Duke Zhao (First to Thirty-second Year)

【經】九年春王二月，葬杞僖公。宋皇瑗帥師取鄭師於雍丘。夏，楚人伐陳。

[Classic] In the ninth year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, Duke Xi of Qi was buried. Huang Yuan of Song led an army and wiped out the army of Zheng at Yongqiu. In summer, the men of Chu attacked Chen.

秋，宋公伐鄭。冬十月。

In autumn, the Duke of Song attacked Zheng. In winter, the tenth month.

【傳】九年春，齊侯使公孟綽辭師於吳。吳子曰：“昔歲寡人聞命。今又革之，不知所從，將進受命於君。”

[Commentary] In the ninth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi sent Gongmeng Chuo to Wu to decline the sending of troops. The Viscount of Wu said, "Last year I heard your command. Now it is changed again; I do not know which to follow, and will go to receive the command from your ruler."

鄭武子剩之嬖許瑕求邑，無以與之。請外取，許之。故圍宋雍丘。宋皇瑗圍鄭師，每日遷舍，壘合，鄭師哭。子姚救之，大敗。二月甲戌，宋取鄭師於雍丘，使有能者無死，以郟張與鄭羅歸。

Xu Xia, favorite of Wuzi Sheng of Zheng, asked for a city, but there was none to give him. He asked to seize one from outside, and it was agreed. So they besieged Yongqiu of Song. Huang Yuan of Song surrounded the Zheng army, moved camp every day, and the forts closed in, and the Zheng army wept. Ziyao relieved them and was badly defeated. In the second month, on jiaxu, Song wiped out the Zheng army at Yongqiu, let the able ones live, and returned with Jia Zhang and Zheng Luo.

夏，楚人伐陳，陳即吳故也。

In summer, the men of Chu attacked Chen because Chen was close to Wu.

宋公伐鄭。

The Duke of Song attacked Zheng.

秋，吳城邗，溝通江、淮。

In autumn, Wu built a city at Han and connected the Yangtze and Huai.

晉趙鞅卜救鄭，遇水適火，占諸史趙、史墨、史龜。史龜曰：“是謂瀋陽，可以興兵。利以伐姜，不利子商。伐齊則可，敵宋不吉。”史墨曰：“盈，水名也。子，水位也。名位敵，不可幹也。炎帝為火師，姜姓其後也。水勝火，伐姜則可。”史趙曰：“是謂如川之滿，不可遊也。鄭方有罪，不可救也。救鄭則不吉，不知其他。”陽虎以《周易》筮之，遇《泰》ⅱⅰ之《需》ⅴⅰ，曰：“宋方吉，不可與也。微子啟，帝乙之元子也。宋、鄭，甥舅也。祉，祿也。若帝乙之元子歸妹，而有吉祿，我安得吉焉？”乃止。

Zhao Yang of Jin divined about relieving Zheng, and obtained water meeting fire, and asked Shi Zhao, Shi Mo, and Shi Gui. Shi Gui said, "This is called 'sinking yang'; it is permissible to raise troops. It is favorable to attack the Jiang surname and unfavorable for Zishang. To attack Qi is acceptable; to be enemy to Song is not auspicious." Shi Mo said, "Ying is the name of the water. Zi is the position of the water. When name and position match, one must not offend it. The Yan Emperor was master of fire, and the Jiang surname is his descendants. Water overcomes fire, so attacking the Jiang is acceptable." Shi Zhao said, "This is called the river overflowing; one must not swim in it. Zheng is now guilty and must not be relieved. To relieve Zheng would be inauspicious; I do not know about other things." Yang Hu divined with the Book of Changes and obtained Tai changing to Xu, and said, "Song is now fortunate, and one must not oppose it. Weizi Qi was the eldest son of Di Yi. Song and Zheng are in-laws. 'Zhi' means emolument. If the eldest son of Di Yi marries off his sister and has auspicious emolument, how can we obtain good fortune?" So they stopped.

冬，吳子使來亻敬師伐齊。

In winter, the Viscount of Wu sent men to come and ask for troops to attack Qi (the base text has a damaged character here, probably "jing").

【經】十年春王二月，邾子益來奔。公會吳伐齊。三月戊戌，齊侯陽生卒。

[Classic] In the tenth year, in spring, in the second month of the Zhou calendar, Yi, Viscount of Zhu, came and fled to Lu. Duke Ai joined Wu in attacking Qi. In the third month, on wuxu, Yangsheng, Marquis of Qi, died.

夏，宋人伐鄭。晉趙鞅帥師侵齊。五月，公至自伐齊。葬齊悼公。衛公孟彄自齊歸於衛。薛伯夷卒。秋，葬薛惠公。冬，楚公子結帥師伐陳。吳救陳。

In summer, the men of Song attacked Zheng. Zhao Yang of Jin led an army to raid Qi. In the fifth month, Duke Ai returned from attacking Qi. Duke Dao of Qi was buried. Gongmeng Wei of Wei returned from Qi to Wei. Yi, Earl of Xue, died. In autumn, Duke Hui of Xue was buried. In winter, Prince Jie of Chu led an army to attack Chen. Wu relieved Chen.

【傳】十年春，邾隱公來奔。齊甥也，故遂奔齊。

[Commentary] In the tenth year, in spring, Duke Yin of Zhu came and fled to Lu. He was a nephew of Qi, and so went on to flee to Qi.

公會吳子、邾子、郯子伐齊南鄙，師於鄎。齊人弒悼公，赴於師。吳子三日哭于軍門之外。徐承帥舟師，將自海入齊，齊人敗之，吳師乃還。

Duke Ai joined the Viscount of Wu, the Viscount of Zhu, and the Viscount of Tan in attacking the southern border of Qi, and the army encamped at Xi. The men of Qi murdered Duke Dao and sent the announcement of the death to the army. The Viscount of Wu wept for three days outside the army gate. Xu Cheng led the naval fleet and was going to enter Qi by the sea route, but the men of Qi defeated them, and the Wu army then turned back.

夏，趙鞅帥師伐齊，大夫請卜之。趙孟曰：“吾卜於此起兵，事不再令，卜不襲吉，行也。”於是乎取犁及轅，毀高唐之郭，侵及賴而還。

In summer, Zhao Yang led an army to attack Qi, and the grand officers asked to divine. Zhao Meng said, "I have already divined about raising troops for this matter; a matter is not commanded twice and divination is not repeated to seek good fortune; let us set out." So he took Li and Yuan, destroyed the outer wall of Gaotang, and raided as far as Lai and then turned back.

秋，吳子使來復亻敬師。

In autumn, the Viscount of Wu again sent men to ask for troops (the base text has a damaged character here, probably "jing").

冬，楚子期伐陳。吳延州來季子救陳，謂子期曰：“二君不務德，而力爭諸侯，民何罪焉？我請退，以為子名，務德而安民。”乃還。

In winter, Ziqi of Chu attacked Chen. Jizi of Yanzhou Lai of Wu relieved Chen and said to Ziqi, "The two rulers do not devote themselves to virtue but use force to contend for the feudal lords; what crime have the people? I ask to withdraw, to perfect your reputation, so that you may devote yourself to virtue and give the people peace." So he went back.

【經】十有一年春，齊國書帥師伐我。夏，陳轅頗出奔鄭。五月，公會吳伐齊。甲戌，齊國書帥師及吳戰於艾陵，齊師敗績，獲齊國書。秋七月辛酉，滕子虞母卒。冬十有一月，葬滕隱公。衛世叔齊出奔宋。

[Classic] In the eleventh year, in spring, Guo Shu of Qi led an army to attack us. In summer, Yuan Po of Chen fled to Zheng. In the fifth month, Duke Ai joined Wu in attacking Qi. On jiaxu, Guo Shu of Qi led an army and fought Wu at Ailing, and the Qi army was utterly defeated, and Guo Shu of Qi was captured. In autumn, in the seventh month, on xinyou, Yumu, Viscount of Teng, died. In winter, in the eleventh month, Duke Yin of Teng was buried. Shi Shuqi of Wei fled to Song.

【傳】十一年春，齊為鄎故，國書、高無丕帥師伐我，及清。季孫謂其宰冉求曰：“齊師在清，必魯故也。若之何？”求曰：“一子守，二子從公御諸竟。”

[Commentary] In the eleventh year, in spring, Qi, because of Xi, sent Guo Shu and Gao Wupi with an army to attack us, reaching Qing. Jisun said to his steward Ran Qiu, "The Qi army is at Qing, and it must be for the sake of Lu. What shall we do?" Qiu said, "Let one man stay on guard, and two follow the duke to resist at the border."

季孫曰：“不能。”求曰：“居封疆之間。”季孫告二子，二子不可。求曰：“若不可，則君無出。一子帥師，背城而戰。不屬者，非魯人也。魯之群室，眾於齊之兵車。一室敵車，優矣。子何患焉？二子之不欲戰也宜，政在季氏。當子之身，齊人伐魯而不能戰，子之恥也。大不列於諸侯矣。”季孫使從於朝，俟於黨氏之溝。武叔呼而問戰焉，對曰：“君子有遠慮，小人何知？”懿子強問之，對曰：“小人慮材而言，量力而共者也。”武叔曰：“是謂我不成丈夫也。”退而蒐乘，孟孺子洩帥右師，顏羽御，邴洩為右。冉求帥左師，管周父御，樊遲為右。季孫曰：“須也弱。”有子曰：“就用命焉。”季氏之甲七千，冉有以武城人三百為己徒卒。老幼守宮，次於雩門之外。五日，右師從之。公叔務人見保者而泣，曰：“事充政重，上不能謀，士不能死，何以治民？吾既言之矣，敢不勉乎！”師及齊師戰於郊，齊師自稷曲，師不逾溝。樊遲曰：“非不能也，不信子也。

Jisun said, "It cannot be done." Qiu said, "Then at the boundary." Jisun told the two men, who did not agree. Qiu said, "If it cannot be done, then the ruler should not go out. One man should lead the army and fight with his back to the city. Those who do not follow are not Lu people. The many houses of Lu outnumber the war chariots of Qi. One house against one chariot would be more than enough. What do you worry about? It is only natural that the two do not want to fight, as government is in the Ji clan. In your own person, if Qi attacks Lu and you cannot fight, it is your disgrace. You could never again be counted among the feudal lords." Jisun had him accompany him to court and wait at the ditch of the Dang clan. Wushu called out and asked about the battle, and he replied, "A gentleman has long-range considerations; what does a petty man know?" Yizi pressed him and he replied, "A petty man speaks after measuring his abilities and renders service after weighing his strength." Wushu said, "This says I am not a proper man." He withdrew and inspected the war chariots. Meng Ruzi Xie led the right army, Yan Yu drove the chariot, and Bing Xie was the spearman. Ran Qiu led the left army, Guan Zhoufu drove, and Fan Chi was the spearman. Jisun said, "Xu is still weak." Youzi said, "Use those who can follow orders." The armored men of the Ji clan numbered seven thousand, and Ran You used three hundred men of Wucheng as his own foot soldiers. The old and young guarded the palace, and encamped outside the Yu gate. Five days later, the right army caught up. Gongshu Wuren, seeing the men guarding the city, wept and said, "Corvée is heavy and taxes are high, those above cannot plan, and officers cannot die; what do we govern the people with? I have already said it; how dare I not exert myself!" The army fought the Qi army at the suburbs. The Qi army came from Jiqu, and our army would not cross the ditch. Fan Chi said, "It is not that they cannot, it is that they do not trust you.

請三刻而逾之。”如之，眾從之。師入齊軍，右師奔，齊人從之，陳瓘、陳莊涉泗。孟之側後入以為殿，抽矢策其馬，曰：“馬不進也。”林不狃之伍曰：“走乎？”不狃曰：“誰不如？”曰：“然則止乎？”不狃曰：“惡賢？”徐步而死。

(Fan Chi continued:) Please agree to cross after three drum beats." It was done so, and the men followed. The army charged into the Qi army, the right army fled, the men of Qi pursued, and Chen Guan and Chen Zhuang crossed the Si. Meng Zhice entered last and acted as rear guard, drew an arrow and struck his horse, saying, "The horse would not advance." A man of Lin Buniu's squad said, "Shall we run?" Buniu said, "Who is not equal to others?" He said, "Then shall we stop?" Buniu said, "How is that worthy?" He walked slowly and died.

師獲甲首八十，齊人不能師。宵，諜曰：“齊人遁。”冉有請從之三，季孫弗許。

The army took eighty armored heads, and the men of Qi could not form an army. At night, a scout said, "The men of Qi have fled." Ran You asked three times to pursue, but Jisun would not allow it.

孟孺子語人曰：“我不如顏羽，而賢於邴洩。子羽銳敏，我不欲戰而能默。洩曰：‘驅之。’”公為與其嬖僮汪錡乘，皆死，皆殯。孔子曰：“能執干戈以衛社稷，可無殤也。”冉有用矛於齊師，故能入其軍。孔子曰：“義也。”

Meng Ruzi said to others, "I am not equal to Yan Yu, but I am worthier than Bing Xie. Ziyu is quick; I did not want to fight but could keep silent. Xie said: 'Drive the horses and charge.'" Gongwei rode in the same chariot with his beloved boy Wang Qi, and both died and both were placed in the coffin. Confucius said, "One who can take up shield and spear to defend the altars of the state need not be treated as one who died young." Ran You used a spear against the Qi army, and so was able to break into the Qi army. Confucius said, "This is righteousness."

夏，陳轅頗出奔鄭。初，轅頗為司徒，賦封田以嫁公女。有餘，以為己大器。

In summer, Yuan Po of Chen fled to Zheng. Earlier, Yuan Po had been Minister of the Masses, and levied taxes on fields in the fief to marry off the duke's daughter. There was a surplus, and he used it to make a great vessel for himself.

國人逐之，故出。道渴，其族轅咺進稻醴、梁糗、腶脯焉。喜曰：“何其給也？”對曰：“器成而具。”曰：“何不吾諫？”對曰：“懼先行。”

The people of the state drove him out, and so he fled. On the road he was thirsty, and his kinsman Yuan Xuan brought rice wine, millet cakes, and dried meat. He said happily, "Why is it so plentiful?" He replied, "They were prepared when the vessel was made." He said, "Why did you not remonstrate with me?" He replied, "I feared being driven out first."

為郊戰故，公會吳子伐齊。五月，克博，壬申，至於嬴。中軍從王，胥門巢將上軍，王子姑曹將下軍，展如將右軍。齊國書將中軍，高無丕將上軍，宗樓將下軍。陳僖子謂其弟書：“爾死，我必得志。”宗子陽與閭丘明相厲也。桑掩胥御國子，公孫夏曰：“二子必死。”將戰，公孫夏命其徒歌《虞殯》。陳子行命其徒具含玉。公孫揮命其徒曰：“人尋約，吳發短。”東郭書曰：“三戰必死，於此三矣。”使問弦多以琴，曰：“吾不復見子矣。”陳書曰：“此行也，吾聞鼓而已，不聞金矣。”

Because of the battle in the suburbs, Duke Ai joined the Viscount of Wu in attacking Qi. In the fifth month, they took Bo, and on renshen reached Ying. The central army followed the king of Wu, Xu Menchao led the upper army, Prince Gucao led the lower army, and Zhan Ru led the right army. Guo Shu of Qi led the central army, Gao Wupi led the upper army, and Zong Lou led the lower army. Chen Xizi said to his younger brother Shu, "If you die, I will surely achieve my aim." Zong Ziyang and Lüqiu Ming encouraged each other. Sang Yanxu drove for Guozi, and Gongsun Xia said, "These two will surely die." As the battle was about to begin, Gongsun Xia ordered his men to sing the "Yu Bin" dirge. Chen Ziheng ordered his men to prepare burial jade. Gongsun Hui ordered his men, "Each man take a rope of eight feet; the men of Wu have short hair." Dongguo Shu said, "Three battles surely mean death, and this is the third." He sent a zither to Xian Duo, saying, "I shall not see you again." Chen Shu said, "On this campaign, I listen only to the drum and no longer to the gong."

甲戌，戰於艾陵，展如敗高子，國子敗胥門巢。王卒助之，大敗齊師。獲國書、公孫夏、閭丘明、陳書、東郭書，革車八百乘，甲首三千，以獻於公。將戰，吳子呼叔孫，曰：“而事何也？”對曰：“從司馬。”王賜之甲、劍、鈹，曰：“奉爾君事，敬無廢命。”叔孫未能對，衛賜進，曰：“州仇奉甲從君。”而拜。

On jiaxu, they fought at Ailing. Zhan Ru defeated Gaozi, and Guozi defeated Xu Menchao. The king of Wu's own troops helped, and utterly defeated the Qi army. They captured Guo Shu, Gongsun Xia, Lüqiu Ming, Chen Shu, and Dongguo Shu, eight hundred war chariots, and three thousand armored heads, and presented them to Duke Ai. As the battle was about to begin, the Viscount of Wu called to Shusun and said, "What is your office?" He replied, "I follow the Minister of War." The king of Wu gave him armor, a sword, and a lance, and said, "Carry out your ruler's business, be reverent and careful, and do not abandon the command." Shusun could not yet reply when Wei Si stepped forward and said, "Zhou Chou, holding his armor, follows the ruler." So he bowed.

公使大史固歸國子之元，置之新篋，褽之以玄纁，加組帶焉。置書於其上，曰：“天若不識不衷，何以使下國？”吳將伐齊，越子率其眾以朝焉，王及列士，皆有饋賂。吳人皆喜，惟子胥懼，曰：“是豢吳也夫！”諫曰：“越在我，心腹之疾也。壤地同，而有欲於我。夫其柔服，求濟其欲也，不如早從事焉。得志於齊，猶獲石田也，無所用之。越不為沼，吳其泯矣，使醫除疾，而曰：‘必遺類焉’者，未之有也。《盤庚之誥》曰：‘其有顛越不共，則劓殄無遺育，無俾易種於茲邑。’是商所以興也。今君易之，將以求大，不亦難乎？”弗聽，使於齊，屬其子於鮑氏，為王孫氏。反役，王聞之，使賜之屬鏤以死，將死，曰：“樹吾墓檟，檟可材也。吳其亡乎！三年，其始弱矣。盈必毀，天之道也。”

Duke Ai sent the Grand Historian Gu to return the head of Guozi, placed in a new box, lined with black silk, and bound with a ribbon. He placed a letter on top, saying, "If Heaven did not discern and make things right, how could it have allowed a lower state to do this?" Wu was about to attack Qi, and the Viscount of Yue led his host to come to court, and the king of Wu and his officers all gave gifts. The men of Wu were all pleased, only Zixu was afraid, and said, "This is fattening Wu up!" He remonstrated, saying, "Yue to us is an illness of the heart and belly. Its land adjoins ours, and it has designs on us. Its docility and submission is to fulfill its desires; it would be better to deal with it early. To get our way in Qi is like gaining a stony field, useless. If Yue does not become a pond, Wu will probably perish. To have a physician remove an illness and say 'one must leave its kind' has never happened. The Pan Geng Announcement says: 'If there are those who stumble and are disrespectful, cut them off entirely and leave no remnant seed, and do not let them plant their kind in this city.' This is how Shang rose. Now Your Lordship does the opposite and wishes to be strong; is that not hard?" He was not heeded, and was sent to Qi, and entrusted his son to the Bao clan, and he became the Wangsun clan. On returning to report, the king of Wu heard of it and gave him the Shu Lou sword to die by. About to die, he said, "Plant catalpa on my grave; the catalpa can be made into timber. Wu will probably perish! In three years it will begin to weaken. What is full is bound to be broken, this is the principle of Heaven."

秋，季孫命修守備，曰：“小勝大，禍也。齊至無日矣。”

In autumn, Jisun ordered the defenses repaired, saying, "If a small state defeats a great state, it is a calamity. The Qi army will come in a few days."

冬，衛大叔疾出奔宋。初，疾娶於宋子朝，其娣嬖。子朝出。孔文子使疾出其妻而妻之。疾使侍人誘其初妻之娣，置於犁，而為之一宮，如二妻。文子怒，欲攻之。仲尼止之。遂奪其妻。或淫於外州，外州人奪之軒以獻。恥是二者，故出。衛人立遺，使室孔姞。疾臣向魋納美珠焉，與之城鉏。宋公求珠，魋不與，由是得罪。及桓氏出，城鉏人攻大叔疾，衛莊公復之。使處巢，死焉。殯於鄖，葬於少禘。

In winter, Taishu Ji of Wei fled to Song. Earlier, Ji had married the daughter of Zichao of Song, whose younger sister was favored. Zichao fled. Kong Wenzi had Ji divorce his wife and married his own daughter to him. Ji sent an attendant to lure out the younger sister of his former wife, and settled her at Li, giving her a residence, as though he had two wives. Wenzi was angry and wished to attack him. Zhongni dissuaded him. So he took his daughter back. Also, someone committed lewdness in Waizhou, and the men of Waizhou seized his chariot and offered it. He was ashamed of these two matters and so fled. The men of Wei installed Yi and had him marry Kong Ji. Ji became a retainer of Xiang Tui and offered him fine pearls, and Tui gave him the city of Chengchu. The Duke of Song asked for the pearls, and Tui did not give them, and so offended him. When the Huan clan fled, the men of Chengchu attacked Taishu Ji, and Duke Zhuang of Wei let him return. He had him live at Chao, where he died. The coffin was placed at Yun and buried at Shaodi.

初，晉悼公子憖亡在衛，使其女僕而田。大叔懿子止而飲之酒，遂聘之，生悼子。悼子即位，故夏戊為大夫。悼子亡，衛人翦夏戊。孔文子之將攻大叔也，訪於仲尼。仲尼曰：“胡簋之事，則嘗學之矣。甲兵之事，未之聞也。”退，命駕而行，曰：“鳥則擇木，木豈能擇鳥？”文子遽止之，曰：“圉豈敢度其私，訪衛國之難也。”將止。魯人以幣召之，乃歸。

Earlier, Yin, a son of Duke Dao of Jin, fled to Wei and had his daughter drive for hunting. Taishu Yizi stopped her and asked her to drink, and then betrothed and married her, and she bore Daozi. When Daozi took the throne, Xia Wu became a grand officer. When Daozi fled, the men of Wei cut off Xia Wu. Kong Wenzi was about to attack Taishu and asked Zhongni. Zhongni said, "Matters of the hu and gui sacrificial vessels I have studied. Matters of armor and weapons I have not heard." He withdrew and ordered his carriage to depart, saying, "A bird chooses its tree; how could a tree choose its bird?" Wenzi hurried to stop him, saying, "Yu would not dare to plan for private gain; I was asking about the troubles of Wei." He was about to stay. The men of Lu summoned him with gifts, and so he returned to his state.

季孫欲以田賦，使冉有訪諸仲尼。仲尼曰：“丘不識也。”三發，卒曰：“子為國老，待子而行，若之何子之不言也？”仲尼不對。而私於冉有曰：“君子之行也，度於禮，施取其厚，事舉其中，斂從其薄。如是則以丘亦足矣。若不度於禮，而貪冒無厭，則雖以田賦，將又不足。且子季孫若欲行而法，則周公之典在。若欲苟而行，又何訪焉？”弗聽。

Jisun wished to use a field levy and sent Ran You to ask Zhongni. Zhongni said, "Qiu does not understand." He asked three times, and finally said, "You are an elder of the state, and they wait for your word to carry it out; why do you not speak?" Zhongni did not answer. Privately he said to Ran You, "A gentleman acts by measuring with ritual: in giving, he takes the generous; in work, he takes the moderate; in levies, he follows the light. In this way, the qiu levy is enough. If one does not measure by ritual and is insatiably greedy, then even with a field levy it will not be enough. Moreover, if Jisun wishes to act by law, the statutes of the Duke of Zhou are still there. If he wishes to act carelessly, why ask?" He was not heeded.

【經】十有二年春，用田賦。夏五月甲辰，孟子卒。公會吳於皋阜。秋，公會衛侯、宋皇瑗於鄖。宋向巢帥師伐鄭。冬十有二月，螽。

[Classic] In the twelfth year, in spring, the field levy was used. In summer, in the fifth month, on jiachen, Meng Zi died. Duke Ai met Wu at Gaofu. In autumn, Duke Ai met the Marquis of Wei and Huang Yuan of Song at Yun. Xiang Chao of Song led an army to attack Zheng. In winter, in the twelfth month, locusts.

【傳】十二年春，王正月，用田賦。

[Commentary] In the twelfth year, in spring, in the first month of the Zhou calendar, the field levy was used.

夏五月，昭夫人孟子卒。昭公娶於吳，故不書姓。死不赴，故不稱夫人。不反哭，故言不葬小君。孔子與吊，適季氏。季氏不絻，放絰而拜。

In summer, in the fifth month, Meng Zi, wife of Duke Zhao, died. Duke Zhao had married from Wu, and so her surname is not recorded. At her death no announcement was sent, and so she is not called "lady." The mourning was not returned, and so it is not said that the lesser lady was buried. Confucius took part in the condolences and went to the Ji house. The Ji clan did not wear the mourning cap, and Confucius put down his mourning band and bowed.

公會吳於橐皋。吳子使大宰嚭請尋盟。公不欲，使子貢對曰：“盟所以周信也，故心以制之，玉帛以奉之，言以結之，明神以要之。寡君以為苟有盟焉，弗可改也已。若猶可改，日盟何益？今吾子曰：‘必尋盟。’若可尋也，亦可寒也。”

Duke Ai met Wu at Tuogao. The Viscount of Wu sent the Grand Steward Pi to ask to renew the covenant. Duke Ai was unwilling and sent Zigong to reply, "A covenant is used to make good faith firm, and so it is constrained by the heart, upheld with jade and silk, concluded with words, and bound by calling on the bright spirits. Our humble ruler holds that once there is a covenant it cannot be changed again. If it can still be changed, what benefit is there in making covenants every day? Now you say: 'The covenant must be renewed.' If it can be renewed, it can also be made cold."

乃不尋盟。

So they did not renew the covenant.

吳徵會於衛。初，衛人殺吳行人且姚而懼，謀於行人子羽。子羽曰：“吳方無道，無乃辱吾君，不如止也。”子木曰：“吳方無道，國無道，必棄疾於人。

Wu summoned Wei to a meeting. Earlier, the men of Wei had killed Qie Yao, envoy of Wu, and were afraid, and planned with the envoy Ziyu. Ziyu said, "Wu is now without the Way, and will only shame our ruler; it would be better not to go." Zimu said, "Wu is now without the Way; a state without the Way will surely add its calamities to others.

吳雖無道，猶足以患衛。往也。長木之斃，無不摽也。國狗之瘈，無不噬也。而況大國乎？”秋，衛侯會吳於鄖。公及衛侯、宋皇瑗盟，而卒辭吳盟。吳人藩衛侯之舍。

(Zimu continued:) Though the state of Wu is without the Way, it is still enough to bring calamity to Wei. Go. When a great tree falls, there is nothing it does not strike. When a mad dog goes wild, there is nothing it does not bite. How much more a great state?" In autumn, the Marquis of Wei met Wu at Yun. Duke Ai made a covenant with the Marquis of Wei and Huang Yuan of Song, and finally declined to make a covenant with Wu. The men of Wu surrounded the lodging of the Marquis of Wei.

子服景伯謂子貢曰：“夫諸侯之會，事既畢矣，侯伯致禮，地主歸餼，以相辭也。

Zifu Jingbo said to Zigong, "When the feudal lords meet and make covenants, once the matter is finished, the lord-protector shows courtesy and the host sends back provisions, to take leave of one another.

今吳不行禮於衛，而藩其君舍以難之，子盍見大宰？”乃請束錦以行。語及衛故，大宰嚭曰：“寡君願事衛君，衛君之來也緩，寡君懼，故將止之。”子貢曰：“衛君之來，必謀於其眾。其眾或欲或否，是以緩來。其欲來者，子之黨也。其不欲來者，子之仇也。若執衛君，是墮黨而崇仇也。夫墮子者得其志矣！且合諸侯而執衛君，誰敢不懼？墮黨崇仇，而懼諸侯，或者難以霸乎！”大宰嚭說，乃舍衛侯。衛侯歸，效夷言。子之尚幼，曰：“君必不免，其死於夷乎！執焉，而又說其言，從之固矣。”

(Jingbo continued:) Now Wu does not show ritual to Wei but surrounds his lodging to make difficulties for him; why do you not go to see the Grand Steward?" So he asked to go with bundled brocade. Speaking of Wei's affairs, the Grand Steward Pi said, "Our humble ruler wishes to serve the lord of Wei, but the lord of Wei came slowly, and our ruler is afraid, and so will detain him." Zigong said, "The lord of Wei came after surely consulting the many. Among the many, some wished to come and some did not, and so he came slowly. Those who wished to come are your partisans. Those who did not wish to come are your enemies. If you seize the lord of Wei, it is to ruin your partisans and exalt your enemies. Those who would ruin you will get their way! Moreover, when you gather the feudal lords and seize the lord of Wei, who will not fear? To ruin partisans, exalt enemies, and also make the feudal lords afraid, I fear it will be hard to become hegemon!" The Grand Steward Pi was pleased and released the Marquis of Wei. After returning, the Marquis of Wei imitated the speech of the Yi. Zizhi was still young and said, "The ruler will surely not escape disaster, and will probably die among the Yi! He was seized, yet likes their speech, and following them is certain."

冬十二月，螽。季孫問諸仲尼，仲尼曰：“丘聞之，火伏而後蜇者畢。今火猶西流，司歷過也。”

In winter, in the twelfth month, locusts. Jisun asked Zhongni, and Zhongni said, "I have heard that after the Great Fire star sets, the hibernating insects are finished. Now the Great Fire star is still flowing westward; it is the fault of the calendar officer."

宋鄭之間有隙地焉，曰彌作、頃丘、玉暢、巖、戈、鍚。子產與宋人為成，曰：“勿有是。”及宋平、元之族自蕭奔鄭，鄭人為之城巖、戈、鍚。九月，宋向巢伐鄭，取鍚，殺元公之孫，遂圍巖。十二月，鄭罕達救巖。丙申，圍宋師。

Between Song and Zheng there was empty land, called Mizuo, Qingqiu, Yuchang, Yan, Ge, and Yang. Zichan made peace with the men of Song, saying, "Do not occupy these." When the kin of Duke Ping and Duke Yuan of Song fled from Xiao to Zheng, the men of Zheng built walls for them at Yan, Ge, and Yang. In the ninth month, Xiang Chao of Song attacked Zheng, took Yang, killed a grandson of Duke Yuan, and then besieged Yan. In the twelfth month, Han Da of Zheng relieved Yan. On bingshen, he surrounded the Song army.

【經】十有三年春，鄭罕達帥師取宋師於巖。夏，許男成卒。公會晉侯及吳子於黃池。楚公子申帥師伐陳。于越入吳。秋，公至自會。晉魏曼多帥師侵衛。

[Classic] In the thirteenth year, in spring, Han Da of Zheng led an army and wiped out the army of Song at Yan. In summer, Cheng, Baron of Xu, died. Duke Ai met the Marquis of Jin and the Viscount of Wu at Huangchi. Prince Shen of Chu led an army to attack Chen. Yue entered Wu. In autumn, Duke Ai returned from the meeting. Wei Manduo of Jin led an army to raid Wei.

葬許元公。九月，螽。冬十有一月，有星孛於東方。盜殺陳夏區夫。十有二月，螽。

Duke Yuan of Xu was buried. In the ninth month, locusts. In winter, in the eleventh month, a comet appeared in the east. Bandits killed Xia Qufu of Chen. In the twelfth month, locusts.

【傳】十三年春，宋向魋救其師。鄭子剩使徇曰：“得桓魋者有賞。”魋也逃歸，遂取宋師於巖，獲成讙、郜延。以六邑為虛。

[Commentary] In the thirteenth year, in spring, Xiang Tui of Song went to the relief of his army. Zisheng of Zheng sent someone around saying, "Whoever gets Huan Tui will be rewarded." Tui fled back, and so Song's army was wiped out at Yan, and Cheng Huan and Gao Yan were captured. Six towns were made into ruins.

夏，公會單平公、晉定公、吳夫差於黃池。

In summer, Duke Ai met Duke Ping of Shan, Duke Ding of Jin, and Fuchai of Wu at Huangchi.

六月丙子，越子伐吳，為二隧。疇無餘、謳陽自南方，先及郊。吳大子友、王子地、王孫彌庸、壽於姚自泓上觀之。彌庸見姑蔑之旗，曰：“吾父之旗也。

In the sixth month, on bingzi, the Viscount of Yue attacked Wu in two columns. Chou Wuyu and Ou Yang came from the south and arrived first at the suburbs. Wu's heir You, Prince Di, Wangsun Miyong, and Shou Yuyao looked on from the Hong. Miyong saw the banner of Gumie and said, "That is my father's banner.

不可以見仇而弗殺也。”大子曰：“戰而不克，將亡國。請待之。”彌庸不可，屬徒五千，王子地助之。乙酉，戰，彌庸獲疇無餘，地獲謳陽。越子至，王子地守。丙戌，復戰，大敗吳師。獲大子友、王孫彌庸、壽於姚。丁亥，入吳。吳人告敗於王，王惡其聞也，自剄七人於幕下。

(Miyong continued:) I cannot see the enemy and not kill him." The heir said, "If we fight and do not win, we shall lose the state. Please wait." Miyong did not listen, gathered five thousand followers, and Prince Di helped him. On yiyou they fought, Miyong captured Chou Wuyu, and Di captured Ou Yang. The Viscount of Yue arrived, and Prince Di stayed to guard. On bingxu they fought again and utterly defeated the Wu army. They captured the heir You, Wangsun Miyong, and Shou Yuyao. On dinghai, they entered the capital of Wu. The men of Wu reported the defeat to the king of Wu, and the king of Wu, hating to have others hear it, killed seven men himself under his tent.

秋七月辛丑，盟，吳、晉爭先。吳人曰：“於周室，我為長。”晉人曰：“於姬姓，我為伯。”趙鞅呼司馬寅曰：“日旰矣，大事未成，二臣之罪也。建鼓整列，二臣死之，長幼必可知也。”對曰：“請姑視之。”反，曰：“肉食者無墨。今吳王有墨，國勝乎？大子死乎？且夷德輕，不忍久，請少待之。”乃先晉人。吳人將以公見晉侯，子服景伯對使者曰：“王合諸侯，則伯帥侯牧以見於王。伯合諸侯，則侯帥子男以見於伯。自王以下，朝聘玉帛不同。故敝邑之職貢於吳，有豐於晉，無不及焉，以為伯也。今諸侯會，而君將以寡君見晉君，則晉成為伯矣，敝邑將改職貢。魯賦於吳八百乘，若為子男，則將半邾以屬於吳，而如邾以事晉。且執事以伯召諸侯，而以侯終之，何利之有焉？”吳人乃止。既而悔之，將囚景伯，景伯曰：“何也立後於魯矣。將以二乘與六人從，遲速唯命。”

In autumn, in the seventh month, on xinchou, they made a covenant, with Wu and Jin contending to take the lead. The men of Wu said, "In the Zhou house, we are the elder." The men of Jin said, "Among the Ji surnames, we are the hegemon." Zhao Yang called Si Ma Yin and said, "It is late and the great matter is not done; this is the crime of us two ministers. Set up the drums and arrange the ranks; we two ministers will die for this, and elder and younger will surely be known." He replied, "Please let me go and see first." On returning, he said, "Among those who eat meat, none has a dark complexion. Now the king of Wu has an ink-black color; has the state been defeated? Is the heir dead? Moreover, the Yi are light in virtue and cannot last; please wait a moment." So he let the men of Jin take the blood first. The men of Wu were going to take Duke Ai to see the Marquis of Jin, and Zifu Jingbo said to the envoy, "When the king gathers the feudal lords, the hegemon leads the lord-protectors to see the king. When the hegemon gathers the feudal lords, the marquis leads the viscounts and barons to see the hegemon. From the king downward, the jade and silk for court and mission differ. Thus the tribute our humble state delivers to Wu has been richer than for Jin, never less, treating Wu as hegemon. Now the feudal lords are gathered, and Your Lordship is about to take our humble ruler to see the lord of Jin; then Jin becomes hegemon, and our humble state will change its tribute. Lu supplies Wu with a levy of eight hundred chariots; if made a viscount or baron, it will belong to Wu at half of Zhu's rate, and serve Jin as Zhu does. Moreover, if your officials gather the feudal lords as hegemon, and end by treating them as marquis, what benefit is there?" The men of Wu then stopped. Later they regretted it and were about to imprison Jingbo. Jingbo said, "He has already established an heir in Lu. I shall follow with two chariots and six men, fast or slow as commanded."

遂囚以還。及戶牖，謂大宰曰：“魯將以十月上辛，有事於上帝先王，季辛而畢。

So they took him back as prisoner. On reaching Huyou, he said to the Grand Steward, "Lu will in the tenth month, on the first xin day, sacrifice to the Lord on High and the former kings, finishing on the last xin day.

何世有職焉，自襄以來，未之改也。若不會，祝宗將曰：‘吳實然。’且謂魯不共，而執其賤者七人，何損焉？”大宰嚭言於王曰：“無損於魯，而只為名，不如歸之。”乃歸景伯。

(Jingbo continued:) Which generation has not had its duties? Since Duke Xiang, it has not been changed. If I do not return, the ancestral priest will say: 'It was Wu that caused this.' Moreover, you say Lu is not respectful, yet you have seized only seven lowly men; what harm is there?" The Grand Steward Pi said to the king of Wu, "It does no harm to Lu, but only creates a bad name; it would be better to let him go back." So Jingbo was released.

吳申叔儀乞糧於公孫有山氏，曰：“佩玉繠兮，餘無所繫之。旨酒一盛兮，餘與褐之父睨之。”對曰：“梁則無矣，粗則有之。若登首山以呼曰：‘庚癸乎！’則諾。”

Shen Shuyi of Wu asked Gongsun Youshan for grain, saying, "My belt jade hangs down, and I have nowhere to tie it. A cup of fine wine, and I and the old man in rough clothes look at it sidelong." He replied, "The fine grain is gone, but coarse grain remains. If you climb Shou Mountain and shout 'Gengguihu!', I will answer."

王欲伐宋，殺其丈夫而囚其婦人。大宰嚭曰：“可勝也，而弗能居也。”乃歸。

The King of Wu wished to attack Song, kill the men there, and imprison the women. The Grand Steward Pi said: "We can win, but we cannot hold it." So he went back.

冬，吳及越平。

In winter, Wu made peace with Yue.

【經】十有四年春，西狩獲麟。小邾射以句繹來奔。夏四月，齊陳忄互執其君，置於舒州。庚戌，叔還卒。五月庚申朔，日有食之。陳宗豎出奔楚。宋向魋入於曹以叛。莒子狂卒。六月，宋向魋自曹出奔衛。宋向巢來奔。齊人弒其君壬於舒州。秋，晉趙鞅帥師伐衛。八月辛丑，仲孫何忌卒。冬，陳宗豎自楚復入於陳，陳人殺之。陳轅買出奔楚。有星孛。飢。

[Classic] In the fourteenth year, in spring, a qilin was caught while hunting in the west. She, of Xiao Zhu, came over with Juyi. In summer, in the fourth month, Chen Heng of Qi (the character for "Heng" is damaged in the original) seized his ruler and placed him at Shuzhou. On the day gengxu, Shu Huan died. On the first day, gengshen, of the fifth month, there was a solar eclipse. Chen Zongshu fled to Chu. Xiang Tui of Song entered Cao and rebelled. Kuang, Viscount of Ju, died. In the sixth month, Xiang Tui of Song fled from Cao to Wei. Xiang Chao of Song came over. The people of Qi assassinated their ruler Ren at Shuzhou. In autumn, Zhao Yang of Jin led troops to attack Wei. On the day xinchou of the eighth month, Zhongsun Heji died. In winter, Chen Zongshu re-entered Chen from Chu, and the people of Chen killed him. Yuan Mai of Chen fled to Chu. A comet appeared. There was famine.