Duke Zhao (First to Thirty-second Year)

股肱或虧，何痛如之？女弗聞而樂，是不聰也。”又飲外嬖嬖叔曰：“女為君目，將司明也。服以旌禮，禮以行事，事有其物，物有其容。今君之容，非其物也，而女不見。是不明也。”亦自飲也，曰：“味以行氣，氣以實志，志以定言，言以出令。臣實司味，二御失官，而君弗命，臣之罪也。”公說，徹酒。

When the thighs and arms are lacking, what is the pain like? You did not hear of it yet make music; this is not keen hearing.” He also gave wine to the favorite outside the palace, Bi Shu, saying: “You are the ruler's eyes, in charge of seeing clearly. Clothing is used to show ritual, ritual is used to conduct affairs, affairs have corresponding objects, and objects have corresponding appearances. Now the ruler's appearance does not correspond to the object, and you do not see it. This is not clear sight.” He also drank himself, saying: “Flavor is used to move qi, qi is used to fill the will, the will is used to determine speech, and speech is used to issue commands. Your servant is actually in charge of flavors; two attendants neglected their duties and the ruler did not give an order, which is your servant's fault.” The duke was pleased and had the wine removed.

初，公欲廢知氏而立其外嬖，為是悛而止。秋八月，使荀躒佐下軍以說焉。

At first, the duke wanted to depose the Zhi clan and install his favorite outside the palace, and because of this he mended his ways and stopped. In autumn, in the eighth month, he sent Xun Li to assist the Lower Army in order to explain.

孟僖子如齊殷聘，禮也。

Meng Xizi went to Qi to hold a grand visit, which accorded with ritual propriety.

冬，築郎囿，書，時也。季平子欲其速成也，叔孫昭子曰：“《詩》曰：‘經始勿亟，庶民子來。’焉用速成？其以剿民也？無囿猶可，無民其可乎？”

In winter, the Lang Park was built, and the Annals records it because it was timely. Ji Pingzi wanted to complete it quickly, but Shusun Zhaozi said: “The Odes say: ‘When the planning begins, there is no need to hurry, and the common people come like sons.’ Why need it be completed quickly? That would exhaust the people, would it not? It is acceptable to have no park, but is it acceptable to have no people?”

【經】十年春王正月。夏，齊欒施來奔。秋七月，季孫意如、叔弓、仲孫玃帥師伐莒。戊子，晉侯彪卒。九月，叔孫婼如晉，葬晉平公。十有二月甲子，宋公成卒。

[Classic] In the tenth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou king's calendar. In summer, Luan Shi of Qi came to seek refuge. In autumn, in the seventh month, Ji Sun Yiru, Shu Gong and Zhongsun Jue led an army to attack Ju. On the day wuzi, Biao, the Marquis of Jin, died. In the ninth month, Shusun Chuo went to Jin to bury Duke Ping of Jin. In the twelfth month, on the day jiazi, Cheng, the Duke of Song, died.

【傳】十年春，王正月，有星出於婺女。鄭裨灶言於子產曰：“七月戊子，晉君將死。今茲歲在顓頊之虛，姜氏、任氏實守其地。居其維首，而有妖星焉，告邑姜也。邑姜，晉之妣也。天以七紀。戊子，逢公以登，星斯於是乎出。吾是以譏之。”

[Commentary] In the tenth year, in spring, in the first month by the Zhou calendar, a star appeared in Wunu. Bi Zao of Zheng said to Zichan: “On wuzi in the seventh month, the ruler of Jin will die. This year Jupiter is in the Wasteland of Zhuanxu, and the Jiang and Ren clans actually guard that land. Being in the first place of the Wei but with a baleful star is a notice to Yi Jiang. Yi Jiang is the ancestral mother of Jin. Heaven uses seven to count. On wuzi, Duke Feng ascended to Heaven by this, and the star thus appears at this time. I therefore make this judgment.”

齊惠欒、高氏皆耆酒，信內多怨，強於陳、鮑氏而惡之。

The Luan and Gao clans of Qi's Duke Hui both loved wine, believed their women and had many resentments, and were stronger than the Chen and Bao clans but hated them.

夏，有告陳桓子曰：“子旗、子良將攻陳、鮑。”亦告鮑氏。桓子授甲而如鮑氏，遭子良醉而騁，遂見文子，則亦授甲矣。使視二子，則皆從飲酒。桓子曰：“彼雖不信，聞我授甲，則必逐我。及其飲酒也，先伐諸？”陳、鮑方睦，遂伐欒、高氏。子良曰：“先得公，陳、鮑焉往？”遂伐虎門。

In summer, someone told Chen Huanzi: “Ziqi and Ziliang are going to attack Chen and Bao.” They also told the Bao clan. Huanzi issued armor and went to the Bao clan, and met Ziliang drunk and galloping, and so he saw Wenzi, who had already issued armor too. He sent people to look at the two men, and both were drinking. Huanzi said: “Even if they do not believe it, once they hear we have issued armor they will surely drive us out. While they are drinking, shall we attack them first?” Chen and Bao were on good terms, and so they attacked the Luan and Gao clans. Ziliang said: “If we first gain the duke, where will Chen and Bao go?” So they attacked the Tiger Gate.

晏平仲端委立於虎門之外，四族召之，無所往。其徒曰：“助陳、鮑乎？”曰：“何善焉？”“助欒、高乎？”曰：“庸愈乎？”“然則歸乎？”曰：“君伐，焉歸？”公召之而後入。公卜使王黑以靈姑釒率，吉，請斷三尺焉而用之。

Yan Pingzhong stood outside the Tiger Gate in court dress, and the four clans summoned him, but he did not go anywhere. His followers said: “Will you help Chen and Bao?” He said: “What good would that be?” “Will you help Luan and Gao?” He said: “Would that be better?” “Then will you go back?” He said: “When the ruler is attacked, where would I return?” The duke summoned him and he went in. The duke divined about sending Wang Hei with the Linggu banner (the base text's “shuai” form is the xi banner) and it was auspicious, and asked to cut off three feet of it for use.

五月庚辰，戰於稷，欒、高敗，又敗諸莊。國人追之，又敗諸鹿門。欒施、高強來奔。陳、鮑分其室。

In the fifth month, on the day gengchen, they fought at Ji, and Luan and Gao were defeated, and again defeated at Zhuang. The people of the state pursued them and they were defeated again at the Deer Gate. Luan Shi and Gao Qiang came to seek refuge. Chen and Bao divided their households.

晏子謂桓子：“必致諸公。讓，德之主也，讓之謂懿德。凡有血氣，皆有爭心，故利不可強，思義為愈。義，利之本也，蘊利生孽。姑使無蘊乎！可以滋長。”

Yanzi said to Huanzi: “You must give it to the duke. Yielding is the master of virtue, and yielding is called excellent virtue. All who have blood and breath have a contentious spirit, and so profit must not be taken by force; it is better to think of righteousness. Righteousness is the root of profit, and accumulated profit gives rise to calamity. Let it not accumulate for now! It can then grow.”

桓子盡致諸公，而請老於莒。

Huanzi gave it all to the duke and asked to live out his old age in Ju.

桓子召子山，私具幄幕、器用、從者之衣屨，而反棘焉。子商亦如之，而反其邑。子周亦如之，而與之夫於。反子城、子公、公孫捷，而皆益其祿。凡公子、公孫之無祿者，私分之邑。國之貧約孤寡者，私與之粟。曰：“《詩》云：‘陳錫載周’，能施也，桓公是以霸。”

Huanzi summoned Zishan and privately prepared tents, implements and clothing and shoes for his attendants, and returned Ji to him. Zishang was treated likewise and given back his city. Zizhou was treated likewise and given Fuyu. Zicheng, Zigong and Gongsun Jie were restored and all had their emoluments increased. All princes and grandsons of dukes without emolument were privately given cities. To the poor, orphans and widows of the state he privately gave grain. He said: “The Odes say: ‘Setting out bestowals completes Zhou,’ which is being able to give. Duke Huan became hegemon because of this.”

公與桓子莒之旁邑，辭。穆孟姬為之請高唐，陳氏始大。秋七月，平子伐莒，取郠，獻俘，始用人於亳社。臧武仲在齊，聞之，曰：“周公其不饗魯祭乎！周公饗義，魯無義。《詩》曰：‘德音孔昭，視民不佻。’佻之謂甚矣，而壹用之，將誰福哉？”戊子，晉平公卒。鄭伯如晉，及河，晉人辭之。遊吉遂如晉。九月，叔孫婼、齊國弱、宋華定、衛北宮喜、鄭罕虎、許人、曹人、莒人、邾人、薛人、杞人、小邾人如晉，葬平公也。鄭子皮將以幣行。子產曰：“喪焉用幣？用幣必百兩，百兩必千人，千人至，將不行。不行，必盡用之。幾千人而國不亡？”子皮固請以行。既葬，諸侯之大夫欲因見新君。叔孫昭子曰：“非禮也。”弗聽。叔向辭之，曰：“大夫之事畢矣。而又命孤，孤斬焉在衰絰之中。其以嘉服見，則喪禮未畢。其以喪服見，是重受吊也。大夫將若之何？”皆無辭以見。子皮盡用其幣，歸，謂子羽曰：“非知之實難，將在行之。夫子知之矣，我則不足。《書》曰：‘欲敗度，縱敗禮。’我之謂矣。夫子知度與禮矣，我實縱慾而不能自克也。”

The duke gave Huanzi cities beside Ju, and he declined. Mu Mengji requested Gaotang for him, and the Chen clan began to grow great. In autumn, in the seventh month, Pingzi attacked Ju and took Geng, presented the captives, and began to use human sacrifice at the Bo altar. Zang Wuzhong was in Qi, heard of it, and said: “The Duke of Zhou will probably no longer partake of Lu's sacrifices! The Duke of Zhou partakes of righteousness, and Lu has no righteousness. The Odes say: ‘Virtuous words are very bright, and the people are not treated lightly.’ ‘Lightly’ is too mild a word, and yet using humans indiscriminately, to whom will blessings be sent down?” On the day wuzi, Duke Ping of Jin died. The Earl of Zheng went to Jin but, on reaching the Yellow River, the men of Jin declined him. You Ji then went to Jin. In the ninth month, Shusun Chuo, Ruo of Qi, Hua Ding of Song, Bei Gongxi of Wei, Han Hu of Zheng, and men of Xu, Cao, Ju, Zhu, Xue, Qi and Little Zhu went to Jin to bury Duke Ping. Zipi of Zheng was about to take silk with him. Zichan said: “At a funeral, what use is silk? If silk is used, it will surely be a hundred carts, a hundred carts will surely be a thousand people, and once a thousand people arrive, they will not be able to accomplish the matter. If they cannot accomplish the matter, the silk will surely be exhausted. With several thousand people, how can the state not perish?” Zipi insisted on taking it. After the burial, the grandees of the lords wanted to take the opportunity to see the new ruler. Shusun Zhaozi said: “This is not in accord with ritual.” They did not listen. Shu Xiang declined, saying: “The grandees' business is done. Yet they command the orphan, and the orphan is grieving in mourning clothes. Seeing him in festive clothes, the mourning rites are not yet finished. Seeing him in mourning clothes means receiving condolences again. What will the grandees do?” They all had nothing to say and went to see him. Zipi used up the silk, returned, and said to Ziyu: “It is not that knowing is hard; the difficulty lies in carrying out. The master knew, but I fell short. The Book of Documents says: ‘Desire destroys law, and indulgence destroys ritual.’ This speaks of me. The master knew law and ritual, while I actually indulged my desires and could not control myself.”

昭子至自晉，大夫皆見。高強見而退。昭子語諸大夫曰：“為人子，不可不慎也哉！昔慶封亡，子尾多受邑而稍致諸君，君以為忠而甚寵之。將死，疾於公宮，輦而歸，君親推之。其子不能任，是以在此。忠為令德，其子弗能任，罪猶及之，難不慎也？喪夫人之力，棄德曠宗，以及其身，不亦害乎？《詩》曰：‘不自我先，不自我後。’其是之謂乎！”冬十二月，宋平公卒。初，元公惡寺人柳。欲殺之。及喪，柳熾炭於位，將至，則去之。比葬，又有寵。

Zhaozi returned from Jin, and the grandees all came to see him. Gao Qiang saw him and withdrew. Zhaozi said to the grandees: "As sons, we cannot be too careful! Formerly, when Qing Feng fled, Zi Wei received many cities and gradually gave them to the ruler, who considered him loyal and favored him greatly. When he was dying, he fell ill in the ducal palace and was sent home in a carriage, which the ruler personally pushed. His son was not up to the task, and so things have come to this. Loyalty is a fine and good virtue, yet when a son is not up to it, the guilt still falls on him; can one fail to be careful? To lose a man's strength and abandon virtue so that the ancestral temple stands empty, falling upon oneself, is that not also a harm? The Odes say: 'Not before me, not after me.' It probably refers to this!" In winter, in the twelfth month, Duke Ping of Song died. At first, Duke Yuan had hated the eunuch Liu and wanted to kill him. At the funeral, Liu burned charcoal at the seat, and when the Duke was about to arrive, he took it away. By the time of the burial he was in favor again.

【經】十有一年春王二月，叔弓如宋。葬宋平公。夏四月丁巳，楚子虔誘蔡侯般，殺之於申。楚公子棄疾帥師圍蔡。五月甲申，夫人歸氏薨。大蒐於比蒲。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou king's calendar, Shu Gong went to Song. Duke Ping of Song was buried. In summer, in the fourth month, on dingsi, Qian, Viscount of Chu, lured Ban, Marquis of Cai, and killed him at Shen. Prince Qiji of Chu led an army to besiege Cai. In the fifth month, on jiashen, the lady Gui died. A great review was held at Bipu.

仲孫玃會邾子，盟於祲祥。秋，季孫意如會晉韓起、齊國弱、宋華亥、衛北宮佗、鄭罕虎、曹人、杞人於厥憖。九月己亥，葬我小君齊歸。冬十有一月丁酉，楚師滅蔡，執蔡世子有以歸，用之。

Zhongsun Jue met the Viscount of Zhu and made a covenant at Qinxiang. In autumn, Ji Sun Yiru met Han Qi of Jin, Guo Ruo of Qi, Hua Hai of Song, Bei Gong Tuo of Wei, Han Hu of Zheng, and the men of Cao and Qi at Queyin. In the ninth month, on jihai, our lady Qi Gui was buried. In winter, in the eleventh month, on dingyou, the Chu army destroyed Cai and seized Crown Prince You of Cai and took him back to use as a sacrifice.

【傳】十一年春，王二月，叔弓如宋，葬平公也。

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou king's calendar, Shu Gong went to Song, to bury Duke Ping.

景王問於萇弘曰：“今茲諸侯，何實吉？何實兇？”對曰：“蔡兇。此蔡侯般弒其君之歲也，歲在豕韋，弗過此矣。楚將有之，然壅也。歲及大梁，蔡復，楚兇，天之道也。”

King Jing asked Chang Hong: "Among the lords this year, who will in fact be fortunate and who unlucky?" He replied: "Cai will be unlucky. This is the year in which Ban, Marquis of Cai, murdered his ruler, and Jupiter is in Shiwei; Cai will not last beyond this year. Chu will take it, but it will only be a blockage. When Jupiter reaches Daliang, Cai will be restored and Chu will be unlucky; this is the way of Heaven."

楚子在申，召蔡靈侯。靈侯將往，蔡大夫曰：“王貪而無信，唯蔡於感，今幣重而言甘，誘我也，不如無往。”蔡侯不可。五月丙申，楚子伏甲而饗蔡侯於申，醉而執之。夏四月丁巳，殺之，刑其士七十人。公子棄疾帥師圍蔡。

The Viscount of Chu was at Shen and summoned Marquis Ling of Cai. As the Marquis was about to go, the grandees of Cai said: "The king is greedy and has no good faith, and only has a grudge against Cai; now with heavy gifts and sweet words he is luring us, so it is better not to go." The Marquis of Cai did not agree. In the fifth month, on bingshen, the Viscount of Chu hid armed men and gave a banquet for the Marquis of Cai at Shen, made him drunk and seized him. In summer, in the fourth month, on dingsi, he killed him and executed seventy officers. Prince Qiji led an army to besiege Cai.

韓宣子問於叔向曰：“楚其克乎？”對曰：“克哉！蔡侯獲罪於其君，而不能其民，天將假手於楚以斃之，何故不克？然肸聞之，不信以幸，不可再也。楚王奉孫吳以討於陳，曰：‘將定而國。’陳人聽命，而遂縣之。今又誘蔡而殺其君，以圍其國，雖幸而克，必受其咎，弗能久矣。桀克有緍以喪其國，紂克東夷而隕其身。楚小位下，而亟暴於二王，能無咎乎？天之假助不善，非祚之也，厚其兇惡而降之罰也。且譬之如天，其有五材而將用之，力盡而敝之，是以無拯，不可沒振。”

Han Xuanzi asked Shuxiang: "Will Chu probably be able to take it?" He replied: "It can take it! The Marquis of Cai offended his ruler and cannot win the people, and Heaven will use Chu's hand to kill him; why would it not succeed? But I have heard that to be lucky without good faith cannot be repeated. The King of Chu, claiming to be carrying out the order of the Son of Heaven, attacked Chen, saying: 'I will pacify your state.' The men of Chen obeyed, and then he set up counties there. Now he again lures Cai, kills its ruler and besieges its state; even if he succeeds by luck, he will surely incur blame and cannot last long. Jie conquered the Youmin and lost his state, and Zhou conquered the Eastern Yi and lost his life. Chu is small and of low rank, yet has repeatedly done violence to two kings; can it escape blame? When Heaven helps by means of the unworthy, it is not conferring blessing but increasing his wickedness in order to send down punishment. Moreover, like Heaven, which has the five materials to be used, once the strength is exhausted they are discarded and cannot be rescued or restored."

五月，齊歸薨，大蒐於比蒲，非禮也。

In the fifth month, Qi Gui died, and a great review was held at Bipu, which was not in accord with ritual.

孟僖子會邾莊公，盟於祲祥，修好，禮也。泉丘人有女夢以其帷幕孟氏之廟，遂奔僖子，其僚從之。盟於清丘之社，曰：“有子，無相棄也。”僖子使助薳氏之簉。反自祲祥，宿於薳氏，生懿子及南宮敬叔於泉丘人。其僚無子，使字敬叔。

Meng Xizi met Duke Zhuang of Zhu and made a covenant at Qinxiang, renewing the old friendship, which accorded with ritual. A woman of Quanqiu dreamed that she covered the temple of the Meng clan with a curtain, and so she went to Xizi, and her companion followed. They made a covenant at the altar of Qingqiu, saying: "If we have sons, let us not abandon each other." Xizi had her help the Wei clan as a secondary concubine. On returning from Qinxiang, he stayed at the Wei household, and at Quanqiu she gave birth to Yizi and Nangong Jingshu. The companion had no son and was made to raise Jingshu.

楚師在蔡，晉荀吳謂韓宣子曰：“不能救陳，又不能救蔡，物以無親，晉之不能，亦可知也已！為盟主而不恤亡國，將焉用之？”秋，會於厥憖，謀救蔡也。鄭子皮將行，子產曰：“行不遠。不能救蔡也。

When the Chu army was at Cai, Xun Wu of Jin said to Han Xuanzi: "We could not save Chen and cannot save Cai, so all things have no one to cling to, and Jin's inability can also be known! To be head of the covenant yet not care for perishing states, what would we use it for?" In autumn, they assembled at Queyin, to plan the rescue of Cai. Zi Pi of Zheng was about to set out, and Zichan said: "He will not go far. He cannot save Cai.

蔡小而不順，楚大而不德，天將棄蔡以壅楚，盈而罰之。蔡必亡矣，且喪君而能守者，鮮矣。三年，王其有咎乎！美惡周必復，王惡周矣。”晉人使狐父請蔡於楚，弗許。

Cai is small but not compliant, Chu is great but without virtue; Heaven will abandon Cai to block Chu, and punish it when it is full. Cai will surely perish, and in any case those who lose their ruler and are still able to hold their state are few. In three years the king will probably meet with blame! The cycle of good and evil must come around again, and the king's evil has already come full circle." The men of Jin sent Hu Fu to ask Chu for Cai, and it was not allowed.

單子會韓宣子於戚，視下言徐。叔向曰：“單子其將死乎！朝有著定，會有表，衣有禬，帶有結。會朝之言，必聞於表著之位，所以昭事序也。視不過結、禬之中，所以道容貌也。言以命之，容貌以明之，失則有闕。今單子為王官伯，而命事於會，視不登帶，言不過步，貌不道容，而言不昭矣。不道，不共；不昭，不從。無守氣矣。”

Shanzi met Han Xuanzi at Qi, with his gaze lowered and speaking slowly. Shuxiang said: "Shanzi will probably die soon! At court there are fixed positions, at meetings there are marked places, clothes have crossings and belts have knots. Words at meetings and court must be heard at the marked positions, in order to make the order of affairs clear. The gaze should not go beyond the knot and the crossing of the garments, in order to guide the countenance. Words are used to give orders, and the countenance to make them clear; where these are lost, there is a flaw. Now Shanzi is the royal official and hegemon, and gives orders at the meeting, but his gaze does not reach the belt, his words do not go beyond a single step, and his countenance does not guide his demeanor, so his words are not clear. Without guidance, there is no respect; without clarity, there is no compliance. He has no breath of guard left."

九月，葬齊歸，公不戚。晉士之送葬者，歸以語史趙。史趙曰：“必為魯郊。”

In the ninth month, Qi Gui was buried, and Duke Zhao showed no grief. The officers of Jin who had come to the funeral went back and told Shi Zhao. Shi Zhao said: "He will surely become a man of the outskirts of Lu."

侍者曰：“何故？”曰：“歸，姓也，不思親，祖不歸也。”叔向曰：“魯公室其卑乎？君有大喪，國不廢蒐。有三年之喪，而無一日之戚。國不恤喪，不忌君也。君無戚容，不顧親也。國不忌君，君不顧親，能無卑乎？殆其失國。”

An attendant said: "For what reason?" He said: "Gui is the surname. He does not think of his kin, and the ancestors will not cling to him." Shuxiang said: "Will the ducal house of Lu probably become lowly? The ruler had a great mourning and the state did not stop the great review. There was a three-year mourning but not a day of grief. For the state not to care for the mourning shows no awe of the ruler. For the ruler not to show a grieving countenance shows no regard for his kin. When the state has no awe of the ruler and the ruler has no regard for his kin, can they fail to become lowly? They will probably lose the state."

冬十一月，楚子滅蔡，用隱大子於岡山。申無宇曰：“不祥。五牲不相為用，況用諸侯乎？王必悔之。”

In winter, in the eleventh month, the Viscount of Chu destroyed Cai and used the Crown Prince Yin as a sacrifice at Gangshan. Shen Wuyu said: "This is inauspicious. The five kinds of sacrificial animals are not used to sacrifice one another, how much less a lord? The king will surely regret it."

十二月，單成公卒。

In the twelfth month, Duke Cheng of Shan died.

楚子城陳、蔡、不羹。使棄疾為蔡公。王問於申無宇曰：“棄疾在蔡，何如？”對曰：“擇子莫如父，擇臣莫如君。鄭莊公城櫟而置子元焉，使昭公不立。齊桓公城谷而置管仲焉，至於今賴之。臣聞五大不在邊，五細不在庭。親不在外，羈不在內，今棄疾在外，鄭丹在內。君其少戒。”王曰：“國有大城，何如？”對曰：“鄭京、櫟實殺曼伯，宋蕭、亳實殺子游，齊渠丘實殺無知，衛蒲、戚實出獻公，若由是觀之，則害於國。末大必折，尾大不掉，君所知也。”

The Viscount of Chu built city walls at Chen, Cai and Bugeng. He sent Qiji to be Duke of Cai. The King asked Shen Wuyu: "How will Qiji do at Cai?" He replied: "In choosing a son there is none like the father, and in choosing a minister there is none like the ruler. Duke Zhuang of Zheng built a city wall at Li to settle Zi Yuan, which prevented Duke Zhao from being installed. Duke Huan of Qi built a wall at Gu and settled Guan Zhong there, and it is still relied on today. Your servant has heard that the five great ones should not be on the border and the five small ones should not be in the court. Close kin should not be outside, and sojourners should not be inside; now Qiji is outside and Zheng Dan is inside. Your Majesty should be a little on guard." The King said: "What if a state has a great city?" He replied: "Jing and Li of Zheng truly killed Man Bo, Xiao and Bo of Song truly killed Zi You, Qu Qiu of Qi truly killed Wuzhi, and Pu and Qi of Wei truly drove Duke Xian into flight; seen from this, they are harmful to the state. When the end of a branch is large it must break, and when a tail is large it cannot be wagged, as Your Majesty knows."

【經】十有二年春，齊高偃帥師納北燕伯於陽。三月壬申，鄭伯嘉卒。夏，宋公使華定來聘。公如晉，至河乃復。五月，葬鄭簡公。楚殺其大夫成熊。秋七月。冬十月，公子憖出奔齊。楚子伐徐。晉伐鮮虞。

[Classic] In the twelfth year, in spring, Gao Yan of Qi led an army to escort the Earl of North Yan into Yang. In the third month, on renshen, Jia, Earl of Zheng, died. In summer, the Duke of Song sent Hua Ding on a diplomatic visit. Duke Zhao went to Jin and returned on reaching the Yellow River. In the fifth month, Duke Jian of Zheng was buried. Chu killed its grandee Cheng Xiong. In autumn, in the seventh month. In winter, in the tenth month, Prince Yin fled to Qi. The Viscount of Chu attacked Xu. Jin attacked Xianyu.

【傳】十二年春，齊高偃納北燕伯款於唐，因其眾也。

[Commentary] In the twelfth year, in spring, Gao Yan of Qi escorted Kuan, Earl of North Yan, into Tang, relying on his own followers.

三月，鄭簡公卒，將為葬除。及遊氏之廟，將毀焉。子大叔使其除徒執用以立，而無庸毀，曰：“子產過女，而問何故不毀，乃曰：‘不忍廟也！諾，將毀矣！’”既如是，子產乃使闢之。司墓之室有當道者，毀之，則朝而塴；弗毀，則日中而塴。子大叔請毀之，曰：“無若諸侯之賓何！”子產曰：“諸侯之賓，能來會吾喪，豈憚日中？無損於賓，而民不害，何故不為？”遂弗毀，日中而葬。

In the third month, Duke Jian of Zheng died, and the road was to be cleared for the burial. When they reached the temple of the You clan, it was to be torn down. Zi Dashu had his road-clearing workers stand holding their tools but not tear it down, saying: "If Zichan passes you and asks why it is not torn down, say: 'We could not bear to destroy the temple! If so, we will tear it down now!'" This having been done, Zichan had them avoid it. The tomb keeper's house stood in the way; if torn down, the burial could take place in the morning, and if not, it would only take place at noon. Zi Dashu asked to tear it down, saying: "What will we do about the guests of the lords?" Zichan said: "The guests of the lords can come to join our mourning; would they fear noon? If there is no harm to the guests and the people suffer no harm, why do it?" So it was not torn down, and the burial took place at noon.

君子謂：“子產於是乎知禮。禮，無毀人以自成也。”

The gentleman said: "At this moment Zichan understands ritual. Ritual means not destroying others in order to accomplish oneself."

夏，宋華定來聘，通嗣君也。享之，為賦《蓼蕭》，弗知，又不答賦。昭子曰：“必亡。宴語之不懷，寵光之不宣，令德之不知，同福之不受，將何以在？”齊侯、衛侯、鄭伯如晉，朝嗣君也。公如晉，至河乃復。取郠之役，莒人訴於晉，晉有平公之喪，未之治也，故辭公。公子憖遂如晉。晉侯享諸侯，子產相鄭伯，辭於享，請免喪而後聽命。晉人許之，禮也。晉侯以齊侯宴，中行穆子相。投壺，晉侯先。穆子曰：“有酒如淮，有肉如坻。寡君中此，為諸侯師。”

In summer, Hua Ding of Song came on a diplomatic visit, to establish relations with the new ruler. A banquet was held and the ode "Luxiao" was recited for him, but he did not understand it and did not recite in reply. Zhaozi said: "He will surely perish. He does not cherish the feast's words, does not make known the favor and honor, does not understand the fine virtue and does not accept the shared blessing; what will he rely on to survive?" The Marquis of Qi, Marquis of Wei and Earl of Zheng went to Jin to pay court to the new ruler. Duke Zhao went to Jin and returned on reaching the Yellow River. Because of the battle that took Geng, the men of Ju complained to Jin, and Jin had the mourning of Duke Ping and had not yet resolved matters, so it declined Duke Zhao. Prince Yin then went to Jin. The Marquis of Jin gave a banquet for the lords, and Zichan, assisting the Earl of Zheng, declined at the banquet and asked to end the mourning before receiving the command. The men of Jin allowed it, which accorded with ritual. The Marquis of Jin drank with the Marquis of Qi, and Zhonghang Muzi served as usher. They played the pitch-pot game, and the Marquis of Jin threw first. Muzi said: "There is wine like the Huai, meat like a hill. If our ruler hits this, he will be the leader of the lords."

中之。齊侯舉矢，曰：“有酒如澠，有肉如陵。寡人中此，與君代興。”亦中之。

He hit it. The Marquis of Qi raised his arrow and said: "There is wine like the Sheng, meat like a mound. If I hit this, I will rise and fall in turn with you." He hit it too.

伯瑕謂穆子曰：“子失辭。吾固師諸侯矣，壺何為焉，其以中俊也？齊君弱吾君，歸弗來矣！”穆子曰：“吾軍帥強御，卒乘競勸，今猶古也，齊將何事？”公孫傁趨進曰：“日旰君勤，可以出矣！”以齊侯出。

Boxia said to Muzi: "You lost your words. We were already the leader of the lords, so what is the pot for? Is it worthy to be superior by hitting it? The ruler of Qi looks down on our ruler, and after returning he will not come again!" Muzi said: "Our army commanders are strong, and the infantry, charioteers and officers vie in encouraging each other; it is still like ancient times, so what can Qi do?" Gongsun Sou entered with quick steps and said: "It is late and Your Lordship is tired; we may leave!" He took the Marquis of Qi out.

楚子謂成虎若敖之餘也，遂殺之。或譖成虎於楚子，成虎知之而不能行。書曰：“楚殺其大夫成虎。”懷寵也。

The Viscount of Chu considered Cheng Hu a remnant of the Ruo'ao clan, and so killed him. Someone slandered Cheng Hu to the Viscount of Chu, and Cheng Hu knew it but could not leave. The Spring and Autumn Annals records "Chu killed its grandee Cheng Hu," out of regret for his clinging to favor.

六月，葬鄭簡公。

In the sixth month, Duke Jian of Zheng was buried.

晉荀吳偽會齊師者，假道於鮮虞，遂入昔陽。秋八月壬午，滅肥，以肥子綿皋歸。

Xun Wu of Jin pretended to join the Qi army and asked Xianyu for passage, and so entered Xiyang. In autumn, in the eighth month, on renwu, he destroyed Fei and took Mianhao, Viscount of Fei, back with him.

周原伯絞虐其輿臣，使曹逃。冬十月壬申朔，原輿人逐絞而立公子跪尋，絞奔郊。

Jiao, Earl of Yuan of Zhou, tyrannized his chariot attendants and made them flee in groups. In winter, in the tenth month, on renshen, the first of the month, the chariot attendants of Yuan drove out Jiao and installed Prince Guixun, and Jiao fled to the outskirts.

甘簡公無子，立其弟過。過將去成、景之族，成、景之族賂劉獻公。丙申，殺甘悼公，而立成公之孫鰍。丁酉，殺獻太子之傅庾皮之子過，殺瑕辛於市，及宮嬖綽、王孫沒、劉州鳩、陰忌、老陽子。

Duke Jian of Gan had no son and installed his younger brother Guo. Guo was about to remove the clans of Cheng and Jing, and the clans of Cheng and Jing bribed Duke Xian of Liu. On bingshen, they killed Duke Dao of Gan and installed the grandson of Duke Cheng, Qiu. On dingyou, they killed Guo, son of Yu Pi, tutor of Crown Prince Xian, and at the market killed Xia Xin, as well as the palace favorites Chuo, Wang Sun Mo, Liu Zhoujiu, Yin Ji and Lao Yangzi.

季平子立，而不禮於南蒯。南蒯謂子仲：“吾出季氏，而歸其室於公。子更其位。我以費為公臣。”子仲許之。南蒯語叔仲穆子，且告之故。

Ji Pingzi took the throne but did not treat Nan Kuai with ritual. Nan Kuai said to Zizhong: "I will drive out the Ji clan and give his household to the Duke. You will take his position. I will take Fei and be the Duke's minister." Zizhong agreed. Nan Kuai told Shuzhong Muzi and also told him the reason.

季悼子之卒也，叔孫昭子以再命為卿。及平子伐莒，克之，更受三命。叔仲子欲構二家，謂平子曰：“三命逾父兄，非禮也。”平子曰：“然。”故使昭子。

When Ji Daozi died, Shu Sun Zhaozi held the rank of minister by a second appointment. When Pingzi attacked Ju and took it, he received a third appointment. Shuzhong Zi wanted to frame the two households and said to Pingzi: "A third appointment exceeds one's father and elder brothers and is not in accord with ritual." Pingzi said: "Yes." So he sent someone to Zhaozi.

昭子曰：“叔孫氏有家禍，殺適立庶，故婼也及此。若因禍以斃之，則聞命矣。

Zhaozi said: "The Shu Sun clan has a family calamity, in that a legitimate heir was killed and a concubine's son installed, and that is why Chuo has come to this. If you take advantage of the calamity to destroy me, then I have heard your command.

若不廢君命，則固有著矣。”昭子朝，而命吏曰：“婼將與季氏訟，書辭無頗。”

If the ruler's command is not abandoned, I have a fixed position." Zhaozi went to court and ordered the officials: "Chuo will go to law with the Ji clan; write the text without bias."

季孫懼，而歸罪於叔仲子。故叔仲小、南蒯、公子憖謀季氏。憖告公，而遂從公如晉。南蒯懼不克，以費叛如齊。子仲還，及衛，聞亂，逃介而先。及郊，聞費叛，遂奔齊。

Ji Sun was afraid and put the blame on Shuzhong Zi. So Shuzhong Xiao, Nan Kuai and Prince Yin plotted against the Ji clan. Yin told Duke Zhao and followed Duke Zhao to Jin. Nan Kuai, fearing he could not succeed, took Fei and rebelled to Qi. Zizhong returned and, reaching Wei, heard of the disorder, and left his deputy behind and went on ahead. On reaching the outskirts he heard that Fei had rebelled, and so fled to Qi.

南蒯之將叛也，其鄉人或知之，過之而嘆，且言曰：“恤恤乎，湫乎，攸乎！深思而淺謀，邇身而遠志，家臣而君圖，有人矣哉！”南蒯枚筮之，遇《坤》ⅱⅱ之《比》ⅴⅱ，曰：“黃裳元吉。”以為大吉也，示子服惠伯，曰：“即欲有事，何如？”惠伯曰：“吾嘗學此矣，忠信之事則可，不然必敗。外強內溫，忠也。和以率貞，信也。故曰‘黃裳元吉’。黃，中之色也。裳，下之飾也。元，善之長也。中不忠，不得其色。下不共，不得其飾。事不善，不得其極。外內倡和為忠，率事以信為共，供養三德為善，非此三者弗當。且夫《易》，不可以占險，將何事也？且可飾乎？中美能黃，上美為元，下美則裳，參成可筮。猶有闕也，筮雖吉，未也。”

When Nan Kuai was about to rebel, some of the people of his village knew of it, and passing him sighed and said: "Anxious, anxious, far away! Deep in thought but shallow in plan, near the person but far in ambition, a household retainer plotting against the ruler, there are such people!" Nan Kuai held a gag in his mouth and divined, obtaining Kun changing into Bi, and the text said: "Yellow lower garment, supreme good fortune." He thought it greatly auspicious and showed it to Zifu Huibo, saying: "If I wanted to undertake something, how would it be?" Huibo said: "I once studied this; for a matter of loyalty and good faith it is fine, otherwise it will surely fail. Firm outside and gentle within is loyalty. Using harmony to lead uprightness is good faith. So it says 'yellow lower garment, supreme good fortune.' Yellow is the color of the center. The lower garment is the ornament below. Supreme is the chief of goodness. If the center is not loyal, one does not obtain that color. If the lower is not respectful, one does not obtain that ornament. If the matter is not good, one does not obtain that extreme. To lead and respond outside and inside is loyalty, to lead affairs by good faith is respect, and to nourish the three virtues is goodness; without these three it does not match. Besides, the Changes cannot be used to divine a dangerous matter; what are you going to do? And can it serve as an ornament? A fine center can be yellow, a fine top is supreme, a fine bottom is the lower garment; when all three are complete, one may divine. If anything is lacking, even an auspicious divination does not work."

將適費，飲鄉人酒。鄉人或歌之曰：“我有圃，生之杞乎！從我者子乎，去我者鄙乎，倍其鄰者恥乎！已乎已乎，非吾黨之士乎！”平子欲使昭子逐叔仲小。小聞之，不敢朝。昭子命吏謂小待政於朝，曰：“吾不為怨府。”楚子狩於州來，次於潁尾，使蕩侯、潘子、司馬督、囂尹午、陵尹喜帥師圍徐以懼吳。楚子次於乾溪，以為之援。雨雪，王皮冠，秦復陶，翠被，豹舄，執鞭以出，僕析父從。右尹子革夕，王見之，去冠、被，舍鞭，與之語曰：“昔我先王熊繹，與呂級、王孫牟、燮父、禽父，並事康王，四國皆有分，我獨無有。今吾使人於周，求鼎以為分，王其與我乎？”對曰：“與君王哉！昔我先王熊繹，闢在荊山，篳路藍縷，以處草莽。跋涉山林，以事天子。唯是桃弧、棘矢，以共御王事。齊，王舅也。晉及魯、衛，王母弟也。楚是以無分，而彼皆有。今周與四國服事君王，將唯命是從，豈其愛鼎？”王曰：“昔我皇祖伯父昆吾，舊許是宅。今鄭人貪賴其田，而不我與。我若求之，其與我乎？”對曰：“與君王哉！周不愛鼎，鄭敢愛田？”王曰：“昔諸侯遠我而畏晉，今我大城陳、蔡、不羹，賦皆千乘，子與有勞焉。諸侯其畏我乎？”對曰：“畏君王哉！是四國者，專足畏也，又加之以楚，敢不畏君王哉！”工尹路請曰：“君王命剝圭以為釒戚鉍，敢請命。”王入視之。析父謂子革：“吾子，楚國之望也！今與王言如響，國其若之何？”子革曰：“摩厲以須，王出，吾刃將斬矣。”王出，復語。左史倚相趨過。王曰：“是良史也，子善視之。

As he was about to go to Fei, he invited his villagers to drink. Some of the villagers sang: "I have a vegetable garden, and it has grown boxthorn! Those who follow me are real men, those who leave me are base, and those who betray their neighbors are shameful! Enough, enough, they are not men of our party!" Pingzi wanted Zhaozi to drive out Shuzhong Xiao. Xiao heard of it and did not dare to go to court. Zhaozi ordered the officials to have Xiao wait for affairs at court, saying: "I do not make a storehouse where resentment gathers." The Viscount of Chu hunted in winter at Zhoulai and camped at Yingwei, and sent Dang Hou, Pan Zi, Sima Du, Xiaoyin Wu and Lingyin Xi to lead an army to besiege Xu and so frighten Wu. The Viscount of Chu camped at Ganqi as their reserve. It snowed, and the King, wearing a leather cap, a Qin padded garment, a kingfisher-feather cape and leopard-skin shoes, came out holding a whip, with Pu Xifu following. Zi Ge, the Right Minister, came to see him in the evening, and the King saw him, took off the cap and cape, put down the whip, and spoke with him, saying: "Formerly our former king Xiong Yi, together with Lü Ji, Wangsun Mou, Xie Fu and Qin Fu, served King Kang, and the four states all had vessels given as a share, only we did not. Now I am sending someone to Zhou to ask for the tripods as a share; will the king probably give them to us?" He replied: "He will give them to Your Majesty! Formerly our former king Xiong Yi lived in a remote place on Mount Jing, riding a brushwood cart and wearing ragged clothes, living in the wilds. He crossed mountains and forests to serve the Son of Heaven. He supplied only peach-wood bows and thorn-wood arrows to serve royal affairs. Qi is the king's maternal uncle. Jin, Lu and Wei are brothers of the king by the same mother. Chu therefore had no share of vessels while they all did. Now Zhou and the four states serve Your Majesty and will only obey orders; would they begrudge the tripods?" The King said: "Formerly my ancestor and uncle Kunwu had old Xu as his residence. Now the men of Zheng covet and depend on that land and will not give it to us. If I ask for it, will they probably give it to us?" He replied: "They will give it to Your Majesty! If Zhou does not begrudge the tripods, would Zheng dare to begrudge the land?" The King said: "Formerly the lords kept their distance from us and feared Jin; now I have greatly built the walls of Chen, Cai and Bugeng, and each can supply a thousand chariots, and you too have some merit. Will the lords probably fear me?" He replied: "They fear Your Majesty! These four states alone are enough to make them fear, and with Chu added, dare they not fear Your Majesty!" Lu, the Master of Artisans, asked for instructions: "Your Majesty ordered the jade tablet to be stripped to make the ornament for an axe handle (the base text has a character for a type of axe here), and I dare to ask for orders." The King went in to look. Xifu said to Zi Ge: "You are the hope of Chu! Now you speak to the King like an echo; what will become of the state?" Zi Ge said: "I am sharpening my blade and waiting; when the King comes out, my blade will cut." The King came out and spoke again. The Left Scribe Yi Xiang passed by in quick steps. The King said: "This is a good historian; treat him well.

是能讀《三墳》、《五典》、《八索》、《九丘》。”對曰：“臣嘗問焉。昔穆王欲肆其心，周行天下，將皆必有車轍馬跡焉。祭公謀父作《祈招》之詩，以止王心，王是以獲沒於祗宮。臣問其詩而不知也。若問遠焉，其焉能知之？”王曰：“子能乎？”對曰：“能。其詩曰：‘祈招之愔愔，式昭德音。思我王度，式如玉，式如金。形民之力，而無醉飽之心。’”王揖而入，饋不食，寢不寐，數日，不能自克，以及於難。

This man can read the Three Mounds, the Five Canons, the Eight Cords and the Nine Hills." He replied: "I once asked him. Formerly King Mu wanted to indulge his heart and travel the whole world, so that everywhere there would be wheel ruts and hoof prints. Mougfu, Duke of Zhai, composed the ode 'Qi Zhao' to restrain the King's heart, and so the King was able to end well at the Zhi Palace. I asked him about the ode and he did not know it. If I asked him about something more remote, how could he know?" The King said: "Can you?" He replied: "I can. The ode says: 'Qi Zhao is calm and harmonious, to make clear virtuous sound. Think of our king's standards, like jade, like gold. Measure the strength of the people, and have no heart of drunkenness and satiety.'" The King bowed and went in, and at meals he could not eat and at night he could not sleep, for several days, and could not restrain himself, and so met with disaster.

仲尼曰：“古也有志：‘克己復禮，仁也’。信善哉！楚靈王若能如是，豈其辱於乾溪？”晉伐鮮虞，因肥之役也。

Zhongni said: "The ancient records say: 'To overcome oneself and return to ritual is benevolence.' How true! If King Ling of Chu had been able to do this, how could he have been humiliated at Ganqi?" Jin attacked Xianyu, taking advantage of the battle of Fei.

【經】十有三年春，叔弓帥師圍費。夏四月，楚公子比自晉歸於楚，殺其君虔於乾溪。楚公子棄疾殺公子比。秋，公會劉子、晉侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子於平丘。八月甲戌，同盟於平丘。

[Classic] In the thirteenth year, in spring, Shu Gong led an army to besiege Fei. In summer, in the fourth month, Prince Bi of Chu returned from Jin to Chu and killed his ruler Qian at Ganqi. Prince Qiji of Chu killed Prince Bi. In autumn, Duke Zhao met Liuzi, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Viscount of Teng, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Little Zhu at Pingqiu. In the eighth month, on jiaxu, they made a covenant together at Pingqiu.

公不與盟。晉人執季孫意如以歸。公至自會。蔡侯廬歸於蔡。陳侯吳歸於陳。冬十月，葬蔡靈公。公如晉，至河乃復。吳滅州來。

Duke Zhao did not take part in the covenant. The men of Jin seized Ji Sun Yiru and took him back. Duke Zhao returned from the meeting. Lu, Marquis of Cai, returned to Cai. Wu, Marquis of Chen, returned to Chen. In winter, in the tenth month, Duke Ling of Cai was buried. Duke Zhao went to Jin and returned on reaching the Yellow River. Wu destroyed Zhoulai.

【傳】十三年春，叔弓圍費，弗克，敗焉。平子怒，令見費人執之以為囚俘。

[Commentary] In the thirteenth year, in spring, Shu Gong besieged Fei but could not take it and was defeated. Pingzi was angry and ordered that any man of Fei seen be seized as a prisoner.

冶區夫曰：“非也。若見費人，寒者衣之，飢者食之，為之令主，而共其乏困。

Ye Qufu said: "That is wrong. If you see a man of Fei, give clothes to the cold and food to the hungry, be a good host to them and supply their needs.