Duke Xiang (Years 1 to 31)

衛甯惠子疾，召悼子曰：“吾得罪於君，悔而無及也。名藏在諸侯之策，曰：‘孫林父、寧殖出其君。’君入則掩之。若能掩之，則吾子也。若不能，猶有鬼神，吾有餒而已，不來食矣。”悼子許諾，惠子遂卒。

Ning Huizi of Wey fell ill and summoned Daozi, saying: "I offended the ruler, and regret comes too late. My name is hidden in the bamboo records of the feudal lords, which say: 'Sun Linfu and Ning Zhi drove out their ruler.' When the ruler enters, he will cover it up. If it can be covered up, you are my son. If not, there are still ghosts and spirits, and I will just go hungry and will not come to eat." Daozi agreed, and Huizi died.

【經】二十有一年春王正月，公如晉。邾庶其以漆、閭丘來奔。夏，公至自晉。秋，晉盈出奔楚。九月庚戌朔，日有食之。冬十月庚辰朔，日有食之。曹伯來朝。公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子於商任。

[Classic] In the twenty-first year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang went to Jin. Shu Qi of Zhu came with Qi and Lüqiu to seek refuge. In summer, Duke Xiang returned from Jin. In autumn Ying of Jin fled to Chu. In the ninth month, on the gengxu day, the first of the month, there was a solar eclipse. In winter, in the tenth month, on the gengchen day, the first of the month, there was a solar eclipse. The Earl of Cao came to pay court. Duke Xiang met the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wey, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju and the Viscount of Zhu at Shangren.

【傳】二十一年春，公如晉，拜師及取邾田也。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-first year, Duke Xiang went to Jin to thank them for sending troops and for obtaining the lands of Zhu.

邾庶其以漆、閭丘來奔。季武子以公姑姊妻之，皆有賜於其從者。

Shu Qi of Zhu came with Qi and Lüqiu to seek refuge. Ji Wuzi married Duke Xiang's paternal aunt to him and gave rewards to all his followers.

於是魯多盜。季孫謂臧武仲曰：“子盍詰盜？”武仲曰：“不可詰也，紇又不能。”季孫曰：“我有四封，而詰其盜，何故不可？子為司寇，將盜是務去，若之何不能？”武仲曰：“子召外盜而大禮焉，何以止吾盜？子為正卿，而來外盜；使紇去之，將何以能？庶其竊邑於邾以來，子以姬氏妻之，而與之邑，其從者皆有賜焉。若大盜禮焉以君之姑姊與其大邑，其次皂牧輿馬，其小者衣裳劍帶，是賞盜也。賞而去之，其或難焉。紇也聞之，在上位者，灑濯其心，壹以待人，軌度其信，可明徵也，而後可以治人。夫上之所為，民之歸也。上所不為而民或為之，是以加刑罰焉，而莫敢不懲。若上之所為而民亦為之，乃其所也，又可禁乎？《夏書》曰：‘念茲在茲，釋茲在茲，名言茲在茲，允出茲在茲，惟帝念功。’將謂由己壹也。信由己壹，而後功可念也。”

At that time Lu had many thieves. Jisun said to Zang Wuzhong: "Why do you not take action against the thieves?" Wuzhong said: "They cannot be dealt with, and I cannot do it." Jisun said: "I have borders on four sides, and to question the thieves within the borders, why not? You are Minister of Justice, and getting rid of thieves is to be your main task; how can you not?" Wuzhong said: "You summoned an outside thief and treated him with great ritual; on what grounds can you forbid our thieves? You are the chief minister, yet you bring in outside thieves; if you have me remove them, on what basis can I? Shu Qi came having stolen a city from Zhu, and you married Lady Ji to him and gave him a city, and all his followers have been rewarded. If a great thief is treated with the ruler's paternal aunt and a large city, then next with grooms, herders, chariots and horses, and the lesser ones with clothes and belts, this is rewarding thieves. To reward and yet remove them may be difficult. I have heard that those in high position wash their own hearts clean, treat people with single-mindedness, and measure their good faith by standards, so that it can be clearly verified, and then they can govern people. What those above do is where the people turn. When those above do not do it but the people do, therefore punishment is applied and no one dares not take warning. If what those above do the people also do, that is their place, and can it still be forbidden? The Book of Xia says: 'Think of this, and it is in this; set it aside, and it is in this; name it, and it is in this; send out good faith, and it is in this; only the Emperor thinks of merit.' This means it comes from one's own single-mindedness. When good faith comes from one's own single-mindedness, then merit can be thought of."

庶其非卿也，以地來，雖賤必書，重地也。

Shu Qi was not a minister, yet he came carrying land, and even though he was of low rank it was necessarily recorded, because the land was valued.

齊侯使慶佐為大夫，復討公子牙之黨，執公子買於句瀆之丘。公子鉏來奔。

The Marquis of Qi made Qing Zuo a grand officer and again punished the followers of Prince Ya, seizing Prince Mai at the hill of Judu. Prince Chu came to seek refuge.

叔孫還奔燕。

Shusun Huan fled to Yan.

夏，楚子庚卒，楚子使薳子馮為令尹。訪於申叔豫，叔豫曰：“國多寵而王弱，國不可為也。”遂以疾辭。方署，闕地，下冰而床焉。重繭衣裘，鮮食而寢。

In summer, Zigeng of Chu died, and the Viscount of Chu had Weizi Feng become prime minister. He consulted Shen Shuyu, who said: "The state has many favorites and the ruler is weak; the state cannot be governed." So he declined on grounds of illness. It was the hot season. He dug into the ground, put ice below and set a bed over it. He wore two layers of padded clothes and a fur, ate little and then slept.

楚子使醫視之，復曰：“瘠則甚矣，而血氣未動。”乃使子南為令尹。

The Viscount of Chu sent a physician to examine him, who reported: "He is very thin, but his blood and breath have not moved." So Zinan was made prime minister.

欒桓子娶於範宣子，生懷子。範鞅以其亡也，怨欒氏，故與欒盈為公族大夫而不相能。桓子卒，欒祁與其老州賓通，幾亡室矣。懷子患之。祁懼其討也，愬諸宣子曰：“盈將為亂，以范氏為死桓主而專政矣，曰：‘吾父逐鞅也，不怒而以寵報之，又與吾同官而專之，吾父死而益富。死吾父而專於國，有死而已，吾蔑從之矣！’其謀如是，懼害於主，吾不敢不言。”範鞅為之徵。懷子好施，士多歸之。宣子畏其多士也，信之。懷子為下卿，宣子使城著而遂逐之。

Luan Huanzi had married the daughter of Fan Xuanzi and she bore Huaizi. Fan Yang resented the Luan clan over his flight, so he and Luan Ying were both grand officers of the ducal clan but could not get along. When Huanzi died, Luan Qi had an affair with Zhou Bin, the chief of her household retainers, and nearly lost the household. Huaizi was troubled by this. Qi, fearing his punishment, accused him to Xuanzi, saying: "Ying is about to cause trouble, thinking that the Fan clan caused the death of Lord Huan and took government into their own hands, saying: 'My father drove out Yang, and did not become angry but repaid him with favor, and he is now in the same office as I and rules on his own authority, and since my father died he has become richer. They caused my father's death and rule the state on their own authority; I will only die, and I will not follow him!' Such is his plan, and fearing harm to my lord I dare not fail to speak." Fan Yang gave testimony for her. Huaizi liked to give and many gentlemen attached themselves to him. Xuanzi feared that he had many gentlemen and believed her. Huaizi was a junior minister, and Xuanzi had him build up Zhu and then drove him out.

秋，欒盈出奔楚。宣子殺箕遺、黃淵、嘉父、司空靖、邴豫、董叔、邴師、申書、羊舌虎、叔羆。囚伯華、叔向、籍偃。人謂叔向曰：“子離於罪，其為不知乎？”叔向曰：“與其死亡若何？《詩》曰：‘優哉遊哉，聊以卒歲。’知也。”

In autumn, Luan Ying fled to Chu. Xuanzi killed Ji Yi, Huang Yuan, Jiafu, Sikong Jing, Bing Yu, Dong Shu, Bing Shi, Shen Shu, Yangshe Hu and Shu Pi. He imprisoned Bohua, Shu Xiang and Ji Yan. Someone said to Shu Xiang: "You have fallen into guilt; is this not unwise?" Shu Xiang said: "Compared with death, how is it? The Book of Songs says: 'How leisurely, to pass out one's years.' That is wisdom."

樂王鮒見叔向曰：“吾為子請！”叔向弗應。出，不拜。其人皆咎叔向。叔向曰：“必祁大夫。。”室老聞之，曰：“樂王鮒言於君無不行，求赦吾子，吾子不許。

Yue Wangfu saw Shu Xiang and said: "I will plead for you!" Shu Xiang did not agree. He went out and did not bow. His men all blamed Shu Xiang. Shu Xiang said: "It must be the Grand Officer Qi." The chief steward heard of it and said: "There is nothing Yue Wangfu says to the ruler that is not carried out, and he asked to pardon you, yet you did not agree.

祁大夫所不能也，而曰‘必由之’，何也？”叔向曰：“樂王鮒，從君者也，何能行？祁大夫外舉不棄仇，內舉不失親，其獨遺我乎？《詩》曰：‘有覺德行，四國順之。’夫子，覺者也。”

What Grand Officer Qi cannot do, you say 'it will certainly be through him'; why?" Shu Xiang said: "Yue Wangfu is one who follows the ruler; how can he succeed? The Grand Officer Qi, in recommending outside, does not abandon enemies, and in recommending inside does not lose kin; would he alone abandon me? The Book of Songs says: 'Where there is upright virtue, the states of the four quarters comply.' That man is upright."

晉侯問叔向之罪於樂王鮒，對曰：“不棄其親，其有焉。”於是祁奚老矣，聞之，乘馹而見宣子，曰：“《詩》曰：‘惠我無疆，子孫保之。’《書》曰：‘聖有謨勳，明徵定保。’夫謀而鮮過，惠訓不倦者，叔向有焉，社稷之固也。

The Marquis of Jin asked Yue Wangfu about Shu Xiang's crime, and he answered: "He does not abandon his kin; perhaps there is something." At that time Qi Xi had already retired because of old age, and when he heard of it he rode a post carriage to see Xuanzi and said: "The Book of Songs says: 'Bestow kindness on me without limit, and may our descendants keep it.' The Book of Documents says: 'The sagely and wise have plans and achievements, clearly verified, giving stability and protection.' One who plans with few mistakes and gives kindness and instruction without tiring, Shu Xiang has these, and is a firm support of the altars of the soil and grain.

猶將十世宥之，以勸能者。今壹不免其身，以棄社稷，不亦惑乎？鯀殛而禹興。

Even for ten generations one should be lenient, to encourage the able. Now to fail to spare him for one offense, and so abandon the altars of the soil and grain, is that not confused? Gun was executed and Yu arose.

伊尹放大甲而相之，卒無怨色。管、蔡為戮，周公右王。若之何其以虎也棄社稷？子為善，誰敢不勉？多殺何為？”宣子說，與之乘，以言諸公而免之。不見叔向而歸。叔向亦不告免焉而朝。

Yi Yin banished Taijia yet assisted him, and in the end there was no sign of resentment. Guan and Cai were killed, and the Duke of Zhou assisted the king. How can one abandon the altars of the soil and grain because of a Hu? If you do good, who dares not to make an effort? What is the use of killing many?" Xuanzi was pleased, rode with him, spoke to the duke and obtained a pardon. He went back without seeing Shu Xiang. Shu Xiang also went to court without informing anyone of the pardon.

初，叔向之母妒叔虎之母美而不使，其子皆諫其母。其母曰：“深山大澤，實生龍蛇。彼美，餘懼其生龍蛇以禍女。女，敝族也。國多大寵，不仁人間之，不亦難乎？餘何愛焉！”使往視寢，生叔虎。美而有勇力，欒懷子嬖之，故羊舌氏之族及於難。

Earlier, Shu Xiang's mother was jealous that Shu Hu's mother was beautiful and would not let her attend the master's bed, and her sons all remonstrated with her. The mother said: "Deep mountains and great marshes do indeed give birth to dragons and snakes. She is beautiful, and I fear she will give birth to dragons and snakes that will harm you. You are a declining clan. The state has many great favorites, and unbenevolent people sow discord among them, is that not difficult? What is there that I would begrudge!" She let her attend the bed, and she gave birth to Shu Hu. He was handsome and had courage and strength, and Luan Huaizi loved him, so the Yangshe clan met disaster.

欒盈過於周，周西鄙掠之。辭於行人，曰：“天子陪臣盈，得罪於王之守臣，將逃罪。罪重於郊甸，無所伏竄，敢布其死。昔陪臣書能輸力於王室，王施惠焉。

When Luan Ying passed through Zhou, people on the western border of Zhou plundered him. He stated to the envoy: "I, Ying, a subordinate official of the Son of Heaven, offended the king's guardian minister and am about to flee from punishment. My guilt is heavier than the suburbs, and I have no place to flee, so I dare to state my capital crime. In former times the subordinate official Shu was able to exert himself for the royal house, and the king bestowed kindness on him.

其子黶，不能保任其父之勞。大君若不棄書之力，亡臣猶有所逃。若棄書之力，而思黶之罪，臣，戮餘也，將歸死於尉氏，不敢還矣。敢布四體，唯大君命焉！”王曰：“尤而效之，其又甚焉！”使司徒禁掠欒氏者，歸所取焉。使候出諸轘轅。

His son Yan could not preserve his father's toil. If the great lord does not abandon Shu's service, the fugitive subject still has somewhere to flee. If he abandons Shu's service and thinks of Yan's guilt, I am a remnant of executions and will go back and die at Weishi, and dare not return. I dare to spread my limbs and wait only for the great lord's command!" The king said: "To blame and yet imitate would be even worse!" He sent the Minister of Education to forbid the plundering of Luan's men and to return what had been taken. He sent scouts to escort him out from Huanyuan.

冬，曹武公來朝，始見也。

In winter, Duke Wu of Cao came to pay court, which was his first audience.

會於商任，錮欒氏也。齊侯、衛侯不敬。叔向曰：“二君者必不免。會朝，禮之經也；禮，政之輿也；政，身之守也；怠禮失政，失政不立，是以亂也。”

The meeting at Shangren was to bar the Luan clan. The Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wey were not respectful. Shu Xiang said: "These two rulers will surely not escape. Meetings and audiences are the framework of ritual; ritual is the carriage of government; government is the protection of one's person. To be negligent about ritual is to lose government, and to lose government is to be unable to stand, and so there is disorder."

知起、中行喜、州綽、邢蒯出奔齊，皆欒氏之黨也。樂王鮒謂範宣子曰：“盍反州綽、邢蒯，勇士也。”宣子曰：“彼欒氏之勇也，餘何獲焉？”王鮒曰：“子為彼欒氏，乃亦子之勇也。”

Zhi Qi, Zhonghang Xi, Zhou Chuo and Xing Kuai fled to Qi, all followers of the Luan clan. Yue Wangfu said to Fan Xuanzi: "Why not let Zhou Chuo and Xing Kuai return? They are brave men." Xuanzi said: "That is the bravery of the Luan clan, what do I gain?" Wangfu said: "If you become their Luan, it will become your bravery too."

齊莊公朝，指殖綽、郭最曰：“是寡人之雄也。”州綽曰：“君以為雄，誰敢不雄？然臣不敏，平陰之役，先二子鳴。”莊公為勇爵。殖綽、郭最欲與焉。

Duke Zhuang of Qi, at court, pointed at Zhi Chuo and Guo Zui and said: "These are my heroes." Zhou Chuo said: "If Your Lordship thinks them heroes, who dares not be a hero? But I am not so quick-witted; at the battle of Pingyin I crowed before these two." Duke Zhuang established a rank for the brave. Zhi Chuo and Guo Zui wanted to take part.

州綽曰：“東閭之役，臣左驂迫，還於門中，識其枚數。其可以與於此乎？”公曰：“子為晉君也。”對曰：“臣為隸新。然二子者，譬於禽獸，臣食其肉而寢處其皮矣。”

Zhou Chuo said: "In the battle of Dongchang, my left outer horse was crowded, and I circled in the gate and knew the number of studs on the door leaf. Perhaps I could take part in this?" The duke said: "You did it for the lord of Jin." He replied: "I am newly made a retainer. But as for those two, compare them to beasts; I have eaten their flesh and slept on their skins."

【經】二十有二年春王正月，公至自會。夏四月。秋七月辛酉，叔老卒。冬，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子於沙隨。公至自會。楚殺其大夫公子追舒。

[Classic] In the twenty-second year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. In summer, the fourth month. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the xinyou day, Shu Lao died. In winter, Duke Xiang met the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wey, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu, the Earl of Xue, the Earl of Qi and the Viscount of Xiaozhu at Shasui. Duke Xiang returned from the meeting. Chu killed its grand officer Prince Zhuishu.

【傳】二十二年春，臧武仲如晉，雨，過御叔。御叔在其邑，將飲酒，曰：“焉用聖人！我將飲酒而已，雨行，何以聖為？”穆叔聞之曰：“不可使也，而傲使人，國之蠹也。”令倍其賦。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-second year, Zang Wuzhong went to Jin, and it rained as he passed Yushu's place. Yushu, in his city, was about to drink and said: "What need is there of a sage! I am just going to drink; to travel on in the rain, by what standard is that sagely?" Mu Shu heard of it and said: "One who cannot be sent as an envoy but looks down on the envoy is a worm in the state." He ordered that his taxes be doubled.

夏，晉人徵朝於鄭。鄭人使少正公孫僑對曰：“在晉先君悼公九年，我寡君於是即位。即位八月，而我先大夫子駟從寡君以朝於執事。執事不禮於寡君。寡君懼，因是行也，我二年六月朝於楚，晉是以有戲之役。楚人猶競，而申禮於敝邑。敝邑欲從執事而懼為大尤，曰晉其謂我不共有禮，是以不敢攜貳於楚。我四年三月，先大夫子蟜又從寡君以觀釁於楚，晉於是乎有蕭魚之役。謂我敝邑，邇在晉國，譬諸草木，吾臭味也，而何敢差池？楚亦不競，寡君盡其土實，重之以宗器，以受齊盟。遂帥群臣隨於執事以會歲終。貳於楚者，子侯、石盂，歸而討之。湨梁之明年，子蟜老矣，公孫夏從寡君以朝於君，見於嘗酎，與執燔焉。間二年，聞君將靖東夏，四月又朝，以聽事期。不朝之間，無歲不聘，無役不從。以大國政令之無常，國家罷病，不虞薦至，無日不惕，豈敢忘職？大國若安定之，其朝夕在庭，何辱命焉？若不恤其患，而以為口實，其無乃不堪任命，而翦為仇讎，敝邑是懼。其敢忘君命？委諸執事，執事實重圖之。”

In summer, the men of Jin demanded that Zheng pay court. The men of Zheng sent the junior chief Gongsun Qiao to reply: "In the ninth year of the late Duke Dao of Jin, our ruler took the throne. Eight months after his accession, our late grand officer Zisi followed our ruler to pay court to your officials. Your officials were discourteous to our ruler. Our ruler was frightened, and because of this trip, in the sixth month of the second year we paid court to Chu, and for this Jin had the battle of Xi. The men of Chu were still strong, but they declared ritual to our humble city. Our humble city wished to follow your officials but feared it would be a great fault, saying that perhaps Jin thinks we are not respectful and ritual, so we did not dare be two-faced toward Chu. In the third month of the fourth year, our late grand officer Zijiao again followed our ruler to Chu to observe the gaps, and Jin then had the battle of Xiaoyu. We thought our humble city was close to Jin, compared to grass and trees, that we shared one flavor, so how dare we waver? Chu was no longer strong, and our ruler brought out all the produce of the land, adding the vessels of the ancestral temple, to receive the covenant of fasting. Then he led his ministers to follow your officials to meet at the end of the year. Those who were two-faced toward Chu, Zihou and Shi Meng, we punished upon returning. In the year after Jiliang, Zijiao retired due to old age, and Gongsun Xia followed our ruler to pay court to your lord, was received at the tasting of the zhou wine and took part in holding the roast meat. Two years later, hearing that Your Lordship would pacify the eastern Xia, we again came to pay court in the fourth month to hear the dates of affairs. In the intervals between court visits, there was no year without a visit and no campaign in which we did not follow. Because the great state's decrees have no regular rule, our state is exhausted and ill, and unexpected affairs come one after another, not a day passes without alertness; how dare we forget our duty? If the great state keeps our humble city at peace, we will be in the courtyard morning and evening; why need you trouble to send a command? If you do not pity its troubles but use them as a pretext, we fear we cannot bear the appointment and will be cut down and become enemies, and our humble city fears this. How would we dare forget Your Lordship's command? We entrust it to your officials; your officials must plan it carefully."

秋，欒盈自楚適齊。晏平仲言於齊侯曰：“商任之會，受命於晉。今納欒氏，將安用之？小所以事大，信也。失信不立，君其圖之。”弗聽。退告陳文子曰：“君人執信，臣人執共，忠信篤敬，上下同之，天之道也。君自棄也，弗能久矣！”九月，鄭公孫黑肱有疾，歸邑於公。召室老、宗人立段，而使黜官、薄祭。

In autumn, Luan Ying went from Chu to Qi. Yan Pingzhong said to the Marquis of Qi: "At the meeting at Shangren, we received our commands from Jin. Now you receive the Luan clan; how will you use him? A small state serves a large one by good faith. If good faith is lost, one cannot stand; Your Lordship should plan." He did not listen. On withdrawing he told Chen Wenzi: "For rulers to hold to good faith and for ministers to hold to respect, loyalty, good faith, sincerity and reverence, shared above and below, is the principle of Heaven. If Your Lordship himself abandons it, it cannot last long!" In the ninth month, Gongsun Heigong of Zheng fell ill and returned his city to the duke. He summoned the chief steward and the clan officer and set up Duan, and had them reduce the officials and make sacrifices frugally.

祭以特羊，殷以少牢。足以共祀，盡歸其餘邑。曰：“吾聞之，生於亂世，貴而能貧，民無求焉，可以後亡。敬共事君，與二三子。生在敬戒，不在富也。”己巳，伯張卒。君子曰：“善戒。《詩》曰：‘慎爾侯度，用戒不虞。’鄭子張其有焉。”

For sacrifices he used a single sheep, and for the grand sacrifice a small set of animals. Enough was provided for the sacrifices, and all the remaining cities were returned. He said: "I have heard that one born in an age of disorder who is honored yet can be poor, from whom the people demand nothing, may perish later. Respectfully serving the ruler, together with these few. Survival lies in reverence and caution, not in wealth." On the jisi day Bozhang died. The gentleman said: "He was good at taking precautions. The Book of Songs says: 'Be careful of your lordly standards, in order to guard against the unexpected.' Zizhang of Zheng probably had this."

冬，會於沙隨，復錮欒氏也。

In winter, a meeting was held at Shasui, and the Luan clan was barred again.

欒盈猶在齊，晏子曰：“禍將作矣！齊將伐晉，不可以不懼。”

Luan Ying was still in Qi, and Master Yan said: "Disaster is about to break out! Qi will attack Jin, and we cannot fail to fear it."

楚觀起有寵於令尹子南，未益祿，而有馬數十乘。楚人患之，王將討焉。子南之子棄疾為王御士，王每見之，必泣。棄疾曰：“君三泣臣矣，敢問誰之罪也？”王曰：“令尹之不能，爾所知也。國將討焉，爾其居乎？”對曰：“父戮子居，君焉用之？洩命重刑，臣亦不為。”王遂殺子南於朝，轘觀起於四竟。子南之臣謂棄疾，請徙子屍於朝，曰：“君臣有禮，唯二三子。”三日，棄疾請屍，王許之。既葬，其徒曰：“行乎？”曰：“吾與殺吾父，行將焉入？”曰：“然則臣王乎？”曰：“棄父事仇，吾弗忍也。”遂縊而死。

Guan Qi of Chu was favored by Zinan, the prime minister, and although his salary had not increased, he had several tens of chariots of horses. The men of Chu were troubled, and the king was about to punish him. Zinan's son Qiji was a guard of the king, and every time the king saw him, he wept. Qiji said: "Your Majesty has wept at me three times; may I ask whose crime it is?" The king said: "The prime minister's incompetence you know. The state is about to punish him; will you remain?" He replied: "When the father is killed and the son remains, what use is that to Your Majesty? To leak a command is a heavy punishment, and I will not do it either." The king then killed Zinan in the court and had Guan Qi torn apart by chariots at the four borders. Zinan's retainers told Qiji and asked to move his body from the court, saying: "Ruler and subject have ritual, only in these few." After three days, Qiji asked for the body and the king permitted it. After he was buried, his followers said: "Shall we leave?" He said: "I took part in killing my father; where would I go?" They said: "Then will you serve the king?" He said: "To abandon my father and serve his enemy, I cannot bear it." So he hanged himself.

復使薳子馮為令尹，公子齮為司馬。屈建為莫敖。有寵於薳子者八人，皆無祿而多馬。他日朝，與申叔豫言。弗應而退。從之，入於人中。又從之，遂歸。

Weizi Feng was again made prime minister, Prince Wei was made minister of war, and Qu Jian was made Mo'ao. Eight men favored by Weizi had no salary but many horses. Later one day at court he talked with Shen Shuyu. Shuyu did not answer and withdrew. He followed him into the crowd. He followed again and then went back.

退朝，見之，曰：“子三困我於朝，吾懼，不敢不見。吾過，子姑告我。何疾我也？”對曰：“吾不免是懼，何敢告子？”曰：“何故？”對曰：“昔觀起有寵於子南，子南得罪，觀起車裂。何故不懼？”自御而歸，不能當道。至，謂八人者曰：“吾見申叔，夫子所謂生死而肉骨也。知我者，如夫子則可。不然，請止。”

After leaving court he saw him and said: "You have cornered me three times in court, and I was afraid and dared not fail to see you. If I have fault, please tell me. Why do you dislike me?" He replied: "I fear I cannot escape guilt, how dare I tell you?" He said: "What is the reason?" He replied: "In the past Guan Qi was favored by Zinan, Zinan offended, and Guan Qi was torn apart by chariots. Why should one not fear?" He drove back himself and could not keep to the middle of the road. On arriving, he said to those eight men: "I saw Shen Shu, that gentleman is what is called one who makes the dead live and puts flesh on white bones. If someone understands me, someone like that gentleman will do. Otherwise, please stop."

辭八人者，而後王安之。

He dismissed those eight men, and only then was the king at ease.

十二月，鄭遊販將歸晉，未出竟，遭逆妻者，奪之，以館於邑。丁巳，其夫攻子明，殺之，以其妻行。子展廢良而立大叔，曰：“國卿，君之貳也，民之主也，不可以苟。請舍子明之類。”求亡妻者，使復其所。使遊氏勿怨，曰：“無昭惡也。”

In the twelfth month, You Fan of Zheng was about to return to Jin, and before he had left the state he met a man going to fetch his wife, seized her, and installed her in a city. On the dingsi day her husband attacked Ziming, killed him, and left with his wife. Zizhan deposed Liang and set up Daxu, saying: "A minister of state is a deputy to the ruler and master of the people, and must not be careless. Please give up Ziming's kind." They searched for the man who had lost his wife and let him return to his original place. He told the You clan not to resent it, saying: "Do not make evil manifest."

【經】二十有三年春王二月癸酉朔，日有食之。三月己巳，杞伯匄卒。夏，邾畀我來奔。葬杞孝公。陳殺其大夫慶虎及慶寅。陳侯之弟黃自楚歸於陳。晉欒盈復入於晉，入於曲沃。秋，齊侯伐衛，遂伐晉。八月，叔孫豹帥師救晉，次於雍榆。己卯，仲孫速卒。冬十月乙亥，臧孫紇出奔邾。晉人殺欒盈。齊侯襲莒。

[Classic] In the twenty-third year, in spring, in the second month by the Zhou calendar, on the guiyou day, the first of the month, there was a solar eclipse. In the third month, on the jisi day, Gai, Earl of Qi, died. In summer, Bi Wo of Zhu came to seek refuge. Duke Xiao of Qi was buried. Chen killed its grand officers Qing Hu and Qing Yin. Huang, younger brother of the Marquis of Chen, returned to Chen from Chu. Luan Ying of Jin entered Jin again, entering Quwo. In autumn, the Marquis of Qi attacked Wey, and then attacked Jin. In the eighth month, Shusun Bao led an army to rescue Jin and camped at Yongyu. On the jimao day, Zhongsun Su died. In winter, in the tenth month, on the yihai day, Zang Sunhe fled to Zhu. Men of Jin killed Luan Ying. The Marquis of Qi made a surprise attack on Ju.

【傳】二十三年春，杞孝公卒，晉悼夫人喪之。平公不徹樂，非禮也。禮，為鄰國闕。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-third year, Duke Xiao of Qi died, and the Lady Dao of Jin wore mourning for him. Duke Ping did not remove the music, which was contrary to ritual. By ritual, music is stopped for a neighboring state.

陳侯如楚。公子黃愬二慶於楚，楚人召之。使慶樂往，殺之。慶氏以陳叛。

The Marquis of Chen went to Chu. Prince Huang accused the two Qings to Chu, and the men of Chu summoned them. They sent Qing Yue, and he was killed. The Qing clan held Chen and rebelled.

夏，屈建從陳侯圍陳。陳人城，板隊而殺人。役人相命，各殺其長。遂殺慶虎、慶寅。楚人納公子黃。君子謂：“慶氏不義，不可肆也。故《書》曰：‘惟命不於常。’”晉將嫁女於吳，齊侯使析歸父媵之，以藩載欒盈及其士，納諸曲沃。欒盈夜見胥午而告之。對曰：“不可。天之所廢，誰能興之？子必不免。吾非愛死也，知不集也。”盈曰：“雖然，因子而死，吾無悔矣。我實不天，子無咎焉。”許諾。伏之，而觴曲沃人。樂作。午言曰：“今也得欒孺子，何如？”對曰：“得主而為之死，猶不死也。”皆嘆，有泣者。爵行，又言。皆曰：“得主，何貳之有？”盈出，遍拜之。

In summer, Qu Jian followed the Marquis of Chen in besieging Chen. The men of Chen were building a wall, and anyone who let a form-board fall was killed. The laborers passed the word to each other and each killed their overseers. Then they killed Qing Hu and Qing Yin. The men of Chu sent Prince Huang back. The gentleman considered: "The Qing clan was unrighteous and must not be tolerated. So the Book of Documents says: 'The mandate of Heaven is not constant.'" Jin was about to marry a daughter to Wu, and the Marquis of Qi sent Xi Guifu to send the secondary wives, loading Luan Ying and his men in a screened carriage and sending them into Quwo. Luan Ying saw Xu Wu at night and told him. He replied: "It cannot be done. When Heaven has abandoned someone, who can raise him? You will certainly not escape. It is not that I begrudge death, but I know the matter cannot succeed." Ying said: "Even so, to die through you I will have no regret. In truth I am not protected by Heaven; you have no fault." He agreed, hid him, and gave the men of Quwo wine to drink. Music struck up. Wu said: "Now that we have got the young Lord Luan, how is it?" They replied: "To get our lord and die for him would be like not dying." They all sighed, and some wept. When the cups went round, he spoke again. All said: "Having got our lord, what second thought is there?" Ying came out and bowed to them one by one.

四月，欒盈帥曲沃之甲，因魏獻子，以晝入絳。初，欒盈佐魏莊子於下軍，獻子私焉，故因之。趙氏以原、屏之難怨欒氏，韓、趙方睦。中行氏以伐秦之役怨欒氏，而固與范氏和親。知悼子少，而聽於中行氏。程鄭嬖於公。唯魏氏及七輿大夫與之。

In the fourth month, Luan Ying led the armed men of Quwo, relied on Wei Xianzi, and entered Jiang in broad daylight. Earlier, Luan Ying had assisted Wei Zhuangzi in the Lower Army, and Xianzi was close to him, so he relied on him. The Zhao clan resented the Luan clan over the disaster of Yuan and Ping, but Han and Zhao were on good terms. The Zhonghang clan resented the Luan clan over the campaign against Qin and had long been allied with the Fan clan. Zhi Daozi was young and obeyed the Zhonghang clan. Cheng Zheng was favored by the duke. Only the Wei clan and the grand officers of the seven chariots sided with the Luan.

樂王鮒待坐於範宣子。或告曰：“欒氏至矣！”宣子懼。桓子曰：“奉君以走固宮，必無害也。且欒氏多怨，子為政，欒氏自外，子在位，其利多矣。既有利權，又執民柄，將何懼焉？欒氏所得，其唯魏氏乎！而可強取也。夫克亂在權，子無懈矣。”公有姻喪，王鮒使宣子墨縗冒絰，二婦人輦以如公，奉公以如固宮。

Yue Wangfu was sitting in attendance beside Fan Xuanzi. Someone reported: "The Luan have arrived!" Xuanzi was afraid. Huanzi said: "Serving the ruler by running into the Gu Palace will surely do no harm. Moreover the Luan clan have many enemies; you hold the government, and the Luan come from outside; you are in position, and the advantage is greater. You already have power and also hold the people's authority; what is there to fear? What the Luan can gain is perhaps only the Wei clan! But it can be taken by force. Putting down disorder lies in authority; do not be negligent." The duke had a mourning for a relative by marriage, so Wangfu had Xuanzi wear black mourning clothes and a sash, and two women pushed the carriage to the duke, and he served the duke into the Gu Palace.

範鞅逆魏舒，則成列既乘，將逆欒氏矣。趨進，曰：“欒氏帥賊以入，鞅之父與二三子在君所矣。使鞅逆吾子。鞅請驂乘。”持帶，遂超乘，右撫劍，左援帶，命驅之出。僕請，鞅曰：“之公。”宣子逆諸階，執其手，賂之以曲沃。

Fan Yang went to meet Wei Shu, who had already lined up and boarded the chariot and was about to meet the Luan. He hurried forward and said: "The Luan have led bandits in; Yang's father and these others are with the ruler. They sent Yang to meet you, sir. Yang asks to be your chariot attendant." He took hold of the strap and leapt onto the chariot, with his right hand on his sword and his left hand holding the strap, and ordered it to be driven out. The driver asked where, and Yang said: "To the duke." Xuanzi met him at the steps, held his hand, and offered him Quwo as a bribe.

初，斐豹隸也，著于丹書。欒氏之力臣曰督戎，國人懼之。斐豹謂宣子曰：“苟焚丹書，我殺督戎。”宣子喜，曰：“而殺之，所不請於君焚丹書者，有如日！”乃出豹而閉之，督戎從之。逾隱而待之，督戎逾入，豹自後擊而殺之。范氏之徒在臺後，欒氏乘公門。宣子謂鞅曰：“矢及君屋，死之！”鞅用劍以帥卒，欒氏退。攝車從之，遇欒氏，曰：“樂免之，死將訟女於天。”樂射之，不中；又注，則乘槐本而覆。或以戟鉤之，斷肘而死。欒魴傷。欒盈奔曲沃，晉人圍之。

Earlier, Fei Bao was a slave registered in the red book. The Luan clan's strongman was called Du Rong, and the people of the state feared him. Fei Bao said to Xuanzi: "If you burn the red book, I will kill Du Rong." Xuanzi was pleased and said: "If you kill him and I do not ask the ruler to burn the red book, may the sun witness it!" So Bao was let out and the door locked, and Du Rong followed him. He leapt over a low wall and waited, and Du Rong leapt in, and Bao struck and killed him from behind. The followers of the Fan clan were behind the terrace, and the Luan climbed to the duke's gate. Xuanzi said to Yang: "Arrows have reached the ruler's house; die for this!" Yang led the soldiers with his sword and the Luan withdrew. He leapt onto a chariot to pursue and met Luan Le, who said: "Le, spare me, and when I am dead I will contend with you in Heaven." Le shot at him and missed; he nocked another arrow, but the chariot hit a locust-tree root and overturned. Someone hooked him with a halberd and cut off his elbow, and he died. Luan Fang was wounded. Luan Ying fled to Quwo, and the men of Jin besieged him.

秋，齊侯伐衛。先驅，谷榮御王孫揮，召揚為右。申驅，成秩御莒恆，申鮮虞之傅摯為右。曹開御戎，晏父戎為右。貳廣，上之登御邢公，盧蒲癸為右。啟，牢成御襄罷師，狼蘧疏為右。胠，商子車御侯朝，桓跳為右。大殿，商子游御夏之禦寇，崔如為右，燭庸之越駟乘。

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi attacked Wey. In the vanguard, Gu Rong drove for Wangsun Hui, and Zhao Yang was the spearman on the right. In the second line, Cheng Zhi drove for Ju Heng, and Fu Zhi, son of Shen Xianyu, was the spearman on the right. Cao Kai drove the command chariot and Yan Furong was the spearman on the right. In the supporting chariots, Shang Zhideng drove for Xing Gong and Lu Pugui was the spearman on the right. On the left wing, Lao Cheng drove for Xiang Pashi and Lang Qushu was the spearman on the right. On the right wing, Shang Zi Che drove for Hou Chao and Huan Tiao was the spearman on the right. In the rear, Shang Ziyou drove for Xia Zhi Yukou, Cui Ru was the spearman on the right, and Zhu Yong Zhi Yue was the fourth man on the chariot.

自衛將遂伐晉。晏平仲曰：“君恃勇力以伐盟主，若不濟，國之福也。不德而有功，憂必及君。”崔杼諫曰：“不可。臣聞之，小國間大國之敗而毀焉，必受其咎。君其圖之！”弗聽。陳文子見崔武子，曰：“將如君何？”武子曰：“吾言於君，君弗聽也。以為盟主，而利其難。群臣若急，君於何有？子姑止之。”

From Wey they were to go on to attack Jin. Yan Pingzhong said: "Your Lordship relies on bravery and strength to attack the head of the covenant; if it does not succeed, it is the state's good fortune. To have achievements without virtue means trouble will certainly fall on Your Lordship." Cui Zhu remonstrated: "It cannot be done. I have heard that when a small state exploits a large state's failure to destroy it, it will certainly suffer disaster. Your Lordship should plan!" He did not listen. Chen Wenzi saw Cui Wuzi and said: "What will you do about the ruler?" Wuzi said: "I told the ruler, but he did not listen. He took him as head of the covenant yet exploits his misfortune. If the ministers become desperate, what will the ruler have? You should stop for a while."

文子退，告其人曰：“崔子將死乎！謂君甚，而又過之，不得其死。過君以義，猶自抑也，況以惡乎？”齊侯遂伐晉，取朝歌，為二隊，入孟門，登大行，張武軍於熒庭，戍郫邵，封少水，以報平陰之役，乃還。趙勝帥東陽之師以追之，獲晏犛。八月，叔孫豹帥師救晉，次於雍榆，禮也。

Wenzi withdrew and told his men: "Master Cui will die! He said the ruler was excessive, and he himself exceeds him, and will not die well. To exceed the ruler through righteousness one must still restrain oneself, how much more through evil?" The Marquis of Qi then attacked Jin, took Chaoge, split into two columns, entered Mengmen and climbed Taihang, set up a military camp at Yingting, garrisoned Pishao, raised a mound at the Shao River to record the achievement, in revenge for the battle of Pingyin, and then returned. Zhao Sheng led the troops of Dongyang in pursuit and captured Yan Mao. In the eighth month, Shusun Bao led an army to rescue Jin and camped at Yongyu, which was in accordance with ritual.

季武子無適子，公彌長，而愛悼子，欲立之。訪於申豐，曰：“彌與紇，吾皆愛之，欲擇才焉而立之。”申豐趨退，歸，盡室將行。他日，又訪焉，對曰：“其然，將具敝車而行。”乃止。訪於臧紇，臧紇曰：“飲我酒，吾為子立之。”

Ji Wuzi had no legitimate son; Gongmi was the elder but he loved Daozi and wanted to set him up. He consulted Shen Feng, saying: "I love both Mi and He and want to choose the capable one to set up." Shen Feng hurried away, went home and arranged his household to leave. Later one day he consulted him again, and he answered: "If so, I will prepare a broken-down cart to leave." So he stopped. He consulted Zang He, who said: "Give me wine to drink, and I will set him up for you."

季氏飲大夫酒，臧紇為客。既獻，臧孫命北面重席，新尊絜之。召悼之，降，逆之。大夫皆起。及旅，而召公鉏，使與之齒，季孫失色。

The Ji clan gave wine to the grand officers, and Zang He was the guest. After the toast had been offered, Zang Sun ordered the mats to be laid in double layers facing north and the new wine vessel to be wiped clean. He summoned Daozi and went down the steps to meet him. The grand officers all rose. At the round of pledges, only then was Gongzu summoned, and he was made to take his place with them by age, and Jisun's face changed.

季氏以公鉏為馬正，慍而不出。閔子馬見之，曰：“子無然！禍福無門，唯人所召。為人子者，患不孝，不患無所。敬共父命，何常之有？若能孝敬，富倍季氏可也。奸回不軌，禍倍下民可也。”公鉏然之。敬共朝夕，恪居官次。季孫喜，使飲己酒，而以具往，盡舍旃。故公鉏氏富，又出為公左宰。

The Ji clan made Gongchu master of the horse, and he was indignant and would not leave his door. Min Zima saw him and said: "You must not do this! Disaster and blessing have no door; they are only what people summon. As a son, one worries about being unfilial and does not worry about having no position. Is there any fixed rule about respecting a father's commands? If you can be filial, your wealth may be double that of the Ji clan. If you are wicked and lawless, your disaster may be double that of the common people." Gongchu thought him right. He was respectful morning and evening and careful in his office. Jisun was pleased, had him give him wine, and went with his vessels, leaving them all. So the Gongchu clan became rich and he came out to serve as the duke's left steward.

孟孫惡臧孫，季孫愛之。孟氏之御騶豐點好羯也，曰：“從餘言，必為孟孫。”

Mengsun hated Zang Sun, but Jisun loved him. Feng Dian, chief groom of the Meng clan, liked Jie and said: "If you follow me, you will certainly become Mengsun."

再三云，羯從之。孟莊子疾，豐點謂公鉏：“苟立羯，請仇臧氏。”公鉏謂季孫曰：“孺子秩，固其所也。若羯立，則季氏信有力於臧氏矣。”弗應。己卯，孟孫卒，公鉏奉羯立於戶側。季孫至，入，哭，而出，曰：“秩焉在？”公鉏曰：“羯在此矣！”季孫曰：“孺子長。”公鉏曰：“何長之有？唯其才也。且夫子之命也。”遂立羯。秩奔邾。

After saying it several times, Jie followed him. When Meng Zhuangzi fell ill, Feng Dian said to Gongchu: "If Jie is set up, please be hostile to the Zang clan." Gongchu said to Jisun: "The young master Zhi is rightly in that position. If Jie is set up, the Ji clan will indeed have power over the Zang clan." He did not agree. On the jimao day Mengsun died, and Gongchu served Jie and set him up beside the door. When Jisun arrived, he went in, wept, came out and said: "Where is Zhi?" Gongchu said: "Jie is here!" Jisun said: "The young master is older." Gongchu said: "What does age matter? Only his ability counts. Moreover it was that gentleman's order." So Jie was set up. Zhi fled to Zhu.

臧孫入，哭甚哀，多涕。出，其御曰：“孟孫之惡子也，而哀如是。季孫若死，其若之何？”臧孫曰：“季孫之愛我，疾疢也。孟孫之惡我，藥石也。美疢不如惡石。夫石猶生我，疢之美，其毒滋多。孟孫死，吾亡無日矣。”

Zang Sun went in, wept very sorrowfully and shed many tears. On coming out, his driver said: "Mengsun hated you, yet you grieve like this. If Jisun dies, what will you do?" Zang Sun said: "Jisun's love for me is a disease. Mengsun's hatred of me is medicine and a stone needle. A pleasant disease is not as good as a bitter medicine and needle. The needle can still keep me alive, but a disease, however pleasant, carries much poison. With Mengsun dead, my ruin is not many days away."

孟氏閉門，告於季秋曰：“臧氏將為亂，不使我葬。”季孫不信。臧孫聞之，戒。冬十月，孟氏將闢，藉除於臧氏。臧孫使正夫助之，除於東門，甲從己而視之。孟氏又告季孫。季孫怒，命攻臧氏。乙亥，臧紇斬鹿門之關以出，奔邾。

The Meng clan shut its gate and told Jisun: "The Zang clan is about to rebel and will not let us bury our dead." (The base text has a variant form of the name, Jisun.) Jisun did not believe it. Zang Sun heard of this and took precautions. In winter, in the tenth month, the Meng clan was about to dig the passage to the tomb and borrowed laborers from the Zang clan. Zang Sun sent his chief steward to help, clearing the way at the East Gate, with armored men following him to look on. The Meng clan again told Jisun. Jisun was angry and ordered an attack on the Zang clan. On the yihai day, Zang He cut the bolt of the Deer Gate and went out, fleeing to Zhu.

初，臧宣叔娶於鑄，生賈及為而死。繼室以其侄，穆姜之姨子也。生紇，長於公宮。姜氏愛之，故立之。臧賈、臧為出在鑄。臧武仲自邾使告臧賈，且致大蔡焉，曰：“紇不佞，失守宗祧，敢告不弔。紇之罪，不及不祀。子以大蔡納請，其可。”賈曰：“是家之禍也，非子之過也。賈聞命矣。”再拜受龜。使為以納請，遂自為也。臧孫如防，使來告曰：“紇非能害也，知不足也。非敢私請！苟守先祀，無廢二勳，敢不闢邑。”乃立臧為。臧紇致防而奔齊。其人曰：“其盟我乎？”臧孫曰：“無辭。”將盟臧氏，季孫召外史掌惡臣，而問盟首焉，對曰：“盟東門氏也，曰：‘毋或如東門遂，不聽公命，殺適立庶。’盟叔孫氏也，曰：‘毋或如叔孫僑如，欲廢國常，蕩覆公室。’”季孫曰：“臧孫之罪，皆不及此。”

Earlier, Zang Xuanshu had taken a wife from Zhu, who bore Jia and Wei and then died. He made her niece his second wife, a daughter of Mu Jiang's maternal aunt. She bore He, who grew up in the ducal palace. Lady Jiang loved him, and so he was set up as heir. Zang Jia and Zang Wei went out and lived in Zhu. Zang Wuzhong sent word from Zhu to Zang Jia and sent him the Great Cai tortoise, saying: "He is without talent and has lost the guardianship of the ancestral temple; I dare to report this and to ask your consolation. My offense is not yet such as to cut off the sacrifices. If you present the Great Cai tortoise and make a plea, perhaps it can succeed." Jia said: "This is the misfortune of the house, not your fault. I have heard your command." He bowed twice and accepted the tortoise. He sent Wei to present it and make the plea, and Wei instead made the plea for himself. Zang Sun arrived at Fang and sent word: "He is not one who can harm others; his wisdom and plans were insufficient. I dare not make a private request! If the sacrifices of the ancestors are kept and the merits of the two predecessors are not discarded, how would I dare not leave the city?" So Wei was set up as heir. Zang He gave up Fang and fled to Qi. His men said: "Will they make a covenant with us?" Zang Sun said: "There is no text for the oath." They were about to make a covenant against the Zang clan, and Jisun summoned the outer scribe in charge of the records of wicked ministers and asked for the opening of the oath. He answered: "The covenant with the Dongmen clan said: 'Do not be like Dongmen Sui, who disobeyed the duke's command, killed the legitimate heir and set up a son by a lesser wife.' The covenant with the Shu Sun clan said: 'Do not be like Shu Sun Qiaoru, who wished to discard the state's constant rules and overturn the ducal house.'" Jisun said: "The crimes of Zang Sun do not amount to either of these."

孟椒曰：“盍以其犯門斬關？”季孫用之。乃盟臧氏曰：“無或如臧孫紇，幹國之紀，犯門斬關。”臧孫聞之，曰：“國有人焉！誰居？其孟椒乎！”晉人克欒盈於曲沃，盡殺欒氏之族黨。欒魴出奔宋。書曰：“晉人殺欒盈。”

Meng Jiao said: "Why not say it is because he forced the city gate and cut the bolt?" Jisun adopted this. So the covenant with the Zang clan said: "Do not be like Zang Sun He, who offended against the laws of the state, forced the city gate and cut its bolt." Zang Sun heard of it and said: "The state has a man in it! Who was it? Perhaps Meng Jiao!" The people of Jin defeated Luan Ying at Quwo and wiped out all the kin and partisans of the Luan clan. Luan Fang fled to Song. The Annals records: "The people of Jin killed Luan Ying."