又從之，則晉怒甚矣。晉能驟來，楚將不能，吾乃固與晉。”大夫說之，使疆埸之司惡於宋。宋向戌侵鄭，大獲。

(The grandees continued:) If Jin presses, Chu will give way. How can we make the army of Jin fight to the death for us, and Chu not dare to oppose it, so that we can then firmly attach ourselves?” Zizhan said: “If we make enemies with Song, the lords will surely come, and we follow them in making a covenant. When the Chu army arrives, we follow Chu again, and Jin's anger will be deep. Jin can come repeatedly, but Chu will not be able to, and so we shall firmly attach ourselves to Jin.” The grandees were pleased and had the border officials do evil to Song. Xiang Xu of Song raided Zheng and captured many prisoners.

子展曰：“師而伐宋可矣。若我伐宋，諸侯之伐我必疾，吾乃聽命焉，且告於楚。

Zizhan said: “It is enough to send troops to attack Song. If we attack Song, the lords will surely attack us urgently, and so we will accept the orders and also inform Chu.

楚師至，吾又與之盟，而重賂晉師，乃免矣。”夏，鄭子展侵宋。

(Zizhan continued:) When the Chu army arrives, we shall again make a covenant with it, and give heavy bribes to the army of Jin, and so we shall be spared.” In summer, Zizhan of Zheng raided Song.

四月，諸侯伐鄭。己亥，齊大子光、宋向戌先至於鄭，門於東門。其莫，晉荀罃至於西郊，東侵舊許。衛孫林父侵其北鄙。六月，諸侯會於北林，師於向，右還，次於瑣，圍鄭。觀兵於南門，西濟於濟隧。鄭人懼，乃行成。

In the fourth month, the lords attacked Zheng. On the day jihai, Crown Prince Guang of Qi and Xiang Xu of Song arrived at Zheng first and attacked the east gate. That evening, Xun Ying of Jin arrived at the western suburb and raided old Xu to the east. Sun Linfu of Wei raided the northern border. In the sixth month, the lords assembled at Beilin, encamped at Xiang, turned to the right and camped at Suo, and besieged Zheng. They reviewed the army at the south gate and crossed the Jisui to the west. The men of Zheng were afraid and then sought peace.

秋七月，同盟於亳。範宣子曰：“不慎，必失諸侯。諸侯道敝而無成，能無貳乎？”乃盟，載書曰：“凡我同盟，毋蘊年，毋壅利，毋保奸，毋留慝，救災患，恤禍亂，同好惡，獎王室。或間茲命，司慎司盟，名山名川，群神群祀，先王先公，七姓十二國之祖，明神殛之，俾失其民，隊命亡氏，踣其國家。”

In autumn, in the seventh month, they made a covenant together at Bo. Fan Xuanzi said: “If we are not careful, we will surely lose the lords. The lords are worn out on the road and have accomplished nothing; can they have no second thoughts?” So they made the covenant, and the text of the covenant said: “All of us in this covenant shall not hoard grain, shall not block profits, shall not shelter the treacherous, shall not conceal evildoers, shall aid those in distress, show sympathy for those in turmoil, share the same likes and dislikes, and support the royal house. If anyone violates this order, the Overseer of Caution, the Overseer of Covenants, the famous mountains and rivers, the many spirits and many sacrifices, the former kings and former dukes, and the ancestors of the seven surnames and twelve states shall slay him, cause him to lose his people, lose his life, destroy his clan, and overturn his state.”

楚子囊乞旅於秦，秦右大夫詹帥師從楚子，將以伐鄭。鄭伯逆之。丙子，伐宋。

Zinang of Chu asked Qin for troops, and the Right Grand Master Zhan of Qin led an army to follow the Viscount of Chu and was about to attack Zheng. The Earl of Zheng went to meet them. On the day bingzi, they attacked Song.

九月，諸侯悉師以復伐鄭。鄭人使良霄、大宰石如楚，告將服於晉，曰：“孤以社稷之故，不能懷君。君若能以玉帛綏晉，不然則武震以攝威之，孤之願也。”楚人執之，書曰“行人”，言使人也。諸侯之師觀兵於鄭東門，鄭人使王子伯駢行成。甲戌，晉趙武入盟鄭伯。冬十月丁亥，鄭子展出盟晉侯。十二月戊寅，會於蕭魚。庚辰，赦鄭囚，皆禮而歸之。納斥候，禁侵掠。晉侯使叔肸告於諸侯。公使臧孫紇對曰：“凡我同盟，小國有罪，大國致討，苟有以藉手，鮮不赦宥。寡君聞命矣。”鄭人賂晉侯以師悝、師觸、師蠲，廣車、軘車淳十五乘，甲兵備，凡兵車百乘，歌鐘二肆，及其鎛磐，女樂二八。

In the ninth month, the lords mobilized all their armies and attacked Zheng again. The men of Zheng sent Liang Xiao and the Grand Steward Shi to Chu to announce that they would submit to Jin, saying: “For the sake of the altars of the state, I cannot keep my longing for the king. If the king can pacify Jin with jade and silk, or else overawe it with military might, that is my wish.” The men of Chu arrested him; the Annals records “envoy,” meaning that he was a messenger. The armies of the lords reviewed their troops at the east gate of Zheng, and the men of Zheng sent Prince Bopian to seek peace. On the day jiaxu, Zhao Wu of Jin entered and made a covenant with the Earl of Zheng. In winter, in the tenth month, on the day dinghai, Zizhan of Zheng went out and made a covenant with the Marquis of Jin. In the twelfth month, on the day wuyin, they met at Xiaoyu. On the day gengchen, the captives of Zheng were pardoned and all sent back with ritual propriety. The scouts were recalled and raiding was forbidden. The Marquis of Jin sent Shu Xi to inform the lords. Duke Xiang sent Zang Sun He to reply: “For all of us in this covenant, if a small state has committed an offense and a great state attacks it, then if it has something to say, there are few cases in which it is not pardoned and forgiven. My lord has heard the command.” The men of Zheng sent as bribes to the Marquis of Jin Shi Kui, Shi Chu and Shi Juan, fifteen pairs of wide chariots and escort chariots, with armor and weapons complete, a hundred war chariots in all, two sets of singing bells with their large bells and stone chimes, and sixteen female musicians. (The base text's “Bo Pan” is Bo Qing.)

晉侯以樂之半賜魏絳，曰：“子教寡人和諸戎狄，以正諸華。八年之中，九合諸侯，如樂之和，無所不諧。請與子樂之。”辭曰：“夫和戎狄，國之福也；八年之中，九合諸侯，諸侯無慝，君之靈也，二三子之勞也，臣何力之有焉？抑臣願君安其樂而思其終也！《詩》曰：‘樂只君子，殿天子之邦。樂只君子，福祿攸同。便蕃左右，亦是帥從。’夫樂以安德，義以處之，禮以行之，信以守之，仁以厲之，而後可以殿邦國，同福祿，來遠人，所謂樂也。《書》曰：‘居安思危。’思則有備，有備無患，敢以此規。”公曰：“子之教，敢不承命。抑微子，寡人無以待戎，不能濟河。夫賞，國之典也，藏在盟府，不可廢也，子其受之！”魏絳於是乎始有金石之樂，禮也。

The Marquis of Jin gave half of the musical instruments to Wei Jiang, saying: “You taught me to make peace with the Rong and Di and so to set the Chinese states in order. In eight years, I assembled the lords nine times, as harmonious as music with nothing out of tune. Please share this with me.” Wei Jiang declined, saying: “Making peace with the Rong and Di is the state's blessing; in eight years, assembling the lords nine times with no wickedness among the lords is due to your majesty's awesome power and the labor of several of your officials; what strength does your servant have? I only hope that you will be at ease in joy and think of the end! The Odes say: ‘Joyful is the gentleman, who pacifies the states of the Son of Heaven. Joyful is the gentleman, with whom blessings and emoluments are shared. Those on the left and right are pacified and also follow.’ Music is used to settle conduct, righteousness to conduct oneself, ritual to carry things out, good faith to guard, and benevolence to refine; only then can one pacify the states, share blessings and emoluments, and draw in those from afar, which is what is called music. The Book of Documents says: ‘Dwelling in peace, think of danger.’ If one thinks of it, one prepares; if one prepares, there is no calamity. I venture to use this to remonstrate.” The Marquis of Jin said: “Your instruction, how dare I not accept it. But without you, I would have had no way to deal with the Rong and could not have crossed the Yellow River. Rewards are the state's regular institution, kept in the covenant archive, and cannot be abolished; please accept!” From this time Wei Jiang began to have the music of metal and stone, which accorded with ritual propriety.

秦庶長鮑、庶長武帥師伐晉以救鄭。鮑先入晉地，士魴御之，少秦師而弗設備。壬午，武濟自輔氏，與鮑交伐晉師。己丑，秦、晉戰於櫟，晉師敗績，易秦故也。

Shuzhang Bao and Shuzhang Wu of Qin led an army to attack Jin to relieve Zheng. Bao entered Jin's territory first, and Shi Fang resisted him but, thinking the Qin army few, set up no defenses. On the day renwu, Wu crossed the river from Fushi and attacked the Jin army alternately with Bao. On the day jichou, Qin and Jin fought at Li, and the Jin army was greatly defeated, because of their contempt for Qin.

【經】十有二年春王二月，莒人伐我東鄙，圍臺。季孫宿帥師救臺，遂入鄆。

[Classic] In the twelfth year, in spring, in the second month by the Zhou king's calendar, the men of Ju attacked our eastern border and besieged Tai. Ji Sunsu led an army to rescue Tai, and then entered Yun.

夏，晉侯使士魴來聘。秋九月，吳子乘卒。冬，楚公子貞帥師侵宋。公如晉。

In summer, the Marquis of Jin sent Shi Fang on a diplomatic visit. In autumn, in the ninth month, Cheng, Viscount of Wu, died. In winter, Prince Zhen of Chu led an army to raid Song. Duke Xiang went to Jin.

【傳】十二年春，莒人伐我東鄙，圍臺。季武子救臺，遂入鄆，取其鍾以為公盤。

[Commentary] In the twelfth year, in spring, the men of Ju attacked our eastern border and besieged Tai. Ji Wuzi relieved Tai, and so entered Yun and took its bell to make a basin for the ducal house.

夏，晉士魴來聘，且拜師。

In summer, Shi Fang of Jin came on a diplomatic visit and also thanked us for sending troops.

秋，吳子壽夢卒。臨於周廟，禮也。凡諸侯之喪，異姓臨於外，同姓於宗廟，同宗於祖廟，同族於禰廟。是故魯為諸姬，臨於周廟。為邢、凡、蔣、茅、胙、祭臨於周公之廟。

In autumn, Shoumeng, Viscount of Wu, died. Lu mourned at the temple of Zhou, which accorded with ritual. For the funeral of any lord, those of a different surname mourn outside the city wall, those of the same surname at the ancestral temple, those of the same lineage at the temple of the ancestors, and those of the same clan at the father's temple. Therefore Lu mourns for the various Ji-surnamed lords at the temple of Zhou, and for Xing, Fan, Jiang, Mao, Zuo and Zhai at the temple of the Duke of Zhou.

冬，楚子囊、秦庶長無地伐宋，師於揚梁，以報晉之取鄭也。

In winter, Zi Nang of Chu and the senior minister Wudi of Qin attacked Song and camped at Yangliang, to repay Jin for obtaining Zheng.

靈王求後於齊。齊侯問對於晏桓子，桓子對曰：“先王之禮辭有之，天子求後於諸侯，諸侯對曰：‘夫婦所生若而人。妾婦之子若而人。’無女而有姊妹及姑姊妹，則曰：‘先守某公之遺女若而人。’”齊侯許昏，王使陰裡逆之。

King Ling asked Qi for a queen. The Marquis of Qi asked Yan Huanzi for the proper reply, and Huanzi answered: "The ritual language of the former kings runs thus: when the Son of Heaven seeks a queen from a lord, the lord replies: 'Those born of the principal wife are so many; sons of concubines are so many.' If there is no daughter but there are sisters or father's sisters, he says: 'The daughters left by the former ruler, Duke so-and-so, are so many.'" The Marquis of Qi agreed to the marriage, and the Son of Heaven sent Yin Li to welcome her.

公如晉，朝，且拜士魴之辱，禮也。

Duke Xiang went to Jin, had an audience, and also thanked Shi Fang for his condescension in visiting, which accorded with ritual.

秦嬴歸於楚。楚司馬子庚聘於秦，為夫人寧，禮也。

Ying of Qin was married to Chu. Zi Geng, the Minister of War of Chu, went to Qin on a diplomatic visit, to inquire after the lady on her return to her parents' home, which accorded with ritual.

【經】十有三年春，公至自晉。夏，取邿。秋九月庚辰，楚子審卒。冬，城防。

[Classic] In the thirteenth year, in spring, Duke Xiang returned from Jin. In summer, Shi was taken. In autumn, in the ninth month, on gengchen, Shen, Viscount of Chu, died. In winter, the city wall of Fang was built.

【傳】十三年春，公至自晉，孟獻子書勞於廟，禮也。

[Commentary] In the thirteenth year, in spring, Duke Xiang returned from Jin, and Meng Xianzi recorded the merits in the temple, which accorded with ritual.

夏，邿亂，分為三。師救邿，遂取之。凡書“取”，言易也。用大師焉曰“滅”。弗地曰“入”。

In summer, Shi fell into internal disorder and split into three parts. Our army rescued Shi and so took it. Whenever the Spring and Autumn Annals records "took," it means it was easy. Using a great army is called "destroyed." Not holding the land is called "entered."

荀罃、士魴卒。晉侯蒐於綿上以治兵，使士匄將中軍，辭曰：“伯遊長。昔臣習於知伯，是以佐之，非能賢也。請從伯遊。”荀偃將中軍，士匄佐之。使韓起將上軍，辭以趙武。又使欒黶，辭曰：“臣不如韓起。韓起願上趙武，君其聽之！”使趙武將上軍，韓起佐之。欒黶將下軍，魏絳佐之。新軍無帥，晉侯難其人，使其什吏，率其卒乘官屬，以從於下軍，禮也。晉國之民，是以大和，諸侯遂睦。君子曰：“讓，禮之主也。範宣子讓，其下皆讓。欒黶為汰，弗敢違也。

Xun Ying and Shi Fang died. The Marquis of Jin held a great review at Mianshang to drill the troops and had Shi Gai command the central army, but he declined, saying: "Boyou is senior. Formerly your servant was familiar with Zhi Bo and so assisted him, not because I was worthy. Please follow Boyou." Xun Yan commanded the central army with Shi Gai as assistant. He had Han Qi command the upper army, but Han Qi yielded to Zhao Wu. He then asked Luan Yan, who declined, saying: "Your servant is not equal to Han Qi. Han Qi is willing to let Zhao Wu be above him; please grant it, my lord!" Zhao Wu was made commander of the upper army with Han Qi assisting. Luan Yan commanded the lower army with Wei Jiang assisting. The new army had no commander, and the Marquis of Jin found it hard to find a suitable man, so he had its ten officers lead the infantry, chariots and officials under them to follow the lower army, which accorded with ritual. The people of Jin were greatly at peace because of this, and the lords then also lived in harmony. The gentleman said: "Yielding is the chief of ritual. Fan Xuanzi yielded, and those below him all yielded. Luan Yan was arrogant, but did not dare to oppose it.

晉國以平，數世賴之。刑善也夫！一人刑善，百姓休和，可不務乎？《書》曰：‘一人有慶，兆民賴之，其寧惟永。’其是之謂乎？周之興也，其《詩》曰：‘儀刑文王，萬邦作孚。’言刑善也。及其衰也，其《詩》曰：‘大夫不均，我從事獨賢。’言不讓也。世之治也，君子尚能而讓其下，小人農力以事其上，是以上下有禮，而讒慝黜遠，由不爭也，謂之懿德。及其亂也，君子稱其功以加小人，小人伐其技以馮君子，是以上下無禮，亂虐並生，由爭善也，謂之昏德。國家之敝，恆必由之。”

(The gentleman continued:) Jin was secure because of this and relied on it for generations. This is the effect of modeling oneself on the good! When one man models himself on the good, the people are fine and harmonious; can one fail to strive for it? The Book of Documents says: 'When one man has goodness, the myriad people rely on him, and peace is long-lasting.' It surely refers to this. When Zhou rose, its Ode said: 'Take King Wen as model, and the ten thousand states will trust.' This means taking the good as model. When it declined, its Ode said: 'The grandees are not even; I alone do the work and am worthy.' This means not yielding. When the world is well governed, gentlemen esteem ability and yield to those below them, and petty men work hard at farming to serve those above, so that high and low have ritual, and slanderers and the wicked are driven far away because there is no contention; this is called admirable virtue. When it falls into disorder, gentlemen boast of their merits to overbear petty men, and petty men boast of their skills to overbear gentlemen, so that high and low have no ritual, and disorder and tyranny arise together because of contending in praising oneself as good; this is called benighted virtue. The ruin of a state commonly comes from this."

楚子疾，告大夫曰：“不穀不德，少主社稷，生十年而喪先君，未及習師保之教訓，而應受多福。是以不德，而亡師於鄢，以辱社稷，為大夫憂，其弘多矣。

The Viscount of Chu fell ill and told the grandees: "I, the Bugu, lack virtue; I took charge of the altars of the state when young, lost my father the former ruler at ten, and had no time to become familiar with the instruction of tutors and guardians before I received so many blessings. Because of my lack of virtue, I lost the army at Yanling and disgraced the altars of the state, which has become a great worry to you grandees.

若以大夫之靈，獲保首領以歿於地，唯是春秋窀穸之事，所以從先君於禰廟者，請為‘靈’若‘厲’。大夫擇焉！”莫對。及五命乃許。

(The Viscount of Chu continued:) If, relying on your majesty, I can keep my head and die on the ground, then for the matter of burial in spring and autumn, by which I follow the former rulers in the father's temple, please use the posthumous name 'Ling' or 'Li.' You grandees choose." No one answered. Only after he gave the order five times did they agree.

秋，楚共王卒。子囊謀諡。大夫曰：“君有命矣。”子囊曰：“君命以共，若之何毀之？赫赫楚國，而君臨之，撫有蠻夷，奄征南海，以屬諸夏，而知其過，可不謂共乎？請諡之‘共’。”大夫從之。

In autumn, King Gong of Chu died. Zi Nang discussed the posthumous name. The grandees said: "The ruler already gave an order." Zi Nang said: "The ruler's order used 'Gong'; why spoil it? Chu is mighty, and the ruler governed it, pacified the barbarians, campaigned widely in the Southern Sea, and brought the Xia states under allegiance, yet he knew his own faults; can this not be called 'Gong'? Please give the posthumous name 'Gong.'" The grandees agreed.

吳侵楚，養由基奔命，子庚以師繼之。養叔曰：“吳乘我喪，謂我不能師也，必易我而不戒。子為三覆以待我，我請誘之。”子庚從之。戰於庸浦，大敗吳師，獲公子黨。君子以吳為不弔。《詩》曰：“不弔昊天，亂靡有定。”

Wu raided Chu, and Yang Youji rushed to the rescue, and Zi Geng brought up the army to join him. Yang Shu said: "Wu takes advantage of our mourning, thinking we cannot send out troops, and will surely despise us and be off guard. Set three ambushes to await me, and I ask to lure them." Zi Geng followed this. They fought at Yongpu and badly defeated the Wu army, capturing Prince Dang. The gentleman considered that Wu was not good at condolence. The Odes say: "The Heaven not good at condolence, disorder has no peace."

冬，城防，書事，時也。於是將早城，臧武仲請俟畢農事，禮也。

In winter, the city wall of Fang was built; the Spring and Autumn Annals records this because it accorded with the season. At that time they had planned to build the wall earlier, but Zang Wuzhong asked to wait until the farm work was finished, which accorded with ritual.

鄭良霄、大宰石猶在楚。石言於子囊曰：“先王卜征五年，而歲習其祥，祥習則行，不習則增修德而改卜。今楚實不競，行人何罪？止鄭一卿，以除其逼，使睦而疾楚，以固於晉，焉用之？使歸而廢其使，怨其君以疾其大夫，而相牽引也，不猶愈乎？”楚人歸之。

Liang Xiao and the Grand Steward Shi Huan of Zheng were in Chu. Shi said to Zi Nang: "The former kings divined for five years about a campaign, with auspicious results repeating each year; only when the auspiciousness repeated did they go out, and if not, they increased their virtue and divined again separately. Now Chu truly cannot contend for victory; what offense has an envoy committed? If you detain a minister of Zheng to remove their pressure, and Zheng is made to be friendly yet hate Chu and so cling more closely to Jin, what use is it? If you let him go back and his mission is abandoned, he will resent his ruler and hate his grandees, and they will hold each other in check; would that not be better?" The men of Chu let them go back.

【經】十有四年春王正月，季孫宿、叔老會晉士匄、齊人、宋人、衛人、鄭公孫蠆、曹人、莒人、邾人、滕人、薛人、杞人、小邾人會吳於向。二月乙朔，日有食之。夏四月，叔孫豹會晉荀偃、齊人、宋人、衛北宮括、鄭公孫蠆、曹人、莒人、邾人、滕人、薛人、杞人、小邾人伐秦。己未，衛侯出奔齊。莒人侵我東鄙。秋，楚公子貞帥師伐吳。冬，季孫宿會晉士匄、宋華閱、衛孫林父、鄭公孫蠆、莒人、邾人於戚。

[Classic] In the fourteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou king's calendar, Ji Sunsu and Shu Lao, with Shi Gai of Jin, the men of Qi, Song and Wei, Gongsun Chai of Zheng, the men of Cao, Ju, Zhu, Teng, Xue, Qi and Little Zhu, met with Wu at Xiang. In the second month, on the first day, there was an eclipse of the sun. (The base text lacks the day stem here and it is not supplied.) In summer, in the fourth month, Shu Sun Bao, with Xun Yan of Jin, the men of Qi, Song, Bei Gong Kuo of Wei, Gongsun Chai of Zheng, and the men of Cao, Ju, Zhu, Teng, Xue, Qi and Little Zhu, attacked Qin. On jiwei, the Marquis of Wei fled to Qi. The men of Ju raided our eastern border. In autumn, Prince Zhen of Chu led an army to attack Wu. In winter, Ji Sunsu met at Qi with Shi Gai of Jin, Hua Yue of Song, Sun Linfu of Wei, Gongsun Chai of Zheng and the men of Ju and Zhu.