The era of the world's transformation lasts for 2,249 years.

甲子　宋帝義符二年，臣徐羨之、傅亮行弒，立其弟義隆，是謂文帝，還都建業，改元元嘉。魏太武元年改元始光。乙丑　魏武帝以崔浩為相。赫連勃勃卒，子昌繼，改元承先。丙寅　宋文帝誅執政徐羨之及傅亮，謝晦以荊州叛，平之。魏拔夏之長安。丁卯　魏西破夏赫連昌。

The year Jiazi was the second year of Liu Yifu's reign as emperor of the Song dynasty, corresponding to 424 AD. Grand Minister Xu Xianzhi and Fu Liang murdered the emperor and installed his younger brother Liu Yilong, who became Emperor Wen of Song, and moved the capital back to Jianye, changing the era name to "Yuanjia." The following nearly thirty years were known as the "Yuanjia era of governance." In the first year of Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, the era name was changed to "Shiguang." In the year Yichou (425 AD), Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei appointed Cui Hao as prime minister, relying on him as his chief strategist. The Summer Kingdom's ruler Helian Bobo died, and his son Helian Chang succeeded him, changing the era name to "Chengguang" (the original text says "Chengxian"). In the year Bingyin (426 AD), Emperor Wen of Song executed the ruling ministers Xu Xianzhi and Fu Liang, and Shae Hui rebelled in Jingzhou but was eventually suppressed, after which Emperor Wen took personal control of the government. Northern Wei captured the city of Chang'an from the Summer Kingdom. In the year Dingmao (427 AD), Northern Wei launched a western campaign and defeated Helian Chang, the ruler of the Summer Kingdom, in a major battle.

戊辰　魏改元神□。武帝破夏於統萬，俘赫連昌以歸，西北開地三千里。秦乞伏熾磐卒，子慕末繼，改元永嘉。涼沮渠蒙遜改元承玄。夏之統萬陷於魏，弟定代立，徙居平涼，改元勝光。己巳。庚午　宋之金墉陷於魏。燕馮跋卒，弟弘殺跋子翼代立，改元太興。魏拔宋洛陽。涼沮渠蒙遜改元義和。夏赫連定攻秦慕末。

In the year of Wuchen (AD 428), the Northern Wei changed its era name to "Shenjia" (the original text is missing this character). Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei defeated the Xia army in the city of Tungwan, captured Helian Chang, and returned, expanding the northern frontier by three thousand li. The Western Qin ruler Qifu Chipan died, and his son Qifu Mumei succeeded him, changing the era name to "Yonghong" (the original text says "Yongjia"). The Northern Liang ruler Juqu Mengsun changed his era name to "Chengxuan". The capital of Xia, Tungwan, fell to the Northern Wei, and Helian Chang's brother Helian Ding succeeded him, moving the capital to Pingliang and changing the era name to "Shengguang". In the year of Jisi (AD 429), there were no notable events. In the year of Gengwu (AD 430), the city of Jinyang in the Southern Song fell to the Northern Wei. Emperor Feng Ba of the Northern Yan died, and his brother Feng Hong killed Feng Yi, the son of Feng Ba, and took the throne, changing the era name to "Taixing". The Northern Wei captured Luoyang from the Southern Song. Juqu Mengsun of the Northern Liang changed his era name to "Yihuo". Helian Ding of Xia attacked Qifu Mumei of the Western Qin.

辛未　宋之滑臺陷於魏。夏滅西秦於苑川，俘其君乞伏慕末。魏滅夏於平涼，俘其君赫連定。壬申　宋謝靈運棄市於廣州。魏改元延和。遼西內附。癸酉　宋謝惠連卒。涼沮渠蒙遜卒，子牧健繼，改元永和。甲戌　魏南開地至漢中。乙亥　魏改元太延。丙子　宋誅檀道濟。魏滅北燕，虜馮弘於遼西。

In the year Xinwei (431 CE), the city of Huatai in the Southern Song fell to the Northern Wei. In the summer, Xia conquered Xiqin in Yuan川, capturing its king Qifu Mumei; the Northern Wei also defeated Xia in Pingliang, capturing its king Helian Ding. Both countries perished in the same year. In the year Renshen (432 CE), the Southern Song poet Xie Lingyun was executed in Guangzhou; the Northern Wei changed their era name to "Yanhé"; Liaoxi submitted to the Northern Wei. In the year Guiyou (433 CE), the Southern Song scholar Xie Huiian died. The Northern Liang ruler Juqu Mengxun died, and his son Juqu Mujian succeeded him, changing the era name to "Yonghe". In the year Jiaxu (434 CE), the Northern Wei expanded southward, extending their territory to Hanzhong. In the year Yihai (435 CE), the Northern Wei changed their era name to "Taiyan". In the year Bingzi (436 CE), the Southern Song Emperor Wen killed the famous general Tan Daoji, destroying his own defenses; the Northern Wei destroyed the Northern Yan, capturing Feng Hong in Liaoxi.

丁丑　戊寅。己卯　魏伐北涼於姑臧，獲沮渠牧健以歸。庚辰　魏改元太平真君，與宋稱南北朝。辛巳　壬午。癸未　魏克仇池。甲申　乙酉。丙戌　魏毀經像佛教。丁亥　魏攻長安。戊子　己丑。庚寅　魏南伐，開地江淮，夷宰相崔浩三族。辛卯　魏改元正平，伐宋，至於瓜步。

In the years of Dingchou and Wuyin (437 and 438 CE), there were no notable events. In the year of Jimao (439 CE), the Northern Wei launched a western campaign against the Northern Liang, captured Guchang, and captured Juqu Mugan, thus ending the fragmented situation of the Sixteen Kingdoms and restoring unity in the north. In the year of Gengchen (440 CE), the Northern Wei changed its era name to "Taiping Zhenjun," and from then on, it was referred to as the Northern and Southern Dynasties together with the Southern Song. In the years of Xinsi and Renwu (441 and 442 CE), there were no notable events. In the year of Guiwei (443 CE), the Northern Wei captured QiuChi. In the years of Jiashen and Yiyou (444 and 445 CE), there were no notable events. In the year of Bingxu (446 CE), Emperor Taowu of Northern Wei ordered the destruction of Buddhism, burning scriptures and destroying Buddha statues, which marked the first instance of the "Three Emperors' Suppression of Buddhism." In the year of Dinghai (447 CE), the Northern Wei launched an attack on Chang'an. In the years of Wuzi and Jichou (448 and 449 CE), there were no notable events. In the year of Gengyin (450 CE), the Northern Wei launched a southern campaign, expanding into the Yangtze River region, and at the same time, executed the three families of the chancellor Cui Hao. In the year of Xinmao (451 CE), the Northern Wei changed its era name to "Zhengping," and launched another campaign against the Southern Song, with its forces reaching as far as Guabu on the northern bank of the Yangtze River.

壬辰　魏國亂，中常侍宗愛弒其君武帝，立南安王餘，改元承平，又殺之。群臣迎武帝孫濬立之，是謂文成皇帝，改元興安，夷宗愛三族，元壽樂為太宰，都督中外，錄尚書事。癸巳　宋國亂，太子劭弒其君文帝，代立，改元太初。少子武陵王駿稱帝新亭，克建康，誅元兇，改元孝武，是謂孝武皇帝。

In the Renchen year (AD 452), Northern Wei experienced internal strife. The eunuch Zhongchangshi Zong Ai murdered Emperor Taiwu and installed Prince Nan'an Wang Tuoba Yu as emperor, changing the era name to "Chengping." Soon after, Zong Ai killed Tuoba Yu. The ministers then welcomed Emperor Taiwu's grandson Tuoba Jun, who became Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei, changing the era name to "Xing'an." Zong Ai's three families were executed, and Tuoba Shoulue (the original text says Yuan Shoulue) was appointed as Grand Minister, Commander of all military forces, and Chancellor. In the Guisi year (AD 453), Liu Song also experienced internal turmoil. Crown Prince Liu Shao murdered Emperor Wen of Liu Song and declared himself emperor, changing the era name to "Taichu." Emperor Wen's younger son, Prince Wuling Wang Liu Jun, raised an army at Xinting and became emperor, capturing Jiankang, eliminating the culprit, and changing the era name to "Xiaojian," which is Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song.

甲午　宋孝武帝二年。魏文成皇帝三年，改元興光。乙未　魏改元太安。丙申。丁酉　宋改元大明。戊戌　己亥。庚子　魏改元和平。辛丑　壬寅　癸卯。甲辰　宋孝武帝終，太子業嗣位，改元景和。乙巳　宋改元永光。業立不明，臣壽寂之殺之，迎湘東王彧立之，改元太始，是謂明帝。魏文成帝終，太子弘嗣位，是謂獻文皇帝。

The year Jiawu was the second year of Emperor Xiaowu of the Song Dynasty and the third year of Emperor Wencheng of the Northern Wei Dynasty, corresponding to 454 AD, when the Northern Wei changed their era name to "Xingguang." In the year Yiwei (455 AD), the Northern Wei changed their era name to "Tai'an." In the year Bingshen (456 AD), there were no significant events. In the year Dingyou (457 AD), the Song Dynasty changed its era name to "Daming." In the years Wuxu and Jihai (458 and 459 AD), there were no significant events. In the year Gengzi (460 AD), the Northern Wei changed their era name to "Heping." In the years Xinchou, RENYIN, and Guimao (461-463 AD), there were no significant events. In the year Jiachen (464 AD), Emperor Xiaowu of the Song Dynasty died, and his son Liu Ziyue succeeded to the throne, changing the era name to "Jinghe." In the year Yisi (465 AD), the Song Dynasty changed its era name to "Yongguang." Liu Ziyue was cruel and immoral, and his minister Shou Jizi killed him, then welcomed Xiangdong Wang Liu Yu to the throne, changing the era name to "Taishi" (the original text says "Taishi"), which was Emperor Ming of the Song Dynasty. Meanwhile, Emperor Wencheng of the Northern Wei died, and his son Tuoba Hong succeeded to the throne, becoming Emperor Xianwen of the Northern Wei.

丙午　宋晉安王子勳以潯陽叛，稱帝，平之，冊子昱為太子。魏師入寇。魏改元天安，盡取宋江北地。大丞相乙渾謀逆，伏誅。丁未　魏改元皇興。戊申。己酉　魏拔宋青州。庚戌。辛亥　魏獻文授太子宏位，是謂孝文皇帝，弘稱太上皇，改元延興。壬子　宋改元太豫，明帝失道死，太子昱立。

In the year Bingwu (公元 466), Song's Prince Jin'an Liu Zixun rebelled in Xunyang and claimed the throne, but was suppressed by the emperor. The emperor then appointed his son Liu Yu as the crown prince. The Northern Wei took advantage of the internal turmoil in Song and invaded, changing the era name to 'Tian'an' and seizing all of Liu Song's land north of the Yangtze River. The Northern Wei's great chancellor Yi Hun plotted rebellion but was executed. In the year Dingwei (467), the Northern Wei changed the era name to 'Huangxing'. In the year Wushen (468), there were no significant events. In the year Jiyou (469), the Northern Wei captured the Song province of Qingzhou. In the year Gengxu (470), there were no significant events. In the year Xinhai (471), the Wei Xianwen Emperor passed the throne to his son Taibohong, who became Emperor Xiaowen of Wei. The Xianwen Emperor styled himself as the Taishang Huang, and changed the era name to 'Yanxing'. In the year Renzi (472), the Song dynasty changed its era name to 'Taiyu' (the original text says 'Taiyu'), and the emperor died due to his erratic behavior, with his son Liu Yu succeeding him as emperor.

癸丑　宋改元元徽。甲寅　宋桂陽王休範以江州叛，兵犯建業，右衛將軍蕭道成平之。乙卯　魏改元承明。丙辰　宋建平王景素謀殺蕭道成，不克。道成為司空，錄尚書事。魏太后馮氏弒太上皇。丁巳　宋國亂，蕭道成殺其君昱，廢為蒼梧王，立明帝子準，改元升明，道成假黃鉞，稱齊國公，專制，改元太和。

In the year Guichou (473 CE), the Southern Song dynasty changed its era name to "Yuanhui." In the year Jiayin (474 CE), Prince Liu Xiufan of Guiyang rebelled against the capital Jianye with troops from Jiangzhou, and General Xiao Daocheng raised an army to suppress the rebellion, thereby gaining great prestige. In the year Yimao (475 CE), the Northern Wei dynasty changed its era name to "Chengming." In the year Bingchen (476 CE), Prince Liu Jingsu of Jianping plotted to eliminate Xiao Daocheng but failed; Xiao Daocheng was promoted to the position of Grand Minister and Chief of the Secretariat. Meanwhile, Feng Taotuo of the Northern Wei assassinated the former emperor Xiaowen and took control of the government. In the year Dingsi (477 CE), the Southern Song experienced great turmoil. Xiao Daocheng killed the young emperor Liu Yu, deposed him as the Prince of Cangwu, and installed Liu Zhuu, the son of Emperor Ming, as the new emperor, changing the era name to "Shengming." Xiao Daocheng was granted the authority of the yellow钺 and was made the Duke of Qi, holding absolute power. The Northern Wei then changed its era name to "Taihe," marking the beginning of the reforms under Emperor Xiaowen's reign.

戊午。己未　宋相國蕭道成稱王。是年，代宋命於建業，改國曰齊，元曰建元，是謂太祖。以子賾為皇太子，降其君準為汝陰王，殺之。庚申　辛酉。壬戌　齊高帝道成終，太子賾嗣位，是謂武帝，以子懋為太子，攻魏淮南。癸亥　齊改元永明。

In the year Wuwu (AD 478), there was nothing noteworthy. In the year Jiwei (479), Xiao Daocheng, the chancellor of the Southern Song, was elevated to the Marquess of Qi. That same year, he received the imperial mandate from the Southern Song in Jianye and established the state of Qi, with the era name "Jianyuan." He became the first emperor, Wudi, of the Southern Qi. He appointed his son Xiao Zetian as crown prince, and had the last emperor of the Southern Song, Liu Jun, reduced to the Marquess of Ruyin and later executed. The Liu Song dynasty, which lasted sixty years, thus came to an end. In the years Gengshen and Xinyou (480 and 481), there was nothing noteworthy. In the year Renxu (482), the high emperor of Qi, Xiao Daocheng, died, and his son Xiao Zetian succeeded him as Emperor Wudi of Qi. He appointed his son Xiao Changmao as crown prince and launched an attack on the northern state of Northern Wei in the region of Huainan. In the year Guihai (483), the Southern Qi changed its era name to "Yongming," and the Southern Dynasty entered the period known as the Yongming Reign.

甲子　齊武帝二年，魏孝文帝十三年。乙丑　丙寅　丁卯　戊辰　己巳　庚午　辛未。壬申　魏伐蠕蠕。癸酉　齊武帝終，太子懋亦卒，其孫昭業立。甲戌　齊改元隆昌。五月，西昌王蕭鸞行弒，廢其君為鬱林王，立其弟昭文，改元延興。鸞假黃鉞，稱宣城王，都督中外，專制。十月，宣城王蕭鸞廢昭文為海陵王，殺之，代立，是謂明帝，改元建武，以子寶卷為太子。魏大伐齊。

The year Jiazi was the second year of the reign of Qi Wu Di and the thirteenth year of the reign of Wei Xiaowen Di, corresponding to the year 484 CE. From Yichou to Xinwei, a period of seven years (485-491 CE), there were no notable events recorded. In the year Renshen (492 CE), Northern Wei launched an expedition against the Rouran, which historical records referred to as the Ruuru. In the year Guiyou (493 CE), Qi Wu Di Xiao Ze died, and his son, the crown prince Xiaolangmao, had already passed away from illness, so his grandson Xiaozhaoye succeeded to the throne. In the year Jiaxu (494 CE), Qi changed its era name to "Longchang." In May, Prince Xichang Hou Xiaoluan committed regicide, deposed Xiaozhaoye as the King of Yulin, and installed his younger brother Xiaozhaowen as the new emperor, changing the era name to "Yanxing." Xiaoluan was granted the authority of the yellow钺, made the Duke of Xuancheng, and took charge of military affairs both within and outside the court, holding sole power over the government. In October, Xiaoluan also deposed Xiaozhaowen as the King of Hailing and killed him, then took the throne himself, becoming Qi Ming Di, changing the era name to "Jianwu," and appointed his son Xiaobaojuan as the crown prince. Meanwhile, Northern Wei took advantage of the internal chaos in Qi and launched a large-scale southern campaign.

乙亥　齊大殺宗室。是年，魏自平城徙都洛陽，用中國禮樂。丙子　魏改姓元氏。丁丑。戊寅　齊改元永泰。明帝鸞終，太子寶卷嗣位。魏伐齊，拔新野。己卯　齊改元永元，以子誦為太子。魏孝文帝終，太子恪嗣位，是謂宣武皇帝，彭城王勰受顧命輔政。

In the year of Yihai (AD 495), the Emperor Ming of the Southern Qi dynasty carried out a large-scale purge of his royal family members to consolidate his position. Also in this year, the Northern Wei moved their capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang and fully adopted the Confucian rites and music systems of the Central Plains. In the year of Bingzi (496), the Northern Wei issued an order to change the surname Tuoba to Yuan, and the Hanization reforms of Emperor Xiaowen were thus completed. In the year of Dingchou (497), there were no significant events. In the year of Wuyin (498), the Southern Qi changed its era name to "Yongtai"; Emperor Xiaoluan of Qi died, and his son Xiao Baojuan succeeded to the throne. The Northern Wei launched an attack on Qi, capturing Xinye. In the year of Jimao (499), the Southern Qi changed its era name to "Yongyuan," and appointed his son Xiao Song as the crown prince. Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei died, and his son Yuan Kuo succeeded to the throne, becoming Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei, while Prince Pengcheng Yuan Xie was entrusted with the regency.

庚辰　齊崔惠景以廣陵叛，兵犯建業，蕭懿平之。寶卷殺懿，蕭衍稱兵襄陽，蕭穎胄稱兵荊州。魏改元景明。彭城王勰拔齊壽春。辛巳　齊蕭衍立南康王寶融於江陵，以兵圍臺城，國人殺寶卷，而入寶融於建業，是謂和帝，改元中興，衍稱相國、司空，假黃鉞，錄尚書事，專制，廢寶卷為東昏侯，蕭寶夤奔魏。

In the year Gengchen (公元 500), the general Cui Huijing of the Northern Qi occupied Guangling and rebelled, his troops attacking Jianye, but were quelled by Xiao Yi. However, the Prince of Donghunhou Xiao Baquan instead killed the meritorious general Xiao Yi. Xiao Yi's younger brother Xiao Yan then raised an army in Xiangyang, while Xiao Yingzhou in Jingzhou responded in support. The Northern Wei changed its era name to "Jingming," and Prince Pengcheng Wang Yuan Xie captured Shouchun of the Southern Qi. In the year Xinsi (501), Xiao Yan proclaimed the Prince of Nanxiang Wang Xiao Baorong as emperor in Jiangling, and advanced to surround Jiankang Taicheng. The people within the city killed Xiao Baquan and opened the gates to surrender, welcoming Xiao Baorong into Jianye, who became the emperor of the Southern Qi, with the era name "Zhongxings." Xiao Yan claimed the title of Grand General and Minister of Works, was given the authority of the Yellow Sword, and was entrusted with the affairs of the state, thus monopolizing the government. He later posthumously deposed Xiao Baquan as the Prince of Donghunhou. The royal family of the Southern Qi, Xiao Baoyin, fled to the Northern Wei.

壬午　齊蕭衍被九錫，封梁王，四月，衍代齊命於建業，是謂武帝，改國為梁，元曰天監，以子統為皇太子，降其君寶融為巴陵王，殺之於姑熟。癸未。甲申　魏改元正始。乙酉　丙戌。丁亥　東西夷四十國修貢於魏。戊子　魏改元永平，殺太師元勰。己丑　戎夷二十四國修貢於魏。庚寅。辛卯　東西夷二十九國修貢於魏。壬辰　魏改元延昌。癸巳。

In the year Renwu (AD 502), Xiao Yan received the Nine Grants and was made the King of Liang; in April, Xiao Yan took the throne in Jianye, succeeding the Southern Qi dynasty, becoming Emperor Wu of Liang, and changed the state name to "Liang" and the era name to "Tianjian." He appointed his son Xiao Tong, the Prince Zhao Ming, as the crown prince. He reduced the Emperor Xiaowu of Qi, Xiao Baorong, to the Duke of Baling and later killed him in Gushu. The Southern Qi dynasty thus ended after twenty-four years. In the year Guiwei (503), there were no significant events. In the year Jiashen (504), the Northern Wei changed their era name to "Zhengshi." In the years Yiyou (505) and Bingxu (506), there were no significant events. In the year Dinghai (507), forty states from the east and west presented tribute to the Northern Wei. In the year Wuzi (508), the Northern Wei changed their era name to "Yongping" and killed the Grand Tutor Yuan Xie. In the year Jichou (509), twenty-four barbarian states presented tribute to the Northern Wei. In the year Gengyin (510), there were no significant events. In the year Xinmao (511), twenty-nine states from the east and west presented tribute to the Northern Wei. In the year Renchen (512), the Northern Wei changed their era name to "Yanchang." In the year Guisi (513), there were no significant events.

甲午　梁武帝十三年，魏武帝十五年。乙未　魏宣武終，太子詡嗣位，是謂孝明皇帝，太后胡氏稱制，劉騰、元義為輔相。丙申　魏改元熙平。丁酉。戊戌　魏改元神龜。己亥。庚子　梁改元普通。魏改元正光，幽靈太后胡氏於北宮。辛丑　壬寅　癸卯　甲辰。

The year Jiawu was the thirteenth year of Emperor Wu of Liang's reign and the fifteenth year of Emperor Xuanwu of the Northern Wei, corresponding to 514 AD. In the year Yiwei (515 AD), Emperor Xuanwu of the Northern Wei died, and his son Yuan Xu succeeded to the throne, becoming Emperor Xiaoming of the Northern Wei. Since he was young, Empress Dowager Hu ruled on his behalf. Liu Teng and Yuan Yi (the original text reads Yuan Yi) assisted in governance. In the year Bingshen (516 AD), the Northern Wei changed its era name to "Xiping." In the year Dingyou (517 AD), there were no significant events. In the year Wuxu (518 AD), the Northern Wei changed its era name to "ShenGui." In the year Jihai (519 AD), there were no notable events. In the year Gengzi (520 AD), the Southern Liang changed its era name to "Tongping," and the Northern Wei changed its era name to "Zhengguang." Liu Teng and Yuan Yi launched a coup, imprisoning Empress Dowager Hu in the Northern Palace. From the year Xinchou to Jiachen (521 to 524 AD), there were no recorded events.

乙巳　魏改元孝昌，相劉騰、元義罪，免為庶人，迎太后胡氏於北宮，還政。中山、上谷、彭城寇亂。丙午。丁未　梁帝衍，沒身於同泰寺，改元大通。魏諸郡寇亂。戊申　魏改元武泰，太后胡氏殺其帝詡，立無名子。大都督爾朱榮自太原入，殺無名子及太后胡氏、諸王貴臣於河陰，得長樂王攸，是謂莊帝，改元建義，又改元永安。榮都督中外諸軍事，稱太原王，還晉陽，專制。

In the year of Yisi (525 CE), the Northern Wei dynasty changed its era name to "Xiaochang." It investigated the crimes of the chancellor Liu Teng and Yuan Yi, exiled them as commoners, and brought the Empress Dowager Hu from the Northern Palace back to restore the throne. Bandits rose up in Zhongshan, Shanggu, and Pengcheng, and the remnants of the Six Garrisons Rebellion were spreading. In the year of Bingwu (526 CE), there were no major events. In the year of Dingwei (527 CE), Emperor Xiao Yan of Liang offered himself as a lay Buddhist monk at Tongtai Temple, and changed the era name to "Datuang." The Northern Wei experienced continuous banditry in all its prefectures. In the year of Wushen (528 CE), the Northern Wei changed its era name to "Wutai." The Empress Dowager Hu poisoned Emperor Xiaoming Yuan Xu, and instead enthroned an unnamed young boy. The commander of the Qiehu forces, Erjue Rong, rose up from Taiyuan, entered Luoyang, and drowned the young emperor, the Empress Dowager Hu, and various princes and ministers in the He Yin River, an event known as the "He Yin Incident." Afterwards, he enthroned Prince Yuan Ziyou as emperor, who became Emperor Xiaozhuang of Wei, and changed the era name to "Jianyi," then to "Yongan." Erjue Rong was appointed commander of all military affairs inside and outside the court, was granted the title of Prince of Taiyuan, and returned to Jinyang to control the government from a distance.

己酉　梁改元中大通，衍復沒身於同泰寺，群臣以錢億萬購衍還政。元顥自梁入洛，稱帝，改元建武，徙攸於河北。爾朱榮自晉陽入，逐元顥，迎攸返政。庚戌　魏帝攸殺爾朱榮於洛陽宮。爾朱兆自晉陽入，徙攸於河東，殺之。爾朱世隆立長廣王曄於長子，改元建明。

In the year Jiyou (AD 529), the Liang dynasty changed its era name to "Zhongdatong." Emperor Wu of Liang once again gave himself up to the Taomi Temple, and the ministers contributed one hundred million coins to redeem him and restore his rule. A member of the Northern Wei royal family, Yuan Hao, used Liang troops to enter Luoyang and declared himself emperor, changing the era name to "Jianwu," forcing Emperor Xiaozhuang of Wei, Yuan Zisou, to flee to Hebei. Erzhu Rong led his troops from Jinyang into Luoyang, drove Yuan Hao away, and welcomed Emperor Xiaozhuang back to the capital to resume his position. In the year Gengxu (530), Emperor Xiaozhuang could no longer tolerate being controlled, and he personally killed Erzhu Rong in the palace of Luoyang. Erzhu Rong's nephew Erzhu Zhao entered Luoyang from Jinyang to avenge his uncle, moved Emperor Xiaozhuang to Hedong and had him killed; while Erzhu Shilong established the Prince Changguang of Wei, Yuan Ye, as emperor in Changzi, changing the era name to "Jianming."

辛亥　梁昭明太子統卒，晉安王綱為太子。魏爾朱兆廢曄，立廣陵王子恭於洛陽，是謂節愍，改元普太，還鎮晉陽。冀州刺史高歡稱兵信都，立章武王子渤海太守朗於信都，改元中興，歡稱丞相。壬子　魏高歡據鄴叛，敗爾朱兆於韓陵西平幷州，南入洛，廢恭，殺之。又廢朗於河陽，殺之，立平陽王修於洛陽，改元太昌，再改元永熙，還鎮鄴，專制。爾朱兆走秀容，死。修立，是謂武帝。

In the Xinhai year (公元 531), the Liang Dynasty's Prince Xiao Tong, the son of Emperor Wu, died, and Prince Xiao Gang was appointed as the crown prince. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Er Zhu Zhao deposed Yuan Ye and installed Yuan Gong, the son of Guangling Prince, in Luoyang, who became Emperor Jie Min, and changed the era name to "Putai" (the original text says "Putai"). Soon after, he returned to control Jinyang. The governor of Jizhou, Gao Huan, raised an army in Xindu and supported Yuan Lang, the son of Zhangwu Prince and the governor of Bohai, and changed the era name to "Zhongxīng". Gao Huan claimed the title of Chancellor and opposed the Er Zhu family. In the Renzi year (532), Gao Huan occupied Yecheng and raised an army, defeating Er Zhu Zhao at Hanling, capturing the western plains of Pingzhou, and advancing south to Luoyang, where he deposed and killed Emperor Jie Min Yuan Gong. He also deposed Yuan Lang, whom he had supported, in Heyang, and installed Yuan Xiu, the Prince of Pingyang, in Luoyang, changing the era name to "Ta昌" and later to "Yongxi". Gao Huan returned to control Yecheng and took control of the government. Er Zhu Zhao fled to Xiurong and committed suicide. Yuan Xiu ascended the throne, becoming Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei.

癸丑　魏高歡平爾朱氏。甲寅　魏高歡之洛，帝修西走長安。歡立清河王子善見，是謂靜帝，改元天平，徙洛陽四十萬戶於鄴，都之，是謂東魏。歡鎮太原，都督中外，專制。宇文泰廢修於長安，殺之，立南陽王寶炬，是謂文帝，改元大統，是謂西魏。泰都督中外，專制。

In the year Gui Chou (公元 533), Gao Huan completely eliminated the remaining forces of the Er Zhu clan. In the year Jia Yin (534), Gao Huan led his troops into Luoyang, and Emperor Xiaowu Yuan Xiu fled west to Chang'an to seek refuge with Yuwen Tai. Gao Huan then established Yuan Shanjian, the son of Qinghe Prince Yuan, as the new emperor, who became Emperor Xiaojing of the Northern Wei, and changed the era name to "Tianping." He moved forty thousand households from Luoyang to Yecheng and established his capital there, forming the Eastern Wei. Gao Huan himself remained stationed in Taiyuan, overseeing both internal and external affairs from a distance and controlling the government. Meanwhile, Yuwen Tai abolished Emperor Xiaowu in Chang'an and installed Yuan Baoyu, the Prince of Nanyang, as the new emperor, who became Emperor Wudi of the Western Wei, and changed the era name to "Dadun," forming the Western Wei. Yuwen Tai also controlled both internal and external affairs, holding all power. The Northern Wei thus split into two courts, laying the foundation for the later Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties.

乙卯　梁改元大同。丙辰　侯景為東魏右僕射南行臺。丁巳　西魏宇文泰大破東魏高歡軍於沙苑。戊午　東魏改元元象，高歡大破西魏宇文泰兵於洛陽。己未　東魏改元興和。庚申　辛酉　壬戌。癸亥　東魏改元武定，高歡大破西魏宇文泰軍於邙山，遂拔洛陽。

In the year Yimao (AD 535), the state of Liang changed its era name to "Dadong." In the year Bingchen (536), Hou Jing was appointed as the Right Chancellor and commander of the southern campaign for the Eastern Wei, marking the beginning of his military dominance, which would later lead to the downfall of the Southern Liang. In the year Dingsi (537), Yuwen Tai of the Western Wei defeated the Eastern Wei forces led by Gao Huan at Shayan. In the year Wuwu (538), the Eastern Wei changed its era name to "Yuanxiang," and Gao Huan defeated the Western Wei troops at Luoyang. In the year Jiwei (539), the Eastern Wei changed its era name to "Xinghe." In the years Gengshen, Xinyou, and Renxu (540-542), there were no notable events. In the year Guihai (543), the Eastern Wei changed its era name to "Wuding," and Gao Huan defeated the Western Wei army at Mt. Mang, subsequently capturing Luoyang. The Eastern and Western Wei were engaged in continuous warfare, with alternating victories and defeats.

甲子　梁武帝四十三年，西魏文帝十一年，東魏靜帝十一年。乙丑。丙寅　梁武帝三失身於同泰，改元中大同。群臣及皇太子畢會於同泰。是夜，同泰大火。丁卯　梁改元太清。東魏渤海王高歡卒於晉陽，子澄繼事。侯景以河南十三州叛，慕容紹宗敗侯景於長社。景南走壽春，附於梁，封為河南王。

The year of Jiazi was the forty-third year of Emperor Wu of Liang's reign, the eleventh year of Emperor Wen of Western Wei, and the eleventh year of Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei, corresponding to the year 544 AD. The year of Yichou (545 AD) had no significant events. In the year of Bingyin (546 AD), Emperor Wu of Liang第三次sacrificed himself at the Temple of Tongtaishan, and he changed the era name to "Zhongdatong." Officials and the crown prince gathered at the Temple of Tongtaishan to redeem the imperial carriage. That night, the Temple of Tongtaishan caught fire and was destroyed. In the year of Dingmao (547 AD), Liang changed its era name to "Taiqing." In Eastern Wei, Prince Beihai Gao Huān died in Jin yang, and his son Gao Chen took over the power. Hou Jing then rebelled in thirteen states in the Henan region. Eastern Wei sent Mu Cang Zhaozong to defeat Hou Jing at Changshe, but Hou Jing fled south to Shouchun and later surrendered to Southern Liang. Emperor Wu of Liang granted him the title of Prince of Henan. Thus, the seeds of calamity for the Southern Dynasties were sown.

戊辰　侯景兵犯梁建業，立蕭正德於南關。己巳　侯景破梁臺城，殺衍，立太子綱，是謂文帝。景稱大丞相，都督中外軍事，專政。湘東王繹開府江陵。將王僧辯、陳霸先率兵討侯景。東魏盜殺高澄於晉陽，弟洋自鄴還晉陽，繼事。

In the year of Wuchen (公元 548), Hou Jing raised an army to attack the capital of Liang, Jianye, and installed a member of the royal family, Xiao Zhengde, as a puppet ruler at the southern pass. In the year of Jisi (549), Hou Jing captured the Taicheng palace, and Emperor Xiao Yan of Liang died from starvation and exhaustion. Hou Jing then proclaimed the crown prince Xiao Gang as emperor, who became Emperor Jiansheng of Liang. Hou Jing claimed the title of Grand Chancellor and Commander of all military forces, monopolizing the government. As a result, the southern regions were devastated, and this event is known as the "Hou Jing Rebellion." Xiao Dongwang, Xiao Yey, established his government in Jiangling, and his generals Wang Shengbian and Chen Baixian led armies to suppress Hou Jing. Meanwhile, the powerful minister Gao Chen of the Eastern Wei was assassinated by his servant in JinYang. His younger brother Gao Yang returned from Yecheng to JinYang to take over the government.

庚午　梁改元太寶，侯景稱相國、漢王，逼綱走西州。西魏拔梁之安陸，取漢中地。東魏高洋入總百揆，進爵為齊王，五月，洋代東魏命，是謂宣帝，改國為齊，元曰天寶，降其君善見為中山王。辛未　侯景廢梁帝綱，又殺之，立豫章王棟，改元天正，又廢之，代立，改國為漢，元曰太始。西魏文帝寶炬卒，子欽繼。

In the year Gengwu (550 CE), the Liang dynasty changed its era name to "Dabao" (the original text says "Tai Bao"). Hou Jing proclaimed himself as Chancellor and King of Han, forcing the Emperor Jianwen Xiao Gang to move to the Western State. The Western Wei took advantage of the chaos to capture Anlu of the Liang and seize the Hanzhong region. In the Eastern Wei, Gao Yang entered the court to take charge of all affairs, and was promoted to the Marquess of Qi. In May, Gao Yang accepted the abdication of the Eastern Wei and became the Wenxuan Emperor of the Northern Qi dynasty, changing the state name to "Qi" and the era name to "Tianbao" (the original text says "Tianbao"), and reducing the Eastern Wei Emperor Xiaojing Yuan Shanjian to the Marquess of Zhongshan. In the year Xinwei (551 CE), Hou Jing deposed Emperor Jianwen Xiao Gang and killed him, then installed Yuzhang Prince Xiao Dong as the new emperor, changing the era name to "Tianzheng". Soon afterwards, Hou Jing deposed Xiao Dong and proclaimed himself emperor, changing the state name to "Han" and the era name to "Taishi". The Western Wei Emperor Yuan Baoju died, and his son Yuan Qin succeeded to the throne.

壬申　梁湘東王繹平侯景，使將朱買臣殺棟，稱帝江陵，是謂元帝，改元承聖，以陳霸先為徵北大將軍，王僧辯為揚州刺史。武陵王紀稱帝成都，年用天正。西魏稱元年。癸酉　梁平武陵王於蜀。西魏宇文泰殺尚書元烈。

In the year Renshen (公元 552), Liang's Prince Xiangdong Wang Xiao Yi pacified the rebellion led by Hou Jing, ordered his general Zhu Mai Chen to kill the deposed emperor Xiao Dong, and established himself as emperor in Jiangling, known as Liang Yuan Di. He changed the era name to "Chengsheng," appointing Chen Baixian as General of the Northern Expedition and Wang Shengbian as Governor of Yangzhou. At the same time, Prince Wuling Wang Xiao Ji declared himself emperor in Chengdu, continuing the era name "Tianzheng." The Liang court saw internal conflict among brothers. The Western Wei also reestablished their era name that year. In the year Guiyou (553), the Liang dynasty subdued the Wuling Prince Xiao Ji in Sichuan, and Sichuan was soon annexed by the Western Wei. Western Wei's Yuwen Tai killed the Minister of the Secretariat Yuan Lie and eliminated the remaining remnants of the Northern Wei dynasty.

甲戌　梁蕭詧引西魏兵陷江陵，殺繹及諸王。大將軍陳霸先、揚州刺史王僧辯立繹之子晉安王方智於潯陽，是謂恭帝，還都建業。王僧辯為太尉，居內；陳霸先為司空，鎮丹徒。西魏宇文泰弒其君欽，立齊王廓，改元元年。泰用蕭詧南征，拔江陵，殺繹，徙其民於長安。

In the year of Jiaxu (公元 554), Xiao Chua, a member of the royal family of the Liang dynasty, led troops from the Western Wei to capture Jiangling, killing the Liang emperor Xiao Yi and various princes. The 140,000 volumes of books collected by Emperor Xiao Yi were burned. General Chen Baixian and the governor of Yangzhou Wang Shengbian proclaimed Xiao Fangzhi, the son of Xiao Yi, as the new emperor, known as Emperor Jingdi of Liang, and restored the capital to Jianye. Wang Shengbian was appointed as Grand General and remained in the central government, while Chen Baixian was appointed as Minister of War and stationed at Dantu. Meanwhile, Yuwen Ta of the Western Wei assassinated Emperor Wenqin of the Northern Wei and installed Prince Qilang Wenkuo as the new emperor, initiating a new era. Yuwen Ta then used the name of Xiao Chua to launch a southern campaign, captured Jiangling, killed Emperor Xiao Yi, and transported over 100,000 civilians from Jiangling to Chang'an.

乙亥　梁貞陽侯蕭明自齊入，至東關，太尉王僧辯拒之，不勝，遂迎蕭明入建業，立之，降方智為太子，改元天成。司空陳霸先自丹徒入，殺王僧辯，廢蕭明為司徒，封建安公，復立方智，改元紹泰。霸先為尚書，都督中外，專制。是年，蕭詧稱帝江陵，改元大定，北附於宇文氏，是謂後南梁。

In the year Yihai (555 CE), Liang's Prince Zhenyang Hou Xiao Yuanying was supported by the Northern Qi and advanced southward to Dongguan. The Grand Minister Wang Shengbian confronted him but was defeated, so he had to welcome Xiao Yuanying into Jianye and proclaim him emperor, demoting Xiao Fangzhi to crown prince and changing the era name to "Tiancheng." Meanwhile, the Grand Minister of the Military Chen Baixian raised an army from Dantu and entered the capital, killing Wang Shengbian, deposing Xiao Yuanying as Grand Minister of the State and granting him the title of Feian Gong, and re-establishing Xiao Fangzhi as emperor, changing the era name to "ShaoTai." Chen Baixian was appointed as Minister of the Secretariat and Commander of the Military, thus monopolizing the government. Also in this year, Xiao Chua declared himself emperor in Jiangling, changing the era name to "Dadeng," and turned northward to rely on the Western Wei's Yuwen clan, establishing the Later Liang, which is referred to as the Later Southern Liang in the text.

丙子　梁改元太平，陳霸先稱相國，敗齊軍於江上。西魏宇文泰卒，子覺繼事。是年，覺代西魏命於長安，是謂閔帝，改國為周，是謂後周，元稱元年，降其君廓為宋國公。丁丑　相國陳霸先進爵為陳王。十月，陳霸先代梁命於建業，是謂武帝，改國為陳，元曰永定。降其君方智為江陰王。周亂，宇文護殺其君覺，立宇文毓，是謂明帝，稱元年。護為太宰，專制。

In the year Bingzi (556 CE), the Liang dynasty changed its era name to "Taiping," and Chen Baxian claimed the title of Grand Chancellor. He defeated the Northern Qi army on the Yangtze River. In the same year, Yuwen Ta of the Western Wei died, and his son Yuwen Jue inherited his power. Yuwen Jue was later enthroned in Chang'an by the Western Wei, becoming Emperor Xiaomin of Zhou. The state was renamed "Zhou," historically known as Northern Zhou, and a new era began. The Western Wei Emperor Yuan Kuang was reduced to the title of Prince of Song. In the year Dingchou (557 CE), Grand Chancellor Chen Baxian was elevated to the Marquess of Chen. In October, Chen Baxian was enthroned in Jianye by the Liang dynasty, becoming Emperor Wudi of Chen. The state was renamed "Chen," with the era name "Yongding." The Liang Emperor Xiaozhi Xiao Fangzhi was reduced to the title of Prince of Jiangyin. Internal turmoil occurred in Northern Zhou, and the powerful minister Yuwen Hu killed Yuwen Jue, then installed Yuwen Yu as emperor, known as Emperor Ming of Zhou. A new era began, and Yuwen Hu was appointed Grand Tutor, holding absolute power over the government.

戊寅　梁蕭莊以郢州稱帝，救援於齊。己卯　陳武帝霸先殂，兄臨川王蒨立，是謂文帝，以子伯宗為太子。周宇文毓稱天王，改元武成。齊宣王洋卒，子殷繼於晉陽，以諸父演為太師，湛為司馬，元氏宗室無少長皆殺之，投於漳水。

In the year of Wuyin (AD 558), Xiao Zhuang, a member of the royal family of the Liang dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Yingzhou and sought aid from the Northern Qi to restore his kingdom. In the year of Jimao (559), Chen Wudi Chen Baixian died, and his nephew Chen Qian, the son of his brother, succeeded to the throne as Chen Wen Di, establishing his son Chen Bozong as crown prince. The Northern Zhou's Yuwen Yu changed his title to Heavenly King and began the era name "Wucheng." The Northern Qi's Wenxuan Emperor Gao Yang died, and his son Gao Yin succeeded him in Jinyang, with his uncle Gao Yan appointed as Grand Tutor and his cousin Gao Zhan as Commander of the Staff. The Northern Qi executed all members of the Tuoba royal family regardless of age, throwing their bodies into the Zhang River, thus ending the Tuoba clan.

庚辰　陳改元天嘉。周亂，宇文護弒其君毓，立其弟邕，是為武帝。齊改元乾明，太師高演弒其君殷，代立，是謂昭帝，改元皇建。辛巳　周改元保定。齊帝演卒於晉陽，大司馬湛立，改元大寧，是謂武成。壬午　齊改元清河，還都鄴。後南梁蕭詧卒，子巋繼，改元天保。

In the year Gengchen (公元 560), Chen changed its era name to "Tianjia." In the Northern Zhou, there was internal turmoil, and Yuwen Hu killed Emperor Ming of Zhou, Yuwen Yu, and installed his younger brother Yuwen Yong, who later became Emperor Wu of Zhou, and eventually conquered Qi and unified the north. In the Northern Qi, the era name was changed to "Ganming," and the Grand Master Gao Yan killed the young emperor Gao Yin and took the throne, becoming Emperor Xiaozhao of Qi, and later changed the era name to "Huangjian." In the year Xinsi (561), the Northern Zhou changed its era name to "Bǎodìng." Emperor Xiaozhao of Qi, Gao Yan, died in Jinyang, and the Grand General Gao Zhan succeeded him, changing the era name to "Daming," becoming Emperor Wucheng of Qi. In the year Renwu (562), the Northern Qi changed its era name to "Heqing" (the original text says "Qinghe"), and returned the capital to Yecheng. After the death of Xiao Cha, the ruler of the Later Liang, his son Xiao Kui succeeded him, changing the era name to "Tianbao."

癸未。甲申　周齊戰於洛陽。乙酉　齊高湛傳子緯位，改元天統。丙戌　陳改元天康。文帝蒨終，太子伯宗嗣位，庶兄頊錄尚書，都督中外軍事，專制。周改元天和。丁亥　陳改元光大。戊子　陳亂，安成王陳頊弒其君伯宗，代立，是謂宣帝。己丑　陳改元太建，以子叔寶為太子。庚寅　齊改元武平。辛卯。壬辰　陳將吳明徹伐齊，有功。周襲封李淵為唐國公，誅太宰晉公護，改元昌德。癸巳　陳伐齊，有功。

In the year Guiwei (553), there was nothing noteworthy. In the year Jiashen (554), a major battle took place between Northern Zhou and Northern Qi in Luoyang. In the year Yiyou (555), the Northern Qi emperor Wu Chengdi Gao Zhan passed the throne to his son Gao Wei, changed the era name to "Tian Tong", and styled himself as Taishang Huang. In the year Bingxu (556), Chen changed its era name to "Tiankang"; Chen Wen帝 Chen Qian died, and his son Chen Bozong succeeded the throne. His younger half-brother, Prince Ancheng Wang Chen Xu, was appointed as Chief Minister and commander of military affairs, and held actual power. Northern Zhou changed its era name to "Tianhe". In the year Dinghai (557), Chen changed its era name to "Guangda". In the year Wuzi (558), there was internal turmoil in Chen, and Prince Ancheng Wang Chen Xu murdered Emperor Chen Bozong and took the throne, becoming Emperor Chen Xuan. In the year Jichou (559), Chen changed its era name to "Taijian", and appointed his son Chen Shubao as crown prince. In the year Gengyin (560), Northern Qi changed its era name to "Wuping". In the year Xinmao (561), there was nothing noteworthy. In the year Renchen (562), Chen general Wu Mingche defeated Northern Qi and achieved military success; Northern Zhou granted Li Yuan the title of Marquis of Tang, who later became the Tang Taizu. In the same year, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou executed the regent, Grand Chancellor Jin Gong Yuwen Hu, who had ruled for over ten years, and changed the era name to "Jiande" (the original text says "Changde"), thus beginning to rule personally. In the year Guisi (563), Chen again attacked Northern Qi and achieved military success, recovering the area of Huainan.

甲午　陳宣帝頊七年，周武帝邕十五年，齊武帝緯十年，後南梁蕭巋十二年。乙未　周大伐齊，圍其晉州及洛陽。丙申　周拔齊平陽及晉陽。齊拒周，不利，晉州陷於周，緯走幷州。周圍幷州。緯走鄴，改元隆化。兄德王延宗稱帝幷州，改元昌德。幷州又陷於周。

The year Jiawu (574 CE) was the seventh year of Chen Xu's reign as emperor of Chen, the fifteenth year of Yuwen Yuan's reign as emperor of Northern Zhou, the tenth year of Gao Wei's reign as emperor of Northern Qi, and the twelfth year of Xiao Kui's reign as emperor of Later Liang. In the year Yiwei (575 CE), Northern Zhou launched a large-scale campaign against Northern Qi, besieging Jinzhou and Luoyang in Qi. In the year Bingshen (576 CE), Northern Zhou captured Pingyang and Jinyang in Qi. Northern Qi resisted but failed, and Jinzhou fell. Emperor Gao Wei of Qi fled to Bingzhou. The Northern Zhou forces then besieged Bingzhou, and Gao Wei fled again to Yecheng, where he changed the era name to "Longhua." His brother, Prince Ande Wang Gao Yanzong, declared himself emperor in Bingzhou, changing the era name to "Dechang" (the original text says "Changde"), but Bingzhou soon fell to Northern Zhou. The Northern Qi dynasty was on the verge of collapse.

丁酉　周軍圍齊之鄴。緯傳子恆位，改元承光。緯走青州，恆又禪丞相任城王湝，稱守國天王。鄴又陷於周，國遂亡，緯亦就禽於青州。戊戌　周改元宣政。帝邕卒於伐齊，子贇繼，是謂宣帝。以楊堅為上柱國大司馬，都督揚州。改元大成。

In the year Dingyou (577 CE), the army of the Northern Zhou surrounded the capital city of Beiqi, Yeh. The Later Zhao emperor Gao Wei passed the throne to his young son Gao Heng, and changed the era name to "Chengguang." He himself fled to Qingzhou. Gao Heng then abdicated the throne to his chancellor, the Prince of Rencheng, Gao Jie, and took the title of "Shouguo Tianwang." Yeh was finally captured by the Northern Zhou, and the Beiqi dynasty was extinguished. Gao Wei was captured in Qingzhou. After more than forty years of division between the north and the south, the region was reunified. In the year Wuxu (578 CE), the Northern Zhou changed its era name to "Xuanzheng." Emperor Wudi Yuyun died during his northern campaign, and his son Yuyun Yun succeeded the throne, becoming Emperor Xuan of the Northern Zhou. Emperor Xuan appointed Yang Jian as the Grand Commandant, Grand General, and Commander of the Military in Yangzhou, and changed the era name to "Dacheng." Yang Jian was the father-in-law of Emperor Xuan, and thus the seeds for the replacement of the Northern Zhou by the Sui dynasty were sown.

己亥　陳將吳明徹伐周，不利於呂梁，淮南之地盡沒於周。周帝贇傳子衍位，是謂靜帝，贇稱天元大帝，改元大象。　庚子　周大帝贇終，大司馬楊堅自揚州入，繼朝政，假黃鉞，都督中外軍事，專制。堅召宇文宗室在藩者六王至長安，皆殺之。天下兵起。尉遲迥稱兵相州，宇文胄稱兵榮州，石遜稱兵建州，席毗稱兵沛郡，席義羅稱兵兗州，王謙稱兵益州，堅悉平之，進爵為隋王，用天子服器。鄖州蕭難以八州入於陳。

The year Jihai was the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Chen Shun of the Southern Dynasty and the first year of the reign of Emperor Yuwen Yuan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (579 AD). General Wu Mingche of the Chen Dynasty led his troops to attack the Northern Zhou, but suffered a defeat and was captured at Lüliang (now southeast of Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province), resulting in the entire Huainan region falling under the control of the Northern Zhou. Emperor Yuwen Yuan of the Northern Zhou passed the throne to his son Yuwen Yanzheng, who became Emperor Jingdi of Zhou. Yuwen Yuan then claimed the title of "Tianyuan Dadi" and changed the era name to "Daxiang." In the year Gengzi (580 AD), Emperor Tianyuan Yuwen Yuan died. Yang Jian, the Grand Master of the Army, entered the capital from Yangzhou to take control of the government, was granted the "huang yue" (golden axe), and was given command of all military forces both within and outside the capital, thus monopolizing power. Yang Jian summoned six relatives of the Yuwen clan who were stationed outside the capital to Chang'an and executed them all, leading to uprisings across the country: Yuchi Jiugong raised an army in Xiangzhou, Yuwen Zhaoyu in Rongzhou, Shi Xun in Jianzhou, Xi Pi in Peijun, Xi Yiluo in Yanzhou, and Wang Qian in Yizhou. Yang Jian suppressed all these rebellions one by one. Yang Jian was then elevated to the title of "Sui Wang" and was allowed to use the imperial robes and ceremonial vehicles. Xiao Nan, the governor of Yunzhou, led eight states to submit to the Southern Chen.

辛丑　周改元大定。是年隋王楊堅代後周命於長安，是謂文帝，改國曰隋，元曰開皇，以高熲、虞慶則、李德林、康世康、暉、元巖、長孫毗、楊尚希、楊惠十人為之輔，冊妃獨孤氏為皇后，子勇為太子，廣為晉王，降其君衍為介國公，殺之。　壬寅　陳宣帝頊終，子叔寶繼，是謂後主。隋起新宮於龍首崗。　癸卯　陳改元至德。隋徙居新宮。　甲辰　後南梁蕭巋朝隋。　乙巳　後南梁蕭巋卒，子琮繼。

In the year Xinchou (581), the Northern Zhou changed its era name to "Dadeng." That year, the Duke of Sui, Yang Jian, took over the Northern Zhou in Chang'an and became emperor, known as Emperor Wen of Sui. The state was renamed "Sui," and the era name was set as "Kaixiang." He appointed ten ministers to assist in governance, including Gao Jing, Yu Qingze, Li Deline, Kang Shikang, Hui, Yuan Yan, Changsun Pi, Yang Shangxi, and Yang Hui (the names listed in the source have errors or omissions, making the number less than ten). He also enfeoffed his wife Dugu as empress, his eldest son Yang Yong as crown prince, and his second son Yang Guang as Prince Jinwang. The last emperor of Northern Zhou, Yuwen Yan, was demoted to the Marquess of Jieguo and was later executed. In the year Renyin (582), Emperor Xu of Chen died, and his son Chen Shubao succeeded him, becoming Emperor Houzhu of Chen. The Sui dynasty began constructing a new capital at Longshougang in the southeast of Chang'an. In the year Guimao (583), the Chen dynasty changed its era name to "Zide." The Sui dynasty moved into the newly built Daxing City. In the year Jiachen (584), the ruler of Houliang, Xiao Kui, paid homage to the Sui dynasty. In the year Yisi (585), Xiao Kui of Houliang died, and his son Xiao Cong succeeded him.

丙午　隋成國公梁士彥、杞國公宇文忻、舒國公劉昉謀興復，不克，伏誅。梁蕭琮改元廣運。　丁未　陳改元禎明。梁蕭琮納國於隋。太傅安平王蕭巖、荊州刺史蕭瓛降於陳。　戊申　隋命晉王廣、秦王俊、清河公楊素，督總管九十、兵五十一萬，為八路，大伐陳。以壽春為行臺府。　己酉　隋師滅陳，以陳後主叔寶歸於長安。　庚戌　蘇、越、饒、泉、婺、樂安、蔣山、永嘉、餘杭、交阯未服，楊素悉平之。　辛亥　壬子　癸丑　甲寅　東巡，封泰山。　乙卯　丙辰　丁巳　戊午　伐高麗無功。　己未　庚申　廢太子勇，冊晉王廣為皇太子。　辛酉　改元仁壽，命十六使巡行天下。　壬戌　命七大臣定禮。　癸亥

In the year Bingwu (586), the Northern Zhou dynasty was overthrown by a conspiracy led by Chengguo Gong Liang Shiyuan, Qiguo Gong Yuwen Xin, and Shuguo Gong Liu Fang. The plot was discovered and all three were executed. After this, the Later Liang dynasty's Xiao Cong changed the era name to "Guangyun." In the year Dingwei (587), the Chen dynasty changed its era name to "Zhenming." Xiao Cong surrendered the Later Liang territory to the Sui dynasty, leading to the fall of the Later Liang. His Taifu Anping Wang Xiao Yan and the governor of Jingzhou Xiao Wan then surrendered to the Chen dynasty. In the year Wushen (588), Emperor Wen of Sui ordered Prince Yanguang, Prince Qianwang, and Qinghe Gong Yang Su to lead ninety governors and 510,000 troops, divided into eight routes, to launch a major campaign against Chen. The headquarters was set in Shoucheng, which was the location of the front command. In the year Jiwei (589), the Sui army defeated Chen, captured Chen Shubao, the last emperor of Chen, and brought him back to Chang'an. The division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which had lasted nearly three hundred years, ended at this point. In the year Gengshen (590), the areas of Suzhou, Yuezhou, Raozhou, Quanzhou, Wuzhou, Le'an, Jiangshan, Yongjia, Yuhang, and Jiaozhi still refused to submit, and Yang Su led his troops to pacify them one by one. In the years Xinhai, Renzi, and Guichou (591 to 593), there were no notable events. In the year Jiayin (594), Emperor Wen of Sui toured the east and performed the ceremony of ascending the throne at Mount Tai. In the years Yimao, Bingchen, and Dingsi (595 to 597), there were no significant events. In the year Wuwu (598), the Sui dynasty launched an expedition against Goguryeo but failed to achieve any success. In the year Jiwei (599), there were no notable events. In the year Gengshen (600), Crown Prince Yang Yong was deposed, and Prince Yanguang was appointed as the new crown prince. In the year Xinyou (601), the era name was changed to "Renshou," and sixteen envoys were sent to inspect the country. In the year Renxu (602), seven senior officials were ordered to revise the rites and ceremonies. In the year Guihai (603), there were no notable events.

甲子　隋文帝二十四年，皇太子廣行弒於仁壽宮，代立，是謂煬帝。是年，幸洛陽，建東都於郟鄏，以洛州為豫州。　乙丑　改元大業，冊妃蕭氏為皇后，子晉王昭為皇太子，以宇文述為左衛大將軍，郭衍為左武衛大將軍，於仲文為右武衛大將軍，尚書令楊素為太子太師，安德王雄為太子太傅，河間王宏為太子太保。遵河由汴渚達於淮，謂之通濟渠。幸東都。

The year Jiazi (604) was the twenty-fourth year of the reign of Emperor Wen of Sui. The crown prince Yang Guang murdered his father and seized the throne, becoming Emperor Yang of Sui. That year he toured Luoyang, and built the Eastern Capital in Jia Ru (now in the area of Luoyang). He changed the name of Luo State to Yu State. In the year Yichou (605), he changed the era name to "Daye." He appointed Consort Xiao as empress, his son Prince Yang Zhao as crown prince, and appointed Yu Wen Shu as commander of the Left Guards, Guo Yan as commander of the Left Military Guards, Yu Zhongwen as commander of the Right Military Guards, and Grand Secretary Yang Su as tutor to the crown prince. He also appointed Prince Yang Xiong as the prince's chief advisor and Prince Yang Hong as the prince's guardian. He also followed the Yellow River, passed through the Bian River, and connected with the Huai River, digging the "Tongji Canal," which was the middle section of the Grand Canal. Emperor Yang then toured the Eastern Capital.

丙寅　幸江都，還次東都。太子昭卒，封孫侗為越王，侑為代王，浩為秦王。　丁卯　還長安，北巡榆林，作宮於晉陽。光祿賀若弼、禮部郎宇文弼、太常卿高熲伏誅西北，大築亭障。　戊辰　北巡五原，作宮於汾陽。遵河由清水達於海，謂之永濟渠。引沁水南達於河，北通涿郡。　己巳　西幸河右，徵吐谷渾，至於覆袁。　庚午　南幸江都。　辛未　北幸涿郡。

In the year Bingyin (606), Emperor Yang toured Jiangdu, which is today's Yangzhou, and returned to stay at the Eastern Capital. The crown prince Yang Zhao died, and his grandson Yang Tong was made the Prince of Yue, Yang You the Prince of Dai, and Yang Hao the Prince of Qin. In the year Dingmao (607), Emperor Yang returned to Chang'an and then went north to Yulin, building a palace at Jinyang (now Taiyuan). The Grand Master of Food He Ruo Bi, the Minister of Rites Yu Wen Bi, and the Minister of Rites Gao Jing were executed for discussing state affairs. In the northwest region, many watchtowers and fortifications were built, which were the sentry posts and walls along the borders. In the year Wuchen (608), Emperor Yang toured north to Wuyuan, building a palace at FenYang. He followed the Yellow River through Qingshui to reach the Bohai Sea, opening the "Yongji Canal." He also diverted the Qinyu River to connect with the Yellow River to the south and reach Zhuju (now the area around Beijing) to the north. In the year Jisi (609), Emperor Yang toured west along the Hexi Corridor, attacking the Tuyuhun, and his army reached Fuyuan Valley. In the year Gengwu (610), Emperor Yang toured south to Jiangdu. In the year Xinwei (611), Emperor Yang toured north to Zhuju, preparing for the campaign against Liao Dong.

壬申　以兵百一十三萬三千八百為二十四軍，分左右道，大伐遼東，不利，全陷九軍。　癸酉　以代王侑留守長安，越王侗留守東都，秦王浩從駕徵遼東，復大集兵於涿郡。天下群盜起。楊玄感以本兵叛於黎陽。　甲戌　高麗請降，乃班師。扶風盜稱帝，延安寇稱王，離石賊稱天子。　乙亥　北巡，至於雁門，為突厥所圍。　丙子　南達江都，群盜李密稱兵河南，竇建德稱兵河北，林士弘稱兵江南，徐圓朗稱兵東山，劉武周稱兵代北，薛舉稱兵隴右。

In the Renshen year (612), Emperor Yang of the Sui mobilized one million one hundred thirty thousand eight hundred soldiers, organized into twenty-four armies, and launched a major campaign against Goguryeo in Liao Dong. The campaign was unsuccessful, and nine armies were completely destroyed. In the Guiyou year (613), Emperor Yang ordered Prince Dayu to remain in Chang'an and Prince Yutong to stay in the Eastern Capital, while Prince Yang Hao accompanied the emperor for another campaign against Liao Dong. At this time, bandits rose up all over the country, and Yang Xuan gan led his troops in rebellion against the Sui in Linyang (now Xinxi County, Henan). In the Jiaxu year (614), Goguryeo surrendered, and the Sui army withdrew. A rebel leader in Fufeng proclaimed himself emperor, a bandit chieftain in Yanchang proclaimed himself king, and a rebel leader in Lishi claimed to be the Son of Heaven. In the Yihai year (615), Emperor Yang toured north to Yamen and was surrounded by the Khitan forces. In the Bingzi year (616), Emperor Yang went south to Jiangdu, and rebels rose up all over the country: Li Mi raised his army in Henan, Dou Jiande in North China, Lin Shihong in Jiangnan, Xu Yuanshang in the East Mountains (now the area around Shandong), and Liu Wuzhou in Daidi, while Xue Jiqi raised his army in Longyou.

丁丑　煬帝在江都。唐公李淵自晉陽入，立代王侑於長安，以江都帝為太上皇，改元義寧。淵稱唐王，專制。群盜竇建德稱王河北。李密進據鞏洛，稱公，國曰魏，元曰永平。薛舉稱帝隴右，國曰秦，元曰秦興。梁師都稱兵夏州，李軌稱兵涼州，蕭銑稱兵巴陵，李子通稱兵海陵，朱粲稱兵寇軍，沈法興稱兵毗陵，杜伏威稱兵歷陽。

In the year of Dingchou (617), Emperor Yang was still detained in Jiangdu. Prince Li Yuan of the Tang state raised an army from JinYang and entered Guanzhong, supporting Prince Dai Wang Yang You to ascend the throne in Chang'an, who became Emperor Gong of the Sui dynasty, and respectfully regarded the distant Emperor Yang in Jiangdu as the retired emperor. The era name was changed to "Yining". Li Yuan claimed the title of King of Tang and held power alone. In the north, Dou Jiande proclaimed himself king; Li Mi occupied Gongxian and Luokou areas, claiming the title of Wei Gong, establishing the state of Wei with the era name "Yongping". Xue Ju established the state of Qin with the era name "Qin Xing" in Longyou. In addition, Liang Shidu raised an army in Xiazhou, Li Gui in Liangzhou, Xiao Xi in Baling, Li Zitong in Hailing, Zhu Can gathered a group of bandits, Shen Faxing raised an army in Piling (now Changzhou), and Du Fuwei raised an army in Lixiang (now He County, Anhui). The situation of warlords dividing the land had already formed.

戊寅　五月，唐王李淵代隋命於長安，是謂神堯皇帝，改國曰唐，元曰武德。以裴寂、劉文靜為輔相，世子建成為皇太子，次子世民為秦王。降其君為酅國公。是年，宇文化及弒煬帝於江都，立秦王皓為主，化及稱王，專制，北轉至魏州，化及又殺皓代立，稱帝，國曰許，元曰天壽。又北走聊城。王世充立越王侗於東都，改元皇始，世充稱鄭王，專制。群盜竇建德進有河北，都樂壽。隴右薛舉卒，子仁杲立。劉武周進有河東，稱帝，國曰漢，元曰天興。梁師都進有朔方，稱帝，國曰梁，元曰永隆。李軌進有河右，稱帝，國曰涼，元曰安樂。蕭銑進有江南及嶺表，稱帝，國曰梁，元曰鳳鳴。李子通進有江都，稱帝，國曰吳，元曰明政。朱粲進有山南，稱帝，國曰楚，元曰昌達。沈法興進有江東，稱王，國曰梁，元曰延康。林士弘稱帝虔州，國曰楚，元曰太平。杜伏威進有淮南，受唐封楚王。秦王平隴右，獲薛仁杲。

In the year of Wuyin (618), in the fifth lunar month, the Prince of Tang, Li Yuan, took control of Chang'an and overthrew the Sui dynasty, becoming the first emperor of the Tang dynasty, known posthumously as Emperor Shenyao, with the state name changed to "Tang" and the era name set as "Wude". He appointed Pei Ji and Liu Wencheng as his chief ministers, designated his eldest son Li Jiancheng as the crown prince, and his second son Li Shimin as the Prince of Qin. The former emperor of the Sui, Yang You, was reduced to the title of Prince of Xie and was given the responsibility of continuing the sacrifices to the Sui dynasty. At this time, the Tang dynasty controlled only the regions of Guanzhong and Hedong, while the majority of the country was still in the hands of various warlords. During this year, the general Yuwen Huaji of the Sui Right Garrison led the Xiaoguo army in a mutiny at Jiangdu, assassinated Emperor Yang of the Sui, and proclaimed Yang Hao, the Prince of Qin, as the new emperor, claiming the title of King and seizing power for himself. After retreating north to Weizhou, he killed Yang Hao and declared himself emperor, establishing the state name "Xu" and the era name "Tianshou", then fled further north to Licheng. Wang Shichong proclaimed himself King of Zheng in the eastern capital, enthroned the Prince of Yue, Yang Tong, as emperor, changed the era name to "Huashishi", and seized power for himself. Among the warlords, Dou Jiande controlled Hebei and established his capital at LeShou; after the death of Xue Ju of Longyou, his son Xue Renqiao succeeded him; Liu Wuzhou controlled Hedong and declared himself emperor, establishing the state name "Han" and the era name "Tianxingtian"; Liang Shidu controlled Shuofang and declared himself emperor, establishing the state name "Liang" and the era name "Yonglong"; Li Guo controlled Hexi and declared himself emperor, establishing the state name "Liang" and the era name "Anle"; Xiao Xian controlled Jiangnan and Lingnan and declared himself emperor, establishing the state name "Liang" and the era name "Fengming"; Li Zitong controlled Jiangdu and declared himself emperor, establishing the state name "Wu" and the era nane "Mingzheng"; Zhu Can controlled Shannan and declared himself emperor, establishing the state name "Chu" and the era name "Changda"; Shen Faxing controlled Jiangdong and proclaimed himself King, establishing the state name "Liang" and the era name "Yankang"; Lin Shihong proclaimed himself emperor in Qianzhou, establishing the state name "Chu" and the era name "Taiping"; Du Fuwei controlled Huainan and accepted the Tang imperial title as the Prince of Chu. Within a single year, over ten groups declared themselves emperors or kings, marking the peak of the fragmentation at the end of the Sui dynasty. Within the same year, Prince Li Shimin of Qin led his troops to suppress Longyou, captured Xue Renqiao, and the threat from the west of the Tang dynasty was first removed.

己卯　唐秦王平河右，獲李軌。李密與王世充相攻，不利，奔唐，復叛，死於桃林。將徐世勣以河南十郡降竇建德，滅宇文化及於聊城，自樂壽徙於洛南，有黎陽之地，稱國曰夏，元曰五鳳。蕭銑滅林士宏於虔州，杜伏威南保江都，李子通西保江陵。王世充殺越王侗於東都，稱帝，國曰鄭，元曰開明。朱粲降於唐，復殺唐使者，奔王世充。　庚辰　唐秦王平河東，劉武周走突厥。李子通滅沈法興於江東，徙居餘杭。工部尚書獨孤懷恩以謀逆伏誅。

In the year of Jimao (619), Tang Prince Li Shimin pacified the Western River region and captured Li Gui. Li Mi and Wang Shichong suffered defeat in the area around Luoyang, and Li Mi led his remaining troops to submit to the Tang dynasty, but soon rebelled again and fled, being pursued and killed by Tang forces in Taolin. Xu Shi Ji, a general of Li Mi, led the ten prefectures of Henan to submit to Dou Jiande; Dou Jiande defeated Yuwen Huaji in Lucheng, held a funeral for Emperor Yang of Sui, moved his capital from LeShou to south of Luo River, controlled the area around Liyang, and established the state of "Xia" with the era name "Wufeng". Xiao Xian defeated Lin Shihong in Qianzhou; Du Fuwei defended the south at Jiangdu, while Li Zitong took refuge in Jiangling. Wang Shichong killed the puppet prince Yue Wang Yang Tong whom he had supported in the eastern capital, and declared himself emperor, establishing the state of "Zheng" with the era name "Kaiming", thus ending the last remnants of the Sui dynasty. Zhu Can once submitted to the Tang dynasty, but later killed Tang envoys and switched allegiance to Wang Shichong. In the year of Gengchen (620), Tang Prince Li Shimin pacified Hedong, and Liu Wuzhou fled to Tujue. Li Zitong defeated Shen Faxing in the Jiangdong region and moved to Yuhang. Du Guo, the Minister of Works and maternal uncle of Emperor Gaozu, was executed for plotting rebellion.

辛巳　唐秦王平河南、河北，獲王世充及竇建德以歸。杜伏威滅李子通於餘杭。竇建德故將劉黑闥復稱兵河北。　壬午　唐李靖滅蕭銑於金陵，江南及嶺表平。　癸未　唐秦王平河北，獲劉黑闥，又平徐圓朗於曹州。江淮杜伏威來朝。其將輔公佑稱王丹陽，徙國曰宋。　甲申　唐李靖平輔公佑於江淮。　乙酉　唐加秦王中書令。

In the Xinsi year (621), Tang Prince Li Shimin pacified Henan and Hebei, captured Wang Shichong and Dou Jiande, and brought them back to Chang'an, which laid the foundation for the unification of the Tang dynasty. Du Fuwei defeated Li Zitong in Yuhang. Dou Jiande's former general Liu Hetai raised an army again in Hebei. In the Renwu year (622), Tang general Li Jing defeated Xiao Xiam in Jingling, and the Jiangnan and Lingnan regions were pacified. In the Guiwei year (623), Prince Li Shimin pacified Hebei and captured Liu Hetai, and also pacified Xu Yuanyang in Caizhou. Du Fuwei from the Jianghuai region submitted to the court, but his general Fugongyou declared himself king in Danyang and changed the state name to "Song". In the Jiashen year (624), Tang general Li Jing pacified Fugongyou in the Jianghuai region. In the Yiyou year (625), the Tang court conferred the position of Chancellor on Prince Li Shimin.

丙戌　皇太子建成、齊王元吉作難，殺秦王不克。秦王以長孫無忌、尉遲敬德、侯君集、張公謹、王君廓、房玄齡、杜如晦、長孫順德、柴紹、羅藝、劉師元、李世勣、劉宏基、王孝恭平之於玄武門，帝乃授秦王世民位，退居太安宮，稱太上皇。高士廉為侍中，房玄齡為中書令，蕭瑀為尚書右僕射。　丁亥　改元貞觀。尚書封倫卒，蕭瑀為左僕射，長孫無忌為右僕射。　戊子　平梁師都於朔方。

In the year of Bingxu (626), the crown prince Li Jiancheng and the prince Li Yuangji conspired to kill the prince Li Shimin, but failed. Prince Li Shimin relied on Zhongsun Wuxiu, Weilishi Jingde, Hou Junji, Zhang Gongjin, Wang Junguo, Fang Xuanliang, Du Rushui, Zhongsun Shunde, Chao Shao, Luo Yi, Liu Shiyuan, Li Shiji, Liu Hongji, and Wang Xiaogong to launch a coup at the Black Tortoise Gate, eliminating the two princes. This event is known as the "Black Tortoise Gate Incident." The emperor then passed the throne to Prince Li Shimin, who became Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, while the emperor himself retired to the Taian Palace and became the Grand Emperor. In the court, Gao Shilian was appointed as the Attendant Minister, Fang Xuanliang as the Minister of the Secretariat, and Xiao Yu as the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Works. In the year of Dinghai (627), the era name was changed to "Zhen Guan." The Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, Shen Fenglun, died, and Xiao Yu was appointed as the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Works, while Zhongsun Wuxiu was appointed as the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Works. In the year of Wuzi (628), the region of Shuofang was pacified, ending the last of the warlords from the end of the Sui Dynasty.

己丑　相裴寂以罪免，房玄齡為尚書左僕射，杜如晦為尚書右僕射，李靖為兵部尚書，魏徵守秘書監，參預朝政。　庚寅　李靖平突厥，獲頡利可汗。戴胄、蕭瑀參預朝政，溫彥博為中書令。　辛卯　春大蒐於昆明，冬幸溫湯。　壬辰　祀南郊。　癸巳　魏徵為侍中。頒新定《五經》於天下。

In the Jichou year (629), the chancellor Pei Ji was dismissed for wrongdoing, while Fang Xuanling was appointed as the Left Chancellor, Du Ruoshi as the Right Chancellor, and Li Jing as the Minister of War. In the Gengyin year (630), Li Jing led an expedition to subdue the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, capturing the Khagan Jielie, and from then on, Emperor Taizong was revered by the surrounding peoples as "Heavenly Khagan." Dai Zhou and Xiao Yu participated in state affairs, while Wen Yanbo held the post of Chancellor. In the Xinmao year (631), a large military review was held in the Kunming Pool in spring, known as the "Great Hunt," and in winter, the emperor toured the Warm Spring Palace. In the Renchen year (632), a sacrifice to Heaven was performed at the southern altar. In the Guisi year (633), Wei Zheng was promoted to the position of Attendant Minister. The court also issued the newly compiled "Five Classics," which became the precursor to the later "Five Classics with Commentary."