The戌 (Xu) of the world is two thousand two hundred and nineteen.

甲子　周敬王四十三年，衛石圃逐其君起，而迎輒復位。起奔齊。　乙丑　周敬王崩，太子嗣位，是謂元王。齊田常卒，子盤繼事，是謂襄子。吳會齊、晉之師伐楚。越伐吳。　丙寅　晉定公卒，子鑿繼之。智伯伐鄭，取九邑。越人伐吳。　丁卯　越伐吳，圍其國。

The Jiazi year was the forty-third year of King Jingwang of the Zhou dynasty, which corresponds to 477 BCE. This marks the beginning of the "world" period, which lasts thirty years. In that year, the nobleman Shi Pu of the State of Wei expelled the king, Gongzi Qi, and reinstalled the exiled Duke Zhé of Wei on the throne, who had fled to the State of Qi. In the Yichou year (476 BCE), King Jingwang of Zhou died, and his son succeeded him, becoming King Yuanwang of Zhou. Meanwhile, Tian Chang of the State of Qi died, and his son Tian Pan took over the government, becoming Tian Xiangzi. This established the pattern of the Tian family succeeding in governing the state. The State of Wu allied with the armies of Qi and Jin to attack Chu, while Yue took advantage of Wu's weakness to attack it. In the Bingyin year (475 BCE), Duke Dinggong of Jin died, and his son Zao succeeded him, becoming Duke Chūgong of Jin. The Jin minister Zhìbo (Sūn Yáo) attacked Zheng and captured nine cities. Yue again attacked Wu. In the Dingmao year (474 BCE), Yue attacked Wu again and besieged the capital of Wu, Gu Su.

戊辰　越滅吳，破姑蘇，殺其王並其大夫，北會諸侯于徐，致貢於周。太宰范蠡辭祿，遊五湖。殺大夫文種，遂兼有吳地。　己巳　庚午　辛未　周元王崩，太子介嗣位，是謂貞定王。　壬申　癸酉　魯季康子卒，三桓作難，弒其君哀公，立其子寧，是謂悼公。　甲戌　乙亥　丙子　丁丑　晉伐鄭。　戊寅　己卯　庚辰　秦伐大荔。　辛巳　壬午

In the year of Wuchen (473 BCE), the State of Yue destroyed Wu, captured its capital Gusu, and King Fuchai of Wu committed suicide; Wu's ministers were executed. King Goujia of Yue went north to hold a meeting of feudal lords at Xuzhou and presented tribute to the Son of Heaven, becoming the last hegemon of the late Spring and Autumn period. The meritorious general Fan Li resigned his fief and sailed away on a boat, disappearing from sight; another meritorious official Wen Zhong was ordered to commit suicide by Goujia. Thus, Yue controlled all of Wu's territory. In the years of Jisi (472 BCE) and Gengwu (471 BCE), there were no notable events. In the year of Xinwei (470 BCE), King Yuanwang of Zhou died, and his son Jie succeeded him, becoming King Zhen Ding of Zhou. In the year of Renshen (469 BCE), there were no events. In the year of Guiyou (468 BCE), the ruler of Lu, Ji Kangzi, died. The three families of Ji Sun, Shu Sun, and Meng Sun (known as the "Three Huan") rebelled, killed Duke Ai of Lu, and installed his son Ning as the new ruler, who became Duke Dao of Lu. From the year of Jiaxu (467 BCE) to Bingzi (465 BCE), there were no notable events. In the year of Dingchou (464 BCE), Jin attacked Zheng. In the years of Wuyin (463 BCE) and Jimao (462 BCE), there were no events. In the year of Gengchen (461 BCE), Qin attacked the western Rong tribe of Dalai. In the years of Xinsi (460 BCE) and Renwu (459 BCE), there were no events.

癸未　晉趙簡子鞅卒，子毋恤繼，是謂襄子，同知伯、韓康子、魏桓子滅範、中行氏，四分其地，及逐其君，立公孫驕，是謂哀公。秦取晉武城。　甲申　晉伐秦，復武城。　乙酉　齊平公卒，子積繼，是謂靈公。晉知伯及韓魏二家兵攻趙襄子於晉陽。　丙戌　晉三家兵圍晉陽。　丁亥　晉韓康子、魏桓子復合趙襄之兵攻知伯，滅之於晉陽，三分其地。齊田盤卒，子白繼事，是謂莊子。　戊子　己丑　庚寅　辛卯　壬辰　癸巳

In the year Guiwei (before 458 BCE), Zhao Jianzi (Zhao Yan), the chief minister of Jin, died, and his son Wu Xu succeeded him, becoming Zhao Xiangzi. He, along with Zhì Bo, Han Kangzi, and Wei Huanzi, jointly destroyed the Fan and Zhonghang families, divided their territories, and expelled Jin Chugong, replacing him with Gongsun Jiao as the ruler, who became Jin Aigong. Qin captured Wu Cheng from Jin. In the year Jiashen (before 457 BCE), Jin attacked Qin and recovered Wu Cheng. In the year Yiyou (before 456 BCE), King Qinggong of Qi died, and his son Ji succeeded him, becoming King Linggong. Zhì Bo, along with Han and Wei, led an army to besiege Zhao Xiangzi in Jin Yang (modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). In the year Bingxu (before 455 BCE), the armies of the three families continued to besiege Jin Yang, and Zhì Bo led water to flood the city. In the year Dinghai (before 454 BCE), Han Kangzi and Wei Huanzi switched sides, joining Zhao Xiangzi to attack Zhì氏 in Jin Yang, thereby destroying the Zhì family. The three families divided the territory of Zhì氏—this event is known as the "Three Families Dividing Jin," marking the beginning of the Warring States period. In the same year, Tian Pan of Qi died, and his son Tian Bai took over the government, becoming Tian Zhuangzi. From the year Wuzi (before 453 BCE) to Guisi (before 448 BCE), there were no notable events recorded.

甲午　周貞定王二十三年，楚滅蔡。　乙未　秦厲公卒，子躁公繼。　丙申　秦伐義渠，獲其王以歸。楚滅杞，東開地至泗上。　丁酉　戊戌　己亥　周貞定王崩，太子去疾嗣位，是謂哀王。王叔襲殺哀王，代立，是謂思王。　庚子　周亂，少弟嵬殺其王叔，代立，是謂考王。　辛丑　晉哀公疾，子柳繼，是謂幽公。公室止有絳及曲沃。

The year Jiawu corresponds to the 23rd year of King Zhending of the Zhou dynasty, which was 447 BCE, and this "world" begins from this year. The state of Chu destroyed the state of Cai. In the year Yiwei (446 BCE), King Ligu of Qin died, and his son Zao was enthroned as King Zhao. In the year Bingshen (445 BCE), Qin attacked the Yiqu Ru in the northwest, captured the king of Yiqu, and returned triumphantly. Chu destroyed the state of Qi and expanded its territory eastward to the area around the Si River. In the years Dingyou (444 BCE) and Wuxu (443 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Jihai (442 BCE), King Zhending of Zhou died, and his son Qijie succeeded him as King Ai. However, King Ai's younger brother Shu killed King Ai and took the throne, becoming King Si. In the year Gengzi (441 BCE), the Zhou royal house experienced another upheaval, and the youngest brother Wei killed King Si and took the throne, becoming King Kao. Within a year, the throne changed hands three times. In the year Xinchou (440 BCE), King Ai of Jin became seriously ill, and his son Liu succeeded him as King You. At this time, the direct territory of the Jin royal house was reduced to only two places, Jie and Quwo, while the rest was controlled by the three families, Han, Zhao, and Wei.

壬寅　癸卯　甲辰　乙巳　丙午　丁未　戊申　己酉　秦躁公卒，弟懷王立。楚惠王卒，子中繼，是謂簡王。　庚戌　魯悼公卒，子元公繼。楚滅莒。　辛亥　壬子　癸丑　秦庶長黽弒其君懷公，立躁公孫，是謂靈公。　甲寅　乙卯　周考王崩，太子午嗣位，是謂威烈王。河南惠公封其少子於鞏，稱東周君。

From Renyin (439 BCE) to Wushen (433 BCE), there were seven years with nothing noteworthy. In Jiyou (432 BCE), King Zhao of Qin died, and his brother Huai succeeded him; King Hui of Chu died, and his son Zhong succeeded him, becoming King Jian of Chu. In Gengxu (431 BCE), King Dao of Lu died, and his son Yuan succeeded him; Chu destroyed the state of Ju. In Xinhai (430 BCE) and Renzi (429 BCE), there were no notable events. In Guichou (428 BCE), a noble of Qin named Ying Meng, a庶长, assassinated King Huai of Qin and installed Zhao's grandson as king, who became King Ling of Qin. In Jiayin (427 BCE), there were no notable events. In Yimao (426 BCE), King Kaowang of Zhou died, and his son Wu succeeded him, becoming King Weilie of Zhou; the Zhou royal relative Hui Gong, who resided in the capital of Henan, enfeoffed his youngest son in Gongyi, and he was called the Duke of Eastern Zhou. From then on, the remaining territory of the Zhou royal family was divided into two small states, Eastern and Western Zhou.

丙辰　晉趙襄子卒，兄之子浣繼事，是謂獻子，治中牟。魏桓子卒，子斯繼事，是謂文侯。　丁巳　趙桓子卒，國人殺其子，而迎獻子復位。　戊午　秦攻魏少梁。　己未　秦作上下畤。　庚申　辛酉　魏文侯殺晉幽公，立其弟止，是謂烈公。　壬戌　癸亥

In the year Bingchen (425 BC), Zhao Xiangzi died, and his nephew Zhao Huan took over the family affairs, becoming Zhao Xianzi, with his capital at Zhongmu. Meanwhile, Wei Huanzi died, and his son Wei Si succeeded him, who later became the reforming and strong-minded Wei Wenhou. In the year Dingsi (424 BC), Zhao Huanzi, who had seized power midway, died, and the people of Zhao killed Huanzi's son, then restored Zhao Xianzi to the throne. In the year Wuwu (423 BC), the state of Qin attacked the city of Shaoliang (now in Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province) of Wei. In the year Jiwei (422 BC), the state of Qin built two altars, Shangzhi and Xiaozhi, to worship the heavenly emperor. In the year Gengshen (421 BC), there were no significant events. In the year Xinyou (420 BC), Wei Wenhou killed Jin Yougong and installed Yougong's younger brother Zhi as the new king, known as Jin Liegong—the succession and removal of the Jin king from then on were entirely controlled by the three families. In the years Renxu (419 BC) and Guihai (418 BC), there were no significant events.

甲子　周威烈王九年，魏城少梁。　乙丑　秦靈公卒，季父立，是謂簡公。　丙寅　丁卯　魏伐秦，韓伐鄭。　戊辰　齊伐晉，魏伐中山。　己巳　庚午　齊田莊子卒，子太公和繼。趙城平城。　辛未　魯元公卒，子顯繼，是謂穆公。　壬申　晉韓武子卒，子景侯虔繼。趙獻子卒，子烈侯籍繼。魏伐秦。

The Jiazi year was the ninth year of King Wu of Zhou's reign, which corresponds to 417 BCE, and this "world" begins from this year. The State of Wei built a city and set up defenses at Shaoliang. In the Yichou year (416 BCE), King Ling of Qin died, and his uncle succeeded him, becoming King Jian of Qin. In the Bingyin year (415 BCE), there were no significant events. In the Dingmao year (414 BCE), the State of Wei attacked Qin, and the State of Han attacked Zheng. In the Wuchen year (413 BCE), the State of Qi attacked Jin, and the State of Wei attacked the State of Zhongshan. In the Jisi year (412 BCE), there were no significant events. In the Gengwu year (411 BCE), Tian Zhuangzi of Qi died, and his son Tian He took over the state's affairs, who later became the King of Qi; the State of Zhao built a city at Pingcheng. In the Xinwei year (410 BCE), Duke Yuan of Lu died, and his son Xian succeeded him, becoming Duke Mu of Lu. In the Renshen year (409 BCE), Han Wuzi died, and his son Han Qian succeeded him, becoming King Jing of Han; Zhao Xianzi died, and his son Zhao Ji succeeded him, becoming King Lie of Zhao; the State of Wei attacked Qin again, advancing into the Western River region.

癸酉　韓伐鄭，取雍邱。魏滅中山。楚簡王卒，子當繼，是謂聲王。　甲戌　鄭伐韓，取負黍。　乙亥　宋昭公卒，子悼公購繼。趙以田公仲為相。　丙子　齊宣公卒，子康公貸繼。田惠以廩邱叛。　丁丑　戊寅　晉韓、趙、魏求為諸侯於周。　己卯　周威烈王崩，太子驕嗣位，是謂安王。楚聲王遇盜卒，子疑立，是謂悼王。　庚辰　秦攻魏陽狐。

In the year Guiyou (408 BCE), the State of Han attacked Zheng and captured Yongqiu; the State of Wei sent Lü Yang to destroy the State of Zhongshan; King Chen of Chu died, and his son succeeded him, becoming King Sheng of Chu. In the year Jiaxu (407 BCE), Zheng attacked Han again and captured Fushu. In the year Yihai (406 BCE), King Zhao of Song died, and his son Guo succeeded him, becoming King Dao of Song; the State of Zhao appointed Tian Gongzhong as their prime minister. In the year Bingzi (405 BCE), King Xuan of Qi died, and his son Dai succeeded him, becoming King Kang of Qi; the Qi minister Tian Hui rebelled against Qi, taking Linqiu and joining Zhao. In the year Dingchou (404 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Wuyin (403 BCE), the three states of Han, Zhao, and Wei requested the Son of Heaven to formally recognize them as诸侯, and King Wei Lie of Zhou granted them the title—historians often regard this year as the beginning of the Warring States period. In the year Jimao (402 BCE), King Wei Lie of Zhou died, and his son Jiao succeeded him, becoming King An of Zhou; King Sheng of Chu was killed by bandits, and his son Yi succeeded him, becoming King Dao of Chu. In the year Gengchen (401 BCE), the State of Qin attacked Yanghu of the State of Wei.

辛巳　秦簡公卒，子惠公繼。韓景侯卒，子烈侯繼。趙烈侯卒，弟武侯立。魏文侯以卜子夏、段乾木為師。西門豹為將，守鄴。吳起為將，守西河。田成子為相，樂羊為將，同韓、趙伐楚，至於乘丘。　壬午　癸未　甲申　韓盜殺相俠累。　乙酉　丙戌　晉烈公卒，子孝公繼。　丁亥　戊子　魏伐鄭，取酸棗，又敗秦軍於注。楚伐韓，取負黍。　己丑

In the year Xinsi (400 BCE), King Qinggong of Qin died, and his son Hui Gong succeeded him; King Jinghou of Han died, and his son Liehou succeeded him; King Liehou of Zhao died, and his younger brother Wuhou succeeded him. King Wenhou of Wei honored Confucius' disciple Bo Zixia and the hermit Duan Ganmu as his teachers, appointed Ximen Bao as general to defend Yecheng, and appointed Wu Qi as general to defend Xihexi against the strong state of Qin. He also appointed Tian Chengzi as prime minister and Yue Yang as general, and allied with Han and Zhao to attack Chu, with their army reaching Chengqiu. Thus, Wei became the strongest state in the early Warring States period. In the years Renwu (399 BCE) and Guiwei (398 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Jiashen (397 BCE), the minister Xie Lei of Han was assassinated in the court by an assassin, who was Nie Zheng. In the year Yiyou (396 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Bingxu (395 BCE), King Liegong of Jin died, and his son Xiaogong succeeded him. In the year Dinghai (394 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Wuzi (393 BCE), Wei attacked Zheng, captured Suanjiao, and defeated the Qin army at Zhu. Chu attacked Han and regained Fushu. In the year Jichou (392 BCE), there were no significant events.

庚寅　齊田和徙其君康公於海上，食一城。秦伐韓宜陽，拔六城。韓、趙大敗楚師於大梁。　辛卯　魯敗齊於平陸。齊伐魏，取襄陵。　壬辰　秦伐魏，侵晉。　癸巳　齊田和會魏文侯於濁澤，求為諸侯。魏請於周及諸侯，皆許之。

In the year Gengyin (391 BCE), the ruler of the state of Qi, Tian He, moved the king of Qi, King Kang, to the seaside and left him only one city to collect taxes and support himself. The Tian clan had effectively taken over Qi, lacking only the official title. The state of Qin attacked the city of Yiyang in the state of Han and captured six cities. A coalition of Han and Zhao defeated the Chu army at Daliang. In the year Xinmao (390 BCE), the state of Lu defeated the Qi army at Pinglu; Qi then turned to attack Wei and captured Xiangling. In the year Renchen (389 BCE), Qin attacked Wei and advanced into the territory of Jin. In the year Guisi (388 BCE), Tian He met with Wei Wenhou at Zuzhe, requesting recognition as a feudal lord. Wei Wenhou represented him before the Son of Heaven and the other states, and all granted approval. The Qi state of the Jiang clan thus lost both its name and its actual sovereignty.

甲午　周安王十五年，秦惠公卒，出子悼公繼。韓烈侯卒，子文侯繼。魏文侯卒，子武侯繼。趙武侯卒，烈侯子敬侯繼。　乙未　田和稱諸侯於齊，列於周紀。魏攻趙邯鄲。　丙申　韓伐鄭，取陽城。伐宋，執宋公於彭城。魏城安邑及王垣。趙師破齊於靈丘。齊太公和卒，子桓公午繼。秦庶長改殺出子及其母，迎靈公之子於河西，立之，是謂獻公。

The Jiawu year was the fifteenth year of King Zhou Anwang, corresponding to 387 BCE, from which this "generation" begins. At this time, King Qinghuigong of Qin died, and his young son Chuzi succeeded him; King Hanliehou died, and his son Wenhou succeeded him; King Wenhou of Wei died, and his son Wuhou succeeded him; King Wuhou of Zhao died, and his son Jinghou, the son of Liehou, succeeded him—thus all four dominant states experienced a change of rulers simultaneously. In the Yiwei year (386 BCE), Tian He officially became a feudal lord of the state of Qi and was recorded in the list of feudal lords of the Zhou dynasty, marking the transition from the Jiang Qi to the Tian Qi dynasty; the state of Wei attacked the capital of Zhao, Handan. In the Bingshen year (385 BCE), the state of Han attacked Zheng, capturing Yangcheng, and also attacked Song, capturing the king of Song at Pengcheng; the state of Wei built cities at Anyi and Wangyuan; the Zhao army defeated the Qi army at Lingqiu. Tian He, the Duke of Qi, died, and his son Wu succeeded him, who became Duke Huan of Qi, Tian Wu. The庶长 Ying Gai of Qin killed Chuzi and his mother, and brought back the son of King Ling of Qin from the Western River region to ascend the throne, becoming King Xian of Qin—thus ending decades of turmoil in the throne of Qin, after which Duke Xiao of Qin was able to implement the reforms of Shang Yang.

丁酉　趙破齊師於廩丘。　戊戌　魏敗趙師於兔臺。　己亥　齊、魏以衛伐趙，取剛平。　庚子　趙會楚伐魏，取棘蒲。楚悼王卒，誅殺相吳起，王子繼，是謂肅王，誅害吳起者七十餘家。　辛丑　齊伐燕，取桑丘。　壬寅　齊康公死於海上，齊桓侯卒，子因齊立，是謂威王。

In the year Dingyou (384 BCE), the State of Zhao defeated the State of Qi's army at Linqiu. In the year Wuxu (383 BCE), the State of Wei defeated the State of Zhao's army at Tuti. In the year Jihai (382 BCE), the States of Qi and Wei jointly attacked Zhao under the name of the State of Wei, capturing Gangping. In the year Gengzi (381 BCE), the State of Zhao allied with the State of Chu to attack Wei, capturing Jipu. King Dao of Chu died, and the chancellor Wu Qi, who had led the reforms, was killed by the old aristocrats with arrows at the king's tomb. The crown prince succeeded to the throne, becoming King Su of Chu. Later, the king investigated the crime of accidentally shooting the dead king's body during the incident, and executed over seventy families. Although the new laws were abolished, the old aristocracy of Chu was greatly weakened. In the year Xinchou (380 BCE), the State of Qi attacked Yan and captured Sangqu. In the year Rennyin (379 BCE), King Kang of Qi, who had been exiled to the coastal area, died, thus ending the clan lineage of the Jiang surname Lu family. King Huai of Qi, also known as Tian Wu, also died, and his son, Tian因齐, succeeded to the throne, becoming King Wei of Qi.

癸卯　晉孝公卒，子靜公俱酒繼。韓、趙、魏伐齊，至於靈丘。　甲辰　韓文侯卒，子哀侯繼。趙攻中山，戰於房子。魯穆公卒，子共公繼。　乙巳　周安王崩，太子喜嗣位，是謂烈王。魏武侯、韓哀侯、趙敬侯同滅晉，而三分其地。以靜公為家人，食端氏一城。　丙午　韓滅鄭，徙都之。趙敬侯卒，子成侯繼。宋休公卒，子闢公繼。　丁未

In the year of Guimao (378 BC), King Xiaogong of Jin died, and his son Jujiu succeeded him, becoming King Jinggong of Jin; the states of Han, Zhao, and Wei attacked Qi, and their army reached Lingqiu. In the year of Jiachen (377 BC), King Wenhou of Han died, and his son Ai Hou succeeded him; Zhao attacked the State of Zhongshan, and the battle took place at Fazhi; King Mugu of Lu died, and his son Gonggong succeeded him. In the year of Yisi (376 BC), King Anwang of Zhou died, and his son Xi succeeded him, becoming King Liewang of Zhou; King Wuhou of Wei, King Ai Hou of Han, and King Jinghou of Zhao jointly destroyed the State of Jin, divided its territory into three parts, and reduced King Jinggong of Jin to commoner status, leaving him only the city of Duanshi for his sustenance—the State of Jin, which had ruled for over six hundred years, thus officially ceased to exist. In the year of Bingwu (375 BC), the State of Han destroyed the State of Zheng and moved its capital to Xinzheng; King Chenghou of Zhao succeeded King Jinghou; King Xiugong of Song died, and his son Pigu succeeded him. In the year of Dingwei (374 BC), there were no significant events.

戊申　魯伐齊，入陽關。趙伐齊，至博陵。　己酉　衛拔齊薛陵，攻趙北藺。趙拔衛卿邑七十三。宋闢公卒，子剔成繼。　庚戌　韓嚴弒其君哀侯，立其子懿侯。魏武侯卒，公子爭國。趙伐魏，立公子罃，是謂惠王。趙敗秦軍於鄗安。

In the year of Wushen (373 BCE), the state of Lu attacked Qi and captured Yangguan; the state of Zhao attacked Qi and advanced to Boling. In the year of Jiyou (372 BCE), the state of Wei captured Xueling of Qi and also attacked Linyi in the northern territory of Zhao; Zhao retaliated and captured seventy-three towns from Wei; Song Pigu died, and his son Ticheng succeeded him. In the year of Gengxu (371 BCE), the Korean minister Han Yan assassinated Han Ai Hou, and established Han Yi Hou as the king, who was the son of Ai Hou; King Wu Hou of Wei died without appointing a crown prince, and the princes disputed the throne; Zhao sent troops to intervene and supported Prince Ying, who became King Hui Wang of Wei; Zhao also defeated the Qin army at Zhao'an.

辛亥　趙伐齊，至鄄。魏敗趙師於覃懷。齊威王烹阿夫夫，封即墨大夫萬家。楚肅王卒，弟良夫繼，是謂宣王。　壬子　周烈王崩，弟扁嗣位，是謂顯王。齊西敗趙、魏之師於濁澤，趙輸長城，魏入觀齊。魏敗韓於馬陵。　癸丑　韓、魏攻周。　甲寅　趙、韓分周為二。

In the Xinhai year (370 BCE), the State of Zhao attacked Qi, reaching the city of Juan; the State of Wei defeated the Zhao army at Tanhuai. King Wei of Qi executed the official of the city of A, who had a good reputation but poor governance, and rewarded the official of Jimo, who had a bad reputation but good governance, with a fiefdom of ten thousand households, which revitalized the administration of Qi. King Su of Chu died, and his younger brother Liangfu succeeded him, becoming King Xuan of Chu. In the Renzi year (369 BCE), King Lie of Zhou died, and his younger brother Bian succeeded him, becoming King Xian of Zhou; Qi defeated the allied forces of Zhao and Wei at Zuzhe in the western territory, and Zhao ceded a strip of territory along the Great Wall, while Wei surrendered the city of Guan to Qi; Wei also defeated the army of Han at Maling. In the Guichou year (368 BCE), the States of Han and Wei attacked the royal house of Zhou. In the Jiayin year (367 BCE), the States of Zhao and Han divided the territory of the Son of Heaven in two, and the Son of Heaven was henceforth completely controlled by the feudal lords.

乙卯　魏會趙攻秦，不利於洛陽。　丙辰　齊攻秦，不利於石門。魏伐宋，取儀臺。　丁巳　周顯王西賀秦獻公，魏與秦會於杜平。　戊午　己未　秦獻公卒，子孝公繼，敗魏師於少梁。魏敗韓師於澮。　庚申　魏拔趙皮牢。　辛酉　致文武胙於秦孝公。東周君惠公卒，子傑繼。韓、趙、魏伐齊。　壬戌　秦用衛鞅。韓懿侯卒，子昭侯繼。　癸亥

In the year of Yimao (366 BCE), the State of Wei allied with the State of Zhao to attack Qin, but suffered defeat in the area around Luoyang. In the year of Bingchen (365 BCE), the State of Qi attacked Qin and suffered defeat at Shimen; Wei attacked Song and captured Yitai. In the year of Dingsi (364 BCE), the Qin army defeated the three states of Jin (Zhao, Wei, and Han) greatly at Shimen. King Xuan of Zhou sent envoys westward to congratulate Duke Xiao of Qin. Wei and Qin held a meeting at Duping. In the year of Wuwu (363 BCE), there was no significant event. In the year of Jiwei (362 BCE), Duke Xian of Qin died, and his son succeeded him, who became Duke Xiao of Qin. At the beginning of his reign, he defeated the Wei army at Shaoliang. Wei also defeated the Han army at the Hui River. In the year of Gengshen (361 BCE), Wei captured Pilaou from Zhao. In the year of Xinyou (360 BCE), the Son of Heaven bestowed the sacrificial meat of King Wen and King Wu upon Duke Xiao of Qin as a mark of respect. King Hui of the Eastern Zhou died, and his son Jie succeeded him. The states of Han, Zhao, and Wei attacked Qi. In the year of Renxu (359 BCE), Qin appointed Wei Yang, who was later known as Shangyang, to initiate reforms. King Yi Hou of Han died, and his son Zhao Hou succeeded him. In the year of Guihai (358 BCE), there was no significant event.

甲子　周顯王十二年，宋取韓黃池。齊封鄒忌為成侯。　乙丑　趙會燕於河上，會齊於平陸。魯、衛、宋、鄭朝魏。　丙寅　魯共公卒，子康公繼。齊會趙於郊，會魏於平陸，會秦於杜平。　丁卯　秦攻魏師於元裡，取少梁。魏圍趙邯鄲。

The Jiazi year was the twelfth year of King Xianwang of Zhou, which corresponds to 357 BCE, from which this "world" begins. In this year, the State of Song captured Huangchi from the State of Han. King Wei of Qi enfeoffed Zou Ji, who had rendered meritorious service in assisting the regency, as the Marquis of Cheng. In the Yichou year (356 BCE), the State of Zhao met the King of Yan by the Yellow River and also met the King of Qi at Pinglu; the kings of Lu, Wei, Song, and Zheng all paid homage to King Huiwang of Wei, and the State of Wei was at the height of its power. In the Bingyin year (355 BCE), Duke Gong of Lu died, and his son Duke Kanggong succeeded him; the State of Qi met the kings of Zhao, Wei, and Qin separately at Jiao, Pinglu, and Duping. In the Dingmao year (354 BCE), the State of Qin attacked the army of Wei at Yuanli and captured Shaoliang; the State of Wei sent troops to besiege the capital of Zhao, Handan.

戊辰　韓攻東周君，取陵觀及邢邱。齊田忌、孫臏救趙，敗魏於桂陵。是年，齊始稱王。　己巳　秦大良造衛鞅會韓、趙之師，圍魏襄陵。　庚午　韓用申不害為相。秦、趙伐魏，魏歸趙邯鄲，盟於漳水之上。　辛未　趙成侯卒，世子繼，是謂肅侯。秦開阡陌，大築冀闕於咸陽，自雍徙都之。

In the year of Wuchen (353 BC), the State of Han attacked the Eastern Zhou ruler, capturing Lingguan and Xingqiu. The State of Qi sent Tian Ji as general and Sun Bin as military advisor to rescue Zhao, using the strategy of "surrounding Wei to save Zhao" and defeated the Wei army at Guiling. That year, the ruler of Qi began to claim the title of king. In the year of Jisi (352 BC), Wei Yangzao Wei Yan joined the armies of Han and Zhao to besiege the city of Xiangling in the State of Wei. In the year of Gengwu (351 BC), Han Zhaohou appointed Shen Buhai as prime minister, focusing on using "techniques" to control the officials. The states of Qin and Zhao attacked Wei, forcing Wei to return the capital of Zhao, Handan, and the two states formed an alliance on the banks of the Zhang River. In the year of Xinwei (350 BC), Zhao Chenghou died, and his son succeeded him, becoming Zhao Suhou. The State of Qin implemented its second reform, abolishing the well-field system and opening the ridges and furrows, building grand palaces and gates in Xianyang, and moving the capital from Yongcheng to Xianyang.

壬申　癸酉　趙奪晉君端氏，徙之屯留。秦初為賦。　甲戌　乙亥　魯康公卒，子景公繼。　丙子　丁丑　戊寅　周顯王錫秦孝公命為伯。齊威王卒，子宣王闢疆繼。　己卯　諸侯西賀秦。　庚辰　齊人救韓，田忌、田嬰、孫臏大敗魏師於馬陵，獲將龐涓及世子申。

In the year Renshen (349 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Guiyou (348 BCE), the State of Zhao seized the endpoint territory of the last ruler of the State of Jin, moving him to Tunliu. The State of Qin began to collect taxes based on household registration. In the year Jiaxu (347 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Yihai (346 BCE), the Duke Kang of Lu died, and his son Jinggong succeeded him. In the years Bingzi (345 BCE) and Dingchou (344 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Wuyin (343 BCE), King Xianwang of Zhou officially appointed King Xiaogong of Qin as the hegemon among the feudal lords, thereby recognizing his status as a hegemon. King Wubing of Qi died, and his son Bixiang succeeded him, becoming King Xuanwang of Qi. In the year Jimao (342 BCE), the feudal lords traveled west to pay homage to Qin. In the year Gengchen (341 BCE), the State of Qi sent troops to rescue Han. Tian Ji and Tian Ying served as generals, and Sun Bin as military advisor. They used the strategy of reducing the number of cooking fires to lure the enemy and defeated the Wei army decisively at Maling, forcing the death of Wei general Pang Juan and capturing Wei's crown prince Shen. From this point, the hegemonic power of Wei began to collapse.

辛巳　楚宣王卒，子威王繼。秦奪魏河西七百里。魏去安邑，徙都大梁。　壬午　癸未　秦孝公卒，子惠文君繼，是謂惠文王。商鞅奔魏，魏不受，入於秦。　甲申　秦惠文君夷商鞅族。蘇秦入秦，秦不受。　乙酉　周顯王西賀秦，孟軻為魏卿。

In the Xinsi year (340 BCE), King Xuan of Chu died, and his son succeeded him, becoming King Wu of Chu; Qin captured seven hundred miles of land in the western river region from Wei; Wei was forced to abandon its old capital, Anyi, and moved east to Daliang, which is now Kaifeng in Henan. In the Renwu year (339 BCE), there were no significant events. In the Guiwei year (338 BCE), King Xiao of Qin died, and his son succeeded him, known as Prince Huiwen, later King Huiwen; after losing his support, Shang Yang fled to Wei, but the Wei people refused to take him in, so he returned to the Qin territory. In the Jiashen year (337 BCE), King Huiwen of Qin had Shang Yang executed by carniolation and had his family destroyed; Su Qin went west to Qin to advocate the policy of horizontal alliance, but it was not adopted. In the Yiyou year (336 BCE), King Xianwang of Zhou traveled west to Qin to offer congratulations; Meng Ke was appointed as a minister in Wei, and he explained the principles of benevolence and righteousness to King Huiwang of Wei.

丙戌　秦拔韓宜陽。魏惠王卒，子襄王繼。齊宣王會魏襄王於鄄。　丁亥　蘇秦會趙、燕、韓、魏、齊、楚六國之師，盟於洹水之上，以攻秦。至於函谷。韓作高門。是年，楚滅越，獲王無疆，盡取其地，東開地至浙江。魏始稱王，田嬰為相。

In the year of Bingxu (335 BCE), the state of Qin captured Yiyang of the state of Han; King Wei of Wei died, and his son succeeded him, becoming King Xiang of Wei; King Xuan of Qi and King Xiang of Wei held a meeting at the place of Juan. In the year of Dinghai (334 BCE), Su Qin's strategy of combined resistance was implemented, and the armies of the states of Zhao, Yan, Han, Wei, Qi, and Chu were united at the river Huan water, where they took an oath of mutual alliance to attack Qin. The allied forces advanced to the pass of Hangu. The state of Han extensively constructed a high gate. In this same year, the state of Chu destroyed the state of Yue, captured King Wujiang of Yue, and took over all the territory of Yue, expanding eastward to the area around Zhejiang. The state of Wei officially declared itself a kingdom, and the state of Qi appointed Tianying as its prime minister.

戊子　燕文公卒，子易王立。韓昭侯卒，子惠王立。楚敗齊師于徐州。齊田嬰詐楚，故不利。　己丑　齊會魏伐趙，又伐燕，取十城。　庚寅　秦伐魏。　辛卯　宋亂，公弟偃弒其君，代立，是謂元王。　壬辰　楚威王卒，子懷王槐繼。魏伐楚，取陘山。秦伐魏，取汾陰。　癸巳　秦用張儀為相。陳軫適楚。楚滅蜀，魏輸秦上郡。

In the year of Wuzi (333 BC), Yan Wen Gong died, and his son succeeded him, becoming Yan Yi Wang; Han Zhao Hou died, and his son succeeded him, becoming Han Hui Wang; Chu defeated the Qi army in Xuzhou, which was caused by the deceit of Qi's prime minister Tian Ying towards the Chu envoys, leading to their defeat. In the year of Jichou (332 BC), Qi allied with Wei to attack Zhao, and then attacked Yan, capturing ten cities. In the year of Gengyin (331 BC), Qin attacked Wei. In the year of Xinmao (330 BC), there was a rebellion in Song, where the king's younger brother Yan killed the king and took the throne, becoming King Yuan of Song, later known as King Kang of Song. In the year of Renchen (329 BC), King Wei of Chu died, and his son Xiong Huai succeeded him, becoming King Huai of Chu; Wei attacked Chu and captured Xing Mountain; Qin attacked Wei and captured Fen Yin. In the year of Guisi (328 BC), Qin appointed Zhang Yi as prime minister, and the policy of connecting with the west was implemented from then on; the strategist Chen Zhen switched allegiance to Chu; Chu destroyed Shu, and Wei was forced to surrender the Shangjun to Qin.

甲午　周顯王四十二年，齊會魏攻韓之桑邱。　乙未　趙肅侯卒，子定繼，是謂武靈王。齊用孟軻為上卿。　丙申　孟軻去齊。　丁酉　秦始稱王。齊宣王卒，子湣王地繼。秦築上郡塞。　戊戌　韓、燕稱王。楚破魏襄陵，入城，移兵攻齊。秦張儀會齊、楚執政於桑。

The Jiawu year was the 42nd year of King Xianwang of Zhou, which corresponds to 327 BCE, and this "world" begins from this year. Qi and Wei allied to attack Han's Sanqiu. In the Yiwei year (326 BCE), King Xushou of Zhao died, and his son succeeded him, who later implemented the Hu Fu Qi She reforms as King Wuling of Zhao; Qi appointed Meng Ke as a high minister. In the Bingshen year (325 BCE), Meng Ke left Qi because his ideas were not adopted. In the Dingyou year (324 BCE), Qin began to use the title of King; King Xuanwang of Qi died, and his son succeeded him, who became King Min of Qi; Qin built border fortifications in Shangjun. In the Wuxu year (323 BCE), Han and Yan also successively adopted the title of King; Chu captured Xiangling of Wei, occupied the city, and then moved troops to attack Qi; Qin's chancellor Zhang Yi held a meeting with the officials of Qi and Chu at Niesang.

己亥　秦張儀出相魏、燕，會韓、魏二君於區鼠。　庚子　周顯王崩，子定嗣位，是謂慎靚王。是年，趙始稱王。齊封田嬰於薛，盜殺蘇秦於齊。蘇代復相燕。燕王卒，子噲繼，子之專國。蘇代使齊。　辛丑　宋伐楚，取地三百里，始稱王。秦、齊交婚。　壬寅　魏襄王卒，子哀王繼。張儀復相秦。

In the Jihai year (322 BC), Zhang Yi left Qin and successively served as the prime minister of Wei and Yan. He promoted the policy of horizontal alliance for Qin, and also met with the kings of Han and Wei at the place called Qu Shu. In the Gengzi year (321 BC), King Xianwang of Zhou died, and his son Ding succeeded to the throne, becoming King Shenjingtian of Zhou. In this year, the State of Zhao also began to use the title of king. The State of Qi granted the territory of Xue to Tianying, who was the father of Mengchang Jun. Su Qin was killed by an assassin in Qi, and his younger brother Su Dai once again served as the prime minister of Yan. The king of Yan died, and his son Kuai succeeded to the throne, with the minister Zi Zhi controlling the government. Su Dai went on a diplomatic mission to Qi. In the Xinchou year (320 BC), the State of Song attacked Chu, seizing 300 li of land and also began to use the title of king. The States of Qin and Qi formed a marital alliance. In the Rennyin year (319 BC), King Xiangwang of Wei died, and his son succeeded to the throne, becoming King Aiwang of Wei. Zhang Yi returned to Qin and once again served as prime minister.

癸卯　楚會齊、趙、韓、魏、燕攻秦，不利。齊獨後。秦樗裡疾大敗六國之師，獲將申差及韓、魏二公子。　甲辰　齊敗魏師於觀津，與秦爭雌雄。魯景公卒，子平公繼。秦敗韓師於濁澤，韓請割名都一以助伐楚，既而背之。秦又伐韓，敗韓師於岸門。楚救不至。燕王噲以國屬子之。　乙巳　齊伐燕，秦伐趙，拔中都及西陽。

In the year of Guimao (318 BCE), the State of Chu allied with Qi, Zhao, Han, Wei, and Yan to attack Qin. Their campaign was not successful, with Qi sending its troops last. The Qin general Chu Li Ji defeated the allied forces of the six states, capturing the Han general Shen Cha and the sons of Han and Wei. In the year of Jiachen (317 BCE), Qi defeated the Wei army at Guanjin and competed with Qin for supremacy. Lu Jing Gong died, and his son Ping Gong succeeded him. Qin defeated the Han army at Zuzuo. Han requested to cede a famous city and assist Qin in attacking Chu in order to make peace, but later broke the agreement. Qin attacked Han again and defeated the Han army at Anmen. The rescue force from Chu never arrived. Yan Wang Kui imitated Yao and Shun's abdication, handing over state affairs to Zi Zhi, thus sowing the seeds of chaos in Yan. In the year of Yisi (316 BCE), Qi took advantage of the turmoil in Yan to attack Yan. Qin attacked Zhao and captured Zhongdu and Xiyang.

丙午　周慎靚王崩，子延繼，是謂赧王，稱西周君。秦拔義渠二十五城，又取韓之石章。　丁未　楚齊和親。燕亂，將市被攻子之不克，返攻世子，又不克，死。　戊申　楚攻秦，不利。秦伐齊，楚救不至。秦張儀結楚，樗裡疾攻趙。己酉　楚懷王大伐秦，不利；又伐，又不利。秦庶長魏章會齊、韓之師，大敗楚師於藍田，又敗之於丹水之陽，獲其將屈丐，遂取漢中地，置黔中郡。韓宣王卒，世子蒼繼，是謂襄王。齊以五都兵攻燕，燕亂，國人立太子平，是謂昭王。

In the year of Bingwu (315 BCE), King Shenling of the Zhou dynasty died, and his son Yan succeeded to the throne, becoming King Nan of Zhou, also known as the Lord of the Western Zhou because he resided in the capital. The State of Qin captured twenty-five cities of Yiqu, and also seized the territory of Shizhang from the State of Han. In the year of Dingwei (314 BCE), the States of Chu and Qi formed an alliance of marriage. In Yan, there was internal strife; General Shi Bei raised an army to attack Zi Zhi but failed to defeat him. He then turned back to attack the crown prince but also failed, and eventually died in battle. In the year of Wushen (313 BCE), the State of Chu suffered a defeat against Qin; Qin attacked Qi, but the promised aid from Chu did not arrive. The chancellor of Qin, Zhang Yi, lured Chu into breaking its alliance with Qi by offering the territory of Shangyu, which was six hundred li in size. At the same time, Chi Li Ji led Qin's army to attack Zhao. In the year of Jiyou (312 BCE), King Huai of Chu realized he had been deceived and launched a large-scale attack on Qin, but failed. He tried again, but again failed. The civilian leader Wei Zhang of Qin, together with the armies of Qi and Han, defeated the Chu army in Lantian, and then defeated them again at the north of Dan Water, capturing the Chu general Qu Ce. Thus, Qin gained the Hanzhong region and established the Qianzhong Commandery. King Xuan of Han died, and his son Cang succeeded to the throne, becoming King Xiang of Han. Qi mobilized the armies of the five cities to attack Yan, causing great disorder in Yan. The people of Yan then proclaimed the crown prince Ping as king, who later became King Zhao of Yan, known for his efforts to attract talents and strengthen the state.

庚戌　楚屈原使齊，秦張儀使楚，會楚、齊、韓、趙、魏、燕六國西事秦，至咸陽，而秦惠王卒，子武王繼。燕起金臺，以禮郭槐。樂毅自魏至，鄒衍自齊至，劇辛自趙至。　辛亥　秦會魏於臨晉。張儀、魏章適魏，樗裡疾、甘茂為相。　壬子　楚合齊以善韓。　癸丑　秦武王會魏哀王於應，會韓襄王於臨晉。

In the Gengxu year (311 BCE), the State of Chu sent Qu Yuan to Qi to improve relations, while the State of Qin sent Zhang Yi to Chu to persuade it. Zhang Yi succeeded in getting Chu, Qi, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Yan to turn westward and submit to Qin. When the envoys arrived at Xianyang, King Huiwang of Qin had already died, and his son succeeded him, becoming King Wuzhang of Qin. King Zhao of Yan built the Golden Platform to attract talented men with generous rewards. Thus, Yue Yi came from Wei, Zhu Yan from Qi, and Ju Xin from Zhao, causing a sudden flourishing of talent in Yan. In the Xinhai year (310 BCE), Qin and Wei held a meeting in Linjin. Zhang Yi and Wei Zhang lost power and left for Wei. Chu Li Ji and Gan Mao were appointed as ministers of Qin. In the Renzi year (309 BCE), Chu allied with Qi to be friendly with Han. In the Guichou year (308 BCE), King Wuzhang of Qin met King Ai of Wei at Ying and also met King Xiang of Han at Linjin.

甲寅　東西二周君相攻。楚圍韓之雍邱。秦甘茂拔韓之宜陽。武王舉周鼎，絕臏而死。國人迎母弟稷於趙而立之，是謂昭襄王，太后臨朝稱制，魏冉專政。趙武靈王改用胡服。　乙卯　秦復韓武遂，嚴君疾、向壽為相。甘茂適魏。　丙辰　楚絕齊以善秦。

In the year Jiayin (307 BCE), the Duke of the Eastern Zhou and the Duke of the Western Zhou attacked each other. The State of Chu surrounded Yongqiu of the State of Han; the Qin general Gan Mao captured Yiyang of Han, opening a passage for the Qin army to move eastward into the Central Plains. King Wugzhang of Qin was always fond of displaying his strength, and when he went to the Zhou royal court to lift the Nine Tripods, he broke his leg under the weight of the tripods and died. The Qin people then brought back his younger brother Ying Ji from the State of Zhao to be the king, who became King Zhaoxiang of Qin. His mother, the Dowager Xuan, ruled the court, and her brother Wei Ran controlled the government. In the year Yimao (306 BCE), the State of Qin returned the territory of Wusui to Han, and appointed Yanjun Chulij and Xiangshou as ministers; Gan Mao fled to the State of Wei. In the year Bingchen (305 BCE), the State of Chu cut off relations with the State of Qi and became allied with Qin.

丁巳　秦昭王與楚懷王會於黃棘，復之上庸。　戊午　齊、韓、魏攻楚，楚求救於秦。魯平公卒，子文公賈繼。秦取韓武遂，拔魏蒲坂。　己未　秦復魏蒲坂，會韓於武遂。　庚申　楚伐秦，不利。秦昭襄王會齊、韓、魏伐楚，敗之於重邱。　辛酉　齊孟嘗君入秦為質。

In the year Dingsi (304 BCE), King Zhaoxiang of Qin met with King Huai of Chu at Huangji to conclude a treaty, and Qin returned the territory of Shangyong to Chu. In the year Wuwu (303 BCE), the states of Qi, Han, and Wei jointly attacked Chu, accusing it of breaking the alliance, and Chu sought aid from Qin; Lu Pinggong died, and his son Jia succeeded him, becoming King Wengong of Lu. Qin seized Wu sui from Han and captured Pusan from Wei. In the year Jiwei (302 BCE), Qin returned Pusan to Wei and held a meeting with Han at Wu sui. In the year Gengshen (301 BCE), Chu failed in its attack on Qin; King Zhaoxiang of Qin allied with Qi, Han, and Wei to attack Chu and defeated the Chu army at Chongqiu. In the year Xinyou (300 BCE), Tian Wen, the Prince Mengchang of Qi, went to Qin as a hostage, and later was appointed as the chancellor of Qin by King Zhaoxiang.

壬戌　楚懷王放大夫屈原於江濱，與秦昭襄王會於武關，不復。國人迎太子橫於齊而立之，是謂頃襄王，其弟子蘭為令尹。齊歸秦涇陽君，孟嘗君自秦逃歸。秦會齊、魏伐楚，取八城。趙拔燕中山，攘地北至燕代，西至九源。　癸亥　齊會韓、魏伐秦，至於函谷。秦伐楚，取十六城，趙武靈王稱主父，會群臣於東宮，廢太子章，而授庶子何立，是謂惠文王，以肥義為之相，北略地，南入秦，稱使者。

In the year Renxu (299 BCE), King Huai of Chu exiled the minister Qu Yuan, who had strongly advised against trusting the Qin, to the riverbank. Meanwhile, King Huai himself met with King Zhaoxiang of Qin at the Wu Pass, but was captured by Qin and never returned. The people of Chu brought back the crown prince Xing from Qi to become the new king, known as King Qingxiang of Chu, and appointed his nephew Zi Lan as the prime minister. Qi returned the Qin general Jingyang Jun, who had been held as a hostage in Qi, and Mengchang Jun escaped back from Qin. Qin allied with Qi and Wei to attack Chu, capturing eight cities. Zhao attacked Yan territory and Zhongshan, expanding its territory north to Yan and Dai, and west to Jiuyuan. In the year Guihai (298 BCE), Qi allied with Han and Wei to attack Qin, advancing to the Hangu Pass. Qin attacked Chu again, capturing sixteen cities. King Wuling of Zhao declared himself "Zufu," equivalent to an emperor in retirement, held a grand assembly of officials in the eastern palace, deposed the crown prince Zhang, and instead made his younger son He the king, known as King Huwen of Zhao, appointing Fei Yi as chancellor. The Zufu himself devoted himself to military campaigns, expanding territory to the north, and also disguised himself as an envoy to secretly observe Qin's situation.

甲子　周赧王十八年，楚懷王於秦逃歸，不克。　乙丑　楚懷王卒於秦，楚遂絕秦。魏哀王卒，子昭王繼。齊會韓、魏、趙、宋五國之兵攻秦，至鹽氏而還。秦與韓、魏河北及封陵以和。韓襄王卒，子釐王繼。趙主父滅中山，徙其王於膚施，封廢太子章於代，號安陽君，使田不禮為之相。

The Jiazi year was the eighteenth year of King Nangwang of Chu, that is, 297 BCE, from which the "world" period began. The imprisoned King Huai of Chu attempted to escape from Qin but failed. In the Yichou year (296 BCE), King Huai of Chu died in exile in Qin, and the people of Chu were all filled with sorrow and anger. Thus, Chu completely cut off diplomatic relations with Qin. King Ai of Wei died, and his son succeeded him, becoming King Zhao of Wei. The State of Qi allied with the States of Han, Wei, Zhao, and Song to attack Qin, advancing as far as Yanshi before returning. Qin returned the region of Hebei and the city of Fengling to Han and Wei in order to seek peace. King Xiang of Han died, and his son succeeded him, becoming King Li of Han. King Zhu Fu of Zhao destroyed the State of Zhongshan, exiling King Zhongshan to Fushī; he also granted the deposed crown prince Zhang the territory of Dai, naming him King Angyang, and assigned Tian Buli to assist him—this arrangement set the stage for the disaster of the Shāqiū incident the following year.

丙寅　秦免樓緩相，穰侯魏冉復相，率師攻魏。趙安陽君及田不禮作難，公子成及大夫李兌平之，主父死於沙邱宮。　丁卯　秦向壽伐韓，拔武始。　戊辰　楚與秦復和。韓伐秦，不利。秦左庶長白起大敗韓及諸侯之師於伊闕，取城五，坑軍二十四萬，獲將公孫喜。

In the year Bingyin (295 BCE), the state of Qin removed Lou Kang from his position as chancellor and reinstated Wang Hou Wei Ran as chancellor, leading an army to attack Wei. In the state of Zhao, Anyang Lord Zhang and Tian Buli raised an army in rebellion. Prince Cheng and the minister Li Dui suppressed the rebellion and later besieged the Shashu Palace for three months, resulting in the death of King Wuling of Zhao from starvation within the palace. In the year Dingmao (294 BCE), the Qin general Xiang Shou attacked Han, capturing Wushi. In the year Wuchen (293 BCE), the state of Chu and Qin renewed their peace treaty; Han's attack on Qin failed; the Qin left庶long Bai Qi defeated the allied forces of Han and other states in Yie, capturing five cities, killing 240,000 surrendered soldiers, and capturing the Han general Gongsun Xi—thus Bai Qi earned the nickname "Man Slaughterer."

己巳　楚逆婦於秦。秦魏冉免相，大良造白起伐魏，取垣；攻楚，拔宛。　庚午　秦魏冉復相，封陶邑。司馬錯伐韓軹及鄧。　辛未　齊有田甲之難，免孟嘗君相。魏獻河東地方四百里入秦。韓獻武遂二百里入秦。趙會齊伐韓。　壬申　齊復孟嘗君相。秦伐韓，拔六十一城。

In the year of Jisi (292 BC), the state of Chu married a woman from the state of Qin. The state of Qin dismissed Wei Ran from his position as prime minister, and the general Bai Qi of Qin attacked Wei, capturing the walled city of Yuan; he also attacked Chu and captured the city of Wan. In the year of Gengwu (291 BC), Wei Ran was appointed prime minister again and was granted the territory of Tao. The general Sima Cuo of Qin captured the cities of Jizi and Deng from the state of Han. In the year of Xinwei (290 BC), a coup occurred in the state of Qi, where Tian Jia seized King Min of Qi, and Meng Changjun was implicated and dismissed from his position as prime minister; the state of Wei ceded 400 square miles of land east of the River to Qin, and the state of Han ceded 200 square miles of Wusui to Qin; the state of Zhao allied with Qi to attack Han. In the year of Renshen (289 BC), Qi restored Meng Changjun to his position as prime minister; Qin attacked Han and captured 61 cities in succession.

癸酉　齊秦約稱東西帝，復罷。　甲戌　齊孟嘗君謝病。秦昭襄王巡漢中及上郡、河北，拔魏新垣及曲陽。　乙亥　齊滅宋，至於泗上，十二諸侯、鄒魯之君皆稱臣。南取楚之淮北，西侵韓、趙、魏。魏獻秦安邑。秦伐魏之河內，攻韓之夏山。

In the Guiyou year (before 288 BC), the states of Qi and Qin jointly proclaimed themselves as the Eastern and Western Emperors respectively. However, because the other feudal states did not submit, they soon both abandoned the title of Emperor. In the Jiaxu year (before 287 BC), the Marquis Mengchang of Qi resigned from his post due to illness. Meanwhile, King Zhaoxiang of Qin toured the Hanzhong and Shangjun regions as well as the northern Hebei area, and captured the cities of Xinyuan and Quyang from the state of Wei. In the Yihai year (before 286 BC), the state of Qi destroyed the state of Song, extending its influence to the area around the Si River. The twelve feudal states along the Si River as well as the rulers of Zou and Lu all submitted to Qi. Qi also advanced southward to take control of the northern part of the Huai River from the state of Chu, and westward to invade the states of Han, Zhao, and Wei. At this time, Qi reached its peak in power, but also faced widespread resentment. The state of Wei presented the city of Anyi to Qin, and Qin attacked the region of Henan in Wei and the mountain area of Xia Shan in Han.

丙子　齊孟嘗君以薛屬魏。秦昭襄王會楚頃襄王於宛，會趙惠文王於中陽，伐齊，拔九城。　丁丑　燕樂毅會秦、楚、韓、魏五國之師伐齊，大敗齊師於濟西，遂入臨淄，拔城七十，拜樂毅上卿，封昌國君，留圍齊即墨及莒。齊湣王保莒，楚使淖齒救齊，殺齊湣王於莒。莒人立其子法章，是謂襄王。荀卿行祭酒。

In the year Bingzi (285 BCE), Master Mengchang led the territory of Xue to submit to the state of Wei. At the same time, King Zhaoxiang of Qin met King Qingxiang of Chu at the place of Wan, and met King Huwen of Zhao at Zhongyang. He also sent troops to attack Qi, capturing nine cities. In the year Dingchou (284 BCE), the general Yue Yi of Yan, together with the armies of Qin, Chu, Han, and Wei, launched a joint attack on Qi. They defeated the Qi army in a great battle west of the Ji River, advancing directly to the capital of Qi, Linzi, and captured more than seventy cities in total. King Zhao of Yan appointed Yue Yi as Grand Minister and granted him the title of Lord of Changguo, leaving troops to surround the remaining two cities of Jimo and Ju. King Min of Qi fled to Ju for self-preservation. The state of Chu sent Chao Chi, who pretended to come to rescue Qi, but instead killed King Min of Qi in Ju. The people of Ju then proclaimed King Min's son Fa Zhang as king, who became King Xiang of Qi. Xun Qing served as the chief master of the Ji Xia Academy in Qi, overseeing the academic affairs.

戊寅　楚頃襄王會秦昭襄王於鄢。秦穰侯伐魏，至於國。　己卯　秦昭襄王會韓釐王於新城，會魏昭王於新名，伐趙，拔二城；伐韓，取六邑。　庚辰　楚會魏、趙伐秦。秦伐楚，魏冉復相。趙使藺相如入秦獻璧。　辛巳　楚割上庸及漢中，請和於秦。秦白起拔趙二城，司馬錯拔楚上庸。燕昭王卒。子惠王繼，以騎劫代樂毅。樂毅奔趙。趙惠文王與秦昭襄王會於澠池，藺相如相。

In the year of Wuyin (283 BC), King Qingxiang of Chu met King Zhaoxiang of Qin at Yan; at the same time, the Qin chancellor Wei Ran attacked Wei, and advanced as far as the capital of Wei. In the year of Jimao (282 BC), King Zhaoxiang of Qin met King Xili of Han at Xincheng and King Zhaoxiang of Wei at Xinming; he also attacked Zhao, capturing two cities; and attacked Han, taking six territories. In the year of Gengchen (281 BC), Chu allied with Wei and Zhao to attack Qin; Qin retaliated by attacking Chu, and Wei Ran once again became chancellor. Zhao sent Lin Xiangru with the He氏璧 to Qin to negotiate, and eventually the jade was returned to Zhao. In the year of Xinsi (280 BC), Chu ceded Shangyong and Hanzhong to Qin and sought peace; Qin general Bai Qi captured two cities of Zhao, while Sima Cuo captured Shangyong from Chu. King Zhao of Yan died, and his son succeeded him as King Huiwang of Yan. He fell for the counter-intelligence plot by the QI people, and replaced Lü Yi with Qi Jie. Lü Yi fled to Zhao. King Huwen of Zhao met King Zhaoxiang of Qin at Mianchi, and Lin Xiangru accompanied him, successfully resolving the crisis. After that, Lin Xiangru was appointed as chancellor.

壬午　齊田單大敗燕君於即墨，獲將騎劫，復城七十，迎襄王自莒入臨淄。封田單安平君。秦白起拔楚西陵。　癸未　楚頃襄王出奔陳，郢陷於秦。大良造白起破楚入郢，燒夷陵，以郢為南郡。封起武安君。　甲申　秦拔楚巫及黔中，作黔中郡。魏昭王卒，子安釐王繼。

In the Renwu year (279 BCE), the Qi general Tian Dan used the fire ox formation at Jimo to achieve a great defeat against the Yan army, killing the Yan general Qi Jie, and recaptured over seventy cities. He brought the Qi Xiang Wang back from Ju City to take residence in Linzi, and the state of Qi conferred the title of Anping Jun upon Tian Dan. Meanwhile, the Qin general Bai Qi captured the western fortress of Chu, Xiling. In the Guiwei year (278 BCE), King Qingxiang of Chu fled to Chen City, and the capital Yingshang fell — Bai Qi, the great commander of Chu, broke through into Yingshang, burned the tombs of the former kings of Chu located in Yiling, and established the southern commandery of Jun. The Qin rewarded Bai Qi with the title of Wusan Jun for his achievements. When Qu Yuan heard of the fall of Yingshang, he committed suicide by drowning in the Miluo River at this time. In the Jiashen year (277 BCE), the state of Qin captured the territory of Wu and Qianzhong of Chu, establishing the commandery of Qianzhong. King Zhao of Wei died, and his son succeeded him, becoming King Anxi of Wei.

乙酉　楚東取江旁十五邑以扞秦。魏拔秦二城，封無忌信陵君。　丙戌　秦兵圍大梁，魏入溫請和。秦以穰侯為相國。韓暴鳶救魏不利。趙廉頗拔魏房子、安陽。　丁亥　魏芒卯攻韓，不利。秦師救韓，敗趙、魏之師十五萬於華陽。魏入南陽請和，以其地為南陽郡。

In the year Yiyou (276 BCE), the State of Chu took fifteen towns along the Yangtze River to the east to resist the Qin army; the State of Wei captured two cities of Qin and conferred the title of Xingling Jun upon Prince Wuji. In the year Bingxu (275 BCE), the Qin army besieged the capital of Wei, Daliang, and Wei surrendered the territory of Wen to seek peace; Qin appointed Wei Ran as Chancellor; the Korean general Bao Yuan failed to rescue Wei; and the Zhao general Lian Po captured the towns of Fazhong and Anyang from Wei. In the year Dinghai (274 BCE), the Wei general Mangmo failed to defeat Korea; the Qin army, under the pretense of aiding Korea, launched an attack and defeated the allied forces of Zhao and Wei numbering fifteen thousand at Huayang; Wei surrendered the territory of Nanyang to seek peace, and Qin established this area as the Prefecture of Nanyang.

戊子　韓釐王卒，子桓惠王繼。趙取東胡地。　己丑　楚黃歇奉太子完入秦為質，求平，又取韓。魏伐燕，田單拔燕中陽。秦會楚、韓、趙、魏伐燕。燕惠王卒，子武成王繼。趙藺相如伐齊。　庚寅　秦穰侯伐齊，取剛壽，以廣陶邑。范雎自魏入秦。　辛卯　秦師伐韓以逼周。　壬辰　秦中更胡傷攻趙閼與，趙奢擊之，有功，封馬服君，與廉頗同位。秦人為之少懼。　癸巳　秦拔魏懷義。

In the year of Wuzi (273 BCE), King Huan of Han died, and his son succeeded him, becoming King Huanhui of Han; the State of Zhao captured the land of Donghu. In the year of Jichou (272 BCE), Prince Wan of Chu was accompanied by Huang Xie to the State of Qin as a hostage to seek peace, and the State of Chu also captured land from Han; the State of Wei attacked Yan, and Tian Dan captured Zhongyang from Yan; Qin allied with Chu, Han, Zhao, and Wei to attack Yan; King Hui of Yan died, and his son succeeded him, becoming King Wucheng of Yan; and Lian Xiangru of Zhao led troops to attack Qi. In the year of Gengyin (271 BCE), the Qin chancellor Wang Ruan attacked Qi, capturing the regions of Gang and Shou to expand his fiefdom at Tao; Fan Ju fled from Wei to Qin and later advised King Zhao of Qin to adopt the strategy of "distant alliances and close attacks." In the year of Xinmao (270 BCE), the Qin army attacked Han to pressure the Zhou royal house. In the year of Renchen (269 BCE), the Qin general Hu Shang attacked Yanyu in Zhao, and Zhao She led his troops to relieve the siege, defeating the Qin army in a great battle, and was granted the title of Master of Ma Fu, holding a position equal to Lian Po; from then on, the Qin showed some fear of Zhao. In the year of Guisi (268 BCE), the Qin captured Huayi from Wei.

甲午　周赧王四十八年，秦太子卒於魏。　乙未　秦拔魏郪邱，罷穰侯相國及宣太后權，以客卿范雎為相，封應侯。魏冉就國。趙惠文王卒，子丹繼，是謂孝成王，太后專政。　丙申　齊襄王卒，子建繼。田單攻趙。秦以安國君為太子，宣太后卒。拔趙三城，進圍邯鄲。趙出長安君，為質於齊，求救趙。勝為相，封平原君。

The Jiawu year was the forty-eighth year of King Nanhao of Zhou, which corresponds to 267 BCE, and this "world" begins from this year. The太子 of Qin, who was held as a hostage in Wei, died in Wei. In the Yiwei year (266 BCE), Qin captured Qiqiu of Wei; King Zhaoxiang of Qin adopted Fan Sui's strategy, dismissed Wei Ran as chancellor, took back the authority of Queen Zhao太后, and appointed Fan Sui, the guest minister, as chancellor, granting him the title of Yinghou. Wei Ran was sent back to his fiefdom—thus, the power of Qin came under the control of the king. King Huiwen of Zhao died, and his son Dan succeeded him, becoming King Xiaocheng of Zhao, with Zhao太后 ruling the country. In the Bingshen year (265 BCE), King Xiang of Qi died, and his son Jian succeeded him; Tian Dan led his troops to attack Zhao. Qin appointed Angong as the crown prince, and Queen Zhao太后 died; Qin's army captured three cities of Zhao and encircled Handan; Zhao sent their young son, Chang'an Jun, to Qi as a hostage in exchange for military aid, an event described by Chu Long in his conversation with Zhao太后; Zhao Sheng was appointed as chancellor and granted the title of Pingyuan Jun.

丁酉　齊用田單為相。秦白起伐韓，拔九城。　戊戌　楚頃襄王卒，太子完自秦亡歸繼，是謂考烈王。以左徒黃歇為令尹，號春申君，封於吳。食淮北地。秦白起拔韓南郡。　己亥　楚獻地於秦，乞和。秦五大夫賁伐韓，拔十五城，以絕太行路。韓馮亭以上黨入於趙，趙受韓上黨，廉頗軍長平。

In the year of Dingyou (264 BCE), the state of Qi appointed Tian Dan as its prime minister; the Qin general Bai Qi attacked the state of Han, capturing nine cities. In the year of Wuxu (263 BCE), King Qingxiang of Chu died, and his son Wán fled from Qin to succeed to the throne, becoming King Kaoliang of Chu, who appointed Huang Xie as his chancellor, known as Chunshen Jun, and granted him the territory of Wu, collecting taxes from the northern part of the Huai River. The Qin general Bai Qi captured the southern commandery of Han. In the year of Jihai (262 BCE), the state of Chu offered land to Qin in an attempt to make peace; the Qin official Weng Ben attacked Han, capturing fifteen cities and cutting off the pass through the Taihang Mountains; the governor of Shangdang, Feng Ting, refused to submit to Qin and presented Shangdang to the state of Zhao, which accepted it, and sent Lian Po to garrison Changping—thus the spark was lit for the great battle between Qin and Zhao at Changping.

庚子　楚伐魯，取徐州。秦白起攻趙長平。　辛丑　秦武安君大敗趙軍於長平，進圍邯鄲。趙以趙括代廉頗將，長平遂陷，兵四十萬為秦所坑。　壬寅　秦分軍為三，罷武安君白起將，以王齕代，攻趙，拔趙武安及皮牢。司馬梗北定上黨。趙使蘇代使秦。

In the Gengzi year (261 BCE), the State of Chu attacked Lu and captured Xuzhou; General Bai Qi of Qin attacked the State of Zhao at Changping. In the Xinchou year (260 BCE), the Wudi Jun Bai Qi defeated the Zhao army at Changping and then besieged Handan. King Zhao Xiaocheng of Zhao fell for the Qin's reverse strategy, replacing the experienced General Lian Po with Zhao Kuang, who was only skilled in paper strategy. As a result, the Changping defense collapsed, and 400,000 surrendered soldiers were killed by the Qin army, causing great damage to Zhao. In the RENYIN year (259 BCE), the Qin divided its army into three routes, removed General Bai Qi's command, and appointed Wang He as the new general to attack Zhao. The Qin captured Wusan and Pilaou in Zhao. Sima Geng advanced north to pacify Shangdang. Zhao sent Su Dai to Qin to persuade Fan Ju to cease the war.

癸卯　秦加范雎相國，王齕圍邯鄲，張唐攻魏。燕武成王卒，子孝王繼。趙平原君求救於楚、魏。　甲辰　楚春申君、魏信陵君救趙。秦起武安君白起。不克，殺之於杜郵。　乙巳　周赧王會齊、韓、趙、魏兵，出伊闕攻秦。不利，西奔秦。秦昭王滅周，盡入其地三十六城，徙其王於憚狐。楚滅魯，以齊荀卿為蘭陵令。

In the year of Guimao (258 BCE), the state of Qin appointed Fan Sui as prime minister; Wang He surrounded Handan, while Zhang Tang attacked Wei. King Wu Cheng of Yan died, and his son succeeded him, becoming King Xiao of Yan. The marquis Pingyuan of Zhao sent envoys to seek help from both Chu and Wei, and Ma Suì volunteered to accompany them at this time. In the year of Jiachen (257 BCE), the chancellor Chunshen of Chu and the marquis Xingling of Wei both led their armies to rescue Zhao. Xingling stole the military credentials to take command of the army, and the Qin army suffered a great defeat at Handan. The king of Qin then recalled Wu Anjun Bai Qi again, but Bai Qi claimed illness and refused to go, and was eventually executed at Du You. In the year of Yisi (256 BCE), King Nan of Zhou combined the armies of Qi, Han, Zhao, and Wei, and attacked Qin from Yique, but failed, and had to travel west to Qin to apologize. King Zhao of Qin then destroyed the Zhou dynasty, took all thirty-six cities, and moved King Nan to Danhu. The Zhou dynasty, which had ruled for eight hundred years, thus came to an end. The state of Chu conquered Lu; Xun Qing of Qi was appointed as the magistrate of Langle in Chu.

丙午　秦徙周民及九鼎於咸陽，蔡澤自燕入秦，代范雎相。燕孝王卒，子喜繼。　丁未　楚、齊、韓、燕、趙皆服於秦。魏獨後，秦使將軍樛伐之，取吳城。　戊申　秦郊上帝於雍邱。趙徙都鉅鹿。　己酉　趙平原君卒。　庚戌　秦昭襄王卒，太子安國繼，是謂孝王。立三日，又卒，子楚立，是謂莊襄王，以華陽夫人為後，子政為太子，呂不韋為丞相，封文信侯，食河南十萬戶。楚春申君入吊於秦。燕將栗腹攻趙，不利。趙廉頗破燕軍於鄗，封信平侯。

In the year Bingwu (255 BC), the state of Qin moved the remnants of the Zhou dynasty and the symbolic symbol of royal power, the Nine Tripods, to Xianyang. Cai Ze came from Yan to Qin and replaced Fan Sui as prime minister. King Xiao of Yan died, and his son Xi succeeded him. In the year Dingwei (254 BC), the states of Chu, Qi, Han, Yan, and Zhao all submitted to Qin, but Wei delayed. Qin sent General Liu to attack and captured the city of Wu. In the year Wushen (253 BC), Qin performed a sacrificial ceremony to the Supreme Deity at the outskirts of Yong. Zhao moved its capital to Julu. In the year Jiyou (252 BC), the Marquis Pingyuan of Zhao died. In the year Gengxu (251 BC), King Zhaoxiang of Qin died, and his son Angguo Jun succeeded him, becoming King Xiaowen of Qin, who died three days after his coronation. His son Zi Chu succeeded him, becoming King Zhuangxiang of Qin. He appointed Huayang Fu as queen, appointed Ying Zheng as crown prince, appointed Lu Buwei as chancellor, and granted him the title of Wenxin Hou with a fief of ten thousand households in Henan. Chunshen Jun of Chu came to Qin to mourn. The Yan general Li Fu attacked Zhao but failed. Zhao general Lian Po defeated the Yan army decisively at the site of Hao, and was granted the title of Xinpingshou for his merit.

辛亥　東周君會諸侯攻秦，不利，沒於秦。秦丞相呂不韋平東周，盡入其地，置三川郡，徙其君於陽人。趙廉頗伐燕，圍其國。　壬子　秦蒙驁拔趙太原，拔韓滎陽及成皋。　癸丑　秦蒙驁拔魏高都，又舉趙三十城。楚、齊、魏、韓、燕、趙攻秦，不利。

In the Xinhai year (250 BCE), the King of the Eastern Zhou allied with the feudal lords to attack Qin but failed and was annexed by Qin. The Qin chancellor Li Si quelled the Eastern Zhou, took all its territories, established the Sanchuan Commandery, and moved the King of Eastern Zhou to Yangren聚 — thus ending the last remnants of the Zhou dynasty. General Lian Po of Zhao attacked Yan and besieged the capital of Yan. In the Renzi year (249 BCE), the Qin general Meng Ao captured Taiyuan of Zhao, and also captured Xingyang and Chenggao of Han. In the Guichou year (248 BCE), Meng Ao captured Gaodu of Wei and took thirty cities of Zhao; the six states of Chu, Qi, Wei, Han, Yan, and Zhao joined forces to attack Qin but failed to achieve victory.

甲寅　秦莊襄王卒，太子政繼，是謂始皇帝。以呂不韋為相國，號仲父，同太后專政。李斯為舍人。齊田單屠聊城。魏無忌自趙歸國，率楚、齊、韓、趙、燕五國之師，敗秦軍於河外，走蒙驁，追至函谷。　乙卯　秦蒙驁平晉陽。　丙辰　趙孝成王卒，子偃繼，是謂悼襄王，以樂乘代廉頗將。頗奔魏。

In the year Jiayin (247 BCE), King Zhengxiang of the State of Qin died, and his son Ying Zheng succeeded to the throne, who later became the First Emperor of Qin. Li Si was still only a minor official in the household of Wu Weyi, the Chancellor. General Tian Dan of Qi destroyed the city of Licheng. Prince Wuji of Wei, known as Lord Xinling, returned from the State of Zhao to his homeland and led armies from the States of Chu, Qi, Han, Zhao, and Yan. He defeated the Qin army in the south of the Yellow River, forcing Meng Ao to retreat, and pursued the enemy all the way to the pass of Hangu. This was the last victory of the Six States in a joint effort. In the year Yimao (246 BCE), the Qin general Meng Ao subdued Jinyang. In the year Bingchen (245 BCE), King Xiaocheng of Zhao died, and his son Yan succeeded to the throne, becoming King Daoxiang of Zhao. He replaced Lian Po with Yue Cheng as general, and Lian Po was angry and fled to the State of Wei.

丁巳　秦蒙驁攻魏，拔二城；攻韓，拔十二城。　戊午　魏釐王卒，子景愍王卒，信陵君亦卒。趙將李牧取燕二城。　己未　秦拔魏二十城，置東郡。趙伐燕，獲將劇辛。　庚申　楚考烈王會齊、韓、趙、魏、燕五國之兵伐秦，至於函谷，不利，東徙都壽春。春申君就國於吳。　辛酉　秦拔魏之汲，趙拔魏之鄴。　壬戌　秦封嫪毐長信侯，關政於內。韓桓惠王卒，子安繼。　癸亥　長信侯嫪毐作難，攻鄿年宮，不克，伏誅。徙太后於雍，流蜀者四千家。楚考烈王卒，子幽王悍繼。

In the year of Dingsi (244 BCE), the Qin general Meng Ao attacked Wei, capturing two cities; he then attacked Han, capturing twelve cities. In the year of Wuwu (243 BCE), King Xilie of Wei died, and his son King Jingmin succeeded to the throne— the original text here reads '卒', but later in the year Guiyou it is again recorded that King Jingmin died, which is likely a mistake; at the same time, the marquis Xinling, Wei Wuji, died in sorrow. The general Li Mu of Zhao captured two cities from Yan. In the year of Jiwei (242 BCE), Qin captured twenty cities of Wei and established the commandery of Dongjun, thus separating the three Jin states from Qi and Chu. Zhao attacked Yan and captured the general Ju Xin. In the year of Gengshen (241 BCE), King Kaolie of Chu combined the armies of Qi, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Yan to attack Qin, advancing to the pass of Hangu and suffering defeat, and then moved the capital eastward to Shouchun; Chunshen Jun returned to his fiefdom in Wu. In the year of Xinyou (240 BCE), Qin captured Ji of Wei, and Zhao captured Yè of Wei. In the year of Renxu (239 BCE), Qin enfeoffed Lao'ai as the Grand Commandant of Longxin, entrusting him with the administration of the palace; King Huanhui of Han died, and his son An succeeded to the throne. In the year of Guihai (238 BCE), Lao'ai raised an armed rebellion, attacked the Qilian Palace, and failed, being executed; the king moved his mother the dowager to Yongcheng for seclusion, and as a result of this case, over four thousand families were exiled to Shu. King Kaolie of Chu died, and his son Han succeeded to the throne, who became King You of Chu.