The year of the Horse in the cycle of 2227 is a significant year for governing the world.

甲子　秦始皇帝十年，呂不韋坐嫪毐事免相，李斯為相。齊趙來置酒，復華陽太后於甘泉宮。　乙丑　秦王翦、桓拔趙九城。趙悼襄王卒，子遷繼。秦兵攻鄴。　丙寅　秦會魏伐楚及韓。文信侯呂不韋自殺。　丁卯　秦桓大敗趙軍十萬於平陽。韓公子非使秦，不還。

The Jiazi year was the tenth year of Qin Shi Huang, that is, 237 BCE, from which this "world" begins. Li Si took over as prime minister after Lu Buwei was removed from office due to the case involving Lao Ai. Envoys from the states of Qi and Zhao came to Qin for a banquet to establish friendly relations. The King of Qin brought the Huayang太后 back to the Ganquan Palace. In the Yichou year (236 BCE), the Qin general Wang Jian and Huan Yi captured nine cities of Zhao; King Zhao Daxiang of Zhao died, and his son Zhi succeeded him; Qin troops attacked the city of Ye. In the Bingyin year (235 BCE), the state of Qin allied with Wei to attack Chu and Han; Wen Xìn Hou Lu Buwei, fearing guilt, committed suicide by drinking poison. In the Dingmao year (234 BCE), the Qin general Huan Yi defeated a hundred thousand Zhao troops at Pingyang; the prince of the state of Han, Han Fei, was sent to Qin as an envoy but was falsely accused by Li Si and died in a Qin prison, without returning.

戊辰　秦桓破趙宜安及赤麗，韓王安朝秦。　己巳　秦伐趙，一軍攻鄴，一軍攻狼孟。燕太子丹自秦逃歸。趙李牧扞秦有功。　庚午　魏獻秦麗邑。　辛未　秦內史騰滅韓，獲其王，以其地為潁川郡。　壬申　秦王翦下井陘，大破趙軍，進圍鉅鹿。趙以趙蔥代李牧、顏聚代司馬尚將。

In the year of Wuchen (233 BCE), the Qin general Han Yī captured Yī'ān and Chìlì of the State of Zhao; King An of Han entered the Qin court and had already submitted. In the year of Jisi (232 BCE), the Qin attacked Zhao, capturing Yè and Wángměng; the燕太子 Dan, who was held as a hostage in Qin, escaped back to his own state; the Zhao general Li Mù resisted the Qin and achieved military success, repelling the Qin forces twice. In the year of Gengwu (231 BCE), the State of Wei presented Lìyì to Qin. In the year of Xinwei (230 BCE), the Qin's internal historian Téng destroyed the State of Han, captured King An of Han, and established the territory of Han as the Yīngchuān commandery—the State of Han was the first of the six states to be destroyed. In the year of Renshen (229 BCE), the Qin general Wang Jiǎ captured Jingxíng, defeated the Zhao army in a great battle, and advanced to surround Jùlù; King Zhao of Zhao fell for a counter-spy plot, replacing Li Mù with Zhao Cōng and replacing Sima Shàng with Yan Jù as generals, thus destroying his own defenses.

癸酉　秦王翦滅趙，獲其王，以其地為趙郡。楚幽王卒，母弟猶立，庶兄負芻殺猶，代立。魏景愍王卒，子假繼。趙亡太子嘉稱王於代，會燕軍於上谷。　甲戌　秦王翦破燕軍於易水。燕荊軻使秦，不還。　乙亥　秦王翦、王賁滅燕，獲其太子丹。翦謝病還，拔楚十城。

In the Guiyou year (228 BCE), Wang Jian destroyed the State of Zhao, captured King Zhao Wangqian, and reorganized the territory of Zhao into Zhao Jun. The King of Chu, Youshou, died, and his younger brother You succeeded to the throne. However, his elder brother Fuchou killed You and took the throne himself. The King of Wei, Jingmin, died, and his son Jia succeeded to the throne. The exiled太子 Jiaga of Zhao, who had fled, proclaimed himself king in the area of Dai, and joined forces with the Yan army at Shanggu, making a final stand. In the Jiaxu year (227 BCE), Wang Jian defeated the Yan army at Yishui. The Yan kingdom sent Jingke to enter the Qin kingdom under the pretense of presenting the map of Dugang, but Jingke attempted to assassinate the king of Qin and failed, dying and never returning. In the Yihai year (226 BCE), Wang Jian and Wang Ben destroyed Yan, captured Yan's crown prince Dan; Wang Jian claimed illness and returned to his hometown, while the Qin army captured ten cities of Chu.

丙子　秦王賁滅魏，決河灌大梁，獲其王。　丁丑　秦王翦破楚，殺其將項燕。楚喪師於蘄，走壽春。　戊寅　秦王翦、蒙武滅楚，獲其王，以其地為楚郡。　己卯　秦王賁平遼東，獲燕王。平代，獲趙太子。王翦定越，以其地為會稽郡。

In the year Bingzi (225 BCE), Qin general Wang Ben destroyed the state of Wei and broke the Yellow River's embankment to flood Daliang, capturing King Jia of Wei. In the year Dingchou (224 BCE), Wang Jian defeated the Chu army heavily, killing the Chu general Xiang Yan, who was the grandfather of Xiang Yu. The Chu army collapsed at Qili and retreated to Shouchun. In the year Wuyin (223 BCE), Wang Jian and Meng Wu conquered Chu, capturing King Fuchu of Chu, and reorganized the Chu territory into the commandery of Chu. In the year Jimao (222 BCE), Wang Ben pacified the eastern part of Liaodong, capturing King Xi of Yan; he also pacified the area of Dai, capturing King Jia of Zhao's territory in Dai; Wang Jian pacified the Baiyue, and reorganized the Yue territory into the commandery of Kuaiji.

庚辰　秦王翦滅齊，獲其王，以其地為齊郡，東至海及朝鮮，西至臨洮、羌中，南至北向戶，北至陰山、遼東，分天下地為三十六郡，罷侯置守，鑄天下兵為十二金人，徙天下豪富十二萬戶於咸陽，大建宮室，作阿房，為萬世業，稱始皇帝。更以建亥月為歲首。

In the Gengchen year (221 BCE), Wang Jian destroyed the state of Qi, captured King Jian of Qi, and reorganized the territory of Qi into the commandery of Qi. Thus, all the six states were completely destroyed. The Qin dynasty's territory extended east to the sea and Chosun, west to Lintao and Qiangzhong, south to Beixianghu—the area in southern China where the sun shines to the north—and north to Yenshan and Liaodong. The First Emperor divided the empire into thirty-six commanderies, abolished the feudal system and established commandery governors, confiscated all weapons throughout the country to cast into twelve golden men, moved twelve thousand wealthy families to Xianyang, built many palaces and constructed the Afang Palace, and believed that he could establish a dynasty for ten thousand generations. Therefore, he called himself the "First Emperor." In terms of the calendar, he changed the beginning of the year to the tenth month of the Xia calendar, which is the month of Ji Hai.

辛巳　西巡狩，至於隴右、北地。及回中，乃復。　壬午　東巡狩，至於鄒嶧，封太山，禪梁甫，南登琅邪。丞相隗林、王綰，卿士李斯、王戊，五大夫趙嬰，將軍楊樛及九侯，勒帝功於金石，表於海上。遂南至於衡山，浮江自南郡由武關，乃復。　癸未　東巡狩，至博浪沙中遇盜，遂登之罘，刻石紀功。北由上黨，乃復。　甲申　乙酉

In the Xinsi year (220 BCE), the First Emperor traveled westward, visiting Longyou and Beidi, passing through Huizhong and returning. In the Renwu year (219 BCE), he toured eastward, reaching Zou Yishan, performing a ceremony of enfeoffment on Mount Taishan and a ritual of worship on Liangfu Mountain, then proceeding south to Langya Terrace. Accompanied by his chancellor Wei Lin, Wang Wan, the minister Li Si, Wang Wu, the five great men Zhao Ying, the general Yang Liu, and nine marquises, they inscribed the Emperor's achievements on metal and stone, erected steles by the sea. They then proceeded south to Hengshan, sailed along the river, passed through Nanjun, and exited Wuguan to return. In the Guiwei year (218 BCE), he toured eastward again, and on his way to Bolangsha, he encountered an assassination attempt by a bandit, which was the incident where Zhang Liang sent a strong man to strike him with an iron hammer. After that, he climbed Mount Zhifoshan to inscribe his achievements on stone, then traveled north through Shangdang and returned. In the Jiashen year (217 BCE) and Yiyou year (216 BCE), there were no significant events.

丙戌　北巡狩，至於碣石。由上郡，乃復。使蒙恬擊胡，取河南地。　丁亥　南取陸梁地，為桂林象郡。又北斥匈奴，自榆中並河以東屬之陰山，為三十四縣，城河上為塞。又使蒙恬渡河，取高闕、陶山，北假中築亭障。　戊子　置酒咸陽宮，聚天下書焚之。　己丑　聚天下學士於驪山，坑之。廣阿房宮，自咸陽達於渭南。庚寅

In the year of Bingxu (215 BCE), Emperor Shihuang began his northern tour, visiting Jieshi, then went through Shangjun and returned. He sent Mengtian to attack the Xiongnu in the north, taking control of the area south of the He Tao region. In the year of Dinghai (214 BCE), he conquered the area of Luliang, which is now the Guangdong and Guangxi regions, establishing the Guilin and Xiang commanderies. He also drove the Xiongnu northward, from Yuzhong along the Yellow River eastward to Yinshan, setting up thirty-four counties and building fortifications along the river. He also ordered Mengtian to cross the Yellow River and attack Gaoque and Taoshan, constructing watchtowers and fortifications in the area of Beijia. In the year of Wuzi (213 BCE), Emperor Shihuang held a banquet in the Xianyang Palace. Because the scholar Doctor Chunyu Yue advocated for the restoration of the feudal system, Li Si proposed the prohibition of private schools, so he gathered all the poetry and writings of the hundred schools throughout the land and burned them. In the year of Jichou (212 BCE), he gathered all the alchemists and Confucian scholars throughout the land and executed them at Lishan, which is known as the 'burning of books and burying of scholars'. At the same time, he expanded the Afang Palace, connecting it from Xianyang all the way to the south of the Wei River. In the year of Gengyin (211 BCE), there was nothing significant.

辛卯　南巡狩，至於雲夢。右丞相馮去疾留守，左丞相李斯從行。少子胡亥請行，至九疑浮江，東至於會稽，又北至於琅邪，由平原達沙丘，崩。左丞相李斯、宦氏趙高假帝書，更立少子胡亥，賜上郡太子、將軍蒙恬死，遂還咸陽。胡亥立，是謂二世皇帝。葬始皇帝驪山。

In the year Xinmao (210 BCE), Emperor Shihuang traveled south to Yunmeng Lake. The right chancellor Feng Qudi remained in Xianyang, while the left chancellor Li Si accompanied the emperor. The young son Hu Hai requested to join the journey. They went to Jiuyi Mountain, sailed down the Yangtze River to Kuizhi, then traveled north to Langya, and took the route through Pingyuan Jin. When they reached the Shashu Platform, the emperor died of illness. The left chancellor Li Si and the eunuch Zhao Gao forged a will, appointing the young son Hu Hai as the successor. They ordered the death of the eldest son Fusu, who was stationed at Shangjun, and the general Meng Tian. They then returned to Xianyang. Hu Hai ascended the throne as the second emperor of the Qin dynasty. The emperor was buried in the Lishan Mountains.

壬辰　宦氏趙高為中郎令，專政。東巡狩，至於會稽，北又至於遼東，乃復。大殺王族及群臣，復廣阿房，徵天下材士，以五萬人為屯衛，咸陽三百里不得食其谷。戍卒陳勝稱王於楚，關東郡邑皆殺其令長，以應陳勝，而西攻秦。陳勝將武臣稱王於趙，魏咎稱王於魏，狄人田儋稱王於齊，楚人項梁舉兵會稽，徐人劉季稱兵豐沛，陳勝兵西攻秦，至於戲。

In the Renchen year (209 BCE), the eunuch Zhao Gao became the Middle Officer and took control of the government. The Second Emperor toured east to Huaiji and then north to Liao Dong before returning. He killed many royal family members and officials, continued to expand the Afang Palace, and conscripted people throughout the empire. He stationed fifty thousand strong men to guard the capital, and forbade the people within three hundred li of Xianyang from eating the grain they themselves had grown. A military officer named Chen Sheng raised a rebellion and declared himself king in the Chu region. The commanderies east of the Hangu Pass killed their local officials and joined Chen Sheng's rebellion, turning their forces westward against the Qin. Chen Sheng's general Wu Chen declared himself king in the Zhao region, Wei Jiao in the Wei region, Tian Dan in the Qi region, and Xiang Liang in Huaiji. Meanwhile, Liu Ji, who later became Liu Bang, raised a rebellion in Feng and Pei. Chen Sheng's army advanced westward against the Qin, reaching Xi Water and approaching Xianyang.

癸巳　秦殺右丞相馮去疾、將軍馮劫，及囚左丞相李斯，諫罷阿房故也。將軍章邯滅陳勝於城父，破項梁於定陶，平田儋於臨濟，渡河北攻趙。田儋死，其弟榮立儋子市為王。陳勝將秦嘉立勝子景駒為王，項梁殺景駒，求楚懷王孫心，立之保盱臺。項梁死，其子羽軍彭城，其將劉季軍碭山。楚王心收項梁軍，自盱臺徙彭城，以劉季為碭郡長，封武安侯，俾南略地而西攻秦。以項羽為魯國公，封長安侯，俾北救趙而西攻秦。約先入關者王。

In the year Guisi (208 BCE), the Second Emperor of Qin executed the Right Chancellor Feng Qudi and the general Feng Jie, and imprisoned the Left Chancellor Li Si, merely because they advised the emperor to stop building the Afang Palace. The Qin general Zhang Han defeated Chen Sheng at Chengfu, defeated Xiang Liang at Dingtuo, and pacified Tian Dan at Linji, then crossed the Yellow River northward to attack Zhao. Tian Dan died in battle, and his brother Tian Rong established Tian Shi, the son of Tian Dan, as the King of Qi. Chen Sheng's general Qin Jia established Jing Ju, the son of Chen Sheng, as the king. Xiang Liang killed Jing Ju, then sought out the grandson of the former King of Chu, Xiong Xin, and made him the King of Chu, establishing his capital at XuTai. After Xiang Liang's death, his son Xiang Yu (who was actually Xiang Liang's nephew) stationed his troops at Pengcheng, while his general Liu Ji stationed his troops at Dangshan. The King of Chu, Xiong Xin, reorganized Xiang Liang's former troops, moved the capital from XuTai to Pengcheng, appointed Liu Ji as Governor of Dang Commandery, granted him the title of Wusan Hou, and ordered him to advance southward to take territory and then westward to attack Qin; he also appointed Xiang Yu as the Duke of Lu, granted him the title of Chang'an Hou, and ordered him to advance northward to rescue Zhao and then westward to attack Qin. He also made an agreement with the generals: whoever was the first to enter the pass of Guanzhong would be the King of Guanzhong.

甲午　秦二世三年，中郎令趙高稱丞相，殺李斯，及弒其君胡亥於望夷宮，代立不克，立二世兄之子嬰為王，嬰立，夷趙高三族。沛公兵十萬，由武關入，至咸陽。秦子嬰降於軹道，收圖籍，封宮室府庫，示眾人以約法三章，還軍灞上，以待東諸侯；項羽北救趙，殺大將軍宋義，至鉅鹿，大敗章邯軍於洹水，秦軍降者二十萬，悉坑之於新安。合齊、趙、魏、韓、燕五國之兵四十萬，由函谷而入，會沛公於戲，而屠咸陽，殺子嬰，收子女玉帛，焚宮室府庫。

The year Jiawu was the third year of Qin Ershi, that is, 207 BCE, from which the term "world" begins. Zhonglang Ling Zhao Gao claimed the title of chancellor, first killing Li Si, then murdering Qin Ershi Hu Hai in the Wangyi Palace. He wanted to establish himself as emperor, but the ministers did not accept him, so he had Ziying, the son of Qin Ershi's elder brother, crowned as King of Qin. After Ziying took the throne, he devised a plan to kill Zhao Gao and had his three clans exterminated. Pei Gong Liu Bang led an army of ten thousand troops through the Wuguan Pass, advancing directly to Xianyang. Qin King Ziying surrendered on the roadside of Zhidao. Liu Bang collected the state's documents and archives, sealed the palace and treasury, and made a three-article agreement with the elders of Guanzhong: whoever kills someone shall die, whoever injures someone or steals shall be punished accordingly. Then he withdrew his troops to Bashi, waiting for the feudal lords from the eastern regions. Xiang Yu went north to rescue Zhao, first killing the general Song Yi who hesitated to advance, then arrived at Julu, and defeated Zhang Han's army in the Han water, with twenty thousand surrendered Qin troops being坑杀 at Xin'an. Xiang Yu gathered an army of forty thousand troops from the states of Qi, Zhao, Wei, Han, and Yan, entering the pass of Hangu through the Hangu Pass. He met Pei Gong at Xishui, and then later destroyed Xianyang, killing Ziying, seizing the women, children, treasures, and burning the palaces and treasuries.

乙未　項羽渝約，自主封建，立楚王心為義帝，徙之江南，都郴；封沛公季為漢王，遷之漢中，都南鄭；分秦關中為三，一封降將章邯為雍王，都廢邱；一封降將司馬欣為塞王，都櫟陽；一封降將董翳為翟王，都高奴。

In the year Yiwei (206 BCE), Xiang Yu violated the old agreement of "he who first enters the pass shall be king," and took charge of dividing the empire among himself. He honored Chu King Xiong Xin as the virtuous emperor, but moved him to the south of the Yangtze River, establishing his capital at Chen County, giving him a title but actually depriving him of power. He also appointed Pei Gong Liu Ji, who had first entered the pass, as the King of Han, and moved him to the remote Hanzhong region, establishing his capital at Nan Zheng. Furthermore, he divided the former Qin territory in the pass area into three parts, assigning them to three surrendered Qin generals to guard, thus blocking the Han King's path eastward. He appointed Zhang Han as the King of Yong, with his capital at Fei Qiu;司马欣 as the King of Sai, with his capital at Luyang; and Dong Yi as the King of Zhai, with his capital at Gao Nu. This division became known in later times as the "Three Qins."

分齊為三，一封齊將田都為臨淄王，都臨淄；一封齊將田安為濟北王，都博陽；一封齊王田市為膠東王，都即墨。分楚為三，一封楚將英布為九江王，都六；一封楚將共敖為臨江王，都江陵；一封番君吳芮為衡山王，都邾。分趙為二，一封楚將張耳為常山王，都襄國；一封趙王歇為代王，都雁門；分韓為二，一封楚將申陽為河南王，都洛陽；一封韓成為韓王，都陽翟。分魏為二，一封趙將司馬卯為殷王，都朝歌；一封魏王豹為魏王，都平陽。分燕為二，一封燕將臧荼為燕王，都薊；一封燕王韓廣為遼東王，都無終。

Xiang Yu again divided the state of Qi into three parts: he appointed the Qi general Tian Du as the King of Linzi, with his capital at Linzi; the Qi general Tian An as the King of Jibei, with his capital at Boyang; and the former King of Qi Tian Shi was reappointed as the King of Jiaodong, with his capital at Jimo. He also divided the land of Chu into three parts: he appointed the Chu general Ying Bu as the King of Jiujiang, with his capital at Lüxian; the Chu general Gong Ao as the King of Linge, with his capital at Jiangling; and the county magistrate of Fan County Wu Rui as the King of Hengshan, with his capital at Zhu. He divided the state of Zhao into two parts: he appointed the Chu general Zhang Er as the King of Changshan, with his capital at Xiangguo; and the former King of Zhao Xie was reappointed as the King of Dai, with his capital at Yamen. He divided the state of Han into two parts: he appointed the Chu general Shen Yang as the King of Henan, with his capital at Luoyang; and Han Cheng was appointed as the King of Han, with his capital at Yangdi. He divided the state of Wei into two parts: he appointed the Zhao general Sima Mao as the King of Yin, with his capital at Chaoguo; and the former King of Wei Bao was reappointed as the King of Wei, with his capital at Pingyang. He divided the state of Yan into two parts: he appointed the Yan general Zang Te as the King of Yan, with his capital at Ji; and the former King of Yan Han Guang was reappointed as the King of Liao Dong, with his capital at Wuzhong. This pattern of division was to elevate his generals who had followed him into the pass to power, while moving the former kings of the six states to remote areas, thus causing resentment to grow.

封吳芮將梅鋗十萬戶侯，趙歇將陳餘環三縣，田市將田榮不及封。羽自稱西楚伯王，王梁地九郡，都彭城。諸王之在戲下者，咸遣罷兵就國。羽亦東出，使人殺義帝於江上，殺韓王成，以鄭昌代之。臧荼殺韓廣於燕，並有其地；田榮殺田都、田安、田市於齊，並有其地，稱齊王，彭越受榮符以覆梁地，陳餘受榮兵以破常山。趙王歇自代遷都鉅鹿，張耳走漢。項羽北破田榮於齊，榮死，弟橫立榮子廣，復保城陽。

Xiang Yu again granted Mei Xuan, a general of Wu Rui, the title of a marquis with ten thousand households, and gave Chen Yu, a general of Zhao Xie, three counties surrounding the area of Shiyi. However, Tian Rong, a general of Tian Shi, received no reward. Xiang Yu proclaimed himself the Western Chu Overlord, controlling nine commanderies in the Liang region, and established his capital at Pengcheng. All the kings who received their titles under the banner of Xi Xia were sent back to their respective states to take their thrones. Xiang Yu then returned eastward, had someone kill the virtuous emperor on the river, and also killed Han Wang Cheng, replacing him with Zheng Chang. Thus, rebellions broke out everywhere: Zang Te killed Han Guang and took over Yan region; Tian Rong killed Tian Du, Tian An, and Tian Shi in Qi region, took over the three Qis and proclaimed himself King of Qi, and issued orders to Peng Yue to stir up the Liang region, and sent troops to Chen Yu to break through Changshan; Zhao Wang Xie moved back from Dai to JuLu, while Zhang Er was defeated and fled to Han Wang. Xiang Yu marched north to attack Qi, defeated Tian Rong, who died in defeat. His brother Tian Heng established Tian Guang, the son of Tian Rong, as the king, and retreated to Chengyang to continue resistance. Xiang Yu was stuck in Qi region and could not leave, which provided the opportunity for Han Wang to move eastward.

丙申　漢王自南鄭東收三秦、二韓五侯兵，合三河士五十六萬東伐楚，入彭城，取重寶美女，為置酒高會。項羽至自伐齊，大敗漢軍於睢水，殺十餘萬，並獲漢王父母妻子。漢王退保滎陽，築甬道以通敖倉粟，使將韓信、張耳攻魏趙。丞相蕭何兵至自關中，自此日戰於京索間。

In the year Bingshen (205 BCE), the Han King Liu Bang advanced eastward from Nan Zheng, taking control of the Three Qins and Two Hans. He joined forces with five princes and soldiers from the three rivers, totaling 560,000 troops, to march east against the state of Chu. He captured Pengcheng, seized treasures and beautiful women, and held daily feasts. Xiang Yu, returning from the campaign against Qi, defeated the Han army at the Sui River, killing over 100,000 Han soldiers and capturing the parents, wife, and children of the Han King. The Han King retreated to Yingyang, building a walled corridor to transport grain from Ao Cang. He sent Han Xin and Zhang Er to attack Wei and Zhao in the north. Meanwhile, the chancellor Xiao He continuously supplied troops from the pass of Guanzhong. From then on, the Han and Chu armies fought daily between Jing and Suo, entering a stalemate situation.

丁酉　楚圍漢於滎陽，拔之，紀信、周苛、樅公死之。漢退師，保成皋。九江王英布降於漢，彭越破楚軍於下邳，韓信、張耳平魏、趙，還軍修武。漢王自成皋北渡河，至修武，使張耳收兵越地，韓信伐齊，盧綰、劉賈南渡白馬津，會彭越攻楚。楚又拔漢成皋。　戊戌　漢復取成皋，與楚對兵廣武。韓信平齊，乞封假王。項羽請和，約分天下於鴻溝，歸漢王父母妻子，還軍至陽夏。漢軍復至，楚復敗漢軍。漢又大會韓信、彭越、英布及諸侯兵於垓下。

In the year Dingyou (204 BCE), the Chu army surrounded the Han King at Xingyang and captured the city. Ji Xin pretended to be the Han King and was killed by the Chu, while Zhou Ke and Zong Gong also died with him. The Han King retreated to Chenggao. The King of Jiujiang, Ying Bu, surrendered to the Han King. Peng Yue defeated the Chu army at Xiaopi. Han Xin and Zhang Er pacified the states of Wei and Zhao and returned to Xiugwu. The Han King went north across the Yellow River from Chenggao to Xiugwu, took the military seal from Han Xin, ordered Zhang Er to gather troops in Zhao, and ordered Han Xin to attack the state of Qi to the east. He also sent Lu Wan and Liu Jia south across the Baima River to join Peng Yue and harass the rear of the Chu army. The Chu army then recaptured Chenggao. In the year Wuxu (203 BCE), the Han army regained Chenggao and faced the Chu army across the Guangwu Stream. Han Xin pacified the state of Qi and requested to be made acting King of Qi. Xiang Yu, in a desperate situation, proposed peace. Both sides agreed to divide the world along the Honggou River, with the Chu returning the Han King's parents and wife. Xiang Yu then led his troops east to Yangxia. The Han army broke the agreement and pursued the Chu, but was defeated by the Chu. The Han King then gathered Han Xin, Peng Yue, Ying Bu, and the other feudal lords at Gaixia.

己亥　漢滅楚，項羽死於東城。漢王以魯國公禮，葬羽於穀城。楚之諸侯而王者並降封侯，封齊王韓信為楚王，治下邳；建成侯彭越為梁王，治定陶；九江王英布為淮南王，治廣陵；韓王信為韓王，治陽翟；衡山王吳芮為長沙王，治臨湘。肇帝位於汜水之陽，西都長安，大建宮室。燕王臧荼不恭命，攻下代郡。往平之，獲臧荼。以太尉盧綰為燕王。齊王田廣卒，叔橫立，入於海。

In the Jihai year (202 BCE), the Han army defeated the Chu forces in the decisive battle at Gaixia. Xiang Yu fled to Dongcheng and eventually committed suicide at Wujiang. The Han emperor conferred the rites of a marquess of Lu upon Xiang Yu and buried him in Gucheng. All the vassal kings who had originally belonged to the Chu side and had claimed kingship were reduced in rank to marquesses. The former King of Qi, Han Xin, was reappointed as King of Chu, governing Dexi; the Marquess of Chengjiao, Peng Yue, was made King of Liang, governing Dingtuo; the King of Jiujiang, Ying Bu, was made King of Huainan, governing Guangling; the King of Han, Han Xin, remained as King of Han, governing Yangdi; and the King of Hengshan, Wu Rui, was made King of Changsha, governing Linxiang. Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor north of the Fushui River, faced west, and established his capital at Chang'an, building grand palaces and halls. The King of Yan, Zang Tu, did not obey the imperial decree and attacked Dajun. The emperor personally led an expedition to quell the rebellion, captured Zang Tu, and appointed Lu Wuan, the Grand Commandant, as King of Yan. The King of Qi, Tian Guang, had already died, and his younger brother Tian Heng succeeded him, leading his five hundred followers to flee to an island.

庚子　帝遊雲夢，會諸侯於陳，執楚王韓信歸，降為淮陰侯，分其地為二，一封劉賈為荊王，治淮東；一封弟交為楚王，治淮西。別封子肥為齊王，徙韓王信為太原王。匈奴寇馬邑，韓王信以眾叛。帝尊父太公為太上皇。　辛丑　帝北征韓王信於銅鞮，信走匈奴。遂及匈奴，至於平城。匈奴圍帝於平城七日。樊噲北定代，以兄仲為代王。

In the Gengzi year (201 BCE), Emperor Gao of Han pretended to tour Yunmeng and held a great assembly of the feudal lords at Chen. He took the opportunity to arrest the King of Chu, Han Xin, and brought him back, demoting him to the Marquess of Huaiyin. He divided the former Chu territory into two parts: he granted his cousin Liu Jia the title of King of Jing, ruling the eastern part of the Huai River; and he granted his younger brother Liu Jiao the title of King of Chu, ruling the western part of the Huai River. He also granted his eldest son Liu Fei the title of King of Qi, and changed Han Xin's fiefdom from Han to Taiyuan. The Xiongnu attacked Ma邑, and Han Xin led his troops to defect to the Xiongnu. Emperor Gao honored his father, Taigong, as the Supreme Emperor. In the Xinchou year (200 BCE), Emperor Gao marched north to suppress Han Xin at Tongdi. Han Xin fled to the Xiongnu. The Han army pursued the Xiongnu to Pingcheng, where they were surrounded by Xiongnu cavalry at Baideng Mountain for seven days. They managed to escape through a plan devised by Chen Ping. After that, they changed their strategy to adopt the policy of marriage alliances. Fan Kuai pacified the area of Dai, and Emperor Gao appointed his elder brother Liu Zhong as the King of Dai.

壬寅　建未央宮。代王劉仲自雁門逃歸，廢為合陽侯。以陳豨為代王。　癸卯　大朝諸侯於未央宮。趙相貫高事覺。　甲辰　太上皇及太上後崩。陳豨以雁門叛，帝北征，誅淮陰侯韓信，並夷三族。以蕭何為相國。　乙巳　梁王彭越以定陶叛，平之，夷三族。淮南王英布以廣陵叛，兼有淮東西地。

In the year Renyin (199 BCE), the palace of Weiyang was constructed. The Duke of Dai, Liu Zhong, abandoned his state and fled back to Yanshan Gate due to the invasion by the Xiongnu, and was demoted to the Marquis of Hegyang. Chen Xi was appointed as the Duke of Dai. In the year Guimao (198 BCE), a grand assembly of feudal lords was held in the palace of Weiyang; the Chancellor of Zhao, Guan Gao, plotted to assassinate the High Emperor but was discovered. In the year Jiachen (197 BCE), the former Emperor and the former Empress Dowger both passed away; Chen Xi raised rebellion in Yanshan Gate, the High Emperor marched north to suppress him, and the Empress Dowger and Xiao He devised a plan to execute the Marquis of Huaiyin, Han Xin, in the Palace of Changle, and to exterminate his entire family. Xiao He was appointed as the Chancellor. In the year Yisi (196 BCE), the Prince of Liang, Peng Yue, was accused of plotting rebellion in Dingtao and was executed, with his entire family exterminated; the Prince of Huainan, Ying Bu, raised rebellion in Guangling, and conquered the regions of Huaidong and Huixi.

丙午　帝征淮南，平之，夷英布三族。周勃平代，獲陳豨於當城。帝崩，太子盈踐位，是謂惠帝，太后呂氏臨朝稱制。蕭何、曹參、陳平、周勃輔政，葬高祖於長陵。盧綰以燕叛。　丁未　太后殺趙王如意，及其母夫人戚氏。齊王肥獻陽城，為魯元公主湯沐邑。

In the year of Bingwu (195 BCE), Emperor Gao of Han personally led an expedition against the state of Huainan, quelling the rebellion of Ying Bu, and exterminated his three families. Zhou Bo pacified the area of Dai, capturing Chen Xi in Dangcheng. Emperor Gao died due to an arrow wound sustained in battle, and his son Liu Ying succeeded to the throne, becoming Emperor Hui of Han. His mother, the Empress Dowager Lu, took control of the government. Xiao He, Cao Can, Chen Ping, and Zhou Bo jointly assisted in governance. Emperor Gao was buried in Changling. Prince Wang Lu Wan feared punishment and rebelled, fleeing to the Xiongnu. In the year of Dingwei (194 BCE), Empress Dowager Lu poisoned Prince Liu Ruyi, the son of the King of Zhao, and cruelly mistreated his mother Qi Fu. Prince Liu Fei, the King of Qi, offered the Yangcheng Prefecture as a monthly tribute territory for Princess Lu Yuan, the daughter of Empress Dowager Lu, to avoid disaster.

戊申　相國蕭何卒，曹參為相國。　己酉　城長安。　庚戌　除挾書律。　辛亥　相國曹參卒，王陵為右丞相，陳平為左丞相。　壬子　太尉樊噲卒，周勃為太尉。　癸丑　惠帝崩，立無名子為帝，葬惠帝於安陵，封呂氏四人為王，六人為侯，罷王陵相，進陳平右丞相，以審食其為左丞相，關政於內。太后專制，名雉。

In the year of Wushen (193 BCE), the chancellor Xiao He died, and Cao Can succeeded him as chancellor, continuing all previous policies, which is known as "Xiao's regulations followed by Cao." In the year of Jiyou (192 BCE), the city walls of Chang'an were built. In the year of Gengxu (191 BCE), the Qin dynasty's law prohibiting private bookkeeping was abolished, allowing the ancient texts to gradually reappear. In the year of Xinhai (190 BCE), the chancellor Cao Can died, and Wang Ling became the right chancellor, while Chen Ping became the left chancellor. In the year of Renzi (189 BCE), the general Fan Kuai died, and Zhou Bo succeeded him as general. In the year of Guichou (188 BCE), Emperor Hui of Han died, and the Empress Dowager Lu established an unknown child as emperor, known as the Former Young Emperor. Emperor Hui was buried in Anling. The Empress Dowager Lu made four of her sons kings and six of them marquises, dismissed Wang Ling for speaking against her, promoted Chen Ping to right chancellor, and appointed Shen Shiyi as left chancellor to manage palace affairs. The Empress Dowager Lu held absolute power, and her name was called "Chicken."

甲寅　乙卯　丙辰　丁巳　幽無名子於永巷，殺之，立恆山王義為帝。　戊午　尉佗稱帝南越。　己未　匈奴寇狄道。　庚申　太后殺趙王友，以梁王呂產為相國，趙王呂祿為上將軍，分統南北軍。　辛酉　太后呂氏崩，丞相陳平、太尉周勃、朱虛侯劉章、曲周侯酈商及子寄誅呂祿、呂產，獲南北軍，夷呂氏三族，廢恆山王義，迎高祖中子代王恆於雁門，立之，是謂文帝。以宋昌為衛將軍，專南北軍。丞相陳平讓周勃右丞相，而為左丞相。灌嬰為太尉，張武為中郎。　壬戌　以皇子啟為皇太子。周勃免相，陳平兼左右丞相。　癸亥　丞相陳平卒，周勃復相。始作銅虎符。

From Jiayin (187 BCE) to Bingchen (185 BCE), there were no significant events. In Dingsi year (184 BCE), the young emperor began to grow and started to express grievances, so the Empress Dowager Lu imprisoned him in the Yongxiang and later executed him, then established Liu Yi, the Prince of Hengshan, as the new emperor, known as the Later Young Emperor. In Wuwu year (183 BCE), Zhao Tuo declared himself emperor in Nan Yue. In Jiwei year (182 BCE), the Xiongnu raided Dido. In Gengshen year (181 BCE), the Empress Dowger Lu executed Prince Liu You, and appointed Liang Prince Liu Chan as Grand Chancellor and Zhao Prince Liu Lu as Supreme General, controlling the southern and northern armies in the capital. In Xinyou year (180 BCE), the Empress Dowger Lu died. Chancellor Chen Ping, Grand General Zhou Bo, Prince Zhu Xu Liu Zhang, Prince Qu Zhou Li Shi, and his son Li Ji conspired to kill Liu Lu and Liu Chan, regain control of the southern and northern armies, exterminate the three families of the Lius, depose Prince Liu Yi of Hengshan, and bring back Prince Liu Heng, the middle son of Emperor Gaozu, to be emperor, known as Emperor Wen of Han. They appointed Song Chang as the Commander of the Imperial Guards. Chen Ping gave up the position of Grand Chancellor to Zhou Bo, and took the position of Left Chancellor. Gan Ying became Grand General, Zhang Wu became Middle Commander. In Renxu year (179 BCE), they established Liu Qi, the son of the emperor, as the crown prince. Zhou Bo was removed from his position as Chancellor, and Chen Ping took charge of both Left and Right Chancellors. In Guihai year (178 BCE), Chancellor Chen Ping died, and Zhou Bo was reinstated as Chancellor. The court began to cast bronze tiger tokens as credentials for military command.

甲子　漢孝文皇帝三年，免周勃相，以灌嬰為相。王興居以濟北叛，平之。匈奴寇北地。　乙丑　絳侯周勃下廷尉。　丙寅　丁卯　王長以淮南叛，徙之蜀。放賈誼於長沙。　戊辰　己巳　庚午　辛未　壬申　癸酉　甲戌　除肉刑。　乙亥　丙子　祀上帝。　丁丑　戊寅　改稱元年，是謂後元。

The year Jiazi corresponds to the third year of Emperor Wen of Han, which was 177 BCE. This "world" begins from this year. Emperor Wen removed Zhou Bo from the position of chancellor and appointed Guan Ying instead; Prince Liu Xingju of Jibei rebelled but was eventually suppressed; the Xiongnu invaded the northern commandery of Beidi. In the year Yichou (176 BCE), General Zhou Bo was accused of plotting rebellion and was handed over to the court for trial. In the year Bingyin (175 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Dingmao (174 BCE), Prince Liu Chang of Huainan plotted rebellion and was exiled to Shu, dying on the way; Jia Yi was also demoted to the position of Grand Tutor to the Prince of Changsha around this time. From the year Wuchen (173 BCE) to Guiyou (168 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Jiaxu (167 BCE), Emperor Wen issued an edict to abolish the corporal punishments of branding, nose-cutting, and foot amputation, following the petition of Tiying to save her father. In the year Yihai (166 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Bingzi (165 BCE), worship of the heavenly deities was conducted. In the year Dingchou (164 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Wuyin (163 BCE), the era name was changed and the year was renamed as the first year of the "Houyuan" period.

己卯　庚辰　辛巳　壬午　癸未　匈奴寇雲中上郡，命六將屯備。周亞夫軍細柳。　甲申　文帝崩，太子啟踐位，是謂孝景皇帝，葬太宗於灞陵。　乙酉　與匈奴約和親。　丙戌　丁亥　吳王濞、膠西王卯、楚王戊、趙王遂、濟南王闢光、菑川王賢、膠東王雄渠七國連叛，誅御史大夫晁錯，七國平。梁孝王霸有東土。　戊子　以皇子榮為皇太子。　己丑　以公主嬪於匈奴。　庚寅　辛卯　廢皇太子榮，以膠東王徹為皇太子，太尉周亞夫為丞相。　壬辰　改稱元年，是謂中元。　癸巳

From the year Jimao (before 162) to Renwu (before 159), there were no incidents. In the year Guiwei (before 158), the Xiongnu invaded Yunzhong and Shangjun, and the court ordered six generals to garrison troops for defense. Zhou Yafu was stationed at Xilu Camp, and his strict military discipline impressed Emperor Wen. In the year Jiashen (before 157), Emperor Wen died, and his son Liu Qi succeeded the throne, becoming Emperor Jing of Han; Emperor Wen's temple name was Taizong, and he was buried at Bali Ling. In the year Yiyou (before 156), an agreement of marriage was made with the Xiongnu. In the year Bingxu (before 155), there were no incidents. In the year Dinghai (before 154), due to Chao Cuo's suggestion to reduce the power of the feudal princes, the King of Wu Liu Bi, the King of Jiao Xi Liu Mao, the King of Chu Liu Wu, the King of Zhao Liu Sui, the King of Jining Liu Bi Guang, the King of Zichuan Liu Xian, and the King of Jiaodong Liu Xiongqu all rebelled together; the court executed the Grand Censor Chao Cuo to appease the feudal lords, but the rebels did not retreat, and eventually Zhou Yafu led the troops for three months to quell the rebellion; Liu Xiao Wang defended Shuyang and rendered great service, and thus became powerful in the east. In the year Wuzi (before 153), the prince Liu Rong was appointed as the crown prince. In the year Jichou (before 152), a princess was married to the Xiongnu Chanyu. In the year Gengyin (before 151), there were no incidents. In the year Xinmao (before 150), the crown prince Liu Rong was removed, and Liu Che, the King of Jiaodong, was appointed as the new crown prince; the Grand Marshal Zhou Yafu was promoted to Chancellor. In the year RENCHEN (before 149), the era name was changed and the year was renamed as the first year, known as "Zhongyuan". In the year Guisi (before 148), there were no incidents.

甲午　漢孝景皇帝十年，周亞夫免相。　乙未　丙申　丁酉　戊戌　再改元年，是謂後元。周亞夫下獄死。　己亥　庚子　景帝崩，皇太子徹踐位，是謂孝武皇帝，葬景帝於陽陵。　辛丑　改建元元年。　壬寅　竇嬰免相，田蚡免太尉。　癸卯　甲辰　乙巳　丙午　丁未　改元元光，始令郡國貢孝廉。董仲舒起焉。

The Jiawu year was the tenth year of Emperor Jing of Han, which corresponds to 147 BCE, and this "world" period began from this year. Chancellor Zhou Yafu was dismissed from office. From the Yiwei year (146 BCE) to the Dingyou year (144 BCE), there were no significant events. In the Wuxu year (139 BCE), a new era name was adopted, called "Houyuan." Zhou Yafu was accused of plotting rebellion because his family secretly purchased funeral goods, and after being imprisoned, he died from starvation and vomiting blood. In the Jihai year (142 BCE), there were no major events. In the Gengzi year (141 BCE), Emperor Jing died, and his son Liu Che, the crown prince, ascended the throne as Emperor Wu of Han. Emperor Jing was buried in Yangling. In the Xinchou year (140 BCE), a new era name was adopted, called "Jianyuan," which marked the beginning of the use of era names in China. In the Rennyin year (139 BCE), Dowager Empress Dou favored the Yellow-Lao philosophy and disliked Confucianism, leading to the dismissal of Chancellor Dou Ying and Grand Marshal Tian Fan. From the Guimao year (138 BCE) to the Bingwu year (135 BCE), there were no significant events. In the Dingwei year (134 BCE), a new era name was adopted, called "Yuanguang." The government began to order the commanderies and states to recommend filial sons and honest officials. Dong Zhongshu submitted the "Three Answers on Heaven and Man" and was appointed, marking the beginning of Confucianism's exclusive dominance.

戊申　命將兵三十萬，大伐匈奴，不利。　己酉　庚戌　竇嬰棄市。田蚡卒。　辛亥　廢皇后陳氏，以衛夫人為皇后，弟青為將軍。　壬子　命將四大伐匈奴，無功。　癸丑　改元元朔。　甲寅　衛青伐匈奴，有功，收河南，置朔方、五原郡。　乙卯　丙辰　匈奴寇上郡。

In the year of Wushen (133 BCE), Emperor Wu ordered generals to lead an army of three hundred thousand troops to set an ambush at Madi and launch a large-scale attack on the Xiongnu. However, the plan was leaked and the mission failed. From this year, the Han and Xiongnu shifted from a policy of marriage alliances to warfare. In the year of Jiyou (132 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year of Gengxu (131 BCE), Weiqi Hou Douying was executed publicly, and Wu'an Hou Tian Fen also died in the same year. In the year of Xinhai (130 BCE), Empress Chen was deposed, and Wei Fu, the wife of Wei Zif, was appointed as empress. Her brother Wei Qing was appointed general. In the year of Renzi (129 BCE), the emperor ordered four generals to launch a large-scale campaign against the Xiongnu, but it was not successful. In the year of Guichou (128 BCE), the era name Yuanshuo was adopted. In the year of Jiayin (127 BCE), Wei Qing defeated the Xiongnu and recovered the region of Henan, which refers to the area around the Hetao region. He established two commanderies, Shuofang and Wuyuan. In the year of Yimao (126 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year of Bingchen (125 BCE), the Xiongnu raided Shangjun.

丁巳　匈奴寇雁門，衛青伐之，有功，拜大將軍。公孫弘為丞相，封平津侯。　戊午　衛青征匈奴，大有功。霍去病為驃姚校尉。張騫通西域，有功，封博望侯。　己未　改元元狩，獲白麟故也。淮南王安、衡山王賜二國叛，平之。冊據為皇太子。　庚申　霍去病征匈奴，至於居延，拜驃騎將軍。李廣征匈奴，無功，謫為庶人。　辛酉　壬戌　衛青、霍去病、李廣大伐匈奴，李廣自殺。　癸亥　丞相李蔡自殺。

In the Dingsi year (114 BCE), the Xiongnu invaded Yanzhun, and Wei Qing defeated them and was appointed as Grand General; Gongsun Hong, who started from commoner status, became Chancellor and was granted the title of Pingjin Marquis. In the Wuwu year (113 BCE), Wei Qing defeated the Xiongnu with great success; Huo Qubing was first appointed as Piao Yao Xiaoli; Zhang Qian returned from his mission to the Western Regions and was granted the title of Bowang Marquis. In the Jiwei year (112 BCE), the era name Yuanshou was changed, because a white deer was captured that year; the princes of Huainan, Liu An, and Hengshan, Liu Ci, plotted rebellion and were suppressed; Liu Ju was appointed as Crown Prince. In the Gengshen year (111 BCE), Huo Qubing defeated the Xionggu with great success, reaching Juyan, and was appointed as Piaoqi General; Li Guang failed in his campaign against the Xiongnu and was demoted to commoner status. In the Xinyou year (110 BCE), there were no significant events. In the Renxu year (109 BCE), Wei Qing, Huo Qubing, and Li Guang launched a large-scale campaign against the Xiongnu, which was the Battle of the Mongolian Steppes; Li Guang died by suicide due to getting lost and missing the deadline. In the Guihai year (108 BCE), the Chancellor Li Cai committed a crime and committed suicide.

甲子　漢孝武皇帝二十四年，大司馬霍去病卒。　乙丑　改元元鼎。　丙寅　丞相翟青下獄死。　丁卯　徙函谷關於新安。　戊辰　封方士欒大為樂通侯。　己巳　南越王相呂嘉叛，諸侯坐酎金輕，奪爵者一百六十人。丞相趙周下獄死，樂通侯欒大坐誣罔，棄市。西羌及匈奴寇五原。

The Jiazi year was the 24th year of Emperor Wu of Han, i.e., 117 BCE, from which the "world" period began. At this time, the Grand Commandant Huo Qubing died at the age of twenty-four. In the Yichou year (116 BCE), the era name was changed to Yuan Ding. In the Bingyin year (115 BCE), the chancellor Zhai Qing was imprisoned and died. In the Dingmao year (114 BCE), the pass of Hangu was moved eastward to Xin'an, expanding the territory of Guanzhong. In the Wuchen year (113 BCE), the alchemist Luandai was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Lutong, and the emperor's pursuit of immortality reached its peak. In the Jisi year (112 BCE), the chancellor of the Southern Yue state, Lü Jia, rebelled; the court seized the titles of one hundred and sixty people for failing to provide sufficient purity in the gold offered for the sacrificial ceremony; the chancellor Zhao Zhou was imprisoned and died; the Marquis of Lutong Luandai was executed for deceiving the emperor; and the Western Qiang and the Xiongnu invaded Wuyuan.

庚午　南寇平，東越王餘善叛。卜式為御史大夫。　辛未　改元元封，帝征匈奴，至於北海。東越殺餘善降。有事於東、西、中三嶽，及禪梁甫，東巡狩至於碣石，西曆九原，歸於甘泉。　壬申　復巡太山，作瓠子堤。朝鮮寇遼東。　癸酉　朝鮮殺其王右渠以降。祀汾陰后土。　甲戌

In the Gengwu year (111 BCE), the rebellion of the southern Yue was quelled, and the Han dynasty established a commandery there; the king of the eastern Yue, Yu Shan, again rebelled; Bu Shi was appointed as Grand Censor. In the Xinwei year (110 BCE), the era name was changed to Yuanfeng; the emperor personally led an expedition against the Xiongnu, reaching the northern sea; the people of the eastern Yue killed Yu Shan and surrendered. In this year, the emperor performed sacrifices at the eastern, western, and central mountains, and also performed the ceremony of worshiping the earth at Liangfu. He toured eastward to Jieshi, westward through Jiuyuan, and returned to Ganquan Palace—the grand ceremony of worshiping heaven and earth was held in this year. In the Renshen year (109 BCE), he toured Mount Taishan again and built a dike to block the breach of the Yellow River at Housi; the kingdom of Chosun invaded Liao Dong. In the Guiyou year (108 BCE), the people of Chosun killed their king Wei Youqu and surrendered; the Han dynasty established a commandery there; they worshipped the earth deity at Fen Yin. In the Jiaxu year (107 BCE), there were no significant events.

乙亥　南巡狩，至於盛唐。大司馬衛青卒。　丙子　西幸回中，及祀汾陰后土。　丁丑　改元太初，東巡太山，更以建寅月為歲首。西伐大宛，起建章。　戊寅　北幸河東，祀后土。騎二萬征匈奴，不復。　己卯　東巡海上。匈奴寇張掖、酒泉。　庚辰　李廣利平大宛，獲其王及汗血馬。

In the year Yihai (106 BCE), Emperor Wu traveled south to Shengtang and the Grand General Wei Qing died. In the year Bingzi (105 BCE), he went west to Huizhong and then to Fen Yin to worship the Earth Deity. In the year Dingchou (104 BCE), he changed the era name to Taichu, toured east to Mount Taishan, promulgated the Taichu Calendar, and changed the beginning of the year to the first month of the summer calendar, which has been followed by subsequent dynasties; he also launched a western campaign against the Duanwan and built the Jianzhang Palace. In the year Wuyin (103 BCE), he traveled north to Hedong to worship the Earth Deity again; he sent two ten-thousand cavalry to attack the Xiongnu, but the entire army was destroyed and did not return. In the year Jimao (102 BCE), he toured the sea area eastward; the Xiongnu raided Zhangye and Jiashui. In the year Gengchen (101 BCE), General Li Guangli of Ershi subdued Duanwan, captured the King of Duanwan, and obtained the Heavenly Horse.

辛巳　改元天漢。中郎將蘇武使匈奴。北幸河東。　壬午　東巡至於海上，又西幸回中。將軍李陵征匈奴，不還。　癸未　東巡太山，又北幸常山。匈奴寇雁門。　甲申　大伐匈奴，不利。朝諸侯於甘泉宮。　乙酉　改元太始。　丙戌　西幸回中。　丁亥　東巡海上。　戊子　東巡太山。

In the Xinsi year (100 BCE), the era name was changed to Tianhan; the middle general Su Wu was sent on a mission to the Xiongnu but was detained at the northern sea pasturing sheep for nineteen years without yielding. The emperor Wu traveled north to Hedong. In the Renwu year (99 BCE), he toured east to the sea and then west back to Zhong; General Li Ling led five thousand infantry deep into the Xiongnu territory, eventually exhausting his strength and surrendering to the enemy, never to return. Sima Qian was subjected to castration for defending Li Ling. In the Guiwei year (98 BCE), he toured east to Taishan and then north to Changshan; the Xiongnu raided Yamen. In the Jiashen year (97 BCE), a large-scale campaign against the Xiongnu was launched but failed; the emperor met the feudal lords at Ganquan Palace. In the Yiyou year (96 BCE), the era name was changed to Taishi. In the Bingxu year (95 BCE), he traveled west back to Zhong. In the Dinghai year (94 BCE), he toured east to the sea. In the Wuzi year (93 BCE), he toured east to Taishan.

己丑　改元徵和，巫蠱事起。　庚寅　太子殺江充，丞相劉屈氂攻太子，戰於長安。太子敗，死。皇后自殺，諸邑公主皆坐巫蠱死。　辛卯　大伐匈奴。巫蠱事覺，誅丞相劉屈氂。　壬辰　東巡海上，天下疲於兵革。　癸巳　改元后元。重合侯馬通叛。

In the year Jichou (before the 92nd year), the era name was changed to Zhenhe; the witchcraft conspiracy, which involved burying wooden effigies to curse the emperor, began. In the year Gengyin (before the 91st year), the crown prince Liu Ju was falsely accused by the harsh official Jiang Chong, and he raised an army to kill Jiang Chong. The chancellor Liu Qu Mo was ordered to attack the prince, and the two sides fought for five days in the streets of Chang'an, resulting in the prince's defeat and suicide. The empress dowager Wei also committed suicide, and other princesses and members of the royal family were executed due to the witchcraft case. In the year Xinmao (before the 90th year), a large-scale campaign against the Xiongnu was launched; the injustice of the witchcraft case was revealed, and the emperor executed the chancellor Liu Qu Mo. Later, he built the Sisiyuan Palace to express his regret. In the year Renchen (before the 89th year), the emperor toured the eastern sea; continuous warfare had exhausted the country, so the emperor issued the Luntai Edict to apologize. In the year Guisi (before the 88th year), the era name was changed to Houyuan; the Marquis of Chonghe Ma Tong plotted rebellion.

甲午　漢孝武皇帝五十四年，冊皇子弗陵為皇太子。帝幸盩厔五柞宮，崩。大司馬霍光受顧命。太子弗陵嗣皇帝位，是謂昭帝。葬世宗於茂陵。大將軍霍光專政。　乙未　改元始元。　丙申　丁酉　戊戌　己亥　庚子　辛丑　改元元鳳，誅鄂邑長公主及燕王旦。左將軍上官桀謀害霍光，事覺故也。

The Jiawu year was the fifty-fourth year of Emperor Wu of Han, which corresponds to 127 BCE. This year marks the beginning of the "world" era. Emperor Wu appointed his young son Liu Fuling as the crown prince and then traveled to the Wuzuo Palace in Zhongzhi, where he died. The Grand Commandant Huo Guang was entrusted with governing the state according to the imperial decree. Prince Fuling ascended the throne, becoming Emperor Zhao of Han. Emperor Wu's posthumous temple name was "Shizong," and he was buried in Maoling. Grand General Huo Guang held sole power over the government. In the Yiwei year (126 BCE), the era name was changed to Shiyuan. From the Bingshen year (125 BCE) to the Gengzi year (121 BCE), there were no significant events. In the Xinchou year (120 BCE), the era name was changed to Yuanfeng. The Empress Dowager Eyi Princess and Prince Yan Wang Liu Dan were executed because the Left General Shangguan Jie conspired with them to harm Huo Guang, but the plot was uncovered.

壬寅　癸卯　甲辰　丞相田千秋卒。　乙巳　丞相王欣卒。　丙午　丁未　改元元平，帝崩。昌邑王賀立，葬昭帝於平陵。賀立不明，大將軍霍光廢之，迎戾太子孫詢立之，是為孝宣皇帝，丙吉為相。　戊申　改元本始。　己酉　命將五兵十五萬大伐匈奴。

Renyin (79 BCE) and Guimao (78 BCE) had no significant events. In Jiachen (77 BCE), the chancellor Tian Qianqiu died. In Yisi (76 BCE), the chancellor Wang Xin died. Bingwu (75 BCE) had no significant events. In Dingwei (74 BCE), the era name was changed to Yuanping; Emperor Zhao died, and the Prince of Changyi Liu He succeeded to the throne, Emperor Zhao was buried in Pingling; Liu He acted recklessly and was deposed by the Grand General Ho Guang after twenty-seven days on the throne, and the crown was then offered to Liu Xun, the grandson of the disgraced Crown Prince Liu Ju, who became Emperor Xuan of Han, with Cheng Ji as chancellor. In Wushen (73 BCE), the era name was changed to Benshi. In Jiyou (72 BCE), five generals were ordered to lead fifteen thousand troops, and they joined the Usun in a large-scale campaign against the Xiongnu.

庚戌　辛亥　皇后許氏遇毒崩，霍光以女上皇后。　壬子　改元地節。　癸丑　大司馬大將軍霍光卒，子禹繼事。　甲寅　冊皇子奭為皇太子。　乙卯　大司馬霍禹謀逆，事覺，夷三族，廢皇后霍氏。　丙辰　改元元康。　丁巳　冊王氏為皇后。　戊午　太子太傅疏廣、太子少傅疏受謝病，歸東海。　己未　庚申　改元神雀。趙充國伐西羌。　辛酉　壬戌　蕭望之為御史大夫。　癸亥　潁川太守黃霸賜爵關內侯，河南太守嚴延年棄市。

In the year Gengxu (71 BCE), there were no events. In the year Xinhai (70 BCE), Empress Xu was poisoned by a female physician at the instigation of the wife of Huo Guang, and Huo Guang then sent his daughter into the palace to be made empress. In the year Renzi (69 BCE), the era name was changed to Dijie. In the year Guichou (68 BCE), the Grand General and Grand Commandant Huo Guang died, and his son Huo Yu took over the power. In the year Jiayin (67 BCE), the prince Liu Shi was appointed as the crown prince. In the year Yimao (66 BCE), Grand General Huo Yu plotted rebellion, but the plot was discovered and he was executed, along with his three clans, and the Huo family was thus destroyed. In the year Bingchen (65 BCE), the era name was changed to Yuan Kang. In the year Dingsi (64 BCE), Wang Shi was appointed as empress. In the year Wuwu (63 BCE), the Grand Tutor Shu Guang and the Deputy Grand Tutor Shu Zhuo, uncle and nephew, both resigned from their posts on the same day, retreating to the Eastern Sea, and were praised by contemporaries for their contentment and willingness to step down. In the year Jiwei (62 BCE), there were no events. In the year Gengshen (61 BCE), the era name was changed to Shenjue; the veteran general Zhao Chongguo led an expedition against the Western Qiang and advocated the policy of garrison farming to weaken the enemy. In the year Xinyou (60 BCE), there were no events. In the year Renxu (59 BCE), Xiao Wangzhi was appointed as Grand Censor. In the year Guihai (58 BCE), the governor of Yingchuan, Huang Ba, was granted the title of Marquis of Guan Nei for outstanding governance, while the governor of Henan, Yan Yanian, was executed for his harsh legal measures.

甲子　漢孝宣皇帝十七年，改元五鳳。左馮翊太守韓延壽棄市，貶蕭望之為太子太傅，坐慢丞相邴吉也。平通侯楊惲棄市，坐怨望也。　乙丑　丙寅　丞相邴吉卒，黃霸為相。　丁卯　戊辰　改元甘露。　己巳　庚午　匈奴呼韓邪單于來朝，於定國為相。　辛未

The year of Jiazi was the seventeenth year of the reign of Emperor Xuandi of the Han dynasty, which corresponds to 57 BCE. This era began from this year, and in this year the era name was changed to Wufeng. Han Yanshou, the governor of the Left Reckoning Prefecture, was executed in the market. Xiao Wangzhi was demoted to the position of Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince, charged with being disrespectful to the Chancellor Bing Ji. Yang Yun, the Marquess Pingtong, was executed in the market, charged with harboring resentment. He was the grandson-in-law of Sima Qian, and this case originated from his famous letter "Reply to Sun Huizong." In the year Yichou (56 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Bingyin (55 BCE), Chancellor Bing Ji died, and Huang Ba succeeded him as Chancellor. In the year Dingmao (54 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Wuchen (53 BCE), the era name was changed to Ganlu. In the year Jisi (52 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Gengwu (51 BCE), the Xiongnu ruler Huhanye submitted to the Han court, marking the end of over a hundred years of warfare between the Han and Xiongnu; Yu Dingguo was appointed Chancellor. In the year Xinwei (50 BCE), there were no significant events.

壬申　改元黃龍。宣帝崩於未央宮，皇太子奭踐位，是謂孝元皇帝。　癸酉　改元初元，葬中宗於杜陵。　甲戌　冊皇子驁為皇太子，盜殺蕭望之。　乙亥　丙子　幸河東。　丁丑　戊寅　改元永光。　己卯　西羌叛。韋元成為相。　庚辰　西羌平。　辛巳　壬午

In the Renshen year (49 BCE), the era name was changed to Huanglong; Emperor Xuandi died in the Weiyang Palace, and his son Liu Shi became emperor, known as Emperor Huan of Han. In the Guiyou year (48 BCE), the era name was changed to Chuyuan; Emperor Xuandi's temple name was Zhongzong, and he was buried in Du Ling. In the Jiaxu year (47 BCE), the crown prince Liu Ao was appointed as the crown prince; the Grand Tutor Xiao Wangzhi was killed—according to the "Book of Han," it was actually the eunuch Shi Xian who framed him, forcing him to drink poison and commit suicide. In the Yihai year (46 BCE), there were no significant events. In the Bingzi year (45 BCE), Emperor Huan visited Hedong. In the Dingchou year (44 BCE), there were no significant events. In the Wuyin year (43 BCE), the era name was changed to Yongguang. In the Jimao year (42 BCE), the Western Qiang rebelled; Wei Yuancheng was appointed as the Chancellor. In the Gengchen year (41 BCE), the Western Qiang were pacified. In the Xinsi year (40 BCE) and the Renwu year (39 BCE), there were no significant events.

癸未　改元建昭。　甲申　乙酉　匡衡為相。　丙戌　丁亥　戊子　改元竟寧，帝崩，皇太子驁踐位，是謂孝成皇帝，葬高宗於渭陵。王鳳為大司馬、大將軍專政。　己丑　改元建始。　庚寅　辛卯　王商、薛宣免相，匡衡為庶人。　壬辰　河大決，王商為相。　癸巳　改元河平。

In the Guiwei year (38 years before), the reign title was changed to Jianzhao. In the Jiashen year (37 years before), there were no significant events. In the Yiyou year (36 years before), Kang Heng was appointed as Chancellor. In the Bingxu year (35 years before) and the Dinghai year (34 years before), there were no significant events. In the Wuzi year (33 years before), the reign title was changed to Jingning. That year, Hu Hanye Chanyu came to court, Wang Zhaojun went to the frontier for marriage alliance, hence the meaning of "border peace and stability." Emperor Yuan died, and his son Liu Ao succeeded the throne, becoming Emperor Cheng of Han. Emperor Yuan was posthumously honored as Gaozong, and was buried in Weiling. Wang Feng held the positions of Grand Commandant and Grand General, monopolizing the government, and thus the Wang clan began to dominate the court. In the Jichou year (32 years before), the reign title was changed to Jianshi. In the Gengyin year (31 years before), there were no significant events. In the Xinmao year (30 years before), Wang Shang and Xue Xuan were dismissed from their positions as Chancellors, and Kang Heng was demoted to commoner status. In the Renchen year (29 years before), the Yellow River broke its banks; Wang Shang was appointed as Chancellor. In the Guisi year (28 years before), the reign title was changed to HePing.

甲午　漢孝成皇帝六年。　乙未　丙申　丁酉　改元陽朔。京兆尹王章下獄死，張禹為相。　戊戌　王音為御史大夫。　己亥　大司馬王鳳卒，弟音繼事。　庚子　辛丑　改元鴻嘉。　壬寅　幸雲陽。　癸卯　廢皇后許氏。　甲辰　乙巳　改元永始，封王莽新都侯，冊趙飛燕為皇后。

The Jiawu year was the sixth year of Emperor Cheng of Han, which corresponds to 27 BCE, and this "era" began from this year. The Yiwei year (26 BCE) and the Bingshen year (25 BCE) had no significant events. In the Dingyou year (24 BCE), the era name was changed to Yangshuo; the governor of Jingzhao, Wang Zhang, was imprisoned and died after accusing Wang Feng of monopolizing power; Zhang Yu was appointed as chancellor. In the Wuxu year (23 BCE), Wang Yin was appointed as the Grand Censor. In the Jihai year (22 BCE), the Grand Marshal Wang Feng died, and his younger brother Wang Yin took over the power. The Gengzi year (21 BCE) had no significant events. In the Xinchou year (20 BCE), the era name was changed to Hongjia. In the Rennyin year (19 BCE), Emperor Cheng visited Yunyang. In the Guimao year (18 BCE), Consort Xu was deposed. The Jiachen year (17 BCE) had no significant events. In the Yisi year (16 BCE), the era name was changed to Yongshi; Wang Mang was enfeoffed as the Marquess of Xinju, and Zhao Feiyan was appointed as empress.

丙午　大司馬王音卒，王商為大司馬，翟方進為相，孔光為御史大夫。丁未　戊申　大司馬王商免，王根為大司馬。　己酉　改元元延。　庚戌　辛亥　壬子　癸丑　改元綏和。　甲寅　成帝崩，皇太子欣踐位，是謂孝哀皇帝，太后王氏臨朝稱制，大司馬王根專政。葬成帝於延陵。王根罪免，丁明為大司馬，孔光為丞相。

In the year Bingwu (15 BCE), the Grand Commandant Wang Yin died, and Wang Shang succeeded him as Grand Commandant. Zhai Fangjin became Chancellor, and Kong Guang became the Grand Censor. In the year Dingwei (14 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Wushen (13 BCE), Grand Commandant Wang Shang was dismissed from office, and Wang Gen took over as Grand Commandant—thus the Wang brothers succeeded each other in power, and the court's authority had fully passed into the hands of the maternal relatives. In the year Jiyou (12 BCE), the era name was changed to Yuanchan. From the year Gengxu (11 BCE) to Renzi (9 BCE), there were no significant events. In the year Guichou (8 BCE), the era name was changed to Suihe. In the year Jiayin (7 BCE), Emperor Cheng died suddenly, and his son Liu Xin ascended the throne, becoming Emperor Ai of Han. The Empress Dowager Wang took control of the government, and Grand Commandant Wang Gen held power. Emperor Cheng was buried in Yanling. Soon after, Wang Gen was accused of wrongdoing and dismissed from office, and the maternal relative Ding Ming was appointed as Grand Commandant, while Kong Guang became Chancellor.

乙卯　改元建平，冊傅氏為皇后，傅喜為大司馬，朱博為大司空。　丙辰　傅喜免，丁明覆為大司馬，孔光免，朱博自殺。　丁巳　相王商薨，王嘉為相。　戊午　息夫躬下獄死。　己未　改元元壽。相王嘉下獄死，大司馬丁明免。　庚申　三公分職，董賢為大司馬，孔光為大司徒，彭宣為大司空。帝崩，太皇太后王氏稱制，罷董賢大司馬，以王莽為大司馬，錄尚書事。廢太后趙氏，迎元帝庶孫中山王衍立之，是謂平帝。葬哀帝於義陵。王莽專政。　辛酉　改元元始，封大司馬王莽安漢公。　壬戌　癸亥

In the year Yimao (six years before), the era name was changed to Jianping; the Fu family was appointed as the empress, Fu Xi as Grand Commandant, and Zhu Bo as Grand Minister of Works—Emperor Ai's rise to power was entirely due to the support of the Fu and Ding families, so their power quickly increased. In the year Bingchen (five years before), Fu Xi was dismissed from office, Ding Ming was reinstated as Grand Commandant, and Kong Guang was dismissed; Zhu Bo, fearing guilt, committed suicide. In the year Dingsi (four years before), Chancellor Wang Shang died, and Wang Jia succeeded him as Chancellor. In the year Wuwu (three years before), Xi Fu Gong was imprisoned and died. In the year Jiwei (two years before), the era name was changed to Yuanshou; Chancellor Wang Jia was imprisoned and died, and Ding Ming was dismissed from office. In the year Gengshen (one year before), the system of the Three Grand Ministers was reformed, and the favored minister Dong Xian was appointed as Grand Commandant, Kong Guang as Grand Minister of State, and Peng Xuan as Grand Minister of Works. After Emperor Ai's death, Dowager Empress Wang took control of the government and immediately dismissed Dong Xian, appointing her nephew Wang Mang as Grand Commandant and in charge of the Secretariat; she also deposed Zhao Dowager and invited Yuan Emperor's distant grandson, Prince Liu Yan of Zhongshan, to ascend the throne, who became Emperor Ping of Han. Emperor Ai was buried in Yilin. From then on, Wang Mang held power. In the year Xinyou (year one of the Yuanshi era), the era name was changed to Yuanshi, and Grand Commandant Wang Mang was granted the title of Anhan Gong. In the years Renxu (year two) and Guihai (year three), there were no significant events.