Duke Zhao (First to Thirty-second Year)

費來如歸，南氏亡矣，民將叛之，誰與居邑？若憚之以威，懼之以怒，民疾而叛，為之聚也。若諸侯皆然，費人無歸，不親南氏，將焉入矣？”平子從之，費人叛南氏。

When the men of Fei come, it will be like coming home, and the Nan clan will perish; the people will turn against him, and who will live in the city with him? If you use might to make them afraid and anger to make them fear, the people will hate you and rebel, which only gathers them for him. If all the lords do likewise, the men of Fei will have nowhere to go, will not cling to the Nan clan, and where will they enter?" Pingzi followed this advice, and the men of Fei turned against the Nan clan.

楚子之為令尹也，殺大司馬薳掩而取其室。及即位，奪薳居田；遷許而質許圍。蔡洧有寵於王，王之滅蔡也，其父死焉，王使與於守而行。申之會，越大夫戮焉。王奪鬥韋龜中犨，又奪成然邑而使為郊尹。蔓成然故事蔡公，故薳氏之族及薳居、許圍、蔡洧、蔓成然，皆王所不禮也。因群喪職之族，啟越大夫常壽過作亂，圍固城，克息舟，城而居之。

When the Viscount of Chu was chief minister, he killed the Grand Minister of War Wei Yan and took his household. When he took the throne, he seized the fields of Wei Ju; moved Xu and took Xu Wei as hostage. Cai Wei was favored by the King; when the King destroyed Cai, Cai Wei's father died there, and the King had him take part in the guard and then go out. At the meeting at Shen, a grandee of Yue was killed. The King took Zhongchou from Dou Weigui, and also seized the city of Chengran and made him magistrate of the suburbs. Man Chengran had formerly served the Duke of Cai, so the Wei clan, and Wei Ju, Xu Wei, Cai Wei and Man Chengran were all people whom the King did not treat with ritual. Relying on a group of clans that had lost their positions, they incited the Yue grandee Changshou Guo to rebel, besieged Gucheng, took Xizhou, and built a wall and settled there.

觀起之死也，其子從在蔡，事朝吳，曰：“今不封蔡，蔡不封矣。我請試之。”

When Guan Qi died, his son was following in Cai and served Chao Wu, saying: "If we do not enfeoff Cai now, Cai can never be enfeoffed. I ask to try."

以蔡公之命召子幹、子皙，及郊，而告之情，強與之盟，入襲蔡。蔡公將食，見之而逃。觀從使子幹食，坎，用牲，加書，而速行。己徇於蔡曰：“蔡公召二子，將納之，與之盟而遣之矣，將師而從之。”蔡人聚，將執之。辭曰：“失賊成軍，而殺餘，何益？”乃釋之。朝吳曰：“二三子若能死亡，則如違之，以待所濟。

Using the Duke of Cai's order he summoned Zi Gan and Zi Xi, and when they reached the outskirts he told them the real situation, forced them to make a covenant with him, and entered to attack Cai. The Duke of Cai was about to eat, and fled on seeing them. Guan Cong had Zi Gan eat, dug a pit, used sacrificial animals, added the text, and hurried off. He himself went around among the men of Cai, saying: "The Duke of Cai summoned these two gentlemen and was about to send them in; after making a covenant with them he sent them off, and he will lead the army to follow." The men of Cai gathered and were about to seize him. He excused himself, saying: "If you lose the rebels and so make up an army, what is the benefit of killing me?" So he was released. Chao Wu said: "If you gentlemen are willing to die, then resist and wait for the outcome.

若求安定，則如與之，以濟所欲。且違上，何適而可？”眾曰：“與之。”乃奉蔡公，召二子而盟於鄧，依陳、蔡人以國。楚公子比、公子黑肱、公子棄疾、蔓成然、蔡朝吳帥陳、蔡、不羹、許、葉之師，因四族之徒，以入楚。及郊，陳、蔡欲為名，故請為武軍。蔡公知之曰：“欲速。且役病矣，請藩而已。”乃藩為軍。蔡公使須務牟與史卑先入，因正僕人殺大子祿及公子罷敵。公子比為王，公子黑肱為令尹，次於魚陂。公子棄疾為司馬，先除王宮。使觀從從師於乾溪，而遂告之，且曰：“先歸復所，後者劓。”師及訾梁而潰。

If you seek peace, take part, to achieve what you want. Besides, to resist those above, where would it be fitting?" The crowd said: "We will take part." So they carried the Duke of Cai, summoned the two gentlemen to make a covenant at Deng, and relied on the men of Chen and Cai to found a state. Prince Bi of Chu, Prince Heigong, Prince Qiji, Man Chengran and Chao Wu of Cai led the armies of Chen, Cai, Bugeng, Xu and Ye, and relying on the followers of four clans entered Chu. When they reached the outskirts, Chen and Cai wanted to seek fame and so asked to be the vanguard army. The Duke of Cai knew this and said: "We want speed. Besides, the laborers are weary and sick; let us only set up hedges." So they used hedges as a camp. The Duke of Cai sent Xu Wumou and Shi Bei in first, relying on the chief attendant to kill Crown Prince Lu and Prince Pidi. Prince Bi became king and Prince Heigong became chief minister, and they camped at Yubei. Prince Qiji became Minister of War and first cleared the royal palace. They sent Guan Cong to Ganqi to follow the army, to inform them, and to say: "Those who go back first will recover their dwellings, and those who arrive later will have their noses cut off." When the army reached Ziliang, it scattered.

王聞群公子之死也，自投於車下，曰：“人之愛其子也，亦如餘乎？”侍者曰：“甚焉。小人老而無子，知擠於溝壑矣。”王曰：“餘殺人子多矣，能無及此乎？”右尹子革曰：“請待於郊，以聽國人。”王曰：“眾怒不可犯也。”曰：“若入於大都而乞師於諸侯。”王曰：“皆叛矣。”曰：“若亡於諸侯，以聽大國之圖君也。”王曰：“大福不再，只取辱焉。”然丹乃歸於楚。王沿夏，將欲入鄢。芋尹無宇之子申亥曰：“吾父再奸王命，王弗誅，惠孰大焉？君不可忍，惠不可棄，吾其從王。”乃求王，遇諸棘圍以歸。夏五月癸亥，王縊於芋尹申亥氏。申亥以其二女殉而葬之。

The King heard of the deaths of the princes and threw himself down from the carriage, saying: "Do men love their sons as I do?" An attendant said: "More so. A petty man who is old and has no son knows he will be pushed into a ditch." The King said: "I have killed many men's sons; could I avoid coming to this?" Zi Ge, the Right Minister, said: "Please wait in the outskirts and listen to the people of the state." The King said: "The anger of the multitude cannot be offended." He said: "Then enter a great city and beg the lords for troops." The King said: "They have all rebelled." He said: "Then flee to the lords and listen to a great state's plans for Your Majesty." The King said: "Great good fortune does not come a second time; I would only bring disgrace upon myself." Ran Dan then returned to Chu. The King went along the Xia River, wishing to enter Yan. Shen Hai, son of Wu Yu, Master of Taro, said: "My father offended the king's command twice and the king did not execute him; is there any greater kindness than that? A ruler cannot be treated harshly and kindness cannot be abandoned, so I will follow the King." So he searched for the King and met him at Jiwei and brought him back. In summer, in the fifth month, on guihai, the King hanged himself at the house of Shen Hai, son of the Master of Taro. Shen Hai buried his two daughters with him.

觀從謂子幹曰：“不殺棄疾，雖得國，猶受禍也。”子幹曰：“餘不忍也。”

Guan Cong said to Zi Gan: "If you do not kill Qiji, even if you obtain the state you will still suffer disaster." Zi Gan said: "I cannot bear to."

子玉曰：“人將忍子，吾不忍俟也。”乃行。國每夜駭曰：“王入矣！”乙卯夜，棄疾使周走而呼曰：“王至矣！”國人大驚。使蔓成然走告子幹、子皙曰：“王至矣！國人殺君司馬，將來矣！君若早自圖也，可以無辱。眾怒如水火焉，不可為謀。”又有呼而走至者曰：“眾至矣！”二子皆自殺。丙辰，棄疾即位，名曰熊居。葬子幹於訾，實訾敖。殺囚，衣之王服而流諸漢，乃取而葬之，以靖國人。

Zi Yu said: "Others will bear to do it to you; I will bear to wait, and so on." So he left. Every night the state was in terror, saying: "The King has come in!" On the night of yimao, Qiji sent people running around calling out: "The King has arrived!" The people of the state were greatly alarmed. He sent Man Chengran running to tell Zi Gan and Zi Xi: "The King has arrived! The people of the state have killed Your Lordship's Minister of War and are about to come! If Your Lordship plans early for yourself, you may avoid disgrace. The anger of the multitude is like water and fire and cannot be planned against." Then others ran up shouting: "The crowd has arrived!" Both killed themselves. On bingchen, Qiji took the throne, named Xiong Ju. He buried Zi Gan at Zi, and he was truly Zi Ao. He killed a prisoner, dressed him in royal robes, floated him down the Han River, then fetched him and buried him, in order to calm the people of the state.

使子旗為令尹。

He made Ziqi chief minister.

楚師還自徐，吳人敗諸豫章，獲其五帥。

The Chu army returned from Xu, and the men of Wu defeated them at Yuzhang and captured five army commanders.

平王封陳、蔡，復遷邑，致群賂，施捨寬民，宥罪舉職。召觀從，王曰：“唯爾所欲。”對曰：“臣之先，佐開卜。”乃使為卜尹。使枝如子躬聘於鄭，且致犨、櫟之田。事畢，弗致。鄭人請曰：“聞諸道路，將命寡君以犨、櫟，敢請命。”對曰：“臣未聞命。”既復，王問犨、櫟。降服而對，曰：“臣過失命，未之致也。”王執其手，曰：“子毋勤。姑歸，不穀有事，其告子也。”他年芋尹申亥以王柩告，乃改葬之。

King Ping enfeoffed Chen and Cai, restored the cities that had been moved away, returned all kinds of bribes, gave generous relief and leniency to the people, pardoned offenses and promoted those with offices. He summoned Guan Cong, and the King said: "Only follow what you want." He replied: "My ancestors assisted in opening divination." So he made him Divination Minister. He sent Zhi Ruzi Gong on a diplomatic visit to Zheng, and also to return the fields of Chou and Li. When the task was done, he did not send them. The men of Zheng asked: "On the road we heard that Chou and Li are to be given to our ruler, and we dare to ask for the order." He replied: "I have heard no such order." He had already reported back, and the King asked about Chou and Li. He submitted and replied: "Your servant missed the order and did not deliver it." The King grasped his hand and said: "You need not trouble yourself. Go back for now, and if I have a matter I will tell you." Later Shen Hai, Master of Taro, reported the King's coffin, and it was reburied.

初，靈王卜，曰：“餘尚得天下。”不吉，投龜，詬天而呼曰：“是區區者而不餘畀，餘必自取之。”民患王之無厭也，故從亂如歸。

At first, King Ling asked for a divination, saying: "I still want to obtain the world." It was not auspicious. He threw away the tortoise shell, cursed Heaven and shouted: "You will not give me this little thing, so I will surely take it myself." The people suffered from the King's insatiability, and so they followed the rebellion like returning home.

初，共王無冢適，有寵子五人，無適立焉。乃大有事於群望，而祈曰：“請神擇於五人者，使主社稷。”乃遍以璧見於群望，曰：“當璧而拜者，神所立也，誰敢違之？”既，乃與巴姬密埋璧於大室之庭，使五人齊，而長入拜。康王跨之，靈王肘加焉，子幹、子皙皆遠之。平王弱，抱而入，再拜，皆厭紐。鬥韋龜屬成然焉，且曰：“棄禮違命，楚其危哉！”子幹歸，韓宣子問於叔向曰：“子幹其濟乎？”對曰：“難。”宣子曰：“同惡相求，如市賈焉，何難？”對曰：“無與同好，誰與同惡？取國有五難：有寵而無人，一也；有人而無主，二也；有主而無謀，三也；有謀而無民，四也；有民而無德，五也。子幹在晉十三年矣，晉、楚之從，不聞達者，可謂無人。族盡親叛，可謂無主。無釁而動，可謂無謀。為羈終世，可謂無民。亡無愛徵，可謂無德。王虐而不忌，楚君子幹，涉五難以弒舊君，誰能濟之？有楚國者，其棄疾乎！君陳、蔡，城外屬焉。苛慝不作，盜賊伏隱，私慾不違，民無怨心。先神命之。國民信之，羋姓有亂，必季實立，楚之常也。獲神，一也；有民，二也；令德，三也；寵貴，四也；居常，五也。有五利以去五難，誰能害之？子幹之官，則右尹也。數其貴寵，則庶子也。以神所命，則又遠之。其貴亡矣，其寵棄矣，民無懷焉，國無與焉，將何以立？”宣子曰：“齊桓、晉文，不亦是乎？”對曰：“齊桓，衛姬之子也，有寵於僖。有鮑叔牙、賓須無、隰朋以為輔佐，有莒、衛以為外主，有國、高以為內主。從善如流，下善齊肅，不藏賄，不從欲，施捨不倦，求善不厭，是以有國，不亦宜乎？我先君文公，狐季姬之子也，有寵於獻。

At first, King Gong had no legitimate eldest son but had five favored sons, none suitable to be installed. So he made great sacrifices to the various mountains and rivers and prayed: "I ask the spirits to choose from among the five and have him preside over the altars of the state." Then he presented jade discs to all the mountains and rivers, saying: "The one who bows facing the disc is the one the spirits have set up; who would dare to resist?" Later, he and Ba Ji secretly buried a disc in the courtyard of the great chamber, had the five fast and enter in order of age to bow. King Kang stepped over it, King Ling's elbow touched it, and Zi Gan and Zi Xi were both far away. King Ping was small and was carried in, and he bowed twice, both times pressing on the knob. Dou Weigui entrusted Chengran to him, and said: "To abandon ritual and defy the command, Chu is probably in danger!" Zi Gan went back, and Han Xuanzi asked Shuxiang: "Will Zi Gan probably succeed?" He replied: "It will be hard." Xuanzi said: "Those who hate the same thing seek each other, like merchants in the market; what is hard about it?" He replied: "Without shared likes, who would share hates with him? There are five difficulties in taking a state: to have favor but no men is the first; to have men but no master is the second; to have a master but no plan is the third; to have a plan but no people is the fourth; to have people but no virtue is the fifth. Zi Gan has been in Jin thirteen years, and among followers from Jin and Chu none has been heard of as capable, so he can be said to have no men. His clan is gone and his kin have rebelled, so he can be said to have no master. He moved without a gap, so he can be said to have no plan. He has been a sojourner his whole life, so he can be said to have no people. In flight he has no sign of being loved, so he can be said to have no virtue. The King was cruel but not afraid, and the state of Chu took Zi Gan as a gentleman; having gone through the five difficulties to murder the former ruler, who can succeed? The one who will hold Chu is probably Qiji! As ruler of Chen and Cai, the lands outside the city belong to him. He has not shown harshness or wickedness, robbers lie hidden, his private desires do not go against the right, and the people have no resentment. He was first named by the spirits. The state trusts him, and when the Mi clan has disorder, it is always the youngest son who is installed, which is the constant principle of Chu. To obtain the spirits is the first, to have the people the second, fine virtue the third, honored favor the fourth, and holding the constant way the fifth. With five advantages removing five difficulties, who can harm him? Zi Gan's office was Right Minister. Counting his honored favor, he is a concubine's son. According to the spirits' command, he is far away. His honor is lost, his favor abandoned, the people do not think of him, there is no one in the state clinging to him; what will he rely on to be installed?" Xuanzi said: "Were Huan of Qi and Wen of Jin not like this?" He replied: "Huan of Qi was the son of Ji of Wei and was favored by Xi. He had Bao Shuya, Bin Xuwu and Xi Peng as assistants, Ju and Wei as outer masters, and Guo and Gao as inner masters. He followed the good like a flowing stream, was good and respectful to those below, did not hoard bribes, did not indulge his desires, was untiring in giving and never weary of seeking the good, and so he had the state; was it not fitting? Our former ruler Duke Wen was the son of Hu Jiji and was favored by Xian.

好學而不貳，生十七年，有士五人。有先大夫子餘、子犯以為腹心，有魏犨、賈佗以為股肱，有齊、宋、秦、楚以為外主，有欒、郤、狐、先以為內主。亡十九年，守志彌篤。惠、懷棄民，民從而與之。獻無異親，民無異望，天方相晉，將何以代文？此二君者，異於子幹。共有寵子，國有奧主。無施於民，無援於外，去晉而不送，歸楚而不逆，何以冀國？”晉成虒祁，諸侯朝而歸者皆有貳心。為取郠故，晉將以諸侯來討。叔向曰：“諸侯不可以不示威。”乃並徵會，告於吳。秋，晉侯會吳子於良。水道不可，吳子辭，乃還。

He loved learning and had no divided heart, and in the seventeen years since he was born he had five officers. He had the former grandees Ziyu and Zifan as his confidants, Wei Chou and Jia Tuo as his right and left arms, Qi, Song, Qin and Chu as outer masters, and Luan, Xi, Hu and Xian as inner masters. In nineteen years of flight his resolve grew more steadfast. Dukes Hui and Huai abandoned the people, and the people followed and clung to him. Xian had no other kin, the people had no other hope, Heaven was helping Jin, and who would replace Wen? These two rulers are not like Zi Gan. King Gong had favored sons, and the state had a deeply hidden master. He has conferred nothing on the people, has no support abroad, no one saw him off when he left Jin, no one welcomed him on his return to Chu; on what grounds does he hope to obtain the state?" Jin completed the building of Siqi, and the lords who came to court and returned all had divided hearts. Because of the taking of Geng, Jin was about to lead the lords to punish us. Shuxiang said: "We cannot fail to show power to the lords." So they summoned them all together and informed Wu. In autumn, the Marquis of Jin met the Viscount of Wu at Liang. The waterway was not passable, and the Viscount of Wu declined, and so turned back.

七月丙寅，治兵於邾南，甲車四千乘，羊舌鮒攝司馬，遂合諸侯於平丘。子產、子大叔相鄭伯以會。子產以幄幕九張行。子大叔以四十，既而悔之，每舍，損焉。及會，亦如之。

In the seventh month, on bingyin, they drilled the troops south of Zhu with four thousand armored chariots, Yangshe Fu serving as acting Minister of War, and then assembled the lords at Pingqiu. Zichan and Zi Dashu assisted the Earl of Zheng to the meeting. Zichan went carrying nine tents. Zi Dashu took forty, then regretted it and reduced the number at each night's stop. By the time they reached the meeting, he had the same as Zichan.

次於衛地，叔鮒求貨於衛，淫芻蕘者。衛人使屠伯饋叔向羹，與一篋錦，曰：“諸侯事晉，未敢攜貳，況衛在君之宇下，而敢有異志？芻蕘者異於他日，敢請之。”叔向受羹反錦，曰：“晉有羊舌鮒者，瀆貨無厭，亦將及矣。為此役也，子若以君命賜之，其已。”客從之，未退，而禁之。

They camped in Wei territory, and Shuxiang's colleague Fu demanded goods from Wei and allowed the grass-cutters and woodcutters free rein. The men of Wei sent Tu Bo to bring Shuxiang soup together with a box of brocade, saying: "The lords serve Jin and dare not have a divided heart, and how much more Wei, which lives under Your Lordship's eaves, would dare to have a different intention? The grass-cutters and woodcutters are not as in former days, and I dare to ask for relief." Shuxiang accepted the soup and returned the brocade, saying: "Jin has Yangshe Fu, whose greed for goods is never satisfied and who will be here soon. For this campaign, if you give it to him on your ruler's behalf, it will probably stop." The guest followed this advice and had not yet withdrawn when it was prohibited.

晉人將尋盟，齊人不可。晉侯使叔向告劉獻公曰：“抑齊人不盟，若之何？”對曰：“盟以厎信。君苟有信，諸侯不貳，何患焉？告之以文辭，董之以武師，雖齊不許，君庸多矣。天子之老，請帥王賦，‘元戎十乘，以先啟行’，遲速唯君。”叔向告於齊，曰：“諸侯求盟，已在此矣。今君弗利，寡君以為請。”對曰：“諸侯討貳，則有尋盟。若皆用命，何盟之尋？”叔向曰：“國家之敗，有事而無業，事則不經。有業而無禮，經則不序。有禮而無威，序則不共。有威而不昭，共則不明。不明棄共，百事不終，所由傾覆也。是故明王之制，使諸侯歲聘以志業，間朝以講禮，再朝而會以示威，再會而盟以顯昭明。志業於好，講禮於等。示威於眾，昭明於神。自古以來，未之或失也。存亡之道，恆由是興。晉禮主盟，懼有不治。奉承齊犠，而布諸君，求終事也。君曰：‘餘必廢之，何齊之有？’唯君圖之，寡君聞命矣！”齊人懼，對曰：“小國言之，大國制之，敢不聽從？既聞命矣，敬共以往，遲速唯君。”叔向曰：“諸侯有間矣，不可以不示眾。”八月辛未，治兵，建而不旆。壬申，復旆之。諸侯畏之。

The men of Jin were about to renew the covenant, but the men of Qi did not agree. The Marquis of Jin sent Shuxiang to tell Duke Xian of Liu: "The men of Qi will not make a covenant; what shall we do?" He replied: "A covenant is used to establish good faith. If the ruler has good faith, the lords will have no divided heart, so what is there to worry about? Inform them with civil words and oversee them with a military force, and even if Qi does not agree, your merit will be great. The old minister of the Son of Heaven asks to lead the king's levy; 'ten chariots of the lead force, to open the way first,' fast or slow as you decide." Shuxiang told Qi: "The lords' request for a covenant is already here. Now you do not see it as beneficial, and our ruler therefore makes this request." They replied: "The lords punish those with divided hearts, and only then is there a renewed covenant. If all follow orders, what covenant is there to renew?" Shuxiang said: "The ruin of a state follows this course: where there are affairs but no occupation, affairs will not be regular. Where there is occupation but no ritual, regularity will have no order. Where there is ritual but no awe, order will not be respected. Where there is awe but no clarity, respect will not be understood. If it is not understood and respect is abandoned, the hundred affairs will not be completed, and overthrow comes from this. Therefore the system of the enlightened kings had the lords make annual diplomatic visits to remember their occupations, court at intervals to discuss ritual, assemble on a second visit to show awe, and covenant on a second assembly to show clarity. In friendship they remember their occupations, and within ranks they discuss ritual. To the multitude they show awe, and to the spirits they show clarity. Since antiquity this has not failed. The principle of survival and ruin has often arisen from this. Jin presides over the covenant with ritual, fearing it may not be well ordered. To present the complete sacrificial animals and display them to the lords is to seek to complete the affair. If you say: 'I will surely abolish it, so what is there to complete?' then I only ask that you plan; our ruler has heard your word!" The men of Qi were frightened and replied: "The small state speaks and the great state decides; how dare we not obey? We have heard the command and will go respectfully, fast or slow as you decide." Shuxiang said: "The lords have an opening now, and we cannot fail to show it to the multitude." In the eighth month, on xinwei, they drilled the troops, setting up the banners but not letting the pennants hang. On renshen, they let the pennants hang again. The lords were afraid.

邾人、莒人訁斥於晉曰：“魯朝夕伐我，幾亡矣。我之不共，魯故之以。”

The men of Zhu and Ju complained to Jin (the base text has a variant graph for the word complain) saying: "Lu attacks us morning and evening, and we are almost destroyed. We cannot supply what is asked, because of Lu."

晉侯不見公，使叔向來辭曰：“諸侯將以甲戌盟，寡君知不得事君矣，請君無勤。”

The Marquis of Jin would not see Duke Zhao and sent Shuxiang to decline, saying: "The lords will make a covenant on jiaxu; our ruler knows he cannot serve you, and asks that you not trouble yourself."

子服惠伯對曰：“君信蠻夷之訴，以絕兄弟之國，棄周公之後，亦唯君。寡君聞命矣。”叔向曰：“寡君有甲車四千乘在，雖以無道行之，必可畏也，況其率道，其何敵之有？牛雖瘠，僨於豚上，其畏不死？南蒯、子仲之憂，其庸可棄乎？若奉晉之眾，用諸侯之師，因邾、莒、杞、鄫之怒，以討魯罪，間其二憂，何求而弗克？”魯人懼，聽命。

Zifu Huibo replied: "Your lord listens to the complaints of barbarians to cut off a brother state and abandon the descendants of the Duke of Zhou, and that too is solely up to Your Lordship. Our ruler has heard the command." Shuxiang said: "Our ruler has four thousand armored chariots, and even if used against the Way, they would surely be awesome, how much more if following the Way; who can be a match? Even a thin ox lying on a piglet, would it not be afraid of dying? The troubles of Nan Kuai and Zizhong, can they be discarded? If we lead Jin's multitude, use the lords' armies, and rely on the anger of Zhu, Ju, Qi and Zeng to punish Lu's fault, taking advantage of those two troubles, what would we seek that could not be done?" The men of Lu were afraid and obeyed.

甲戌，同盟於平丘，齊服也。令諸侯日中造於除。癸酉，退朝。子產命外僕速張於除，子大叔止之，使待明日。及夕，子產聞其未張也，使速往，乃無所張矣。

On jiaxu, they made a covenant together at Pingqiu, with Qi submitting. He ordered the lords to go to the cleared ground at noon. On guiyou, the court was dismissed. Zichan ordered the outer servant to hurry to set up tents at the cleared ground, but Zi Dashu stopped him and had them wait until the next day. In the evening Zichan heard that they had not yet been set up and told them to go quickly, but there was no space left to set them up.

及盟，子產爭承，曰：“昔天子班貢，輕重以列，列尊貢重，周之制也。卑而貢重者，甸服也。鄭伯，男也，而使從公侯之貢，懼弗給也，敢以為請。諸侯靖兵，好以為事。行理之命，無月不至，貢之無藝，小國有闕，所以得罪也。諸侯修盟，存小國也。貢獻無及，亡可待也。存亡之制，將在今矣。”自日中以爭，至於昏，晉人許之。既盟，子大叔咎之曰：“諸侯若討，其可瀆乎？”子產曰：“晉政多門，貳偷之不暇，何暇討？國不競亦陵，何國之為？”公不與盟。晉人執季孫意如，以幕蒙之，使狄人守之。司鐸射懷錦，奉壺飲冰，以蒲伏焉。守者御之，乃與之錦而入。晉人以平子歸，子服湫從。

When the covenant was being made, Zichan argued about the grades of tribute, saying: "Formerly the Son of Heaven arranged tribute so that the weight followed rank, and the higher the rank the heavier the tribute, which is the system of Zhou. Those who are low in rank yet heavy in tribute are in the Dian zone. The Earl of Zheng is a baron, yet he is made to follow the tribute of dukes and marquises, and we fear we cannot supply it, and so dare to make this request. The lords have halted their troops, and do business in friendship. The commands of envoys never fail to come in a month, the tribute has no limit, and the small state has shortfalls and is therefore offended. The lords repair the covenant in order to preserve small states. If tribute arrives too late, destruction can be awaited. The system of survival and ruin will be decided today." He argued from noon until dusk, and the men of Jin allowed it. When the covenant had been made, Zi Dashu reproached him: "If the lords were to punish us, could we be so cavalier?" Zichan said: "The government of Jin has many doors; to have a divided heart and be perfunctory is already too much for them, so how would they have time to punish? If a state does not contend, it will also be bullied; what kind of state would that be?" Duke Zhao did not take part in the covenant. The men of Jin seized Ji Sun Yiru, covered him with a curtain and had the Di guard him. Sidu She hid brocade in his bosom, carried a pot of ice to drink, and crept toward him. The guards blocked him, but when he gave them the brocade they let him in. The men of Jin took Pingzi back with them, and Zifu Qiu followed.

子產歸，未至，聞子皮卒，哭，且曰：“吾已，無為為善矣，唯夫子知我。”

Zichan went back, and before arriving, heard that Zi Pi had died, wept, and said: "I am finished; there is no one with whom to do good, only the master understood me."

仲尼謂：“子產於是行也，足以為國基矣。《詩》曰：‘樂只君子，邦家之基。’子產，君子之求樂者也。”且曰：“合諸侯，藝貢事，禮也。”

Zhongni considered: "Zichan on this trip was enough to be the foundation of a state. The Odes say: 'Joyful is the gentleman, the foundation of the state.' Zichan is a gentleman who seeks joy." And he said: "To assemble the lords and fix the tribute is ritual."

鮮虞人聞晉師之悉起也，而不警邊，且不修備。晉荀吳自著雍以上軍侵鮮虞，及中人，驅沖競，大獲而歸。

The men of Xianyu heard that the Jin army had all set out but did not guard the border and did not prepare defenses. Xun Wu of Jin led the upper army from Zhuoyong to raid Xianyu, reached Zhongren, drove the assault chariots forward in competition and returned with a great haul.

楚之滅蔡也，靈王遷許、胡、沈、道、房、申於荊焉。平王即位，既封陳、蔡，而皆復之，禮也。隱大子之子廬歸於蔡，禮也。悼大子之子吳歸於陳，禮也。

When Chu destroyed Cai, King Ling moved Xu, Hu, Shen, Dao, Fang and Shen to Jing. When King Ping took the throne, he enfeoffed Chen and Cai and let them all go back, which accorded with ritual. Lu, son of Crown Prince Yin, returned to Cai, which accorded with ritual. Wu, son of Crown Prince Dao, returned to Chen, which accorded with ritual.

冬十月，葬蔡靈公，禮也。

In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Ling of Cai was buried, which accorded with ritual.

公如晉。荀吳謂韓宣子曰：“諸侯相朝，講舊好也，執其卿而朝其君，有不好焉，不如辭之。”乃使士景伯辭公於河。

Duke Zhao went to Jin. Xun Wu said to Han Xuanzi: "The lords visit one another to discuss old friendship, but to seize his minister and then receive his ruler would be unseemly; it is better to decline." So he sent Shi Jingbo to decline Duke Zhao at the bank of the Yellow River.

吳滅州來。令尹子期請伐吳，王弗許，曰：“吾未撫民人，未事鬼神，未修守備，未定國家，而用民力，敗不可悔。州來在吳，猶在楚也。子姑待之。”

Wu destroyed Zhoulai. The chief minister Ziqi asked to attack Wu, but the King did not allow it, saying: "I have not yet pacified the people, have not yet served the spirits, have not yet prepared defenses, and have not yet settled the state, and to use the people's strength, if I fail I cannot regret it. Zhoulai belongs to Wu now just as it did to Chu. You wait for now."

季孫猶在晉，子服惠伯私於中行穆子曰：“魯事晉，何以不如夷之小國？魯，兄弟也，土地猶大，所命能具。若為夷棄之，使事齊、楚，其何瘳於晉？親親，與大，賞共、罰否，所以為盟主也。子其圖之。諺曰：‘臣一主二。’吾豈無大國？”穆子告韓宣子，且曰：“楚滅陳、蔡，不能救，而為夷執親，將焉用之？”乃歸季孫。惠伯曰：“寡君未知其罪，合諸侯而執其老。若猶有罪，死命可也。

Ji Sun was still in Jin, and Zifu Huibo said privately to Zhonghang Muzi: "Lu serves Jin; in what way is it worse than the small barbarian states? Lu is a brother state and its land is still large, so what is commanded can be provided. If Lu is abandoned for the sake of the barbarians and made to serve Qi and Chu, what good does that do Jin? To be close to kin, to cling to the great, to reward those who provide and punish those who do not provide, is why you are head of the covenant. You should plan. The proverb says: 'A minister has one master, but two.' Do we not also have a great state?" Muzi told Han Xuanzi and said: "Chu destroyed Chen and Cai and we could not save them, yet we seize kin for the sake of barbarians; what is the use of that?" So he let Ji Sun return. Huibo said: "Our ruler does not know his offense, yet when the lords assembled you seized his old minister. If there is still guilt, to die by command would be acceptable.

若曰無罪而惠免之，諸侯不聞，是逃命也，何免之？為請從君惠於會。”宣子患之，謂叔向曰：“子能歸季孫乎？”對曰：“不能。鮒也能。”乃使叔魚。叔魚見季孫曰：“昔鮒也得罪於晉君，自歸於魯君。微武子之賜，不至於今。雖獲歸骨於晉，猶子則肉之，敢不盡情？歸子而不歸，鮒也聞諸吏，將為子除館於西河，其若之何？”且泣。平子懼，先歸。惠伯待禮。

If you say that there is no guilt and show kindness by pardoning him, the lords have not heard of this, and this is evading the command, so what pardon is it? I ask to follow Your Lordship's grace at the meeting." Xuanzi was troubled and said to Shuxiang: "Can you make Ji Sun return?" He replied: "I cannot. Fu can." So he sent Shuyu. Shuyu saw Ji Sun and said: "Formerly Fu offended the ruler of Jin and turned himself to the ruler of Lu. Without Wuzi's gift, I would not be here today. Even if I obtained burial of my bones in Jin, you would still be the one giving flesh to them; how dare I not do my utmost? You are being let go and yet you do not go; I heard from the officials that they will prepare a lodging for you in the Western River region; what will you do?" He also wept. Pingzi was frightened and went back first. Huibo waited for the ritual.

【經】十有四年春，意如至自晉。三月，曹伯滕卒。夏四月。秋，葬曹武公。

[Classic] In the fourteenth year, in spring, Yiru returned from Jin. In the third month, Teng, Earl of Cao, died. In summer, the fourth month. In autumn, Duke Wu of Cao was buried.

八月，莒子去疾卒。冬，莒殺其公子意恢。

In the eighth month, Quji, Viscount of Ju, died. In winter, Ju killed its Prince Yihui.

【傳】十四年春，意如至自晉，尊晉罪己也。尊晉、罪己，禮也。

[Commentary] In the fourteenth year, in spring, Yiru returned from Jin, showing respect to Jin and taking the blame on himself. To respect Jin and take the blame oneself accords with ritual.

南蒯之將叛也，盟費人。司徒老祁、慮癸偽廢疾，使請於南蒯曰：“臣願受盟而疾興，若以君靈不死，請待間而盟。”許之。二子因民之慾叛也，請朝眾而盟。遂劫南蒯曰：“群臣不忘其君，畏子以及今，三年聽命矣。子若弗圖，費人不忍其君，將不能畏子矣。子何所不逞欲？請送子。”請期五日。遂奔齊。侍飲酒於景公。公曰：“叛夫？”對曰：“臣欲張公室也。”子韓皙曰：“家臣而欲張公室，罪莫大焉。”司徒老祁、慮癸來歸費，齊侯使鮑文子致之。

Nan Kuai was about to rebel and made a covenant with the men of Fei. Lao Qi, Minister of the Masses, and Lü Gui feigned crippling illness and asked Nan Kuai: "We wish to accept the covenant, but our illness has flared up; if by your spirit's grace we do not die, please wait until we have a respite and then make the covenant." He agreed. The two, relying on the people to rebel, asked to see the crowd and make the covenant then. Then they seized Nan Kuai and said: "Your servants have not forgotten the ruler, and for fear of you have listened to your orders up to now, three years. If you do not plan well, the men of Fei cannot bear to act against the ruler and will no longer be able to fear you. Where could you not satisfy your desires? We ask to send you off." They asked for a delay of five days, and he fled to Qi. He attended Duke Jing at a drinking party. The Duke said: "A rebel?" He answered: "I wished to enlarge the ducal house." Zi Han Xi said: "A family retainer who wishes to enlarge the ducal house; there is no greater crime." Lao Qi and Lü Gui came to return Fei, and the Marquis of Qi sent Bao Wenzi to deliver it.

夏，楚子使然丹簡上國之兵於宗丘，且撫其民。分貧，振窮；長孤幼，養老疾，收介特，救災患，宥孤寡，赦罪戾；詰奸慝，舉淹滯；禮新，敘舊；祿勳，合親；任良，物官。使屈罷簡東國之兵於召陵，亦如之。好於邊疆，息民五年，而後用師，禮也。

In summer, the Viscount of Chu sent Ran Dan to review the troops of the upper states at Zongqiu and also to comfort the people. He gave to the poor and relieved the destitute; he nourished the young orphans and the old and sick, took in the unmarried, relieved disasters and calamities, spared widowers and widows and pardoned offenses; he questioned the wicked and promoted those held back; he treated newcomers with courtesy and employed old retainers; he gave salary to those with merit and gathered his kin; he employed the worthy and good and sought out officials. He sent Qu Ba to review the troops of the eastern states at Shaoling, doing the same. To be on friendly terms with the borders, let the people rest for five years, and then use the army accords with ritual.

秋八月，莒著丘公卒，郊公不戚。國人弗順，欲立著丘公之弟庚輿。蒲餘侯惡公子意恢而善於庚輿，郊公惡公子鐸而善於意恢。公子鐸因蒲餘侯而與之謀曰：“爾殺意恢，我出君而納庚輿。”許之。

In autumn, in the eighth month, Duke Zhuqiu of Ju died, and Duke Jiao showed no grief. The people of the state did not obey him and wished to set up Zhuqiu's younger brother Gengyu. The Marquis of Puyu hated Prince Yihui and was on good terms with Gengyu, while Duke Jiao hated Prince Duo and was on good terms with Yihui. Prince Duo, relying on the Marquis of Puyu, planned with him, saying: "You kill Yihui, and I will drive out the ruler and bring in Gengyu." He agreed.

楚令尹子旗有德於王，不知度。與養氏比，而求無厭。王患之。九月甲午，楚子殺鬥成然，而滅養氏之族。使鬥辛居鄖，以無忘舊勳。

Ziqi, the prime minister of Chu, had done kindness to the King and did not know measure. He colluded with the Yang clan, and his demands were never satisfied. The King was worried. In the ninth month, on the jiawu day, the Viscount of Chu killed Dou Chengran and destroyed the Yang clan. He sent Dou Xin to live in Yun, so as not to forget his old merit.

冬十二月，蒲餘侯茲夫殺莒公子意恢，郊公奔齊。公子鐸逆庚輿於齊。齊隰黨、公子鋤送之，有賂田。

In winter, in the twelfth month, Zifu, Marquis of Puyu, killed Prince Yihui of Ju, and Duke Jiao fled to Qi. Prince Duo welcomed Gengyu from Qi. Xi Dang and Prince Chu of Qi escorted him, with fields given as bribes.

晉邢侯與雍子爭賂田，久而無成。士景伯如楚，叔魚攝理，韓宣子命斷舊獄，罪在雍子。雍子納其女於叔魚，叔魚蔽罪邢侯。邢侯怒，殺叔魚與雍子於朝。宣子問其罪於叔向。叔向曰：“三人同罪，施生戮死可也。雍子自知其罪而賂以買直，鮒也鬻獄，刑侯專殺，其罪一也。己惡而掠美為昏，貪以敗官為墨，殺人不忌為賊。《夏書》曰：‘昏、墨、賊，殺。’皋陶之刑也。請從之。”乃施邢侯而屍雍子與叔魚於市。

Xing Hou of Jin and Yongzi contended over fields received as a bribe, and for a long time there was no result. Shi Jingbo went to Chu, Shu Yu acted as judge, and Han Xuanzi ordered the old case to be decided; the guilt lay with Yongzi. Yongzi gave his daughter to Shu Yu, and Shu Yu put the guilt on Xing Hou. Xing Hou became angry and killed Shu Yu and Yongzi in the court. Xuanzi asked Shu Xiang about their guilt. Shu Xiang said: "All three are equally guilty; kill the living one and expose the dead ones. Yongzi knew his own guilt yet bought a ruling of innocence with bribes; Fu (Shu Yu) sold judicial rulings; Xing Hou killed on his own authority; the guilt is the same. To be evil oneself yet seize a good name is hun; to be greedy and ruin one's official duty is mo; to kill without fear is zei. The Book of Xia says: 'For hun, mo and zei, death.' This is the punishment of Gao Yao. Please follow it." So Xing Hou was killed and the bodies of Yongzi and Shu Yu were exposed in the market.

仲尼曰：“叔向，古之遺直也。治國制刑，不隱於親，三數叔魚之惡，不為末減。曰義也夫，可謂直矣。平丘之會，數其賄也，以寬衛國，晉不為暴。歸魯季孫，稱其詐也，以寬魯國，晉不為虐。邢侯之獄，言其貪也，以正刑書，晉不為頗。三言而除三惡，加三利，殺親益榮，猶義也夫！”

Zhongni (Confucius) said: "Shu Xiang is the uprightness left over from antiquity. In governing the state and setting punishments, he did not shield his relatives, and three times he listed Shu Yu's evils without reducing them. One may call this righteousness, and call it upright. At the meeting at Pingqiu, he listed the greed for bribes of Shu Yu to treat Wei leniently, and Jin was not cruel. In letting Ji Sun of Lu return, he spoke of his deceit to treat Lu leniently, and Jin was not savage. In the case of Xing Hou, he spoke of his greed to correct the penal code, and Jin was not biased. With three sentences he removed three evils and added three benefits; killing his own kin brought him more honor, and still this was righteousness!"

【經】十有五年春王正月，吳子夷末卒。二月癸酉，有事於武宮。籥入，叔弓卒。去樂，卒事。夏，蔡朝吳出奔鄭。六月丁巳朔，日有食之。秋，晉荀吳帥師伐鮮虞。冬，公如晉。

[Classic] In the fifteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Yimo, Viscount of Wu, died. In the second month, on the guiyou day, there was a sacrifice in the Wu Temple. When the flute-dancers entered, Shu Gong died. The music was removed and the sacrifice was completed. In summer, Chao Wu of Cai fled to Zheng. In the sixth month, on the dingsi day, the first of the month, there was a solar eclipse. In autumn, Xun Wu of Jin led an army to attack Xianyu. In winter, Duke Zhao went to Jin.

【傳】十五年春，將禘於武公，戒百官。梓慎曰：“禘之日，其有咎乎！吾見赤黑之祲，非祭祥也，喪氛也。其在蒞事乎？”二月癸酉，禘，叔弓蒞事，籥入而卒。去樂，卒事，禮也。

[Commentary] In the fifteenth year, in spring, the di sacrifice was to be held at the temple of Duke Wu, and the hundred officials were warned. Zi Shen said: "On the day of the di sacrifice, there will probably be misfortune! I saw reddish-black inauspicious vapor, not an auspicious sign for a sacrifice but an omen of mourning. It will probably fall on someone presiding over the matter?" In the second month, on the guiyou day, the di sacrifice was held, Shu Gong presided over the matter, and when the flute-dancers entered, he died. The music was removed and the sacrifice completed, which accords with ritual.

楚費無極害朝吳之在蔡也，欲去之。乃謂之曰：“王唯信子，故處子於蔡。

Fei Wuji of Chu envied and wished to harm Chao Wu in Cai and wished to remove him. So he said to him: "The King trusts only you, and therefore placed you in Cai.

子亦長矣，而在下位，辱。必求之，吾助子請。”又謂其上之人曰：“王唯信吳，故處諸蔡，二三子莫之如也。而在其上，不亦難乎？弗圖，必及於難。”夏，蔡人遂朝吳。朝吳出奔鄭。王怒，曰：“餘唯信吳，故置諸蔡。且微吳，吾不及此。

You too are advanced in age and yet in a low position, which is a disgrace. You must ask for more, and I will help you ask." Then he said to those above: "The King trusts only Wu, and therefore placed him in Cai; none of you can compare with him. Yet he is above you; is that not difficult? If you do not plan, you will surely come to trouble." In summer, the men of Cai drove out Chao Wu. Chao Wu fled to Zheng. The King was angry and said: "I trusted only Wu, and therefore placed him in Cai. Moreover, without Wu I could not have come to this.

女何故去之？”無極對曰：“臣豈不欲吳？然而前知其為人之異也。吳在蔡，蔡必速飛。去吳，所以翦其翼也。”

Why did you remove him?" Wuji answered: "Would I not want Wu? But I knew beforehand that he is a different kind of man. With Wu in Cai, Cai would soon fly away. To remove Wu was to clip his wings."

六月乙丑，王大子壽卒。

In the sixth month, on the yichou day, the King's crown prince Shou died.

秋八月戊寅，王穆後崩。

In autumn, in the eighth month, on the wuyin day, the King's consort Mu Hou died.

晉荀吳帥師伐鮮虞，圍鼓。鼓人或請以城叛，穆子弗許。左右曰：“師徒不勤，而可以獲城，何故不為？”穆子曰：“吾聞諸叔向曰：‘好惡不愆，民知所適，事無不濟。’或以吾城叛，吾所甚惡也。人以城來，吾獨何好焉？賞所甚惡，若所好何？若其弗賞，是失信也，何以庇民？力能則進，否則退，量力而行。吾不可以欲城而邇奸，所喪滋多。”使鼓人殺叛人而繕守備。圍鼓三月，鼓人或請降，使其民見，曰：“猶有食色，姑修而城。”軍吏曰：“獲城而弗取，勤民而頓兵，何以事君？”穆子曰：“吾以事君也。獲一邑而教民怠，將焉用邑？邑以賈怠，不如完舊，賈怠無卒，棄舊不祥。鼓人能事其君，我亦能事吾君。率義不爽，好惡不愆，城可獲而民知義所，有死命而無二心，不亦可乎！”鼓人告食竭力盡，而後取之。克鼓而反，不戮一人，以鼓子鳶鞮歸。

Xun Wu of Jin led an army to attack Xianyu and besieged Gu. Some of the people of Gu asked to take the city and rebel, but Muzi did not allow it. His attendants said: "The army need not toil, yet we can obtain the city; why not do it?" Muzi said: "I heard from Shu Xiang: 'If likes and dislikes are not excessive, the people know where to go, and no matter fails.' Someone taking our city and rebelling is something we greatly hate. If others bring a city to us, do I alone like it? If we reward what we greatly hate, what do we do about what we like? If we do not reward, it is a loss of good faith; with what then shall we shelter the people? Advance if our strength allows, otherwise retreat; act according to strength. I must not covet the city and come close to villainy; we would lose more." He had the people of Gu kill the rebels and repair their defenses. They besieged Gu for three months, and some of the people of Gu asked to surrender; he had their people come to see him and said: "You still have the color of having food; for now repair your wall." His military officers said: "You obtain the city but do not take it, making the people toil and blunting the weapons; with what will you serve your ruler?" Muzi said: "I am using this to serve my ruler. If I obtained one town but taught the people to be lazy, what would I do with the town? To buy laziness with a town is worse than keeping the old; buying laziness has no end, and abandoning the old is inauspicious. The people of Gu can serve their ruler, and I can serve our ruler. If we follow righteousness without error and do not overdo likes and dislikes, the city can be obtained and the people will know where righteousness lies, dying at the command without a divided heart; is that not also acceptable!" The people of Gu reported that their grain was exhausted and their strength spent, and only then did he take it. After taking Gu he returned without killing a single man, bringing back Yuandi, Viscount of Gu.

冬，公如晉，平丘之會故也。

In winter, Duke Zhao went to Jin because of the meeting at Pingqiu.

十二月，晉荀躒如周，葬穆後，籍談為介。既葬，除喪，以文伯宴，樽以魯壺。王曰：“伯氏，諸侯皆有以鎮撫室，晉獨無有，何也？”文伯揖籍談，對曰：“諸侯之封也，皆受明器於王室，以鎮撫其社稷，故能薦彝器於王。晉居深山，戎狄之與鄰，而遠於王室。王靈不及，拜戎不暇，其何以獻器？”王曰：“叔氏，而忘諸乎？叔父唐叔，成王之母弟也，其反無分乎？密須之鼓，與其大路，文所以大蒐也。闕鞏之甲，武所以克商也。唐叔受之以處參虛，匡有戎狄。其後襄之二路，釒戚鉞，秬鬯，彤弓，虎賁，文公受之，以有南陽之田，撫征東夏，非分而何？夫有勳而不廢，有績而載，奉之以土田，撫之以彝器，旌之以車服，明之以文章，子孫不忘，所謂福也。福祚之不登，叔父焉在？且昔而高祖孫伯黶，司晉之典籍，以為大政，故曰籍氏。及辛有之二子董之晉，於是乎有董史。女，司典之後也，何故忘之？”籍談不能對。賓出，王曰：“籍父其無後乎！數典而忘其祖。”

In the twelfth month, Xun Li of Jin went to Zhou to bury Mu Hou, with Ji Tan as his deputy. After the burial, he took off mourning dress and feasted with Wen Bo, using a Lu pot as a wine vessel. The King said: "Elder Bo, all the feudal lords have objects with which they pacify and keep the palaces, but only Jin has none; why?" Wen Bo bowed to Ji Tan and he answered: "When the feudal lords were enfeoffed, they all received ritual objects from the royal house with which to pacify the altars of the state, and so they could present ritual vessels to the King. Jin lives in deep mountains, borders the Rong and Di, and is far from the royal house. The King's power does not reach it, and it cannot keep up even with dealing with the Rong; what could it use to present vessels?" The King said: "Uncle, have you forgotten? Your ancestor Tang Shu was a younger brother by the same mother of King Cheng; did he really receive no distributed vessels? The drum of Mixu and its great carriage were used by King Wen for the great hunt. The armor of Quegong was used by King Wu to conquer Shang. Tang Shu received them and settled at Shen Xu, to correct the Rong and Di. Later the two carriages of King Xiang, the battle-axes (the base text has a variant form of this word), the black millet wine, the red bow and the tiger warriors, which Duke Wen received, thus came the fields of Nanyang, and he pacified and campaigned in the east of Xia; if these were not distributed objects, what were they? Merit and toil were not neglected, achievements were recorded; he was supported with land, soothed with ritual vessels, honored with chariots and robes and banners, and made manifest with ornamental patterns, so that his descendants would not forget; this is what is called blessing. If blessings do not rise, where is the uncle? Moreover, formerly your high ancestor Sun Bo Yan oversaw the records of Jin and conducted great government, and so was called the Ji clan. When the two sons of Xin You, the Dong clan, came to Jin, there came to be the Dong historians. You are the descendant of those who were in charge of the records; why do you forget?" Ji Tan could not answer. When the guests had left, the King said: "Ji Fu will probably have no descendants! He recites the records but forgets his ancestors."

籍談歸，以告叔向。叔向曰：“王其不終乎！吾聞之：‘所樂必卒焉。’今王樂憂，若卒以憂，不可謂終。王一歲而有三年之喪二焉，於是乎以喪賓宴，又求彝器，樂憂甚矣，且非禮也。彝器之來，嘉功之由，非由喪也。三年之喪，雖貴遂服，禮也。王雖弗遂，宴樂以早，亦非禮也。禮，王之大經也。一動而失二禮，無大經矣。言以考典，典以志經，忘經而多言舉典，將焉用之？”

Ji Tan returned and told Shu Xiang. Shu Xiang said: "The King will probably not die a natural death! I have heard: 'What one takes delight in, one will surely end by.' Now the King takes sorrow as delight; if he dies of sorrow, it cannot be called a proper end. The King has had two three-year mourning periods in one year, and then used the mourning guests for a banquet and also asked for ritual vessels; taking sorrow as delight is going too far, and it is also improper. The coming of ritual vessels is due to commending merit, not because of mourning. In a three-year mourning, even the honored must complete the mourning dress, which is ritual. Even if the King did not complete it, the banquet was too early and also not proper. Ritual is the King's great constant. Losing two rituals in a single action leaves him without a great constant. Words are used to examine the records, and records to note the constants; to forget the constants while talking much and listing records, what use is it?"

【經】十有六年春，齊侯伐徐。楚子誘戎蠻子殺之。夏，公至自晉。秋八月己亥，晉侯夷卒。九月，大雩。季孫意如如晉。冬十月，葬晉昭公。

[Classic] In the sixteenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked Xu. The Viscount of Chu lured the Viscount of Rongman and killed him. In summer, Duke Zhao returned from Jin. In autumn, in the eighth month, on the jihai day, Yi, Marquis of Jin, died. In the ninth month, the great yu sacrifice was held. Ji Sun Yiru went to Jin. In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Zhao of Jin was buried.

【傳】十六年春，王正月，公在晉，晉人止公。不書，諱之也。

[Commentary] In the sixteenth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Zhao was in Jin, and the men of Jin detained Duke Zhao. The Spring and Autumn Annals does not record this, to avoid mentioning it.

齊侯伐徐。

The Marquis of Qi attacked Xu.

楚子聞蠻氏之亂也，與蠻子之無質也，使然丹誘戎蠻子嘉殺之，遂取蠻氏。

The Viscount of Chu heard that the Man clan was in disorder and that the Viscount of Man had no good faith or hostages, and sent Ran Dan to lure Jia, Viscount of Rongman, and kill him, and so he took the Man clan.

既而復立其子焉，禮也。

He then set up his son again, which accords with ritual.