Duke Zhao (First to Thirty-second Year)

韓宣子使邾人取其眾，將以叔孫與之。叔孫聞之，去眾與兵而朝。士彌牟謂韓宣子曰：“子弗良圖，而以叔孫與其仇，叔孫必死之。魯亡叔孫，必亡邾。邾君亡國，將焉歸？子雖悔之，何及？所謂盟主，討違命也。若皆相執，焉用盟主？”乃弗與，使各居一館。士伯聽其辭而訴諸宣子，乃皆執之。士伯御叔孫，從者四人，過邾館以如吏。先歸邾子。士伯曰：“以芻蕘之難，從者之病，將館子于都。”

Han Xuanzi had the men of Zhu bring their followers, intending to hand Shusun over to them. Shusun heard of it, removed his followers and weapons, and came to court. Shi Miemou said to Han Xuanzi: "You do not plan well, but hand Shusun to his enemies; Shusun will surely die for it. If Lu loses Shusun, it will surely destroy Zhu. When the ruler of Zhu has lost his state, where will he turn? Even if you regret it then, how could it be in time? What is called leader of the covenant is one who punishes the disobedient. If all seize one another, what is the use of a leader of the covenant?" So he was not handed over, and they were made to stay in separate lodgings. Shi Bo listened to his words and made accusations to Xuanzi, so both were seized. Shi Bo drove for Shusun, with four attendants, passing the lodging of Zhu to the officials. He first sent the Viscount of Zhu back. Shi Bo said: "Because of the difficulty of cutting grass and gathering firewood and the illness of the attendants, lodgings will be arranged for you in the capital."

叔孫旦而立，期焉。乃館諸箕。舍子服昭伯於他邑。

Shusun stood in the morning and fixed the time. So he was lodged at Ji. Zifu Zhaobo was placed in another town.

範獻子求貨於叔孫，使請冠焉。取其冠法，而與之兩冠，曰：“盡矣。”為叔孫故，申豐以貨如晉。叔孫曰：“見我，吾告女所行貨。”見，而不出。吏人之與叔孫居於箕者，請其吠狗，弗與。及將歸，殺而與之食之。叔孫所館者，雖一日必葺其牆屋，去之如始至。

Fan Xianzi asked Shusun for goods, and sent a man to ask for a cap. He took the pattern of his cap and gave him two caps, saying: "They are used up." Because of Shusun, Shen Feng took goods to Jin. Shusun said: "Come and see me, and I will tell you how to send the goods." When he came, he was not allowed to leave. The officials who lived with Shusun at Ji asked for his barking dog and he did not give it. When they were about to go back, he killed it and gave it to them to eat. In the lodging where Shusun stayed, even if for a day he would always repair the walls and rooms, and when he left it was like when he arrived.

夏四月乙酉，單子取訾，劉子取牆人、直人。六月壬午，王子朝入於尹。癸未，尹圉誘劉佗殺之。丙戌，單子從阪道，劉子從尹道伐尹。單子先至而敗，劉子還。己丑，召伯奐、南宮極以成周人戍尹。庚寅，單子、劉子、樊齊以王如劉。

In summer, on the yiyou day of the fourth month, Shanzi took Zi, and Liuzi took Qiangren and Zhiren. In the sixth month, on the renwu day, Prince Chao entered Yin. On the guiwei day, Yin Yu lured Liu Tuo and killed him. On the bingxu day, Shanzi by the Ban road and Liuzi by the Yin road attacked Yin. Shanzi arrived first and was defeated, and Liuzi returned. On the jichou day, Shao Bo Huan and Nangong Ji led the people of Chengzhou to garrison Yin. On the gengyin day, Shanzi, Liuzi, and Fan Qi took the King to Liu.

甲午，王子朝入於王城，次於左巷。秋七月戊申，尋阝羅納諸莊宮。尹辛敗劉師於唐。丙辰，又敗諸尋阝。甲子，尹辛取西闈。丙寅，攻蒯，蒯潰。

On the jiawu day, Prince Chao entered the royal city and encamped at Zuoxiang. In autumn, on the wushen day of the seventh month, Xun Luo was sent into the Zhuang Palace. (The base text reads "Xun Luo" with a variant character; it is the same name.) Yin Xin defeated the army of Liu at Tang. On the bingchen day, he defeated them again at Xun. On the jiazi day, Yin Xin took Xiwei. On the bingyin day, he attacked Kuai, and Kuai scattered.

莒子庚輿虐而好劍，苟鑄劍，必試諸人。國人患之。又將叛齊。烏存帥國人以逐之。庚輿將出，聞烏存執殳而立於道左，懼將止死。苑羊牧之曰：“君過之！烏存以力聞可矣，何必以弒君成名？”遂來奔。齊人納郊公。

Gengyu, Viscount of Ju, was cruel and fond of swords, and when he cast a sword he would always test it on a person. The people of the state were worried. He was also about to turn against Qi. Wu Cun led the people of the state to drive him out. Gengyu was about to leave, and heard that Wu Cun was standing at the left of the road holding a staff, and feared he would be left there to die. Yuan Yangmu Zhi said: "Your Majesty, go past him! Wu Cun is known for his strength, and that is enough; why would he seek fame by killing a ruler?" So he came seeking refuge. The men of Qi sent Duke Jiao in.

吳人伐州來，楚薳越帥師及諸侯之師奔命救州來。吳人御諸鍾離。子瑕卒，楚師熸。吳公子光曰：“諸侯從於楚者眾，而皆小國也。畏楚而不獲已，是以來。吾聞之曰：‘作事威克其愛，雖小必濟’。胡、沈之君幼而狂，陳大夫齧壯而頑，頓與許、蔡疾楚政。楚令尹死，其師熸。帥賤、多寵，政令不壹。而七國同役不同心，帥賤而不能整，無大威命，楚可敗也，若分師先以犯胡、沈與陳，必先奔。三國敗，諸侯之師乃搖心矣。諸侯乖亂，楚必大奔。請先者去備薄威，後者敦陳整旅。”吳子從之。戊辰晦，戰於雞父。吳子以罪人三千，先犯胡、沈與陳，三國爭之。吳為三軍以擊於後，中軍從王，光帥右，掩餘帥左。吳之罪人或奔或止，三國亂。吳師擊之，三國敗，獲胡、沈之君及陳大夫。舍胡、沈之囚，使奔許與蔡、頓，曰：“吾君死矣！”師噪而從之，三國奔，楚師大奔。書曰：“鬍子髡、沈子逞滅，獲陳夏齧。”君臣之辭也。不言戰，楚未陳也。

The men of Wu attacked Zhoulai, and Wei Yue of Chu led an army, together with the armies of the feudal lords, rushing to the rescue of Zhoulai. The men of Wu resisted at Zhongli. Zixia died, and the spirit of the army of Chu was spent. Prince Guang of Wu said: "The feudal lords who follow Chu are many, but all are small states. They fear that Chu is forced to act, and so have come. I have heard: 'In doing things, if awe prevails over affection, even if small one will surely succeed.' The rulers of Hu and Shen are young and wild, the high officer Nie of Chen is strong and stubborn, and Dun, Xu, and Cai hate Chu's rule. The prime minister of Chu has died and the army's spirit is spent. The commanders are of low rank and have many favorites, and orders are not unified. Seven states are employed together but not of one heart, the commanders are low in rank and cannot keep order, and there is no great authority; Chu can be defeated. If we divide the army and first attack Hu, Shen, and Chen, they will surely flee first. When the three states are defeated, the armies of the feudal lords will waver. When the feudal lords are in disorder, Chu will surely flee in great numbers. I ask that those who strike first drop their guard and reduce their awe, and those who come later form a thick formation and set the troops in order." The Viscount of Wu agreed. On the last day of the wuchen month, they fought at Jifu. The Viscount of Wu used three thousand convicts to first attack Hu, Shen, and Chen, and the three states competed to seize them. Wu divided into three armies and attacked from behind, with the central army following the King, Guang leading the right, and Yanyu leading the left. The convicts of Wu either ran or stopped, and the three states fell into disorder. The army of Wu attacked, the three states were defeated, and the rulers of Hu and Shen and the high officer of Chen were captured. They released the captives of Hu and Shen and had them run toward Xu, Cai, and Dun, saying: "Our rulers are dead!" The army followed with a clamor, the three states fled, and the army of Chu fled in great numbers. The Spring and Autumn Annals records "Kun, Viscount of Hu, and Cheng, Viscount of Shen, were destroyed, and Xia Nie of Chen was captured," in the language for rulers and ministers. It does not say battle, because Chu had not yet formed its ranks.

八月丁酉，南宮極震。萇弘謂劉文公曰：“君其勉之！先君之力可濟也。周之亡也，其三川震。今西王之大臣亦震，天棄之矣！東王必大克。”

In the eighth month, on the dingyou day, Nangong Ji died from the earthquake. Chang Hong said to Duke Wen of Liu: "My lord, strive on! The strength of the former rulers can bring success. When Zhou perished, the three rivers shook. Now the great ministers of the Western King also shake; Heaven has abandoned him! The Eastern King will surely win a great victory."

楚大子建之母在郹，召吳人而啟之。冬十月甲申，吳大子諸樊入郹，取楚夫人與其寶器以歸。楚司馬薳越追之，不及。將死，眾曰：“請遂伐吳以徼之。”

The mother of Crown Prince Jian of Chu was at Ji and summoned the men of Wu to open the gate. In winter, on the jiashen day of the tenth month, Crown Prince Zhufan of Wu entered Ji, took the Lady of Chu and the treasure vessels and went back. Wei Yue, the Minister of War of Chu, pursued but could not catch up. About to die, the crowd said: "Please attack Wu now to seek merit."

薳越曰：“再敗君師，死且有罪。亡君夫人，不可以莫之死也。”乃縊於薳澨。

Wei Yue said: "To again ruin the ruler's army, even death would be a crime. Having lost the ruler's wife, someone must die for it." So he hanged himself at Wei Shi.

公為叔孫故如晉，及河，有疾而復。

Duke Zhao went to Jin because of Shusun, and fell ill on reaching the Yellow River and returned.

楚囊瓦為令尹，城郢。沈尹戌曰：“子常必亡郢！苟不能衛，城無益也。古者，天子守在四夷；天子卑，守在諸侯。諸侯守在四鄰；諸侯卑，守在四竟。慎其四竟，結其四援，民狎其野，三務成功，民無內憂，而又無外懼，國焉用城？今吳是懼而城於郢，守已小矣。卑之不獲，能無亡乎？昔梁伯溝其公宮而民潰。

Nang Wa of Chu became prime minister and built the wall of Ying. Shenyin Xu said: "Zichang will surely lose Ying! If it cannot be defended, building a wall brings no benefit. In antiquity, the Son of Heaven's defense was in the four barbarians; when the Son of Heaven declined, the defense was in the feudal lords. The feudal lords' defense is in the four neighbors; when the feudal lords decline, the defense is in the four borders. Be careful of the four borders, make friends with four supporters, and the people will be at peace in the countryside, the three tasks will succeed, the people will have no worry within and no fear without; what use will the state have for walls? Now you fear Wu yet build a wall at Ying; the defense has already become small. Even humbling oneself does not obtain it; can one avoid perishing? Formerly the Earl of Liang dug a moat in the ducal palace, and the people scattered.

民棄其上，不亡何待？夫正其疆場，修其土田，險其走集，親其民人，明其伍候，信其鄰國，慎其官守，守其交禮，不僣不貪，不懦不耆，完其守備，以待不虞，又何畏矣？《詩》曰：‘無念爾祖，聿修厥德。’無亦監乎若敖、蚡冒至於武、文？土不過同，慎其四竟，猶不城郢。今土數圻，而郢是城，不亦難乎？”

When the people abandon those above them, what is there to wait for but destruction? Put the borders in order, repair the fields, strengthen the paths and gatherings, draw close to the people, make clear the sentry posts, win the trust of neighbors, be careful of official duties, keep the ritual of dealings between states, do not overstep or be greedy, do not be weak or covetous, perfect the defenses to meet the unexpected; then what is there to fear? The Odes say: 'Do not forget your ancestors, cultivate their virtue.' Should we not also take warning from Ruo'ao and Fenmao up to Wu and Wen? Their land did not exceed one tong, and they were careful of the four borders, yet they did not build a wall at Ying. Now the land is several thousand li, yet you build a wall at Ying; is that not difficult?"

【經】二十四年春王三月丙戌，仲孫玃卒。婼至自晉。夏五月乙未朔，日有食之。秋八月，大雩。丁酉，杞伯鬱釐卒。冬，吳滅巢。葬杞平公。

[Classic] In the spring of the twenty-fourth year, on the bingxu day of the third month by the Zhou calendar, Zhongsun Jue died. Chuo returned from Jin. In summer, on the yiwei first day of the fifth month, there was a solar eclipse. In autumn, in the eighth month, the great rain sacrifice was held. On the dingyou day, Yuli, Earl of Qi, died. In winter, Wu destroyed Chao. Duke Ping of Qi was buried.

【傳】二十四年春，王正月辛丑，召簡公、南宮嚚以甘桓公見王子朝。劉子謂萇弘曰：“甘氏又往矣。”對曰：“何害？同德度義。《大誓》曰：‘紂有億兆夷人，亦有離德。餘有亂臣十人，同心同德。’此周所以興也。君其務德，無患無人。”戊午，王子朝入於鄔。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-fourth year, on the xinchou day of the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Jian of Shao and Nangong Yin took Duke Huan of Gan to see Prince Chao. Liuzi said to Chang Hong: "The Gan clan has gone again." He answered: "What harm is there? Those of the same virtue weigh righteousness. The Great Oath says: 'Zhou has hundreds of thousands of Yi men, but also with divided virtue. I have ten ministers who govern disorder, of one heart and one virtue.' This is how Zhou rose. My lord, devote yourself to virtue, and do not worry that there are no men." On the wuwu day, Prince Chao entered Wu.

晉士彌牟逆叔孫於箕。叔孫使梁其踁待於門內，曰：“餘左顧而欬，乃殺之。右顧而笑，乃止。”叔孫見士伯，士伯曰：“寡君以為盟主之故，是以久子。

Shi Miemou of Jin welcomed Shusun from Ji. Shusun had Liang Qijing wait inside the gate, saying: "If I look to the left and cough, kill him. If I look to the right and laugh, stop." Shusun saw Shi Bo, and Shi Bo said: "Our ruler, because he is leader of the covenant, has kept you for a long time.

不腆敝邑之禮，將致諸從者。使彌牟逆吾子。”叔孫受禮而歸。二月，婼至自晉，尊晉也。

We will give the modest ritual gifts of our humble state to your attendants. I am sent to welcome you, sir." Shusun accepted the gifts and went back. In the second month, Chuo returned from Jin, out of respect for Jin.

三月庚戌，晉侯使士景伯蒞問周故，士伯立於乾祭而問於介眾。晉人乃辭王子朝，不納其使。

On the gengxu day of the third month, the Marquis of Jin sent Shi Jingbo to ask the reason in Zhou, and Shi Bo stood at the Qian sacrifice and questioned the multitude. The men of Jin then declined Prince Chao and did not receive his envoy.

夏五月乙未朔，日有食之。梓慎曰：“將水。”昭子曰：“旱也。日過分而陽猶不克，克必甚，能無旱乎？陽不克莫，將積聚也。”

In summer, on the yiwei first day of the fifth month, there was a solar eclipse. Zi Shen said: "There will be floods." Zhaozi said: "It will be drought. The sun has passed the spring equinox and the yang still cannot prevail; if it prevails it will surely overreach, so can there be no drought? The yang cannot prevail and so is gloomy, and it will accumulate."

六月壬申，王子朝之師攻瑕及杏，皆潰。

In the sixth month, on the renshen day, the army of Prince Chao attacked Xia and Xing, and both scattered.

鄭伯如晉，子大叔相，見範獻子。獻子曰：“若王室何？”對曰：“老夫其國家不能恤，敢及王室。抑人亦有言曰：‘嫠不恤其緯，而憂宗周之隕，為將及焉。’今王室實蠢蠢焉，吾小國懼矣。然大國之憂也，吾儕何知焉？吾子其早圖之！《詩》曰：瓶之罄矣，惟罍之恥。’王室之不寧，晉之恥也。”獻子懼，而與宣子圖之。乃徵會於諸侯，期以明年。

The Earl of Zheng went to Jin, assisted by Zi Daxu, and saw Fan Xianzi. Xianzi said: "What shall be done about the royal house?" He replied: "My old self cannot even look after my own state, how dare I speak of the royal house. Yet people have a saying: 'A widow does not worry about her loom weft but frets over the fall of Zongzhou, because it will reach her.' Now the royal house is truly stirring, and we small states are afraid. But that is the worry of great states; what do we know? You had better plan early! The Book of Songs says: 'The jar is empty, which is the shame of the great vat.' If the royal house is not at peace, it is Jin's shame." Xianzi was alarmed and planned with Xuanzi. So they summoned the feudal lords to a meeting, set for the following year.

秋八月，大雩，旱也。

In autumn, in the eighth month, the great rain sacrifice was held because of drought.

冬十月癸酉，王子朝用成周之寶珪於河。甲戌，津人得諸河上。陰不佞以溫人南侵，拘得玉者，取其玉，將賣之，則為石。王定而獻之，與之東訾。

In winter, in the tenth month, on the guiyou day, Prince Chao sank the precious jade of Chengzhou in the Yellow River. On the jiaxu day, a ferryman found it in the river. Yin Bunin led the men of Wen to raid southward, seized the man who had obtained the jade, and took his jade, intending to sell it, but it turned out to be a stone. After the king was settled, he presented it and was given Dongzi.

楚子為舟師以略吳疆。沈尹戌曰：“此行也，楚必亡邑。不撫民而勞之，吳不動而速之，吳踵楚，而疆埸無備，邑能無亡乎？”越大夫胥犴勞王於豫章之汭。越公子倉歸王乘舟，倉及壽夢帥師從王，王及圉陽而還。吳人踵楚，而邊人不備，遂滅巢及鍾離而還。沈尹戌曰：“亡郢之始，於此在矣。王一動而亡二姓之帥，幾如是而不及郢？《詩》曰：‘誰生厲階，至今為梗？’其王之謂乎？”

The Viscount of Chu organized a naval force to inspect the borders of Wu. Shen Yin Xu said: "On this expedition Chu will surely lose cities. If one does not soothe the people but toils them, if Wu has not moved but one hurries them, Wu will follow Chu's tracks, the borders will be undefended, and can cities help but be lost?" Xu Han, a grand officer of Yue, comforted the king at the bend of Yuzhang. Prince Cang of Yue gave the king a boat to ride, and Cang and Shoumeng followed the king with troops; the king reached Yuyang and then returned. The men of Wu followed Chu's tracks, the border people were not on guard, and so they destroyed Chao and Zhongli and returned. Shen Yin Xu said: "The beginning of the loss of Ying lies here. With one move the king has lost the commanders of two clans, and after several such moves will they not reach Ying? The Book of Songs says: 'Who gave birth to the stairway of calamity, which has become a sickness to this day?' Perhaps this speaks of the king?"

【經】二十五年春，叔孫婼如宋。夏，叔詣會晉趙鞅、宋樂大心，衛北宮喜、鄭遊吉、曹人、邾人、滕人、薛人、小邾人於黃父。有鴝鵒來巢。秋七月上辛，大雩；季辛，又雩。九月己亥，公孫於齊，次於陽州。齊侯唁公於野井。冬十月戊辰，叔孫婼卒。十有一月己亥，宋公佐卒於曲棘。十有二月，齊侯取鄆。

[Classic] In the twenty-fifth year, in spring, Shusun Chuo went to Song. In summer, Shu Yi met Zhao Yang of Jin, Yue Daxin of Song, Beigong Xi of Wey, You Ji of Zheng, men of Cao, men of Zhu, men of Teng, men of Xue and men of Xiaozhu at Huangfu. Myna birds came to nest. In autumn, in the seventh month, on the first xin day, the great rain sacrifice was held; on the last xin day, another rain sacrifice was held. In the ninth month, on the jihai day, Duke Zhao fled to Qi and camped at Yangzhou. The Marquis of Qi condoled with Duke Zhao at Yejing. In winter, in the tenth month, on the wuchen day, Shusun Chuo died. In the eleventh month, on the jihai day, Zuo, Duke of Song, died at Quji. In the twelfth month, the Marquis of Qi took Yun.

【傳】二十五年春，叔孫婼聘於宋，桐門右師見之。語，卑宋大夫，而賤司城氏。昭子告其人曰：“右師其亡乎！君子貴其身而後能及人，是以有禮。今夫子卑其大夫而賤其宗，是賤其身也，能有禮乎？無禮必亡。”

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-fifth year, Shusun Chuo went to Song to make a visit, and the Right Master of Tongmen received him. In conversation he belittled the grand officers of Song and looked down on the Minister of the City clan. Zhaozi told his men: "The Right Master will probably perish! The gentleman values himself and so can reach others, and therefore has ritual. Now that man belittles the grand officers and despises his own clan, which is to despise himself; can he have ritual? Without ritual he will surely perish."

宋公享昭子，賦《新宮》。昭子賦《車轄》。明日宴，飲酒，樂，宋公使昭子右坐，語相泣也。樂祁佐，退而告人曰：“今茲君與叔孫，其皆死乎？吾聞之：‘哀樂而樂哀，皆喪心也。’心之精爽，是謂魂魄。魂魄去之，何以能久？”季公若之姊為小邾夫人，生宋元夫人，生子以妻季平子。昭子如宋聘，且逆之。公若從，謂曹氏勿與，魯將逐之。曹氏告公，公告樂祁。樂祁曰：“與之。

The Duke of Song held a feast of ritual for Zhaozi and recited "The New Palace". Zhaozi recited "The Linchpin". On the next day there was a banquet with drinking, and it was merry; the Duke of Song had Zhaozi sit on the right, and as they talked they wept together. Yue Qi served as assistant and, withdrawing, told people: "This year the ruler and Shusun will probably both die. I have heard: 'To rejoice when one should grieve, and to grieve when one should rejoice, are both a loss of the heart.' The essence of the heart is called the hun and po souls. When the souls depart, how can one last long?" The elder sister of Ji Gongruo was the wife of the Viscount of Xiaozhu, who bore the Lady Yuan of Song, whose daughter was married to Ji Pingzi. Zhaozi went to Song to make a visit and also to bring the bride. Gongruo went along and told Lady Cao not to give her, saying Lu would drive him out. Lady Cao told the duke, and the duke told Yue Qi. Yue Qi said: "Give her.

如是，魯君必出。政在季氏三世矣，魯君喪政四公矣。無民而能逞其志者，未之有也。國君是以鎮撫其民。《詩》曰：‘人之雲亡，心之憂矣。’魯君失民矣，焉得逞其志？靖以待命猶可，動必憂。”

If it is so, the ruler of Lu will surely go out. Government has been in the hands of the Ji clan for three generations, and the ruler of Lu has lost government for four dukes. No one without the people has ever been able to fulfil his will. The ruler therefore soothes the people. The Book of Songs says: 'When people are lost, the heart is troubled.' The ruler of Lu has lost the people; how can he fulfil his will? To wait quietly for orders is acceptable, but to move will surely bring trouble."

夏，會於黃父，謀王室也。趙簡子令諸侯之大夫輸王粟，具戍人，曰：“明年將納王。”子大叔見趙簡子，簡子問揖讓周旋之禮焉。對曰：“是儀也，非禮也。”簡子曰：“敢問何謂禮？”對曰：“吉也聞諸先大夫子產曰：‘夫禮，天之經也。地之義也，民之行也。’天地之經，而民實則之。則天之明，因地之性，生其六氣，用其五行。氣為五味，發為五色，章為五聲，淫則昏亂，民失其性。

In summer, there was a meeting at Huangfu to plan for the royal house. Zhao Jianzi ordered the grand officers of the feudal lords to send grain to the king and to prepare men for the garrison, saying: "Next year we will escort the king in." Zi Daxu saw Zhao Jianzi, and Jianzi asked about the ritual of bowing, yielding and circling. He replied: "This is demeanor, not ritual." Jianzi said: "May I ask what is called ritual?" He replied: "Ji heard from the late grand officer Zichan: 'Ritual is the constant of Heaven, the righteousness of Earth, and the conduct of the people.' The constant of Heaven and Earth is truly what the people take as their model. They model themselves on the brightness of Heaven and rely on the nature of Earth, giving birth to the six qi and using the five elements. The qi become the five flavors, issue as the five colors, and are manifested as the five sounds; when excessive they bring confusion, and the people lose their nature.

是故為禮以奉之：為六畜、五牲、三犠，以奉五味；為九文、六採、五章，以奉五色；為九歌、八風、七音、六律，以奉五聲；為君臣、上下，以則地義；為夫婦、外內，以經二物；為父子、兄弟、姑姊、甥舅、昏媾、姻亞，以象天明，為政事、庸力、行務，以從四時；為刑罰、威獄，使民畏忌，以類其震曜殺戮；為溫慈、惠和，以效天之生殖長育。民有好、惡、喜、怒、哀、樂，生於六氣。是故審則宜類，以制六志。哀有哭泣，樂有歌舞，喜有施捨，怒有戰鬥；喜生於好，怒生於惡。是故審行信令，禍福賞罰，以制死生。生，好物也；死，惡物也；好物，樂也；惡物，哀也。哀樂不失，乃能協於天地之性，是以長久。”簡子曰：“甚哉，禮之大也！”對曰：“禮，上下之紀，天地之經緯也，民之所以生也，是以先王尚之。故人之能自曲直以赴禮者，謂之成人。大，不亦宜乎？”簡子曰：“鞅也請終身守此言也。”宋樂大心曰：“我不輸粟。我於周為客？”若之何使客？”晉士伯曰：“自踐土以來，宋何役之不會，而何盟之不同？曰‘同恤王室’，子焉得闢之？子奉君命，以會大事，而宋背盟，無乃不可乎？”右師不敢對，受牒而退。士伯告簡子曰：“宋右師必亡。奉君命以使，而欲背盟以幹盟主，無不祥大焉。”

Therefore ritual was made to preserve them: the six domestic animals, five sacrificial animals and three victims were set up to serve the five flavors; the nine patterns, six colors and five emblems to serve the five colors; the nine songs, eight winds, seven notes and six pitch-pipes to serve the five sounds; ruler and subject, high and low were set up to model the righteousness of Earth; husband and wife, outside and inside to manage the two things; father and son, elder and younger brother, paternal aunt and sister, nephew and uncle, in-laws by marriage were set up to symbolize the brightness of Heaven; government affairs, labor and duties were set up to follow the four seasons; punishments and trials were set up to make the people fear and avoid, resembling thunder, lightning and killing; gentleness, kindness and harmony were set up to model Heaven's giving of birth, growth and nurturing. The people have likes, dislikes, joy, anger, grief and happiness, which arise from the six qi. Therefore one examines the standards, suits them to types, and uses them to restrain the six emotions. Grief has weeping, happiness has song and dance, joy has giving, and anger has fighting; joy arises from liking life, and anger arises from hating. Therefore be careful in conduct and sincere in issuing orders, and use disaster and blessing, reward and punishment to govern life and death. Life is a good thing; death is a bad thing; a good thing is joy; a bad thing is grief. If grief and joy are not mistaken, one can harmonize with the nature of Heaven and Earth, and therefore last long." Jianzi said: "How great ritual is, too much!" He replied: "Ritual is the discipline of high and low, the warp and weft of Heaven and Earth, by which the people live, and so the former kings honored it. Therefore one who can of himself, bending or straight, go toward ritual is called a complete man. Is it not fitting that it is great?" Jianzi said: "Yang asks to keep this saying all my life." Yue Daxin of Song said: "I will not send grain. To Zhou I am a guest; why use a guest for service?" Shi Bo of Jin said: "Since Jiantu, in which campaign has Song not taken part, and in which covenant has it not been the same? It was said 'together let us care for the royal house'; how can you evade it? You bear your ruler's command and come to this great affair, yet Song would betray the covenant; surely that cannot be?" The Right Master did not dare reply, accepted the slip and withdrew. Shi Bo told Jianzi: "The Right Master of Song will surely perish. To go out on the ruler's command and yet want to betray the covenant and offend the head of the covenant, no ill omen is greater than this."

‘有鴝鵒來巢’，書所無也。師己曰：“異哉！吾聞文、武之世，童謠有之，曰：‘鴝之鵒之，公出辱之。鴝鵒之羽，公在外野，往饋之馬。鴝鵒跦跦，公在乾侯，徵褰與襦。鴝鵒之巢，遠哉遙遙。稠父喪勞，宋父以驕。鴝鵒鴝鵒，往歌來哭。’童謠有是，今鴝鵒來巢，其將及乎？”秋，書再雩，旱甚也。

"Myna birds came to nest," the Annals records, as something that had never happened before. Shi Ji said: "How strange! I have heard that in the time of Wen and Wu there was a children's song to this effect, saying: 'The myna, the myna, the duke goes out and is humiliated. The myna's feathers, the duke is in the wild fields, and goes there to be sent horses. The myna hops and hops, the duke is at Qianhou, seeking trousers and short clothes. The myna's nest, far and distant. Chou Fu died of toil, Song Fu thereby grew proud. Myna, myna, he goes away singing and returns weeping.' There was such a children's song, and now myna birds have come to nest; perhaps it is about to arrive?" In autumn the Annals records two rain sacrifices, because the drought was severe.

初，季公鳥娶妻於齊鮑文子，生甲。公鳥死，季公亥與公思展與公鳥之臣申夜姑相其室。及季姒與饔人檀通，而懼，乃使其妾抶己，以示秦遄之妻，曰：“公若欲使餘，餘不可而抶餘。”又訴於公甫，曰：“展與夜姑將要餘。”秦姬以告公之，公之與公甫告平子。平子拘展於卞而執夜姑，將殺之。公若泣而哀之，曰：“殺是，是殺餘也。”將為之請。平子使豎勿內，日中不得請。有司逆命，公之使速殺之。故公若怨平子。

Earlier, Ji Gongniao took a wife from the house of Bao Wenzi of Qi, who bore Jia. When Gongniao died, Ji Gonghai, Gong Sizhan and Gongniao's retainer Shen Yegu managed his household. When Ji Si had an affair with the cook Tan, she was afraid, and so had her concubine beat her, and showed it to the wife of Qin Chuan, saying: "Gongruo wanted me, and when I did not agree he beat me." She also accused him to Gongfu, saying: "Zhan and Yegu are about to coerce me." Lady Qin told Gongzhi, and Gongzhi and Gongfu told Pingzi. Pingzi detained Zhan at Bian and seized Yegu, and was about to kill him. Gongruo wept in sorrow, saying: "To kill him is to kill me." He was about to plead for him. Pingzi had a page keep him from being admitted, and by noon he could not plead. The official came to receive the order, and Gongzhi had him kill him quickly. So Gongruo resented Pingzi.

季、郈之雞鬥。季氏介其雞，郈氏為之金距。平子怒，益宮於郈氏，且讓之。故郈昭伯亦怨平子。臧昭伯之從弟會，為讒於臧氏，而逃於季氏，臧氏執旃。平子怒，拘臧氏老。將禘於襄公，萬者二人，其眾萬於季氏。臧孫曰：“此之謂不能庸先君之廟。”大夫遂怨平子。公若獻弓於公為，且與之出射於外，而謀去季氏。公為告公果、公賁。公果、公賁使侍人僚柤告公。公寢，將以戈擊之，乃走。公曰：“執之。”亦無命也。懼而不出，數月不見，公不怒。又使言，公執戈懼之，乃走。又使言，公曰：“非小人之所及也。”公果自言，公以告臧孫，臧孫以難。告郈孫，郈孫以可，勸。告子家懿伯，懿伯曰：“讒人以君僥倖，事若不克，君受其名，不可為也。舍民數世，以求克事，不可必也。

The cocks of the Ji and Hou clans fought. The Ji clan put armor on their cock, and the Hou clan fitted theirs with metal spurs. Pingzi was angry and extended his residence into the Hou clan's, and also rebuked them. So Hou Zhaobo also resented Pingzi. Zang Zhaobo's cousin Hui slandered in the Zang clan, fled to the Ji clan, and the Zang clan seized him. Pingzi was angry and detained the steward of the Zang clan. The di sacrifice was about to be held for Duke Xiang, and only two people danced the Wan dance, while the rest danced the Wan dance at the Ji clan. Zang Sun said: "This is called being unable to repay the late ruler's temple." The grand officers therefore resented Pingzi. Gongruo presented a bow to Gongwei, and shot with him outside, plotting to remove the Ji clan. Gongwei told Gongguo and Gongben. Gongguo and Gongben sent the attendant Liao Zha to tell the duke. The duke was asleep and was about to strike him with a spear, so he ran. The duke said: "Seize him." But he gave no order. He was afraid and did not come out, and for several months the duke did not see him and was not angry. He had him speak again, and the duke took up a spear to frighten him, and he ran. He had him speak again, and the duke said: "This is not what a petty man can reach." Gongguo spoke himself, and the duke told Zang Sun, who thought it difficult. He told Hou Sun, who thought it possible and urged it. He told Zijia Yibo, and Yibo said: "Slanderers use the ruler for their luck, and if the affair does not succeed, the ruler bears that name; it must not be done. To abandon the people for several generations in order to seek success in the affair cannot be certain.

且政在焉，其難圖也。”公退之。辭曰：“臣與聞命矣，言若洩，臣不獲死。”

Moreover government is in their hands and it is hard to plan." The duke told him to withdraw. He declined, saying: "I have already heard the order; if the words leak out, I cannot get to die."

乃館於公。

So he stayed with the duke.

叔孫昭子如闞，公居於長府。九月戊戌，伐季氏，殺公之於門，遂入之。平子登臺而請曰：“君不察臣之罪，使有司討臣以干戈，臣請待於沂上以察罪。”

Shusun Zhaozi went to Kan, and the duke was staying at Changfu. In the ninth month, on the wuxu day, they attacked the Ji clan, killed Gongzhi at the gate, and entered. Pingzi climbed the terrace and pleaded: "My lord has not examined my crime and sent officials with shields and spears to attack me; I request to wait on the Yi River to have my crime examined."

弗許。請囚於費，弗許。請以五乘亡，弗許。子家子曰：“君其許之！政自之出久矣，隱民多取食焉。為之徒者眾矣，日入慝作，弗可知也。眾怒不可蓄也，蓄而弗治，將薀。薀畜，民將生心。生心，同求將合。君必悔之。”弗聽。郈孫曰：“必殺之。”公使郈孫逆孟懿子。叔孫氏之司馬鬷戾言於其眾曰：“若之何？”莫對。又曰：“我，家臣也，不敢知國。凡有季氏與無，於我孰利？”皆曰：“無季氏，是無叔孫氏也。”鬷戾曰：“然則救諸！”帥徒以往，陷西北隅以入。公徒釋甲，執冰而踞。遂逐之。孟氏使登西北隅，以望季氏。見叔孫氏之旌，以告。孟氏執郈昭伯，殺之於南門之西，遂伐公徒。子家子曰：“諸臣偽劫君者，而負罪以出，君止。意如之事君也，不敢不改。”公曰：“餘不忍也。”

It was not allowed. He asked to be imprisoned at Bi, and it was not allowed. He asked to flee with five chariots, and it was not allowed. Zijiazi said: "My lord should allow it! Government has come from him for a long time, and the hidden people mostly get their food from there. Those who are his followers are many, and after sunset wickedness will break out and cannot be known. The anger of the multitude must not be stored up; if stored up and not dealt with, it will accumulate. When it accumulates and is hoarded, the people will form different hearts. When they form different hearts, those who seek the same will join together. My lord will surely regret it." He did not listen. Hou Sun said: "He must be killed." The duke sent Hou Sun to meet Meng Yizi. The commander of the Shusun clan, Zong Li, said to the troops: "What shall we do?" No one answered. He said again: "I am a household retainer and dare not know state affairs. Which is to our benefit, having the Ji clan or not having it?" All said: "Without the Ji clan there would be no Shusun clan." Zong Li said: "Then let us rescue him!" He led his followers there, broke through the northwest corner and entered. The duke's followers took off their armor and crouched holding quivers. They then drove them off. The Meng clan sent men to climb the northwest corner and look toward the Ji house. They saw the Shusun banner and reported. The Meng clan seized Hou Zhaobo and killed him west of the south gate, and then attacked the duke's followers. Zijiazi said: "The ministers should pretend to take the ruler hostage and go out bearing the blame, and the ruler remain. Yiru serves the ruler and dares not fail to change." The duke said: "I cannot bear to."

與臧孫如墓謀，遂行。

He went with Zang Sun to the graves to plan, and then left.

己亥，公孫於齊，次於陽州。齊侯將唁公於平陰，公先至於野井。齊侯曰：“寡人之罪也。”使有司待於平陰，為近故也。書曰：“公孫於齊，次於陽州，齊侯唁公於野井。”禮也。將求於人，則先下之，禮之善物也。齊侯曰：“自莒疆以西，請致千社，以待君命。寡人將帥敝賦以從執事，唯命是聽，君之憂，寡人之憂也。”公喜。子家子曰：“天祿不再，天若胙君，不過周公，以魯足矣。

On the jihai day, Duke Zhao fled to Qi and camped at Yangzhou. The Marquis of Qi was about to condole with the duke at Pingyin, but the duke arrived first at Yejing. The Marquis of Qi said: "This is my fault." He sent officials to wait at Pingyin because it was nearer. The Annals records "the duke withdrew to Qi, camped at Yangzhou, and the Marquis of Qi condoled with the duke at Yejing," which was in accordance with ritual. To be about to ask something of someone and first take a lower place is a fine thing of ritual. The Marquis of Qi said: "West of the Ju border, I ask to present a thousand shrines, to await the ruler's command. I will lead my humble troops to follow your officials, listening only to your command, and your lord's worry is my worry." The duke was pleased. Zijiazi said: "Heaven's grace does not come twice; if Heaven blesses my lord, it will not exceed the Duke of Zhou, and Lu is enough.

失魯，而以千社為臣，誰與之立？且齊君無信，不如早之晉。”弗從。臧昭伯率從者將盟，載書曰：“戮力壹心，好惡同之。信罪之有無，繾綣從公，無通外內。”

If you lose Lu and become a subject with a thousand shrines, who will set you up? Moreover the lord of Qi has no good faith; better to go early to Jin." He did not listen. Zang Zhaobo led his followers to make a covenant, and the text said: "Unite in strength and mind, with the same likes and dislikes. Trust in guilt or lack of it, follow the duke without wavering, and do not communicate between inside and outside."

以公命示子家子。子家子曰：“如此，吾不可以盟，羈也不佞，不能與二三子同心，而以為皆有罪。或欲通外內，且欲去君。二三子好亡而惡定，焉可同也？陷君於難，罪孰大焉？通外內而去君，君將速入，弗通何為？而何守焉？”乃不與盟。

They showed Zijiazi the duke's order. Zijiazi said: "If so, I cannot join the covenant; I, Ji, am untalented and cannot be of one heart with you, yet I think you are all guilty. Some of you want to communicate between inside and outside, and also want to leave the ruler. You like exile and dislike peace, how can we be the same? To plunge the ruler into difficulty, which crime is greater? If you communicate between inside and outside and leave the ruler, the ruler will soon enter, and what is there to communicate? What is there to guard?" So he did not take part in the covenant.

昭子自闞歸，見平子。平子稽顙，曰：“子若我何？”昭子曰：“人誰不死？子以逐君成名，子孫不忘，不亦傷乎！將若子何？”平子曰：“苟使意如得改事君，所謂生死而肉骨也。”昭子從公於齊，與公言。子家子命適公館者執之。公與昭子言於幄內，曰將安眾而納公。公徒將殺昭子，伏諸道。左師展告公，公使昭子自鑄歸。平子有異志。冬十月辛酉，昭子齊於其寢，使祝宗祈死。戊辰，卒。

Zhaozi came back from Kan and saw Pingzi. Pingzi kowtowed and said: "What will you do with me?" Zhaozi said: "Who does not die? You made your name by driving out the ruler, and your descendants will not forget it; is that not painful! What will be done with you?" Pingzi said: "If you let Yiru correct his fault and serve the ruler, it would be what is called making the dead live and putting flesh on white bones." Zhaozi went to Qi to follow the duke and spoke with him. Zijiazi ordered the men at the duke's lodging to seize him. The duke and Zhaozi spoke within the curtain, saying he would settle the multitude and send the duke in. The duke's followers were about to kill Zhaozi and set an ambush on the road. The Left Master Zhan told the duke, and the duke had Zhaozi return by way of Zhu. Pingzi had a different intention. In winter, in the tenth month, on the xinyou day, Zhaozi fasted in his chamber and sent the invocator to ask for death. On the wuchen day he died.

左師展將以公乘馬而歸，公徒執之。

The Left Master Zhan was about to take the duke's carriage horses back, and the duke's followers seized him.

壬申，尹文公涉於鞏，焚東訾，弗克。

On the renshen day, Yin Wengong crossed the river at Gong and burned Dongzi but could not take it.

十一月，宋元公將為公故如晉。夢大子欒即位於廟，己與平公服而相之。旦，召六卿。公曰：“寡人不佞，不能事父兄，以為二三子憂，寡人之罪也。若以群子之靈，獲保首領以沒，唯是楄柎所以藉幹者，請無及先君。”仲幾對曰：“君若以社稷之故，私降暱宴，群臣弗敢知。若夫宋國之法，死生之度，先君有命矣。群臣以死守之，弗敢失隊。臣之失職，常刑不赦。臣不忍其死，君命只辱。”

In the eleventh month, Duke Yuan of Song was about to go to Jin on account of the duke. He dreamed that the crown prince Luan took the throne in the temple, and that he himself and Duke Ping wore ceremonial robes and assisted him. In the morning he summoned the six ministers. The duke said: "I am untalented and could not serve my father and brothers, and have become a worry to you all; that is my fault. If by your grace I can keep my head and die, I need only be a bed-plank under the coffin; please do not do for me as for the former rulers." Zhong Ji replied: "If Your Lordship, for the sake of the altars of the soil and grain, privately lowers intimacy and feasting, we ministers dare not know about it. As for the law of Song, the rules of life and death, the former rulers gave orders. We ministers will guard it with our lives and dare not let it fall. If a minister fails in duty, the regular punishment will not pardon him. I cannot bear to die that way, and Your Lordship's command is only a humiliation."

宋公遂行。己亥，卒於曲棘。

The Duke of Song then set out. On the jihai day he died at Quji.

十二月庚辰，齊侯圍鄆。

In the twelfth month, on the gengchen day, the Marquis of Qi besieged Yun.

初，臧昭伯如晉，臧會竊其寶龜僂句，以卜為信與僣，僣吉。臧氏老將如晉問，會請往。昭伯問家故，盡對。及內子與母弟叔孫，則不對。再三問，不對。

Earlier, when Zang Zhaobo went to Jin, Zang Hui stole his precious tortoise Lou Ju and divined whether to be honest or to usurp, and usurping was auspicious. The steward of the Zang clan was about to go to Jin to pay respects, and Hui asked to go. Zhaobo asked about his household, and he answered in full. When it came to his wife and his younger brother by the same mother, Shusun, he did not answer. Asked repeatedly, he did not answer.

歸，及郊，會逆，問，又如初。至，次於外而察之，皆無之。執而戮之，逸，奔郈。郈魴假使為賈正焉。計於季氏。臧氏使五人以戈盾伏諸桐汝之閭。會出，逐之，反奔，執諸季氏中門之外。平子怒，曰：“何故以兵入吾門？”拘臧氏老。

On returning, at the suburb, Hui met him and he asked again, and it was as before. On arriving, he stayed outside to investigate, and found nothing. He seized him, about to kill him, but he escaped and fled to Hou. Hou Fang falsely had him made a commercial official. He went to the Ji clan to report his accounts. The Zang clan sent five men with spears and shields to lie in ambush at the village gate of Tongru. Hui came out, they chased him, and he ran the other way and was seized outside the middle gate of the Ji clan. Pingzi was angry and said: "Why do you bring weapons into my gate?" He detained the steward of the Zang clan.

季、臧有惡。及昭伯從公，平子立臧會。會曰：“僂句不餘欺也。”

The Ji and Zang clans were at odds. When Zhaobo followed the duke, Pingzi set up Zang Hui. Hui said: "Lou Ju did not deceive me."

楚子使薳射城州屈，復茄人焉。城丘皇，遷訾人焉。使熊相衤某郭巢，季然郭卷。子大叔聞之，曰：“楚王將死矣。使民不安其土，民必憂，憂將及王，弗能久矣。”

The Viscount of Chu sent Weishe to build a wall at Zhouqu and had the people of Jia return. A wall was built at Qiuhuang and the people of Zi were moved away. He sent Xiong Xiangmei to build an outer wall at Chao and Jiran to build an outer wall at Juan. Zi Daxu heard of it and said: "The king of Chu will die soon. He makes the people unsettled on their land; the people will surely be troubled, and the trouble will reach the king, and he cannot last long."

【經】二十有六年春王正月，葬宋元公。三月，公至自齊，居於鄆。夏，公圍成。秋，公會齊侯、莒子、邾子、杞伯，盟於鄟陵。公至自會，居於鄆。九月庚申，楚子居卒。冬十月，天王入於成周。尹氏、召伯、毛伯以王子朝奔楚。

[Classic] In the twenty-sixth year, in spring, the first month by the Zhou calendar, Duke Yuan of Song was buried. In the third month Duke Zhao returned from Qi and stayed at Yun. In summer Duke Zhao besieged Cheng. In autumn Duke Zhao met the Marquis of Qi, the Viscount of Ju, the Viscount of Zhu and the Earl of Qi, and made a covenant at Zhuanling. Duke Zhao returned from the covenant and stayed at Yun. In the ninth month, on the gengshen day, Ju, Viscount of Chu, died. In winter, in the tenth month, the Heavenly King entered Chengzhou. The Yin clan, the Earl of Shao and the Earl of Mao took Prince Chao and fled to Chu.

【傳】二十六年春，王正月庚申，齊侯取鄆。

[Commentary] In the spring of the twenty-sixth year, the first month by the Zhou calendar, on the gengshen day, the Marquis of Qi took Yun.

葬宋元公，如先君，禮也。

Duke Yuan of Song was buried as the former rulers were, which was in accordance with ritual.

三月，公至自齊，處於鄆，言魯地也。

In the third month, Duke Zhao returned from Qi and stayed at Yun, which is said to be Lu territory.

夏，齊侯將納公，命無受魯貨。申豐從女賈，以幣錦二兩，縛一如瑱，適齊師。謂子猶之人高齮：“能貨子猶，為高氏後，粟五千庾。”高齮以錦示子猶，子猶欲之。齮曰：“魯人買之，百兩一布，以道之不通，先入幣財。”子猶受之，言於齊侯曰：“群臣不盡力於魯君者，非不能事君也。然據有異焉。宋元公為魯君如晉，卒於曲棘。叔孫昭子求納其君，無疾而死。不知天之棄魯耶，抑魯君有罪於鬼神，故及此也？君若待於曲棘，使群臣從魯君以卜焉。若可，師有濟也。

In summer, the Marquis of Qi was about to send Duke Zhao in, and ordered that no goods from Lu be accepted. Shen Feng followed Nu Jia, carrying two bundles of brocade tied as small as ear-plugs, to the Qi camp. He said to Gao Yan, a man of Ziyou's: "If you can give the goods to Ziyou, you will become Gao's heir, and receive five thousand yu of grain." Gao Yan showed the brocade to Ziyou, who wanted it. Yan said: "The men of Lu buy this by the hundred bundles; because the roads are blocked, they first send in goods." Ziyou accepted it and said to the Marquis of Qi: "The ministers have not exerted themselves for the ruler of Lu, but it is not that they are unable to serve their lord. They hold strange signs. Duke Yuan of Song went to Jin for the ruler of Lu and died at Quji. Shusun Zhaozi sought to send in his ruler and died without illness. I do not know whether Heaven has abandoned Lu or whether the ruler of Lu has sinned against the spirits, that it has come to this. If my lord waits at Quji, let the ministers follow the ruler of Lu to divine. If it is favorable, the army will succeed.

君而繼之，茲無敵矣。若其無成，君無辱焉。”齊侯從之，使公子鉏帥師從公。

My lord can then follow up, and you will have no rival. If it does not succeed, my lord need not be humiliated." The Marquis of Qi agreed and sent Prince Chu to lead troops to follow the duke.